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BOHN'S SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY. 



BLAIR'S 

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES 

, REVISED AND ENLARGED. 



J. BILLING, PRINTEP, WOKING, SURREY. 



BLAIR'S 

CHEONOLOGICAL TABLES 

REVISED AND ENLARGED. 

COMPREHENDING 

THE CHEOXOLOGY AND HISTORY OF THE WORLD 

FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES 

TO THE 

RUSSIAN TREATY OF PEACE, 

APRIL, 1856. 

BT 

J. WILLOTJGHBT EOSSE. 




LONDON : ♦ 

H. G. BOHN, YORK STREET. COVENT GARDEN. 

MDCCCLVI. 



PEEFACE. 



Chronology traces the order, History the connection, of Events ; 
the one gathers the materials, the other digests them into that 
philosophic lesson, which educes from the changes of the past 
the progress of the fature. Accuracy is therefore the first 
requisite : without this the stream of time is obstructed and 
diverted from its true course ; students and writers are led to 
unsound deductions ; research is bewildered and erudition 
unprofitable. Yet this element, all-important as it is, has been 
but negligently employed by most English Chronologists. 
While preparing the present volume, their productions have, 
of course, been consulted, examined, and tested ; the result 
is surprise and shame at the slovenly negligence manifested 
in the treatment of this branch of our literature generally. To 
show that this charge is not advanced on slight grounds, the 
following illustrations are given of the manner in which the 
public has been misinformed by eleven of these writers, whom 
it would be invidious to name, unless the truth of the accusations 
be challenged ; without going back to ancient times, these in- 
stances are taken from later periods, in which the present gene- 
ration is most interested. 
A.D. 710 we are told that Gebel al Tarik (that is, the mountain 
of Tarik, the rock itself of Gibraltar,) landed at Gib- 
raltar, April 29. 
In two different pages of one Chronology we find the following 
entries : — 

A.D. 1228 The Sixth Crusade under the Emperor Erederic II. 

a 3 



VI PKEFACE. 

A.D. 1240 Eichard earl of Cornwall heads the Sixth Crusade. 
(This last-mentioned prince visited Palestine that year, 
and paid a sum of money to ransom Jerusalem ; but 
he led no Crusade.) 

In 1315 the dissection of dead bodies is said to have been for- 
bidden in the anatomical school of Bologna by Pope 
Boniface VIII., who had then been dead twelve years. 

A.D. 1331 is given as the date of the settlement of the Teutonic 
knights in Prussia. This event, which is of importance 
as the origin of a great modern kingdom, took place 
a century earlier ; the knights built the city of Thorn 
in 1231, and consolidated their power in 1237. 

A.D. 1349 the order of the Garter said to have been instituted by 
Edward III., in memory of his son's victories in Spain, 
which victories were not achieved till 1367, that is 18 
years afterwards. 

A.D, 1421 an inundation at Dortrecht is said to have formed the 
Zuyder Zee, which is 50 miles distant from that 
place, and was created by an irruption of the sea into 
lakeTlevoin 1231. 

A.D. 1 692 According to Bishop Burnet, a contemporary writer, 
the massacre of Glencoe was perpetrated in the month 
of Peb., 1692, and was so notorious as to be made a 
subject of parliamentary inquiry ; yet there is the 
following confusion in the dates assigned to it by 
different chronologists : — 

1691, March 9, by one; May 9, by another. 

1692, Jan. 31. 

1693, Jan. 31, by one ; Feb. 12, by another. 

A.D. 1799 The death of Pope Pius YI. is stated by one Chrono- 
logy to have taken place, Aug. 19, and in the next 
page, Sept. 11. Both dates are wrong, as he died 
Aug. 29. ^ 

A.D. 1800 Stanislas Augustus is placed in the list of sovereigns 
as king of Poland, although his kingdom was finally 
dismembered and annihilated in 1795, and he himself 
died in 1798, 

A.D. 1807, July 18, Copenhagen bombarded by an English fleet 
under Parker and I^elson — an event well known to 
have occurred April 2, 1801, and that I^elson fell at 
' Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805. 



PREFACE. VU 

From 1799 to 1813, with the exception of the two years 1801 
and 1806, Victor Amadeus is said to have been king 
of Sardinia, where no sovereign of that name had 
reigned since 1796. 

A.D. 1814 Charles John is said to be king of Sweden ; Charles 
XIII. was then king, and it was not till after his 
death in 1818, that Charles John succeeded. 
In Portugal the following succession of sovereigns is given : 

A.D. 1813 Maria Frances Isabella, queen. 

A.D. 1814 John Maria Lewis Joseph, king. 

A.D. 1815 Maria Lewis Joseph, king. 

A.D. 1816 Maria Francis Isabella, queen. 

During this period Maria Isabella was the reigning queen : 

but from her state of mental imbecility, her son was regent ; on 

her death in 1816, he became Kiug John VI. 

From 1809 to 1814, Ferdinand lY. is called king of the Two 
Sicilies, during which period Joachim Murat was king 
of Naples, one of the Two Sicilies ; after his expulsion 
and death in 1815, the two kingdoms were re-united, 
and Ferdinand lY. changed his title to Ferdinand I. 
king of the Two Sicilies. 
In one Chronology we find 

A.D. 1815, Feb. 8, an ambassador (Lord Amherst) sailed for China. 

A.D. 1816, Feb. 8, Lord Amherst and suite sailed from Portsmouth 

on an embassy to China. (The last is the correct date.) 

Even the civic dignitaries of London are misplaced with the 

same negligence. After having stated correctly that Aid. Birch 

was lord mayor in 1815 (1814 — 15) with Messrs. Leigh and 

Eeay, as sheriffs, he is made to serve the office again with the 

same sheriffs, in 1816, which was the year of Aid. Wood's first 

mayoralty ; and for a third time in 1818, when Aid. Christopher 

Smith filled the civic chair. 

Sir Walter Scott is well known to have been born in 1771 ; 

yet in one Chronology 1751 is given as the year of his birth, and 

in another, 1769. 

The Marquis of Londonderry committed suicide in 1822; a 

marked event, which, by introducing Mr. Canning into the 

Foreign Secretaryship, materially influenced the destinies of the 

w'orld. Yet two of our highest authorities place it in 1824, a 

date which, if accepted, would involve all history from 1822 to 

1827 in inextricable confusion. 



'^lll PREFACE, 

The death of the Princess Sophia, which occurred May 27, 
1848, is fixed by one Chronology at Nov. 29, 1844. 

Even so late as 1853, we find Frederic, Yiscount Melbourne, 
W'ho died that year, mistaken for his brother William, the former 
prime minister, who died in 1848. 

These are a few specimens out of many hundreds of similar errors, 
which are now in current circulation among us ; some of them 
sanctioned by great names, whose authority the every-day con- 
suiter of their works accepts with habitual and implicit confi- 
dence. They are not errors of the press ; but indicate a want of 
research, and a hasty, unscrutinizing adoption of presented alle- 
gations. 

It would be presumptuous to arrogate infallibility in the volume 
now offered to the public ; it may, it must, have the imper- 
fections incidental to human weakness ; but the vigilance which 
has detected so many grave anachronisms in others, may be 
accepted as a pledge, that it has been no less exerted to prevent 
a recurrence of them here. The most trustworthy authorities 
in our own, in ancient and in modern languages, have been 
consulted, mostly in the originals, to render this work at 
once comprehensive and accurate. The Fasti Hellenici and 
Eomani of Clinton have been invaluable guides, and with 
Usher and Hales, and occasionally Pausanias and Herodotus, 
have furnished the chief materials for the chronology of Pales- 
tine and Early Greece. They have contributed, also, to that 
of the Primaeval East and Egypt, assisted by and compared 
with the often contradictory, but always useful, information 
supplied by Ideler, Lepsius, Bunsen, Layard, and occasionally 
Eusebius. L^ Art de thifier les Bates has also been consulted, 
but not with such extensive advantage as its reputation promised. 
The early dates of Eome have been supplied by comparing Livy, 
Hionysius of Halicarnassus, and ]N^iebuhr, with Clinton and 
other Chronologies. For the Eoman and Byzantine Empires, 
Gibbon, Clinton (till a.d. 641), Eckhel, Mebuhr (in his Lectures 
till A.D. 478), Heeren, Finlay, and Koeppen, have furnished 
copious material, and for Gothic Italy, Cassiodorus. For the 
History of the Saracens, Ockley, and for the Crusades, Wil- 
ken, have been collated with Gibbon. For our own country, 
the Saxon Chronicle, Bede, Sharon Turner, Lappenberg, Wil- 
liam of Malmesbury, Hume and Smollett, Burnet, Sir Harris 
Nicolas, and especially the Oxford Chronological Tables (which 



PKKFACK. IX 

are deservedly exempted from our general censure). For the 
latter years, Annual Registers, contemporaneous Journals, and 
Newspapers, are the fund from which our stores have been 
drawn. The Uehersiclit der GeschicMe of Kruse has been all-suffi- 
cient for Germany and the jSTorth ; and has also supplied much for 
France, aided by the TaUettes Chronologiques of Serieys, and the 
recently-published Chronologie Universelle of Dreyss. The inde- 
fatigable and honest Muratori has arranged, with admirable preci- 
fiion, in his Annali d' Italia, the transactions of a country, which 
was for ages the battle-field of Europe, and the wars of whose 
pettiest principalities were generally connected with those of the 
mightiest potentates then striving for mastery in Christendom. On 
the history of the Church, information has been principally derived 
from JN'eander's History of Christianity, Eanke's History of the 
Popes, and Eiddle's Ecclesiastical Chronology. Eor Spain, Conde 
and Mariana have been collated and, wherever possible, reconciled. 
In addition to these main sources, many others have been referred 
to, as occasion required ; and it will be found that the pith of more 
than 100 volumes of standard excellence has been compressed 
into these pages. If, therefore, any who have been accustomed 
to rely on other Chronologies, should here find dates or facts 
not in accordance with their favourite authorities, let them not 
ascribe such discrepancies to carelessness or ignorance ; they have 
always been the result of investigation. 

There are some points in History which never have been, never 
will be, and never can be, decided ; on these, where forbearance 
ought to be most conciliative, disputation is too often most vehe- 
ment, and acerbity most intolerant. One of these is the origin 
of the art of printing. After some investigation, the view here 
taken is that which ascribes the first rude idea of it to Laurence 
Koster, and the perfecting of his invention to Guttenberg, Eust, 
and Schoeff'er. We are aware of the danger of this controversial 
ground, and must ask those who question our assertion, to 
hesitate in censuring what has not been adopted without in- 
quiry. Connected with this, a minor debate has arisen on the 
printing of the Tractatus Petri Sispani by Eust, in 1442. . Some 
bibliographers deny the fact, because no copy of such an edition has 
€ver been found; but this negative evidence is no proof that it never 
existed, and we have, on the other hand, the positive testimony of 
Hadrian Junius, who says that Eust did print the work. Petrus 
Hispanus became, in 1276, Pope John XXI; Muratori celebrates 



X PREFACE. 

his learning, especially in medicine ; and Mariana ascribes such 
popularity to his Tractatus de Medicina, that it was called Thesaurus 
jpauperum, AH this affords strong presumption in favour of the 
selection of such a work as one of the first to he issued from the 
press. Hadrian Junius was horn in 1511, studied medicine' at 
Paris and Bologna, practised in London, was physician to the 
king of Denmark, and finally settled, in 1560, at Haerlem, where 
he occupied a high station, and wrote his Batavia, His studies 
must have brought the Treatise of Petrus Hispanus under his 
notice ; he lived within the first century after the time when he 
says that the Tractatus Logicij which included this, were printed 
by Pust, and asserts that the fact, to which he assigns the date 
of 1442, was well known in his day. On these grounds it has 
been introduced into this Chronology. 

Much confusion prevails in Chronology from Oct. 15, 1582, 
(when Gregory XIII. altered the calendar, and introduced his 
'^New Style,") till Sept. 14, 1752, when it was adopted in Great 
Britain ; and this is increased by our having adhered, during the 
same period, to the practice of not commencing the legal year till 
March 25. It has, therefore, often been necessary to distinguish 
dates, by adding to them either o.s. (old style) or n.s. (new 
style). Discrepancies which have not been noticed, may be ac- 
counted for or corrected, by bearing in mind this variation, first 
often, and, after 1700, of eleven days. Thus the death of the 
Empress Elizabeth, of Eussia, and the accession of Peter III., are 
placed by some chronologies in 1761, and by others in 1762; 
both are right, for according to the Eussian o.s. calendar, these 
events took place Dec. 25, 1761, while the n.s. of other countries 
made it Jan. 5, 1762. 

To have adapted the Mahometan Hegira to the Christian era 
with nice exactness, would have too much incumbered these 
Tables with figures and computations. The followiug course has 
therefore been adopted. Thirty-three Mahometan years contain 
11,694 days, and are equal to thirty-two of ours, in which the 
number of days is 11,688. To bring these two terms into coin- 
cidence, the years of the former have been so distributed, that 
the thirty-third always expires with our thirty-second. The 
difference of six days, 1 1,694—1 1,688, in favour of this Mahometan 
cycle, amounts in ten centuries to about half a year; to correct 
this, the term of dividing the years of the Hegira has been after- 



PREFACE. XI 

wards prolonged. That a sufficiently proximate date for all the 
common purposes of chronology has been thus obtained, may be 
seen in the present year; to a.d. 1856, these Tables assign the 
concluding part of a.h. 1272 and the commencement of 1273; 
the actual state of the case is, that 1 Moharrem 1273, the Ma- 
hometan Kew Year's Day, falls on Sept. 1. 

In stating the ages of eminent persons at the time of their 
decease, the abbreviation cet. should always denote the current, 
not the completed, year of the individual's life. But hitherto 
it has been so indiscriminately used, that absolute precision has 
been found, in some cases, unattainable ; where it could be 
obtained, the rule has been observed in these pages. On this 
point, the discordances of Biographical Dictionaries, Chronologies, 
Eegisters, Magazines, Journals, and ISTewspapers, are such as would 
be incredible to those who have not examined them. The 
sculptor l^ollekens, for instance, is said by one authority? to have 
died in 1772, at the age of 35 ; while others, correctly, prolong 
his life to his 86th year, in 1823. To settle such differences, 
more labour has sometimes been expended than the subject perhaps 
merited; but our principle has been to test every item, however 
trivial, as scrupulously as possible. And if, notwithstanding our 
care and diligence, some inaccuracies have arisen, they must be 
ascribed to the impossibility of always obtaining precise informa- 
tion. 

The titles by which eminent public men are historically or 
popularly known, have in some instances been anticipated a 
few years, to avoid expletive repetition. Eor this reason, Sir 
Thomas Wentworth is styled Earl of Strajfford in 1630, although 
he was then only a Baroriy and not created Earl till 1639 : and 
the Luke of Ormond is so called in 1646, although he was only an 
Earl, and did not become Dulce till some time afterwards. 

Slight variations in the names of persons or places will occasi- 
onally occur, where the authorities copied differ in their ortho- 
graphy. But whether the names are written Shakspere, Shakes- 
peare, Shakspeare, Shakespear, or any other way ; Althorp or 
Althorpe ; Folkstone or Folkestone ; Maestrecht or Maestricht ; 
Wiirtemburg or "Wirtemberg ; there can be no mistake in identity. 
This excuse for inconstancy in the spelling of some proper names, 
has been offered by the ablest of Chronologists. See Clinton, 
Preface to E. H. vol. iii. 

Although, in compliance with the wish of the Publisher, we 



XU PEEFACE. 

have adopted the title of '^Blair's Chronological Tables," the 
student will readily perceive that all that remains of Blair is the 
general outline. The work has been entirely reconstructed, and 
every line tested by an examination with later and better au- 
thorities. 

It would be unjust to the Publisher to conclude this Preface 
without acknowledging that the plan and arrangement of the 
work are exclusively his own. The repeating column of dates is 
a useful novelty of his invention, which obviates the inconvenience 
of having to follow long lines across opposite pages, often shifted 
by the binder to the great perplexity of the student. 

Another ingenious novelty is the allocation of events to inter- 
mediate pages, so as to detach the historical matter from the Chro- 
nological Tables, which, while it preserves all the advantages of 
the old system, affords to the historical student the additional one 
of consecutive reading. 

The present volume would have been incomplete without an 
Index, but it is already too bulky to admit of any addition. It is 
therefore the Publisher's intention to give this in a companion 
volume of equal dimensions, to be entitled A Complete Index of 
Dates, in which all that is contained in the Tables, with much 
that has necessarily been omitted, will be included in an alpha- 
betical form. 

J. W. R. 

April, 1856. 



13 



LIST or ABBREVIATIONS. 



hhd. abdicated. 

A.D. Anno Domini. 

Adm. Admiral. 

set. aetatis. See Preface, p. vii. 

A.H. Anno HegiraB, the Mahometan year. 

Arab. Arabic or Arabian. 

A.U.C. Anno Urbis Conditae XYear of 

Kome). See p. 21. 
l. bom. 

B.C. Before Christ. 
Huns. Bunsen. 
Cassiod. var. Various Epistles of Cassio- 

doms. 
Chronog. chronographer. 
Chronol. chronologist. 
Chron. Sax. Saxon Chronicle. 
Clin. Clinton. 
Com. comic. 
CP. Constantinople. 
Crit. critic. 
Cyn. cynic. 
d. died. 
dep, deposed. 
Diet. Dictator. 
dram, dramatic. ' 
. E. East. 
Ecc. ecclesiastical. 
E.I. East Indies. 
E.I.C. East India Company, 
Epic, epicurean. 
Eq. Mag. Equitum Magister^ Master of the 

Horse. 
Equ. equinox. 
Euseb. Eusebius, ' 
exp. expunged. 
/. filius: son. 

F.H. Fasti Hellenici of Clinton. 
/. flourishes or flourish. 
F.R. Fasti Romani of Clinton, 
Gen. general. 

Geog. geographer or geographical. 
Gov. governor. 
G.P.O. General Post Office. 
Gram, grammarian or grammatical. 



Hist historian or history. 

ih. ibidem : in the same place, work or 

author. 
Leps. Lepsius. 
lyr. lyric. 
m. married, 
mid. middle. 

Mil. Trie. Military Tribunes. 
Mus. Di doctor of music. 
mort. died. 
N. North. 
Nieb. Niebuhr. 
Novat. Novatian. 
N.W. North West. 
db. obit : dies. 

obs. observed or observation. 
01ym« Olympiad. See p. 20. 
Orat. orator or oration. 
Ox. Tab. Oxford Tables. 
Panegyr. Panegyric or Panegyrist, 
Par. M. Parian Marbles. 
Pans. Pausanias. 
Phal. Phalareus. 
Phil, philosopher. 
Plat. Platonic. 
Pol. Polybius and Poliorcetes. 
Pres. president 
prob. probable. 
Prof, professor. 
Ptol. Ptolemy, 
qu. quaere, doubtful, 
Q.M.G. Quarter Master General. 
R.A. Royal Academician. 
Rhet. rhetorician. 
S. or So. South. 
Script, scriptor; writer. 
sec. secundum ; according to. 
Soc. society. 
Soph, sophist. 

temp, tempore, in the time of. 
Tertul. Tertullian. 
Theol. theologian or theological. 
U.S. United States of America.] 
W. West 



CHEONOLOGICAL TABLES. 



The Ckronology of the first ages of the world is full of uncertainty. Dr. 
Hales {Analysis of Chronology ^ vol. i. p. 3,) has enumerated 120 different 
** Epochs of the Creation/' — the earliest 6984, and the latest 3616 years B.C. 
The like confusion prevails as to the date of the Noachian Deluge, which is \^ 
assigned to fifteen different periods between the years 3248 and 2104 B.C. J 
From the best authorities we learn that Ass}Tia and Egypt were the first 
seats of civilization ; but respecting their early history we have no satis- 
factory information. That of Egypt is carried back, by some writers, to 
periods incredibly remote. Several of the dynasties registered by Manetho 
probably existed together, ruling in different divisions of the country. JN'either 
Cecrops, nor Danaus, nor the rest of the Egyptian emigrants, carried with 
theni into Greece any indications of their having lived among a people who 
had been progressing for 2000 years. From these two sources organized 
society spread into Phoenicia, Palestine, and Greece, and thence gradually on- 
ward. The following tables exhibit this progress in the most systematic order 
that can be ascertained. In the first three columns are shewn the various 
epochs given to them by our leading Chronologists, Usher, Hales, and Clin- 
ton. Their discrepancies are often considerable ; but the general course of 
events is discernible through them. 

A 



FROM THE DAWIS" OF CITTIilZATIO:^' TO 1973 B.C. 



B.C. 1 


Assyria. 


Palestine and 
Phcenicia. 


Egypt. 


Greece. 


"^T , - i 


Usher 


Hales Clmtou: 










2245 


2554 
2412 


2235 


Nimrod or Belus. 





Menes,(placedby 
Lepsius at 3893, 
and by Bunsen 




2234 


2230 
2267 


2233 


Commencement 
of the Astrono- 
mical Observa- 
tions at Baby- 
lon, sent byCal- 
listhenes to 
Aristotle. 


Tyre built. 


at 3643 B.C.) 




2188 










Memphis built by 
Misraim (by 
Menes, Leps.) 


Pelasgi, of un- 
certain origin, 
people Greece, 
and found 
States in Sicy- 
on, Argos, and 
Attica. 


2112 








Phoenician Colo- 
nies planted 
about this time. 


Hieroglyphics 
invented by A- 
thotes, (known 
temp. Menes, 
Leps.) 




2111 










Thebes built by 
Busiris, (by Se- 
sorteen I., of 
the 12th dy- 
nasty, 2700— 
2600 B.C. Leps) 




2100 










Osymandyas the 
Conqueror, 
(Semempses, of 
the 1st dynas- 
ty, Leps.) 




2089 




1813 








yEgialeus (Sicy- 
on). 


2080 










Phffinicians in 
Lower Egypt. 




2080- 


2159 








Hyksos, Berbers, 
or Shepherd 
kings, (2100, fi- 
nally expelled 
by Tuthmosis 
II., about 1500, 
Leps) 




20G9 




2182 


Ninus. 








2059 




2233 


Conquest of Ba- 








2038 




1777 


bylon. 






Europs (lb.) 


2017 










Dynasty of The- 
ban kings be- 
gins,(2801,i?M?2S. 
2330, Leps.) 




2007 




2130 


Semiramis. 








1993 


2153 


2130 





Birth of Abra- 
ham. 






1993 




1747 






Telchin (lb.) 


1978 


1 "'. 


1734 









Apis (lb.) 



FROM THE TEAR 1965 TO 1817 B.C. 



B.C. 1 


Assyria. 




Egypt. 


Greece. 


Usher 


Hales 


Clinton 


1965 




2088 


Ninyas. 


Keiiites,Hittites, 
Amorites, Je- 
buzites, Cana- 
anites, and 
other tribes. 






1948 




1717 






Thclxion (lb.) 


1938 








Lake Moeris con- 














structed, (by 














Amenemhe 


i 












III., of the 13th 














dynasty, ab. 




1927 




2050 


Alius. 




2120, Leps) 




1920 


2077 


2031 






Abraham in 
Egypt to buy 
com, (mid. of 
18th dynasty, 
ab. 1480, Lejps.) 




1912 


2070 


... 


Chedorlaomer. 


Lot rescued from 
the Assyrians 
by Abraham. 






1910 




2044 




Birth of Ishmael. 






1899 


;;; 








Dynasty of the 
Pharaohs, (19th 
dynasty, Sethos 
I., ab. 1400, 
Leps.) 


' 


1897 




2020 


Araleus. 








1897 








Sodom and Go- 
morrah de- 
stroyed. 






1896 


2053 


2030 




Isaac bom. 






1896 


... 1681 1 






Syphoas invents 














letters, (Qu. Sa- 














ophis, 4th dy- 














nasty, ab. 3400, 














Leps.) 




1891 












JSgydrus (lb.) 


1862 




1658 








rhurimachus. 


1857 




1980 


Xerxes or Ba- 
leus. 






(lb.) 


1856 


... 


1990 




Isaac and Rebec- 
ca married. 






1856 




1803 


... 







Inachus (Argos). 


1836 


1993 


1970 




Birth of Esau 
and Jacob. 






1827 


... 


1950 


Armanites. 








1822 










Memnon invents 
the Egyptian 
Alphabet, (A- 
menemhe III., 
ab. 2120, Leys.) 




1821 


1978 


1955 





Death of Abra- 
ham. 






1821 


... 


... 


... 




Amenophis I., 
(18th dynasty, 
ab. 1580, Buns. 




1 








and Leps.) 




1817 ... 


1628 










Leucippus (Sicy- 
on). 



PROM THE TExUl 1807 TO 1635 B.C. 



B.C. 


Uslier 


Hales 


Clinton 


1807 




1753 


1796 
1796 
1789 
1764 

1764 




1930 
1764 
1912 
1764 

1583 


1754 
1747 
1728 




1860 
1693 
1862 


1717 
1715 


1872 


1556 

1849 


1712 
1710 




1658 
1416 


1706 


1863 


1840 


1702 
1699 




1808 


1689 
1686 


1846 


1823 
1625 


1671 




1526 


1670 
1665 




1776 


1653 






1642 
1640 
1G35 


... 

... 

... 


1572 
1610 

n70 1, 



Assyria. 



Beloclius. 



Marriage of Esau 



Joseph sold by 
his brethren. 



Altades. 



Manchaleus. 



Egypt. 



Greece. 



Joseph powerful 
in Egypt, (un- 
der Sethosis 
I., of the 19th 
dynasty, the 
first Pharaoh, 
1400, Leps.) 



Jacob and his fa- 
mily settled in 
Goshen, (ab, 
1400, Le^ps.) 

Chebron,(Qu.Che- 
phron, Schafra, 
or Saophis II. j 
4th dynasty, 
ab. 3400. See 
also ab. 1032, 
Leps) 

Death of Jacob. 

Amenophis II., 
(18th dynasty, 
ab. 1500, Leps.) 



Mephres, (Qu. 
Menophres or 
Menophtbah, 
19th dynasty, 
1322, Buns.) 

Misphragmutho- 
sis, (last of the 
Hyksos, Leps. 
before 1638, 
Buns.) 



Death of Joseph, 
(ab. 1370, Leps.) 



Phoroneus (Ar- 



Ogyges (Attica). 

Flood in Attica 
Mesapus (Sicy- 
on), (Calchinia, 
daughter of 
Leucippus, 
Pans. ii» 6.) 
Apis (Argos). 



Peratus (Sicyon). 



Argus (Argos). 
(EnotrusledaPe- 

lasgian colony 

into Italy. 



Plemneus (Si- 
cyon). 



Criasus (Argos). 



FROM THE TEAR 1627 TO 1512 B.C. 



i;.c. 1 


I 
Assyria. 


Palestine. 


Egypt. 


Greece. 


Usher Hales | 


Clinton 


1G27 










ruthmosis, (ab. 
1480, Lejps.) 




1623 


... 


1494 








Orthopolis (Si- 


1618 










Amenophis 3rd, 
(ab, 1460,ieps.) 


cyon). 


1615 










Ethiopians set- 
tled near 




1610 




1580 


Spherus. 




Egypt. 




1500 




1560 


Mamilus. 








15SS 




1537 






Phorbas (Argos). 


15S7 










Horns, (last of the 












18th dynasty, 














ab. 1450, ieps,) 




1582 













First date on the 
Arnndelian 
marbles. 


1580 




1480 








The supposed era 


1574 


1731 


1708 




Birth of Aaron. 




of Prometheus 


1571 


1728 


1705 




Birth of Moses, 
(in the latter 




and Atlas. 










part of the 


1 










reign of Ram- 














ses II., 19th 














dynasty, ab. 














1360, (Leps.) 






1560 




1530 


Sparetus. 








1560 




1452 










Marathus (Sicy- 
on), (Coronus, 
sec. Faus.) 


1556 


1558 


1433 









Cecrops from 
Egypt to A- 
thens. 


1553 




1502 








Triopas (Argos.) 


1549 










Acencheres, 
(Cencheres,-EM- 
seb. middle of 
the 16th dy- 
nasty, one of 
the Hyksos, 




1548 


1549 


1433 









Deucalion (Lyco- 
ria or Thes- 

saly). 


1546 












Scamander(Troy) 


1537 










Achoris,(Qu.Toi- 
chares, 3rd dy- 
nasty, ab. 3600, 




1531 




1665 




Flight of Moses 
into Midian, 
(ab. 1330, Le^s) 






1530 




1440 








Marathus 2nd 

(Sicyon). 


1528 










Cenchres, (Qu. 
JJhenres, 2nd 




. 1520 




1490 


Ascatades. 




dynasty). 




1512 










Acherres, (Qn. 
Cheres, 5th 
dynasty). 





FEOM THE TEAR 1510 TO 1489 B.C. 



B.C. 


Assyria. 


Palestine. 


Egypt. 


Geeece. 


Usher 


Hales 


Clinton 


1510 




1428 









Echyreus (Sicy- 


1507 
1506 
1504 

1503 


1508 
1504 


1480 
1383 

1433 






Cherres, (Qu. 
Chaires, 2nd 
dynasty.) 


Crotopas (Argos) 
Cranaus(Athens) 

Flood in Thes- 

saly. 
Teucer (Troy). 


1502 




... 










1497 


1499 






... 


... 


Amphictyon 
(Athens), ac- 
cording to Cliri- 
ton, fictitious. 


1495 
1495 


1481 
1496 


1413 









Panathanean 
Games insti- 
tuted at Athens, 
(sec. Clinton, 
Panhellenic). 

Hellen (Phthio- 
tis). 

Cadmus (Thebes) 
brings the use 
of letters from 
Phoenicia into 
Greece. 


1493 
1491 


1494 
1648 


1313 
1625 




The Israelites, 
under Moses, 
left Egypt, 
(1312, Leps,) 




1490 








Aaron made 
High Priest. 


Armais, (Qu. 
Queen Aah- 
mes, mother of 
Amenophis I., 
1638, Buns, and 
Leps.) 




1490 

1487 


1489 


1483 








Lelex (Lacedfe- 
mon). 

Erichthonius 
(Athens), (ex- 
punged Clin- 
ton). 

Sthenelus (Ar- 
gos). 


1486 
1489 


1308 


1455 





... ••• 


Sesostris, Eame- 
sis, or Egyp- 
tus, (Egyptus 
was Sesostosis, 
of the 3rd dy- 
nasty, ab. 3580. 
Rameses of the 
19th, ab. 1440. 
The great Se- 
sostris of the 



PEOM THE TEAE 1489 TO 1410 B.C. 



B.C. 



Usher Hales Clinton 



1480 

1480 
1480 



1455 
1453 



1452 
1451 



1449 
1445 



1486 



1446 



1450 



1444 



Amyntas. 



... 1392 
1350 



1609 
1608 



1602 



1437 I 1439 ! 



1435 
1432 



1426 
1425 
1425 
1416 



1413 

1413 
1410 



1583 



1565 



1585 



1532 
1580 



1405 



1560 
1394 
1372 



1558 



Assyria. 



Belochus. 



Palestine. 



Balak (Moab), 



Egypt. 



Greeks was Se- 
sortesen II., of 
the 13th,placed 
by Buns. ab. 
2600, and ab. 
2100 by Leps.) 



Greece. 



The Pentateuch 

written. 
[Death of Moses 

and Aaron. 

Joshua leader 

of the Jews. 

Eleazar, High 

Priest. 



Canaan divided 
among the 
tribes. 



1 Death of Joshua. 



The Israelites 
subdued byCu- 
shan, king of 
Mesopotamia. 



1380 ;Bellepares. 



Danaus comes 
from Egypt to 
Greece and in- 
troduces 
pumps. 

Dardanus (Troy). 



Gelanor, the last 
of the Ina- 

I Ghidse, surren- 
ders Argos to 
Danaus. 

Corax (Sicyon). 

The Olympic 
games intro- 
duced by the 
Idsei Dactyli. 



Erichthonius 

(Troy). 



Pandion(Athens) 
ezp. by Clinton. 

Polydorus (The- 
bes) doubted, 
Clinton. 



Menophis, (Me- 
nophthah,1322, 

Leps.) 



Lvnceus (Argos). 
Epopeus(Sicyon), 



The supposed 
age of the poet 
Musaeus. 



mOM THE YEAR 1406 TO 1328 B.C. 



B.C. 



Hales 



1406 
1405 

1402 

1397 
1390 
1384 
1383 



1380 
1376 

1374 
1374 
1381 
1356 



1350 
1348 
1347 
1347 

1344 

1325 

1325 



1332 
1328 



1407 
1557 



1399 



1384 



1517 



1283 

1550 

1547 

1383 
1350 
1353 

1380 
1348 

1320 



Assyria. 



Lamprides. 



1320 
1316 
1343 
1347 

1313 

1510 

1333 



1296 Lampares. 



Palestine. 



The Israelites re- 
stored by th- 
niel. 

Deathof Eleazar, 
Phineas, High 
Priest. 



Egypt. 



Abishiia, Higli 
Priest. 



Eglon, king of 
Moab, con- 
quered the 
Israelites. 



Greeck. 



Sethos, (1st Pha- 
raoh, ab. 1400, 
Leps.) 



Minos (Crete). 
Iron discovered 
in Mount Ida. 



Erechtheus 
(Athens.) 
Lamedon (Sicy- 

on). 
Abas (Sicyon). 

The Athenians 
instructed in 
agriculture. 

^olus, son of 
Hellen (Phthi- 
Otis). 



Tros (Troy). 



Proetus (Argos). 

Eumolpus, son 
of Musaeus, 
brings the 
Eleusinian 
mysteries to 
Athens. 

Sicyon (Sicyon). 



Cecrops II., 

(Athens). 

Sisyphus, son 
of ^oius (Co- 
rinth). 

Argos divided. 
Acrisius, first 
king of My- 
cenae. 



The sons of 
Areas in Area 
dia. 

Lains (Thebes). 



FROM THE YEAR 1326 TO 1274 B.C. 



B.C. 



Uslier Hales Clinton 



1325 

1325 
1321 



1314 
1313 



1307 
1305 



1305 

1305 
1298 
1285 



1284 



1284 
1283 

1281 



1276 
1274 



1499 



1492 



1418 



1398 



1284 



1283 

1282 



1300 
1411 



1280 
1266 
1391 



ASSYEIA. 



Eglon killed by 
Ehud, and the 
Israelites set 
free. 



1283 



Panyas. 



Egypt. 



The Isthmian 
Games insti- 
tuted by Sisy- 
phus at Co- 
rinth. 



The Egyptian 
Canicular year 
began July 20. 

Barneses, (Ram- 
ses II., or Mi 
amum, ab. 1360, 
Lejps.) 



The Israelites 
conquered by 
Jabin, king of 
Canaan. 



Bukki, High 
Priest. 



Siserah slain by 
Jael, and the 
Israelites de- 
livered by De- 
borah and Ba- 



Menophthah and 
Sethos II., 
placed here by 
Buns, and Leps. 
between 1322 
and 1270. 



Greece. 



Ilus (Troy). 

Perseus (Myce- 
nae). 

Pandion II. 
(Athens). 



Polybus (Sicyon) 



The Siculi driven 
by the Pelasgi 
from Italy into 
Sicily. Placed 
by Thucydides, 
vi. 2, after the 
fall of Troy. 

Pelops (Pisatis). 

vEgeus (Athens). 

'"ilectryo, Mses- 
tor, and Sthe- 
nelus, sons of 
Pelops,conquer 
Mycenae. The 
supposed age 
of the poets Or- 
pheus and Li- 
nus. 

Creon (Thebes). 

Sthenelus, sole 
king of Myce- 



10 



EEOM THE TEAE 1274 TO 1210 E.G. 



B.C. 


Assyria. 


Palestine. 


Egypt. 


Greece. 


Usher 


Hales 


Clinton 


1274 


... 











Pelops succeeded 
by Atreus in 
Pisatis. 


1274 




1258 








Eurysthus, son 
of Sthenelus, 
regains My- 
cenas. 


1266 


... 


1213 







... ... 


Thyestes (Myce- 
nae). 


1266 




1250 









(Edipus (Thebes) 


1265 




1240 










Janiscus (Sicy- 


1263 




1225 










on). 
Jason and the 
Argonauts. 


1263 


1286 


1261 










Birth of Hercu- 
les at Thebes, 


1260 




1250 










LaomedonCTroy) 


1255 








Uzzi, High 
Priest. 


Ammenephthes. 
(Ramses III., 
Buns, and Leps. 
at this time ; 
he was the rich 
Rhampsinitus, 
see a. 1124.; 




1253 


. . • 


1229 


Sosarmus, (Der- 
ceto, king of 
Assyria, B.C. 
1250, Layard) 








1252 


1358 


1351 





The Israelites 
subjugated by 
the Midianites. 






1245 


1351 


1344 




Restored by 
Gideon. 






1236 


1311 






Abimelech. 






1235 


1236 


123*4 










Theseus(Athens) 


1234 




1210 


Mitlirseus. 








1233 


1308 


1301 




Tola. 






1224 




1223 










Priam (Troy). 


1224 




1233 








Nestor (Pylos). 


1223 




1200 








Ph8estus(Sicyon) 


1222 




1209 








Death of Hercu- 
les. His sons 
expelled from 
Tiryns. 


1215 


... 


1192 









Adrastus Si- 
cyon). 


1215 




... 






Ammenemes. 
(Ramses I., 
Bms.diiidiLeps) 




1215 


... 


1212 










Ulysses (Ithaca) 


1211 




1188 









Polyphides (Si- 

cyou). 


1210 


1285 


1278 




Jair. 







PROM THE TEAE 1207 TO 1128 B.C. 



11 



B.C. 



UsLer Hales Clinton I 



1207 

1206 

1205 
1201 
1198 
1193 
1189 

1188 

1184 

1183 

1182 
1182 

1182 

1180 

1176 



1175 
1156 

iia5 

1160 

1157 
1156 



1149 
1137 
1136 
1136 
1135 
1128 
1128 



1263 
1206 



1192 



1245 



1186 

1256 

1205 
1200 
1197 
1192 

1238 



Assyria. 



Teutanms, (Di- 
vanukha or Di- 
vanurish, B.C. 
1200, Layard.) 



1183 1183 



1239 
1182 



1232 
1232 



1182 
1222 



1150 
1138 
1137 
1222 

1129 



1183 



1232 
1182 



1175 



1222 
1154 
1212 
1132 

1168 
1204 



1148 
11.34 
11.33 
1184 
1114 
1124 



PALE3TIXE. 



The Israelites 
subject to the 
Ammonites. 



Jephtha defeats 
the Ammonites 
and Ephraim- 
ites, and re- 
stores the Is- 
raelites. 



Ibzan. 



Egypt. 



Greece. 



Thuoris, (Ram- 
ses YIII.,5i^;^s. 
and Leps. 



Mnestheus 
(Athens). 

Agamemnon 
(Mrcenge). 

Menelaus (La 
cedsemon). 

Trojan war. 



Teutseus. 



Thineus. 



Abdon. 



Eli. 

The Israelites 
subject to the 
Philistines, 



According to 
Buns, and Leps. 
11 monarchs of 
the20th dynas- 
ty, Ramses III. 
to XIIL, reign- 
ed in Egypt, 
from about 
1260 to 1112 

B.C. 



The fall of Troy 

^gistheus (My- 
cenae) 

Demophoon 

(Athens). 

^Eneas in Italy, 
(doubtful, 67w^) 

Pelasgus (Sicy- 
on). (A fiction, 
Clinton.) 

Orestes (Myce- 
nae). 



Zeuxippus (Sicy- 
on). 



Oxvates( Athens) 
Aphides (Ih.) 
Thyma^tes (lb.) 



Melanthus (lb.) 
Archelaus and 
a series of 
Priests at Si- 
cyon, (doubt- 
ful, Clinton). 



12 



TEOM THE TEAE 



History begins at tHs period to be more clearly connected, and to fumisb more 
trustwortliy details. Chronologists approacb so nearly to harmony witb each other, 
that it will not be necessary to note their variations except in some particular 
cases. The dates adopted in the following tables are generally those which ' 
Mr. Clinton has deduced from the best authorities, or supplied the means of cal- 



B.C. 


Nineveh oe 
Assyria. 


Egypt. 


Palestine. 


Athens. 


1128 


1180. Anakbar- 
beth-Hira, or 
Shimisbbal- 
Bithkira. Lay- 
ard. 





Death of Eli. Samuel, Judge of 
Israel. 




1124 





Rhampsinitus. 
(Ramses III., 
20th Dynasty, 
ab. 1250. Leps) 






1123 











1122 











1117 







The Israelites overcome by the 
Philistines {Hales, 1142). 




1113 











1107 










1103 


*• 










1102 













1096 








The Philistines defeated by Sam- 
uel, and Saul made first king of 
the Israelites. 




1093 




... 


Ahiu, High Priest. 




1084 


Dercylus. 








1082 




Cheops, who built 
the Great Gi- 
zeh Pyramid, 
(Chufu, 3425, 






1068 





Leps.) 







1065 










Codrus 
{Hales, 
1092). 


1063 






Goliath slain by David. 




1060 











1059 












1056 








David, opposed seven years by ' 

Ishbosheth {Hales, 1070). 


1049 




... 


David sole king, in alliance with 




Mardokempad. 




Hiram, king of Syria. 




Mesessimorda- 








cus, Layard, 

















1128 TO 1049 B.C. 



13 



dilating. Some of them may be questionable : but we have no materials for a 
more correct system. In the Assyrian column are introduced the names and 
dates of monarchs, derived by Mr. Layard from inscriptions discovered by him. 
These may be collated and compared with the line of rulers, as chronicled by 
Eusebius and others. 



tition 
Dates. 



1128 



1124 



1123 
1122 
1117 

1113 

1107 
1103 



1102 



1096 



1093 

1084 
1082 



1068 
1065 



1063 
1060 
1059 
105G 

1049 



Laced^mon. 



Tisamenes, son of Orestes. 



The joint Sovereignty of the sons 
of Aristodemus. 



Agid^. 



Pboclid^. 



Eurysthenes. 



procles. 



Agis. 



Corinth. 



^olian migration. 
Euneus (Sicyon), douliful. 

The Amphictyonic League in- 
stituted, Clin. 

Amphigyes (Sicyon), doubtful. 

The Heraclidze return and 
conquer the Peloponesus. 

Temenus (Argos). 

Oxylus (Elis). 

Cresphontes (Mycenae). 



Aletes establish- 
es his dynasty. 



Events, 



14 



FROM THE TEAE 



B.C. 



1014 



1043 
1040 
1033 
1032 



1028 
1024 
1023 
1016 
1015 
1014 
1013 
1006 
1000 



993 



980 
97S 



975 

972 

969 
966 



962 
961 



NiNEVEK OE 

Assyria. 



Egypt. 



Palestine. 



Eupales. 



Ceplireu, (Scha- 
fra, or Saophis 
II., built the 
second Pyra- 
mid, ab. 3390, 
Leps.) 



Laostheiies. 
Adrammelecb I.. 
Layard. 



Pyritiades, 
Anaku Merodak. 
Shimish Bar, 
Layard. 



Syria subject to David. 



a.rchoxs of 
Athens, 



Death of Co 
drus, Me- 
don the 
first Ar- 
clion 
{HaleSy 
1070). 



Pseusennes, Se- 
sac or Shishak, 
(Sheshonk I., 
982, Buns.) 



Rebellion of Absolom. 
Solomon {Hales, 1030). 

Zadok, High Priest. 

The Temple of Jerusalem founded. 



Ahimaaz, High Priest. 



Syria liberated by Eezon. 



Death of Solomon, and division of 
his kingdom. 

JuDAH. Israel. 



Mycerinus, 
(Mencheres II. 
l3nilt the third 
Pyramid, 4th 
Dvnasty, ab. 
3200, Leps) 



Acastus. 



Archippus, 

{Hales, 
1041). 



Rehoboam. 

Egyptian inva- 
sion. 



i Jeroboam. 



Thersippus. 



1044 TO 900 B.C. 



15 



tition 
Daks. 

104-i 



1043 
1040 
1033 
1032 



1028 
1024 
1023 
1016 
1015 
1014 
1013 
lO-Jf) 
1000 



Laced^jion. 
Agid.e. Proclid^. 



ConTSTU. 



EVEXTS. 



Echestratus. 



993 iLabotas 
990 



972 



961 



Eun-pon. 



Ixion. 



First settlement of the loniane 

in Asia Minor. 
Cyme founded. 



Frytanis. 



Smyrna founded. 



Samos founded. 



The most probable time of 
Homer, Clin. 



16 



FEOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 


Nineveh (m 
Assyria. 


Egypt. 


Palestine. 
JxTDATi. Israel. 


Archons of 
Athens. 


959 






Abijah. Azariah 
High Priest. 







956 






Asa. 






955 








Nadab. 




953 








Baasha. 




942 






Defeat of Zerab. 






940 






League of Asa 
with Benha- 
dad, king of 
Syria. 






937 




Nephercheres, 
(21st Dynasty, 
1050, Buns.) 








933 




Amenophthis, 
(Menophthes, 
1030, Buns,) 








931 


Ophratsens. 






Elah. 




930 


Ashurakhbal or 
Sardanapalus I. 
Layard. 






Zimri, 7 days. 
Omri. 




928 










Phorbas 

(fiaZes,954). 


927 












926 








Samaria built. 




925 












924 




Osociior,(ab.ibl0, 
Buns.) 








919 








Ahab. 




918 




Psinaches. (Plii- 
naches, 1020, 
Buns.) 








915 






Jehosaphat. 






910 


Ophratenes or 
Ephecheres. 










909 




Psensennes II., 
(Phusemes or 
Pi-Scham- 
Miamn II., a"b. 
1000, Buns.) 








900 


Divanubar, Lay- 
ard. 










898 






War with Benhadad, King of 
Syria. 


Megacles. 


896 






Johanan, High 
Priest. 


Ahab slain. 
Ahaziah. 




895 








Joram. 




894 






Moabitan war. 




891 






Jehoram. | 




889 






Hazael, King of Syria. 




886 






Ahaziah. 






884 






Athaliah. 


Jehu {Hales, 

895). 




883 














59 TO 883 B.C. 



17 



Bej)e- 
tition 
Dates. 


LACEDiEMON. 

Agid.^. Proclid^. 


Corinth. 


• Events. 


959 






Prumnis. 




956 
955 
953 
942 
940 


Doryssus, 






The Religion of Buddha intro- 
duced into India. 


937 










933 










931 
930 

928 








Expeditions of Ashurakbal to 
Carchemish, and the country 
of the Khabour and Eu- 
phrates, thence to the Oron- 
tes and Syria. Layard, 


92T 
926 

925 
924 


Agesilaus. 


Eunomiis or Po- 
lydectes. 


Bacchis. 




919 
918 










915 
910 











909 










900 
898 








Divanuhar conquers Armenia, 
Syria, Persia, and the adja- 
cent lands. Layard. 


896 










895 
894 










891 

889 
886 
884 

883 


Archelaus. 




Ageias. 


The Olympic games restored 

at Elis, by Iphitus. 
Divanubar receives tribute 
j from Jehu. Layard. 



18 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 



878 
877 

874 



855 
853 



850 



840 
&39 



837 



834 
825 



823 
821 
820 



818 

810 

808 

801 
800 

799 
795 



Nineveh ok 
Assyria. 



Shamas Adur, 
or Shamsiyav, 
Layard. 

Acrazanes. 



Adrammelech 
II. Layard. 



Preaching of 
Jonah. 



Tonosomachus, 
or Sardanapa- 



Baldasi, Lay- 
ard. 



Sesenchosis. 
(Sheshonk, see 
978.) 



Osorthon I., (0- 
sorkon I., 9" 
Buns.) 



Tacollotliis, (Ta 
kelet I., 880, 
Buns.) 



Petubastes, 
(23rd dvnasty, 
832, Buns.) 



Palestine. 
JuDAH. Israel. 



Death of Atha- 
liah, Joash 
succeeds. 



Zachariah, High 
Priest. 



Amariah, High 
Priest. 



Amaziah. 



Osorthon II., 
(920, Buns.} 



Jeroboam II. 



Ahitiib, High 

Priest. 
Uzziah. 



Joel, Amos, and 
Hosea. 



Jehoahaz. 



J ehoash. 



War -with Ben- 
hadad II., King 
of Syria. 



Arohons of 
Athens. 



Diognetus. 



Pherecles. 



Ariphron. 



Thespicus. 



Agamestor. 



381 TO 795 B.C. 



19 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



881 

878 

877 

874 
870 



860 
859 



855 
853 



850 



840 



837 



834 

825 



823 
821 
820 



818 
810 



801 
800 



Teleclns. 



Laced^mon. 
Agid^. Proclid^e. 



Charilaus. 
Lycurgus Re- 
gent. 



Corinth. 



Probable date of 
the Laws of 
Lycurgus. 



Nicander. 



Eudemus. 



Aristodemus. 



Agemon. 



Events. 



Phcenician Colonies. Carthage 
founded. 



The most probable time of He- 
siod, Clin. 



Commercial prosperity of Tyre 



The fall of Nineveh and death 
of Sardanapalus were lon[ 
placed at 820 B.C. See a. 606. 



The canal and tunnel of Negoub 
constructed, to convey the 
waters of the river Zab to Ni- 
neveh, Layard. 



20 



TEOM THE TEAE 



B.C. 

791 

783 

782 

781 

778 
777 


Nineveh or As- 

SYRTA. 


Egypt. 


Palestine. 
JuDAH. Israel. 


Archons of 
Athens. 


Ashiirkish, Lay- 
ard. 

Pill. 


Psammes(Psam- 
mus,760,5Mns.) 

Bocchoris. (24tli 
dynasty, 743, 
Buns.) 




Death of Jero- 
boam, and in- 
terregnum of 
11 years. 


i 
Jischylus. 



A stiU more regular chronology commences here. The Greeks measured the lapse 
of time hv Olympiads of four years each, beginning with the games in which 
Coroehus "was the conqueror, 776 b.c. ; and to each of these terms is attached the, 
name of its successful hero. The series of Latin kings, from Ascanius to Numitor,. 
has been omitted in these Tables, as altogether fabulous, and connected with no 
great events. The first kings of Rome are almost as doubtful ; but historians have 



B.C. ( 


Dlym. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Nineveh, or 
Assyria. 


Egypt. 


Palestine. 
JuDAH. Israel. 


Archons of! 
Athen?. 


776 


1.1 


Corosbus. 


Pul reigned 
at this time. 
The dis- 
covered in- 
scriptions 


Bocchoris. 


Uzziah. 


No king. 


^Eschylus. 


774 


— 3 




place him 
or Tiglath- 
pileser at 
750, Lay- 










772 


2. 1 


lAntimachus. 


ard. 
















Zachariah. 




771 


— 2 




" 






Shallum, 30 




770 


— 3 










days. Me- 
nahem. 














Invasion of the Assy- 


. • • . 


769 


— 4 








rians under Pul. Tribute 
paid by Menahem, Lay- 
ard, 




768 


3.1 


Androclus. 


.. 




" 


.. 




765 


— 4 














764 


4. 1 


Polychares. 






.. 


.. 




761 


— 4 














760 


6.1 


^schines. 


.. 




.. 


Pekaiah.' ' 




759 


— 2 








* * ' 






758 


— 3 










Pekah. 




757 
756 


— 4 

6. 1 ^botas. 




.. .. Jotham. 


. ! . . Alcmaeon. 


754 


— 3 


. . 




] 



791 TO 754 B.C. 



21 



Btpe- 
tition 
Dates. 

791 


LACEJ)iL:M()N. 
AGID.B. PrOCLID.E. 


COIUNTU. 


Events. 











783 

782 


Alcamenes. 





Alexander. 


Triremes invented at Corinth. 


781 











778 
777 











marked the growth of that city and its empire from the date of its supposed founda- 
tion hy Eomulus (A.U.C. Anno Urbis Conditce). For this event different years have 
heen assigned, among which 753 b.c. is the most generally received, on the authority 
of Varro. In this computation, the names and acts of its earliest kings are conspicu- 
ous land-marks, and have therefore been preserved. With these guides, and assisted 
by Mr. Clinton and the Oxford Chron. Tables, wemay proceed with sufficient accuracy. 



Reve- 
tition 
Datfis. 

776 


Laced^mon. 
Agid^. Proclid^. 


Corinth. 


Events. 


Alcamenes. 


Nicander. 


Alexander. 


The Olympic Games, July 23rd, 
according to Scaliger. 

The poet Aretinus £1. at Mile- 
tus. 


774 








Grecian emigrants found Pan- 
dosia and Metapontum in 
Italy. 


772 
771 










770 




Theopompus. 




The Ephori instituted at Lace- 
dajmon by Theopompus. 


769 










768 










765 
764 








Cinsethon writes poetry at La- 
cedaemon. 


761 

760 
759 








Eumelus, a Corinthian poet. For 
his yrorks see Clin. 










758 
757 
756 
754 






Telestes. 





22 



FROM THE TEAB 



Olym 
6.4 
7,1 



4 
9.1 

2 

3 

4 
10.1 



11.1 

2 

3 

4 

12.1 



Olympic 
Victors. 



Pul. 



Dai'cles. 



16 



Anticles. 



Xenocles. 



Dotadas. 



Nineveh 

OR 

Assyria. 



Babylon. 



Bocchoiis. 



Tiglath- 
pile&er. 



Nab.onassar. 

(The series 
of • Babylo- 
nian kings 
taken from 
the canon of 
Ptolemy, 
Clin. 2 
Hales.) 



Egypt. 



Jotham. IPekah. 



Isaiah and 
Micah 
lived at 
this time. 



(Egyptian 
History is 
here very 
obscure and 
confused. 
According 
to Bunsenj 
the 23d Dy- 
nasty reign- 
ed till 743.) 



Conquest 
ofDamas- 
cus. 



2 


23 


3 


24 


4 


25 


13.1 


26 


3 


28 


4 


29 


14.1 


30 


2 


31 


3 


32 



Leochares 



Oxythe- 
mis. 



Diodes. 



Dasmon. 



Shalmane- 
zer. . 



Sargon, 
Layard. 



Nadius. 



Chinzirus 
and Porus. 



Jugseus. 



Palestine. 

JUDAH. IsRA-EL. 



Sabaco (plac- 
ed in 769 by 
some, and 
719 by o- 
thers. Se 
vech I. of 
the Ethio- 
pian Dynas- 
ty, 739, 
Buns.) 



Senechos, 
Euseh. (Se- 
vech II. 
Ethiopian, 
720, Buns) 



Ahaz. 

Siege of Je- 
rusalem 
by Pekah 
andKezia 



Assyrian 
Invasion 
many 
captives 
led away, 



Hezekiah. 



Hosea. As 
Syrian In 
vasion. 
Hosea 
made pri 
soner. 



753 TO 722 B.C. 



23 



753 



752 



751 
750 



748 
747 

746 

745 

744 

743 
742 
741 
740 

738 



Akchons of 
Athens. 



^simides. 



Alcmaeon. 



Charops, 
first of the 
Archons, 
whose rule 
was limited 
to ten years. 



AGIDiE. PrOCLID^. 



Alcamenes. 'Theopompus 



Clidicus. 



Hippomenes 



KOME. 



Events. 



Romulus. 



Polydorus. 



Accordinj? to Varro, (see Clin.) 
the building of Rome was in 
Olym- 6. 4, which was 753 B.C., 
and is reckoned by most of 
the Latin writers as a.u.c. 1, 
and the first year of the reign 
of Romulus. 

(Rome built, according to Cato.) 

(Rome built, according to Poiy- 
bius.) 

Miletus, in a very flourishing 
state, plants many colonies 
on the coasts of the Euxine 
and Propontis. 

Phi don rules in Argos, and his 
brother Caranus in Macedon. 

(Rome founded, according to Fa- 
bius Pictor.) The Babylonian 
empire commences under IJa- 
bonassar. 

Automenes, the last king of 
Corinth, reigns one year. 

Corinth governed for the next 
90 years by an annually elect- 
ed magistrate, called PrytaniSc 

The first war between the La- 
cedaemonians and Messenians, 
caused by injuries done to Po- 
ly chares. 



Naxos, in Sicily, founded. 

Syracuse founded by Archias 
from Corinth, and Corcyra 
(Corfu) by Chesicrates. 



Leontium and Catana founded. 
Perdiccas, in Macedon. 
(Rome founded, according to Cin- 
cius.) 



Termination of the Messenian 
war. 



24 



FKOM THE TE^, 



B.C. 



720 

718 

717 

716 

715 
713 



Oltm. a 

14.4 

15.1 

3 

4 

16.1 

2 

4 



712 

711 
710 
709 



704 
702 



700 



697 



692 
691 

690 

688 
687 
686 
6Si 



681 



2 

3 

17.4 
18.1 

19.1 
3 

201. 

2 

4 

21.1 

4 

22,1 

2 

3 
23.1 

2 

3 

24.1 

2 



24.4 
25. 1 



43 



Orsippus. 



Pythago- 
ras. 



Polus. 



Olympic 
Victors. 



NiNETEH 
OR 

Assyria. 



Tellis. 

Menus. 
Atheradas 

Pantacles. 



Pantacles 
II. 



Icarius. 



Cleoptole- 
mus. 



Thalpis. 



Sargon. 



Siege of 
Tyre. 



Sennache- 
rib, 703, 
Layard. 
Died, 711, 
Clin. 



Esarhad- 
don or 
Sardana- 
palus II. 
690, 
Layard. 



Asordanus 
or Nergi- 
lus. 

Adrame- 
les or 
Sammu- 
ghes. 



Baby- 
lon. 



Mardo- 
cempa- 
dus or 
Mero- 
dach 
Bala- 
dan, 
Clin. 



War 

with 
Assy- 
ria, in 
the 1st 
year of 
Senna- 
cherib, 
Layard. 



Archia- 

nus. 



Hagisa. 

B.lda- 
nes.Be- 
libus. 
Asorda- 



Regiba- 
lus. 

Mesesi- 
morda- 
chus, 
(See 
1049.) 



Asardi- 



Media. 



Lydia 



Deioces. 



Gyges 



Egypt, 



Sene- 
chos. 



Tara- 

cus, 
Euseh. 
(Tir- 
haka, 
last 
Ethio- 
pian, 
ab.700. 
Buns) 



So, Sua, 
or Sa- 
baco 
II., 
Layard 



Treaty 
with 
Assy- 
ria, 

Layard 



Stephi- 
nales, 
26th 
Dynas- 
ty 

{Buns. 
and 
Leps.) 



Ju- 

DAH. 



Hez - 
kiah. 



Israel. 



Samaria 
taken, 
and the 
king- 
dom of 
Israel 
added 
to the 
Assy- 
rian 
Em. 
pire. 



Assyrian In- 
vasion. 



Manasseh. 



^^21 TO 680 B.C. 



25 



721 

720 

713 

717 

716 

715 
713 

712 

711 
710 

709 



697 



692 
691 



688 
687 
686 
684 
683 



Abchons of 
Athens, 



liippotneues 



LACED-EMON. 

Agid.k. Proclid^. 



Polydorus. 



iLeocrates. 



xLpsandrus. 



Eryxias. 



Creon, the 
first annual 
arch on. 

Lysias. 



Theopompus 



Zeiixidamiis 



Eury crates. 



Anaxidamiis 



KOME. 



Komulns. 



Nnma Pom- 
pilius. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The first recorded eclipse of the 
moon, observed at Babylon, 
March 19th. Sybaris founded. 

Eclipses of the moon observed, 
March 8th and September 1st 
by the Chaldseans, Ptol. 

War between the Lacedsemoni- 
ans and Argives in Thyrea. 



Gyges begins his reign inLydia, 
Abydos, a Milesian colony. 



Astacus, named aftenvards Ni- 
comedia, built by some Me- 
garians. 



On the death of Sennacherib, 
the Medes revolt from the 
Assyrian dominion, Clin. 

Crotoua and Locri founded by 
Achaeans. 

Media an independent kingdom. 

Tarentum founded by Phalan- 
tus. Archilochus distinguish- 
ed as a poet, and inventor of 
Iambics. 

The Samians taught by the 
Corinthians to construct Tri- 
remes. 



Simonides of Amorgus writes 
Iambics. 

Glaucus of Chios introduces the 
"welding or soldering of iron. 

Gela, in Sicily, foimded by Anti- 
phemus of Rhodes, and Pha- 
selis, in Pamphylia, by his 
brother Lacius. 



TEOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.XJ.C. 


Olympic 

Victors. 


Nineveh 

OB 

Assyria. 


Baby- 
lon. 


Media. 


Lydia. 


Egypt. 


JUDAH. 


§79 

9 

678 
676 

675 

674 

672 

671 

670 
669 
668 
667 
665 

664 
663 
662 

660 
659 

657 
656 

655 

654 
652 
651 
650 
648 
647 
644 
642 
640 
639 

637 
636 
635 


25.2 

3 

26.1 

2 

3 

27.1 

2 
3 
4 

28.1 
2 
3 

29.1 
2 
3 

30.1 

2 

4 
31.1 

2 

3 
32.1 

2 

3 
33.1 

2 
34.1 

3 
35.1 

2 

4 

36.1 

2 


75 

78 

7S 

79 

80 

82 

83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
89 

90 
91 
92 

94 
95 

97 

98 

99 

100 
102 
103 
104 
106 
107 
110 
112 
114 
115 

117 
118 
119 


Callisthe- 
nes. 

Euryhus. 
Charmis. 
Chionis. 

Chionis II. 

Chionis 
III. 

Cratinus. 

Gylis. 

Stomus. 

Spheeron. 

Phrynon. 


Adrameles 


Asaridi- 
nus. 


Deioces. 


Gryges. 
Ardys. 


Stephina- 
les. 


Manasseh. 

Manasseh 
led cap- 
tive to 
Babylon ; 
restored 
to his 
kingdom, 
he rules 
wisely, 
with Eli- 
akim for 
his coun- 
sellor. 
















































Axerdis. 








Psamme- 
tichus, 
(Psam- 
metik I., 
Q15Buns.) 








:; '.'. 


Saosdu- 
chinus. 














Ashurakh- 
bal, or 
Sardana- 
palus III. 
the son of 
Ezarhad- 
don, Lay- 
ard. 








Nechep- 

S0S,^M??S. 








































Phraor- 
tes, or 
Ar- 
phaxad. 

Clin. 


























Amon. 
Josiah. 


Nabucho- 
donosor, 
or Sarda- 
napalus, 

Clin. 


















Chinala- 
danus. 




















. . 


















Nekos^., 
Buns. 


The pro- 
phet Ze- 
phaniah. 

1 









































679 TO 635 B.C. 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



679 



676 

675 

674 

672 

671 
670 
669 
668 
667 
665 

664 
663 
662 



660 



657 



655 



654 
652 
651 
650 
648 
647 
644 
642 
640 



637 



Leostratus. 



Pisistratus. 
Autosthenes 



Miltiades. 



Aechons of 
Athens, 



Lysias. 



LACEDiEMON. 

Agid^. Proclid.e. 



Eurycrates. 



Anaxander. 



Anaxidamus I Numa . 



Miltiades II 



Dropilus. 



Damasius. 



Epenetius. 



Eurycrates 
II. 



Archidamns. 



Tnlliis Hos- 
tllius. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



,.,!_ 



-i 



The Messenians commence the 
second war against the Lace- 
dsemonians, and are defeatedl 
in the battle of the Trenches.' 
Tyrtsens composes Elegies, j 

Tei*pander, poet and musician.; 
The Carnsea, or trials of mu- 
sical skill, instituted at Lace-) 
dsemon. I 

The decayed Milesian colony of! 
Cyzicus restored by Megarians j 

Chalcedon founded on the Bi-j 
thynlan side of the Bosphorus. 

Pantaleon, king of Pisa, joins 
the Messenians. 

Alcman, the Lydian poet, 

The Lacedsemonians defeated 
by the Argives at Hysiee, 

Thaletas composes songs for 
the Gymnopaedia and Pyrrhic 
dance. 

Sea-fight between the Corin- 
thians and Corcyrasans. 

Selymbria founded by the Me- 
garians in Thrace, on the 
Propontis. According to Eu- 
sebius, Argseus reigns inMa- 
cedon, from 684—646 B.C. 
(Uncertain, Clin.) End of the 
second Messenian war. 

Zaleucus gives laws to the Locri. 

Phigalia taken by the Laced?e- 
monians. The poet Epimeni- 
des boiTi at Cnossus, in Crete. 

Byzantium founded by the Me- 
garians, led by Byzas. Les- 
ches, aminor epic poet, Cliri. 

Cypseius obtains absolute pow- 
er in Corinth, and reigns 3C 
years. 

Stagira, Acanthus, Lampsacus, 
and Abdera founded. 

Pittacus of Mitylene bom. 

Himera founded. 
Pisander of Camira, Clin. 



AncuB Mar- iPhilip I. rules in Macedon. 



Arrival of Battus in Africa. 
Birth of Thales. 

Second settlement of Battus on 
the island of Platea. 

The first actual appearance in 
history of the Cimmerians, 
who, driven by the Massagetee 
from the Araxes, enter Lydia 
and take Sardis. Hemdot. 



FEOM THE TEAE 



B.C. ;Olym. 



634 
633 



631 
630 



629 
628 



625 



624 
623 
621 
620 
618 
617 



612 
611 



610 



607 
606 



605 
604 



602 
600 

599 
598 
596 
595 



37,1 



4 

88.1 



41.1 

42.1 
2 



43.1 
2 



4 
44.1 

2 



3 
45.1 



46.1 
2 



120 
121 
122 



123 
124 



125 

126 



129 



130 
131 
133 
134 
136 
137 



138 

142 
143 



144 
145 

146 
147 

148 

149 
150 
151 



152 

154 

155 

156 
158 
159 



Olympic 
Victors. 



Eurycli- 
das. 



Olyn- 
lieus. 



Rliipsol- 
cus. 

Olyntheus 
II. 



Cleondas. 
Lycotas. 



Cleou. 



Gelon. 



Anti- 
crates. 



Chrysoms 
. chus. 



Saracus, or 
Ninus II., 
or Sarda- 
napalus, 
Clin. 

Builder of j 
the S.E. 
edifice at 
Nimroud, 
Layard. 



Nineveh 

or 
Assyria. 



Nebucho- 
donosor. 



Chinala- 
danus. 



Baby- 
lon. 



Nabopa- 
lassar. 



€aptiire of 
Nineveh 
and fall of 
the Assy- 
rian Em- 
pire. 



Nebu- 
chad- 
nezzar 



Media. 



Phraor- 



Cy;ixa- 
res. 



Sadyat- 
tes. 



Aidys. 



Alyattes 



Egypt. 



Nccko, 
or Ne- 
kos I. 



Jeremiah 
the pro- 
phet. 



Neco, 
Clin. 
Psam- 
metikl., 
{Buns. 
See a. 
670). 



Psam- 

Clin. 



JUDAH. 



Josiah, 



Habak- 
kuk, the 
prophet. 



Jehoahaz, 
3 months. 
Jehoia- 
kim. 

Daniel, the 
prophet. 

The Baby- 
lonian 
captivity 
com- 
mences. 



Jehoiakim 
3 months, 
Zedekiah 



634 TO 595 B.C. 



29 



634 
633 
632 



631 
630 



629 
628 



625 



624 
623 
621 
620 
618 
617 



616 

612 
611 

610 
609 

608 
607 



604 
603 



602 
600 



595 



Archons of 
Athens. 



Epenetius 



Draco. 



The Laws of 
Draco made 



Henochides, 



LACED.1-M0N. 

Agid^. Proclid^. 



Eury crates 
II. 



Aristocles. 
Critias. 



Megacles. 



Philombro- 

tus. 



Archidamus. 



Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Ancus Mar- 
tins. 



Agesicles. 



Tarquinius 
Friscus. 



Tomi, a Milesian colony. 

The Massagetse, having driven 
the Cimmerians into Asia 
Minor, penetrate into Media, 
where they remain 28 years. 
Stesichorus horn. 

Cyrene founded by Battus. 

The Milesians allowed to esta- 
blish a commercial factory on 
the Bolbi tic branch of the Nile, 

Sinope founded. 

Selinus founded. A second Me- 
garian colony, under Zeuxip- 
pus, settled at Byzantium. 

Epidamnus, afterwards called 
Dyrrhachium, founded, Pe- 
riander succeeds Cypselus at 
Corinth; he patronizes the 
Lyric poet, Arion. 

Epidaurus governed by Procles. 

War commences between Sady- 
attes and the Milesians. 



The Cimmerians driven out of 
Lydia. Their league bein,^ 
dissolved, their name disap- 
pears, and they are supposed 
to have left Asia. But they 
settle in the country after- 
wards called Galatia. 

Peace between Alyattes and 
Thrasibulus, mler of Miletus. 

Melanchrus of Mitylene over- 
thrown by Pittacus. The 
Lyric poets Alcaeus, Sappho, 
and Stesichorus fl. 

Anaximander born. Escape of 
the poet Arion from pirates. 



The Massagetse driven out of 
Media by Cyaxares. 



War between Cyaxares and 
Alyattes. Eclipse predicted 
by Thales. Hales. 

^ropus in Macedon. 

Massilia founded by the Pho- 
cseans. 

Camarina in Sicily founded. 

Epimenides comes to Athens. 

Birth of Croesus. The sacred 
war against the Cirrhgeans bv 
the Amphictyonic league. 



30 



TEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 

594 
593 

592 



587 
586 
585 
584 
582 
581 



579 
578 
577 
576 
575 

572 



564 
563 

562 
561 
560 



Olym. , 



46.3 



47.1 

2 



2 
3 

4 

!.l 

3 
4 

50.1 
2 
3 
4 

51.1 
2 

52.1 

3 

4 

53.1 



54.1^ 
2 

3 

4 

55.1 



160 
161 



162 
163 



165 
166 

167 
168 
169 
170 
172 
173 

174 

175 
176 
177 
178 
179 

182 

184 

185 
186 
188 

190 
191 



193 
194 



Olympic 
Victors. 



Euiycles. 



Glycon. 



Lycinus. 



Epitelidas 



Eratosthe- 
nes. 



Aguon. 



Hippo- 
stratus. 



Hippo- 
stratus 
II. 



Babylon. 



Nebuchad- 
nezzar. 



Media. 



Astya- 



Conquest 
of Tyre. 



Evilmero- 
dach, or 
Elvaro- 
dam. 



Media 
from 
this 
time is 
part of 
the Per- 
sian 
empire, 



Lydia. 



Alyat- 
tes. 



Croesus. 



EaYPT. 



Apries, 
Clin. 
Nekos 
II., 
Buns., 
who 
made 
the 
canal 
from 
the 

Nile to 
the Red 
Sea, 
Leps, 



JUDAH. 



Zedekiah. 

Ezekiel, 
tlie pro- 
phet. 



Amasis, 
F.H. 
(Psam- 
metik 
II., 
Buns,) 



Obadiah, 
the pro- 
phet. 

Jerusalem 
taken by 
Nebu- 
chadnez- 
zar. End 
of the 
kingdom 
of Judah. 



Mack- 
don. 



^ropus. 



Alcetas. 



594 TO 560 B.C. 



31 



594 



593 



592 



589 
588 

587 
586 
585 
584 
582 
581 

580 
579 
578 
577 
576 
575 

572 

570 



564 
563 

562 
561 
560 



Archons of 
Athens, 



Solon, Clin, 
Critias I. 

Hales. 
Dropidas. 



Eucrates. 



Simonides. 



Pha?mppus. 



Damasiua 
II. 



Pentathlus. 



Archestra- 
tides. 



Aristomenes 



Comias 

Hales. 



Hippodldes, 

Hales. 
Comias, 

Hales. 
Comias, F. 

H. 
Hegestra- 

tus, Hales. 



Laced^mon. 
Agid^. Proclid^. 



Eury crates 
II. 



Leon. 



Agesicles. 



Rome. 



Tarquinius 
Priscus. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Servius Tul- 
lius. 



Anaxandri- 
des. 



Solon gives his code of laws to 
the Athenians. 

At this time fl. the seven wise 
men ; Thales of Miletus, Bion 
of Priene , Perian der of C orin th 
Solon of Athens, Pittacus of 
Mitylene, Chilon of Sparta, 
and Cleohulus of Lindus. 

Odessus founded. Anacharsis, 
the Scythian (Gothic) travel- 
ler, arrives at Athens. 

Cirrha taken hy the Amphic- 
tyons. Cyrene flourishing, and 
Battus I. succeeded by his 
son, Arcesilaus I. 

Pittacus, ruling at Mitylene, ba- 
nishes the poet Alcgeus. 

Damophon, king of Pisatis. Thei 
Cloaca Maxima of Rome con- 
structed. 

The Cirrhseans finally overcome. 

Death of Periander and his sou 
Lycophron. Psammetichus 
succeeds as king of Corinth. 

Agrigentum founded. 

The reign of the family of Cyp- 
selus at Corinth ends with 
Psammetichus. 

Lipara founded byRhodiansand 
Cnidians. The government of 
Mitylene resigned by Pit- 
tacus. 

Battus II., the Fortunate, suc- 
ceeds Arcesilaus I. at Cyrene. 

Pisa subjected to Elis. ^sop, 
the fabulist (619—571 or 564). 

Phalaris rules at Agrigentum. 

Death of Pittacus. 

The poet Eugamon, of Cyrene, 
fl. The census and classes 
introduced at Rome. 

Alalia founded in Cyrnos (Cor- 
sica) by the Phocseans, 

Another Phocsean colony builds 
Amisus, near the mouth of 
the Halys. 

The first comedy performed at 
Athens by Susarion and Do- 
lon. Par. M. 

Usurpation of Pisistratus at 
Athens. 



32 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 
559 

558 

557 
556 

555 

554 
553 
552 
551 

550 

549 

548 

547 
546 

545 

544 

543 

542 
541 
540 

539 

538 



I 

OLYM.JA.U.C, 



4 
56.1 



3 

4 
57.1 

2 
3 

4 
58.1 



195 



196 



197 
198 



199 

200 
201 
202 
203 
204 

205 
206 

207 



209 
210 



211 

212 
213 
214 

215 



216 



Olympic 

VICTOR! 



Phae- 
drus. 



Ladro- 
mus. 



Diogne- 
tus. 



Babylon. 



1 Neri- 
glissar. 



1 Laboro- 
soarchod 
9 months. 

1 Belshaz- 
zar, or 
Nabona- 
dius. 

2 -. — 

3 

4 -. 

5 



Persia. 



Archilo- 
chus 



Appel- 
leeus. 



1 Cyrus, 



Lydia. 



2 Croe- 
sus. 



Egypt. 



Subdued 
by Cyrus. 



9 

10 

11 

12 

13 



Subdued 
byCy- 



HlGH 

Priests OF 
THE Jews. 



22 



11 Amasis 
or Psam- 
metik II, 

12 

13 

14 



16 ■ 

17 ■ 

18 • 

19 ■ 
20- 

21 - 

22 - 

23 - 

24 - 

25 - 

26 - 



Mace- 
don. 



18 Alce- 
tas. 



23 

24 

25 



27 ■ 



30 ■ 



1 Amyn- 
tas I. 
2 



559 TO 538 B.C. 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



559 



558 



557 
556 



555 

554 
553 
552 
551 
550 

549 
548 



Archons of 
Athens. 



Hegestratus, 
F. H, 



Euthyde- 
mus. 



545 

544 



543 

542 
541 
540 



538 



Erxiclides. 



Laced^mon. 
AGiDiE. Proclid^. 



2 Anaxan- 
drides. 



4 

5 

(Chilon E- 
phor). 
6 



22 



2 Ariston. 



4 — 
5 



23 



Home. 



20 Servius 
TuUius. 



21 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Commenceraent of the Persian 
empire under Cyrus. Solon 
dies. A Megaraean colony 
builds Heraclea on the Eux- 
ine. The lyrics of Anacreon 
begin to be known. 

Birth of Simonides. 



Embassy of Croesus to solicit 
the alliance of Greece against 
Cyrus. The supposed age of 
Confucius, (Kungfutze) Zoro- 
aster, and Pythagoras. 

Pisistratus banished from A 
mens. Solon visits Egypt. 

Death of Stesichorus. The Sy- 
racusans destroy Camarina. 

Architecture flourishes. The 
temples of Diana at Ephesus, 
of Jupiter at Olympia, and 
others erected. 

The territories of Carthage ex- 
tended in Africa, Sicily, and 
Sardinia. 

Phalaris put to death by the 
people of Agrigentum. 

The temple of Delphi burnt. 
Anaximenes, phil. fl. Pi- 
sistratus restored to power 
at Athens. 

Pisistratus again banished. 
Anaximander, phil. the first 
designer of maps, fl. set. 64. 

Lydia added to the Persian em- 
pire. Hipponax of Ephesus 
writes Iambics. 

Carthage, a free republic, ex- 
tends her commerce on all 
sides. 

Pherecydes of Scyros, disciple 
of Thales, fl., set. 56. Theog- 
nis of Megara, the poet. The 
Persians begin to conquer 
the Greek cities of Ionia. 



The Carthaginians defeated by 
the Phocaeans in a naval 
battle. Ibycus, the poet, fl. 



41 Babylon annexed to Persia. 



34 



FEOM THE YEAB 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors 


Persia. 


Egypt. 


High 
Priests OF 
THE Jews. 


Mace- 
don. 


Laged^mon, 


5-37 


60.4 


217 




23 Cyrus. 


33 Amasis, 
or Psam- 
metik 11. 





4 Amyn- 
tasl. 


24 Anax- 
andri- 
des. 


24 Aris- 
ton. 


536 


61, 1 


218 


Aga- 
tbar- 
cus. 


24 


34 


1 Jeshua, 
the son of 
Jozadak. 


5 


25 


25 


535 


2 


219 




25 


35 


2 


6 . 


26 


26 


534 


3 


220 




26 


36 


3 


7 


27 


27 . 


533 


4 


221 




27 


87 


4 


8 . 


28 


28 . 


532 


62.1 


222 


Euryxi- 
das. 


28 


38 


5 


9 


29 — - 


29 


531 


2 


223 




29 


39 


6 


10 


30 


30 


530 


3 


224 




30 


40 


7 — 


11 , 


31 


31 


529 
528 
527 


4 
63.1 

2 


225 
226 

227 


Parme- 
nides. 


1 Camby- 

ses. 
2 

3 


41 

42 

43 


8 

9 

10 


12 

13 

14 


32 

33 

34 


32 

33 

34 


526 

o25 

524 
523 


3 

4 

64.1 
2 


228 

229 

230 
231 


Evan- 
der. 


4 . 

5 

6 

7 


1 Psamme- 
nitus, or 
Psamme- 
tik III. 

Conquered 
by Persia. 


11 

12 

13 

14 


15 

16 

17 

IS 


35 

36 

37 

38 — 


35 

36 

37 

38 





•522 


3 


232 




8 . 





15 


19 


39 


39 — 


521 


4 


233 




Smerdis, 7 
1 Darius I 


months, 
lystaspes. 


16 . 


20 


40 


40 


520 


65.1 


234 

1 


Apochas, 


2 


" 


17 


21 


1 Cleo- 
menes 
I. 


41 

1 



537 TO 520 S.C. 



35 



Repe- 
lition 
Dates. 


Abchons of 
Athens. 


Rome. 


Events and Eminent Men. 


537 


Alcaeus I. 


42ServiusTul- 


The Persian empire comprises Persia, Media, As- 






lius. 


syria, Babylonia, Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Pales- 
tine, and Syria. Pisistratus, for the third time, 
gains the ascendancy in Athens, where he pa- 
tronizes learned men. 


536 


Athenaeus. 


43 


The Jews permitted by Cyrus to return to their 
country and rebuild their temple. Vines and 
olive-trees first planted in Gaul, by the Greeks 
of Marseilles. 


535 


Hipparchus. 


44 


Tragedy first exhibited at Athens by Thespis. 


534 





1 Tarquinius 


Murder of Servius Tullius ; his wise laws and re- 






II., (Super- 
bus.) 

2 


gulations set aside by his successor. 


533 


Thericles, Clin. 


The Carthaginians contend with the Syracusans 




Hericlides,£aZes. 




for the dominion of Sicily, and enforce by arms 
the payment of tribute from the African tribes 
in their neighbourhood. 


532 




3 


Polycrates and his brothers govern Samos. Ana- 
creon is invited to his court. Pythagoras, 
though favoured by him, withdraws, to travel in 
Egypt and Asia. 


531 




4 


Pisistratus collects the poems of Homer, and 
establishes the first public library at Athens. 


530 





5 


Splendour of Persepolis, and magnificence of the 
Persian court. Flourishing state of Etruria. 
Ehoecus of Samos noted for casting metals. 


529 


.*. 


6 


Cyrus killed in his war against the Massagetas. 


528 





7 


Tarquin extends the dominion of Rome in Latium, 
and plants colonies. 


527 




8 


Death of Pisistratus, who is succeeded in his 
power at Athens by his son Hipparchus. 


526 





9 


Death of Amasis, five months before the invasion 
of Egypt by Cambyses. 


525 





10 


Egypt added to the Persian empire. War between 
the Lacedaemonians and Polycrates of Samos. 
Birth of ^schylus. Anacreon and Simonides 
come to Athens. 


524 


Miltiades. 


11 


Cyrene and Libya, to the confines of Carthage, 
conquered by the Persians. 


523 





12 


Choerilus, the Athenian tragedian. An eclipse of 
the moon, July 16th. 


522 





13 


Death of Polycrates. 


521 




14 


Death of Cambyses, from an accidental wound 
The city of Thebes, or Luqsor, taken by the 
Persians. 


520 




15 


The Gauls (Galatse or Celtse) occupy the north and 
north-east of Italy, along the Adriatic, as far as 
the river CEsis. Pythagoras, at Crotona, gives 
laws to the States of Magna Grsecia. Hecataeus 
and Dionysius, the Milesian historians, and 
Melanippides the poet, fl. 



36 



FROM THE TEAK 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Persia. 


High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Macedon. 


Laced^mon. 
Agid^. Proclid^:. 


519 


65.2 


235 




3 Darius 
Hystaspes. 


18 Jeshua. 
Haggai and 
Zachariah, 


22 Amyntas 


2 Cleo- 
menei 
I. 


42 Ariston. 


518 


3 


236 




4 


the pro- 
phets. 
19 


23 


3 


43 


517 


4 


237 




5 


20 


24 


4 


44 


516 


66.1 


238 


'Ischyrus. 


6 


21 

The new 
temple de- 
dicated. 


25 


5 


45 


515 


2 


239 




7 


22 


26 


6 


46 


514 


3 


240 




8 


23 


27 


7 


47 


513 


4 


241 




9 


24 


28 


8 


48 . 


512 


67.1 


242 


Phanas. 


10 


25 


29 


9 


49 


511 


2 


243 




11 


26 — 


30 


10 


50 


510 


3 


244 




12 


27 


31 


11 


1 Demara- 

tus. 


509 


4 


245 




13 — 


28 


32 


12 


2 


508 


68.1 


246 


Ischoma- 
chus. 


14 


29 


33 


13 


3 


507 


2 


247 




15 


30 


34 


14 


4 


506 


3 


248 




16 


31 — — 


35 


15 : 


5 


505 


4 


249 




17 


32 


36 ] 


L6 


6 



5J9 TO 505 B.C. 



37 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Archons of 
Athens. 



KOME. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



518 

517 
516 

515 
514 

513 
512 
511 
510 

509 



Clisthenes. 



508 



507 



506 



505 



Isagoras. 



16 Tarquinius II., 
Superbus. 



Consuls. 



L. Jun. Brutus. 
L.Tarq.Collatinus, 
M. Horat. Pulvil- 

lus. 
P. Val. Poplicola. 



P. Val. Poplicola 

11. 
T. Lucret. Trici- 

pitinus. 

P. Val. Poplicola 

III. 
M. Horat. Pulvil- 

lus II. 

Sp. Lartius Flavus. 
T. Herminius A- 
quilinus. 

M. Valerius. 
P. Postumius Tu- 
Tbertus. 



Platsea under the protection of Athens. Birth 
of the elder Cratinus, the comic poet. 



Pindar bom at Thebes. Revolt of Babylon : after a 
siege of twenty months, the city taken by Da- 
rius, and nearly destroyed. Syloson,the brother 
of Polycrates, restored by the Persians to power 
in Samos. 

The Chinese have recorded an interview at this 
tini'e between their philosophers Kungfutze, 
(Confucius) and Lao-Tseu. 

The Persian empire divided by Darius into Satra- 
pies. 



Miltiades succeeds his brother Stesagoras in the 
government of the Chersonesus. 

Hipparchus assassinated by Harmodius and Aris- 
togiton. His brother Hippias becomes ruler of 
Athens. 

Angari, public messengers or postmen, employed 
in Persia. 

Darius adds a twentieth, or Indian, Satrapy to his 
empire. 

Phrynicus, the tragic poet, first known. Sybaris 
destroyed by the Crotoniansi 

Hippias and all the race of Pisistratidse expelled 
from Athens. Solon's form of government re- 
stored. Telesilla, the poetess of Argos, fl. 

The Tarquins driven from Rome. Regal power 
abolished. An aristocratic republic established, 
with two annually elected Consuls at its head. 
The death of Brutus, in battle with the ex- 
pelled princes, and the retirement of CoUatinus. 
cause a succession of Consuls, during the first 
year. A commercial treaty between Rome and 
Carthage, by which the former was bound not 
to navigate beyond the Fair Promontory (now 
Cape Bon). 

The Etrurians, under Porsenna, and other States in 
Italy, make war on Rome, to restore the Tar- 
quins. Choral competition at the Olympic meet- 
ing. Athens distracted by factions. 

Darius, unsuccessful in his wars with the Scythi- 
ans (Gothic tribes), penetrates, by the north of 
the Euxine, into Europe, and crosses the Danube, 
where he leaves Megabazus with the remnant 
of the army, 

Megabazus reduces Perinthus, Thrace, and Paeonia, 
and sends ambassadors to demand submission, 
from Amyntas, King of Macedou. 

Darius, leaving Artaphemes governor of Sardis, 
conquers the islands of Imbros and Lemnos, takes 
Chalcedon, crosses the Bosphorus, and makes 
himself master of Byzantium. 



38 



FEOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Persia. 


High 

Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Macedon. 


Laced^mon. 
Aqidm, Procltd^. 


504 


69.1 


250 


Ischoma- 
chus. 


18 Darius 
Hystas- 
pes. 


33 Jeshua. 


37 Amyntas 


17 Cleo- 
menes I. 


7 Dema- 
ratus. 


503 


2 


251 




19 


34 


38 


18 


8 


502 


3 


252 




20 


35 


39 


19 


9 


501 


4 


253 




21 


36 


40 


20 


10 


500 


70.1 


254 


Nicoras. 


22 . 


37 


1 Alexander 
I. 


21 


11 


499 


2 


255 




23 


38 


2 


22 


12 


498 


3 


256 




24 


39 


3 


23 


13 


497 


4 


257 




25 


40 


4 


24 


14 


496 


71.1 


258 


Tisicrates. 


26 


41 


5 


25 


15 


495 


2 


259 




27 


42 


6 


26 


16 


494 


3 


260 




28 


43 


7 


27 


17 


493 


4 


261 




29 


44 


8 


28 


18 



504 TO 493 B.C. 



39 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Athens. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



504 



503 



502 



501 



500 



498 



497 



495 



494 



493 



Acesto 
rides. 



Myrus. 



Hippar- 
chus. 



Philippus. 



Pythocri- 

tus. 



Themis- 
tocles. 



P. Val. Poplico- Charon, the historian, of Lampsachus, fl. (For his works, 
la IV. see Clin.) Sardoces, a Persian officer, crucified, by 

T. Lucretius Tri- order of Darius, taken down from the cross and healed, 
citipinus II. is restored to favour, and advanced to high digrnties. 

P. Postumius Heraclitns of Ephesus fl. Parmenides of Elis, who 
Tubertus II. taught that the earth is a globe, and Lasus of Her- 
Agrippa Meneni- mione, who instructed Pindar. Darius introduces a 
us Lanatus. regular financial system, and levies on his conquered 

provinces a fixed tribute, paid in their natural pro- 
ductions. Death of Valerius Poplicola. 
An eclipse of the moon, Nov, 19th. Darius, having, in 
two years of repose, recruited his army, listens to 
the Naxian exiles, who invite his aid to restore them 
to their country. Alliance between the Romans and 
Sabines. 
Failure of the Persian attack on Naxos, under Mega- 
bazus and Aristagoras ; the latter abandons the 
cause of Darius, and persuades the Ionian cities to 
revolt. Hecatseus, the historian, vainly counsels 
the patriots to fortify the isle of Leria. 
Aristagoras solicits the support of Sparta, which is 
denied ; he obtains from Athens a fleet of twenty 
triremes, and assistance from Eretria. Birth of the 
philosopher Anaxagoras. Epicharmus introduces 
comedy at Syracuse. 
Sardis taken and burnt by the lonians, who are after- 
wards defeated near Ephesus ; the Athenians with- 
draw their aid. ^schylus excels Choerilus and 
Pratinas in tragedy. 
Cyprus revolts and is recovered by the Persians. The 
office of Dictator created at Rome, and first held by 
the consul T. Lartius Flavus. Pindar, Pyth. X. 

The Persians suppress the revolt in Caria, and regain 
Clazomense and Cyme. Aristagoras takes refuge in 
Thrace, where he is slain. 

Histiaeus, father-in-law of Aristagoras, prepares to 
defend Miletus. Birth of Helenicus of Mitylene, the 
historian. (For his woriis, see Clm.) The Romans 
defeat the Latins near Lake Regillus (date uncer- 
tain, Xiebuhr). 

The Persians prepare to besiege Miletus. Birth of 
Sophocles. 



Opiter Virginius 

Tricostus. 
Sp. Cassius Vis- 

cellinus. 

Post Comin. Au- 
runcus. 

T. Lartius Fla- 
vus. 

Serv. Snip, Ca- 

merinus. 
Man. TulL Lon- 

gus. 

P. Veturius Ge- 

minus. 
T.-<EbutiusElva. 

T. Lartius Flav. 
II. 

Q. Claelius Sicu- 

lus. 
A. Sempron. 

Atratinus. 
M. Minucius 

Augurinus. 
Aulus Post. 

Albus. 
A. Virginius 

Tricostus. 

Ap. Claudius 

Sabinus, 
P. Servilius 

Priscus. 
A. Virginius 

Tricostus II. 
T. Veturius 

Geminus. 



Sp. Cassius 

Viscellinus II 
Post, Comin. Au- 

runcus II, 



The Ionian fleet defeated by the Persians near the 
isle of Lade, and the war terminated by the fall of 
Miletus, ^aces, the son of Syloson, reinstated by 
the Persians in Samos. Secession of the Romaia 
Plebes to the Mons Sacer. Anaxilaus rules at Rhe- 
gium. 

Miltiades, unable to defend the Chersonesus, returns 
to Athens, after twenty-two years' absence. Treaty 
between the Patricians and Plebes, conceding 
all the demands of the latter, and giving them their 
tribunes, League, with the Latins, made by Sp 
Cassius. 



40 



FROM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


OLT3iP7C 

Victors. 


Pekota. 


High 

Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Macedon. 


Lacedjemon, 
Agid^. Proclid^. 


492 


72.1 


262 


Tisicrates. 


30 Darius 
Hystas- 
pes. 


45 Jeshua. 


9 Alexan- 
der!. 


29 Cleo- 
menes I. 


19 Dema- 
ratus. 


491 


2 


263 




31 


46- 


10 


ILeo- 
nidas. 


1 Leoty- 
chides. 


490 


3 


264 




32 


47 


11 


2 


2 


489 


4 


265 




33 


48 


12 


3 


3 


488 


73.1 


266 


Astylus, 
Croton. 


34 


49 


13 


4 


4 


487 


2 


267 




35 


50 


14 


5 


5 . 


486 


3 


268 




36 


51 


15 


6 


6 


485 


4 


269 




1 Xerxes, 


52 


16 


7 


7 


484 


74.1 


270 


Astylus, 
Syrac, 


2 


53 


17 


8 


8 


483 


2 


271 




3 


54 


18 . 


9 


9 


482 


3 


372 




4 


55 


19 


lo- 


10 


481 


4 


273 




5 


56 


20 


ll 


11 



492 TO 431 B.C. 



41 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates 



492 



491 



486 



481 



OF j Consuls of Rome. 



Athexs. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Diognetus. 



[lybrili- 

des. 



Phaenip- 
pus. 



Aristides. 



Ancliises. 



Phsenip- 
pus. 



Philocra- 
tes. 



Philocra- 
tes, Clin. 

Phicdon, 
Hales. 

Leostra- 
tus. 



Nicode- 
mus. 



Achep- 
sion. 



Themisto- 

cles, 

Clin. 
Calliades, 

Hales. 



T. Greganixis Mace 

rinus. 
P. Minucius Augu- 

rinus. 
M. Minuc. Auguri- 

nus II. 
A. Sempron. Atra- 

tiuus II. 



Q. Sulpic. Cameri- 

nus. 
Sp. Lartius Flavus 

II. 

C. Julius lulus. 
P. Pinarius Rufus. 



Sp. Nautius Ruti- 

lus. 
Sex. Furius Fusus, 

C. Aquilius Tuscus- 
T. Sicinius Sabi- 



Sp. Cassius Viscel 

linus III. 
Proc, Virg. Tricos- 

tus. 

Q Fabius Vibula- 

nus. 
Serv. Com. Malug. 

Cossus. 

L. jEmilius Ma- 

raercinus. 
Caesio Fabius Vi- 

bulanus. 

M. Fabius Vibula- 

nus. 
L. Val. Poplic. Po- 

litus. 

C. Julius lulus. 
Q. Fabius Vibula- 
nusll. 

Caesio Fab. Vibula- 

nus II. 
Sp. Furius Fusus. 



_,. 



Darius prepares a large armament, under Mardo- 
nius, to punish the Greeks for their assistance af- 
forded to the lonians. A famine at Rome. 

The fleet of Mardonius dispersed by a storm, near 
Mount Atlios, and his land-troops greatly harassed 
by the Thracians ; he retires into Asia, Cleomenes 
at Laceda^mon, in the last year of his life, procures 
the deposition of his colleague, Deraaratus, who re- 
tires into Persia. War between Athens and M- 
gina. GelonbecomesmasterofGela, in Sicily. An 
eclipse of the moon, April 25th. 

Darius sends a larger army to invade Greece, under 
Datis and Artaphernes, who are utterly defeated 
by Miltiades at Marathon, Sep. 28th, Pindar, Pyth, 
VI. Coriolanus withdraws from Rome to the Vol- 
scians. 

Darius begins preparations for another attempt on 
Greece. Coriolanus urges the Volscians to war, 
and leads their army to besiege Rome. Death of 
Miltiades. 

Therou usurps absolute power at Agrigentum. Pin- 
dar, Olymp, IX. Coriolanus is prevailed upon by 
his wife and mother to desist from his hostile 
proceedings. 

The Yolsci defeated by the Romans, under Coriola- 
nus. The Hernicans leagued with Rome by Sp. 
Cassius. Chionides exhibits comedies at Athens. 
Dinolochus, a comic poet, fl. at Syracuse. 

Egypt endeavours to throw off the Persian yoke. 
The first Agrarian law for an equitable division of 
conquered lands is introduced at Rome by Sp. 
Cassius. 

Death of Darius. Gelon becomes master of Syracuse. 
Sp. Cassius, the most distinguished Roman of his 
age, is accused of aiming at majesty, and thrown 
from the Tarpeian rock, 

Egypt reconquered by the Persians, Birth of Hero- 
dotus, at Halicamassus. ^schylus gains the 
prize for tragedy. Pindar, Olymp. X. XI. A- 
chaeus of Eretria, the tragic poet, born. Rome at 
war with the Volsci and Veieutes. 

Banishment of Aristides from Athens. Choerilus 
has exhibited tragedies forty years. Carthage en- 
riched by working the gold and silver mines in 
Spain. 

Violent contests at Rome, respecting the evasion of 
the Agrarian law, by the Patricians, and the elec- 
tion of Consuls. The tribune, Ti. Pontificius, stops 
the levy of troops. 

Xerxes having prepared an immense force by land 
and sea, for the invasion of Greece, commences 
his march, and winters at Sardis. 



42 



TROM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors 


FEESIA. 


High 

Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Macedon. 


LacED2EM0Nv 
AgiD^. PsOCLIDffi.. 


480 


75.1 


274 


Suchus. 


6 Xerxes 


1 Joiachim 


21 Alexan- 
der I. 


1 Pleis- 
tarchuF 
a mi- 
nor; 
Pausa- 
nias, 
Regent 

f 


12 Leoty- 
chides. 


479 


2 


275 




7 


2 


22 


2 


13 


478 


3 


276 




8 


3 


23 


3 


14 


477 


4 


277 




9 — 


4 


24 


4 


15 


476 


76.1 


278 


Scaman- 
der. 


10 


5 


25 


5 


16 


475 


2 


279 




11 


6 


26 


6 


17 


474 


3 


280 




12 


7 


27 


7 


18 


473 


4 


281 




13 


8 


28 


8 


19 


472 


77.1 


282 


Dates. 


14 


9 


29 


9 


20 



480 TO 472 B.C. 



43 



R<pe- 
tition 
Dates. 



480 



476 



475 



473 



472 



Archons 

OF 

Athens. 



Calliades 

Clin. 
Callias, 

Hales, 



Xanthip- 
pus. 



Timosthe- 
nes. 



Adiman- 
tus. 



Phsedon. 



Dromocli- 
des. 



Acestori- 
des. 



Menon. 



Chares. 



Consuls of Rome 



Cn. Manlius Cin- 

cinnatus. 
M. Fab. Vibula- 

nus II. 



Caesio. Fab. Vibu- 

lanus III. 
T. Virg. Tricost. 

Rutilus. 



L. ^miliiis Ma- 

mercinus II. 
C. Servilius Ahala, 
C. Com. Lent. Es- 
qiiilin. 



C. Horatius Pulvil- 

lus. 
T. Menenius Lana- 

tus. 



A. Virgin. Tri- 
cost. Rutilus. 
Sp.Servil.Structus, 



P. Valerius Popli- 

cola. 
C.Nautius Rutilus, 

L. Furius Medull. 

Rufus. 
A. Manlius Vulso. 

L. ^mil. Mamer- 

cm. III. 
Vop. Julius lulus. 
Opiter Virginius. 

L. Pinarius Ruf. 

Mamerc. 
t*. Furius Fusus. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Xerxes in Greece. Three days' struggle at Thei- 
mopylae, Aug. 7— 9th. Death of Leonidas. Sea 
fight at Artemisium. Great naval victory of 
Themistocles at Salamis, Oct. 20th. Athens taken 
by the Persians — but Xerxes, disheartened, leaves 
his army under the command of Mardonius. Birth 
of Euripides. Anaxagoras begins to teach philo- 
sophy at Athens. Pherecydes, the historian, fl. 
Clin. Pindar at Salamis. The Carthaginians de- 
feated at Himera, by the combined forces of 
Theron and Gelon. Bosporus, or Chersonesus 
Taurica, an independent State. 

Athens retaken and despoiled by Mardonius ; after 
which, he is totally routed and slain, Sep. 22ud, at 
Platsea, by the Athenians, Lacedsemonians, and 
Tegaeans, under Pausanias, and Aristides recalled 
from exile. On the same day, the Persian fleet 
and army defeated at Mycale, by Leotychides, 
king of Sparta and Xanthippus, the Athenian 
archon, father of Pericles. The Greeks then be- 
siege Sestos. The poet, Chcerilus of Samos, born. 
Death of Confucius. 

Surrender of Sestos, the last event recorded by He- 
rodotus, and the first by Thucydides. Athens 
rebuilt and fortified. Pindar, Pyth. III. Hiero 
succeeds his brother, Gelon, at Syracuse. Tyranny 
of the Patricians at Rome. The Fabii secede from 
their order, join the Plebes, leave the city, and 
take up a position near the Cremera. The first 
stone theatre in Greece, that of Bacchus, at Athens, 
now built. 

The supremacy of Athens commences. The Greeks, 
after having taken Cyprus and Byzantium from 
the Persians, transfer the chief command of their 
combined army from Pausanias to Aristides. The 
Fabii are surprised and slaughtered by the 
Veientes. 

Scyros taken by Cimon, son of Miltiades. Death of 
Anaxilaus of Rhegium. Pindar, Olymp. XIV, 
The Romans suffer great losses in their wars with 
the Veientes, who are with much difficulty driven 
back. 

Cimon extends the power of the Athenians in Thrace, 
The consuls of the preceding years summoned by 
the tribunes to render an account of their conduct 
to the Roman people. 

Naval victory of Hiero over the Tuscans. Pindar, 
Pyth. VII. IX. XI. A truce of forty years between 
the Romans and Veientes. 

Murder of the tribune Cn. Genucius, to stay his im- 
peachment of the ex-consuls before the people. 
The rage of factious becomes more violent, and 
the Patricians are obliged to make farther con- 
cessioris. 

On the death of Theron, Agrigentum again becomes 
a Republic. Pindar, Olymp. II. XII. " Persse" of 
^schylus. Rogations of Volero Publilius., the. 
Roman tribune. 



44 



FHOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Persia. 


High 
Priests op 
THE Jews. 


Macedon. 


Laced^mon. 

AgID^. PROCLIDiE. 


471 


77.2 


283 




15 Xerxes. 


10 Joiachim. 


30 Alexan- 
der I. 


10 Pleist- 
archus. 


21 Leoty- 
chides. 


470 


3 


284 




16 


11 


31 


11 


22 


469 


4 


285 




17 


12 


32 


12 


1 Archi- 
damus 
II. 


468 


78.1 


286 


Parmeni- 
des. 


18 — 


13 


33 


13 


2 


487 


2 


287 




19 


14 


34 


U 


3 


466 


3 


288 




20 


15 ■ 


35 


15 


4 


465 


4 


289 




1 Artax- 


16 


36 


16 


5 


464 


79.1 


290 


Xenophon. 


erxes 

Longi- 

manus. 

2 


17 


37 


17 


6 


463 


2 


291 




3 


18 


38 


18 


7 


462 


3 


292 




4 


1 Eliashib, 


39 


19 


8 


461 


4 


293 




5 — — 


2 


40 


20 


9 



471 TO 401 B.C. 



45 



Archons 

OF 

Athens. 



Consuls of Rome, 



Events and Eminent Men. 



469 



466 



465 



464 



Praxier- 
gus. 



Ap. Claudius Sabi- 

nus. 
T. Quintius Barba- 

tus. 



Demotion, L. Valerius Popli- 

CUn. I cola II. 
ApsephionjTib. aEmil. Ma- 

Eales. mercinus. 

Apsephion'A. Yirginius Tri- 

Clin. 
Phfedon, 

Hales. 
Theageni- 

des. 



Lysistra- 
tus. 



Lysanias. 



Lysitheus. 



Archide- 
mides. 



costus. 
T. Numicius Pris- 

cus. 
T. Quintius Barba- 

tus II. 
Q. Servilius Pris- 

cus. 
Tib. ^milius Ma- 

mercinus II. 
Q. Fatius Vibula- 

nus. 



Sp. Postumius 

Albus. 
Q. Servilius Pris- 

cus II. 



Quint. Fab. Yibu- 
lanus II. 

T. Quint. Barbatus 
III. 

Aulus Postum. Al- 
bus. 

Sp. Furius Medul- 
linus. 



Tlepole 

mus, 

CUn. 
Eutbippus 

Bales. 
Conon. 



Enhippus. 



P. Servilius Pris- 

cus. 
L. jEbutius Elva. 



T. Lucretius Trici- 

pitinus. 
T. Veturius Gemi- 

nus. 

P. Volumnius A- 

mintinus. 
Ser. Sulpicius Ca- 

merinus. 



Banishment of Themistocles from Athens; he retires 
to Argos. Birth of Thucydides. Great commotions 
at Rome. Ap. Claudius so unpopular, that the 
soldiers refuse to fight under his command against 
the Volsci. 

Appius, impeached by the tribunes, kills himself. 
Hiero invites the poets and philosophers of Greece 
to Syracu.se. Pindar celebrates his victories in 
the chariot-races. Fyth. I. The Greeks establish 
a common treasury at Delos, for the Persian war. 

Pericles first takes part in the public affairs of 
Athens. After the death of Appius, the internal 
dissensions of Rome cease for a while, and external 
conquest is pursued with energy. 

Mycen* destroyed by the Argives. Death of Aris- 
tides. Birth of Socrates. Sophocles obtains his 
first prize, probably for the tragedy of Triptole- 
mus. Antium taken by the Romans. 

Death of Hiero of Syracuse, and of the poet Simo- 
nides. Birth of the orator Andocides. Traitorous 
correspondence of Pausanias, still regent at Lace- 
dsemon, with Xerxes. Thrasybulus, brother of 
Hiero, being unable to maintain the kingly power, 
the people of Syracuse reestablish their republic. 

Naxos withdraws from the Grecian league : is be- 
sieged by Cimon and made subject to Athens. 
Themistocles discovers the designs of Pausanias. 
and is accused of being an accomplice in them : 
he retires to Persia, and on his voyage passes 
through the Athenian fleet before Naxos. Death 
of Pausanias. The victories of Cimon, at the Eu- 
rymedon, close the war between Greece and Persia. 

Xerxes assassinated by Artabanus, who, after an 
usurpation of seven months, is killed by Artaxerxes. 
Themistocles is hospitably welcomed in Persia. 
Thasos revolts. Rome contains 134,214 citizens. 

Earthquake at Sparta. Revolt of the Helots and 
Messenians. Cimon leads 4,000 men to assist the 
Lacedeemonians. Pericles and Cimon adorn Athens 
with public buildings. Zeno of Elea fl. Pindar. 
Olymp. XIII. The Romans unsuccessful in their 
wars with the ^qiii and Yolsci. 

The Thasians reduced into subjection and cruelly 
treated by the Athenians. The Latin peasantry 
and their cattle driven to take refuge within thy 
walls of Rome, where the general distress is ag- 
gi-avated by a severe pestilence. 

Artaxerxes supposed to be the Ahasuerus who, in 
the third year of his reign, at the request of his 
queen, Esther, saved the Jews in Persia from an 
intended massacre, commemorated by their feast 
of Piirim. Pindar. Pyth. IV. V. 

Cimon again assists the Lacedaemonians, and is soon 
afterwards banished by the Athenians. Pericles 
induces the people to limit the power of the Areo- 
pagus, and obtains the removal of the Greek 
common treasury from Delos to Athens. The 
tribune, C. Terentilius Harsa, requires that the 
laws of Rome should be made more explicit, and 
the power of the consuls more clearly den ned. 



46 



TEOM THE YEAB 



B.C. 
460 


Olym. 
80.1 


A.U.C. 

294 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Persia. 


Htgh 
Priests op 
THE Jews. 


Macedon. 


1 
Laced^mon. j 

Agid^. Proclid^.j 

i 


Torymbus 


6 Artax- 
erxes 
Longi- 
manus. 


3 Eliashib, 


41 Alexan- 
der!. 


21 Pleist- 
arclius. 


10 Archi- 
damus 
II. 


459 


2 


295 




7 


4 


42 


22 


11 


458 


3 


296 




8 


5 


43 


1 Pleis- 
toanax. 


12 


457 


4 


297 




9 


6 


44 


2 


13 


456 


81.1 


298 


Polymnas- 
tus 


LO 


7 


45 


3 


14 


455 


2 


299 




11 


8 . 


46 


4 


15 


454 


3 


300 




12 


9 


1 Perdiccas 
11. 


5 


16 


453 


4 


301 




13 


10 


2 


6 


17 -^— 


452 


82.1 


302 


Lycus. 


14 


11 


3 


7 


18 


451 


2 


303 




15 


12 


4 


8 


19 



460 TO 451 B.C. 



47 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



459 



458 



Archons 

OP 

Athens. 



Thrasicli- 

des. 



Philocles. 



Bion, 



Consuls of Rome, 



457 Mnesithi- 
des, 
Clin. 
Callias, 



456 



455 



454 



453 

452 



P. Valerius Poplic. 
II. 

L. Qnintiiis Cin- 

cinnatus. 
C. Claudius Sabi- 

nus. 



Callias. 



Sosistra- 
tus. 



Ariston. 



Lysicrates 

Chcere- 
phanes. 

.\ntidotus. 



Quint. Fab. Vibu- 

lanus III. 
L. Cornel. Malug. 

Cossus. 

C. Nautius Ruti- 

lus II. 
C. Minucius Augu- 

rinus. 



C. Horatius Pul- 

villus. 
Q. Minucius Augu- 

rinus. 



M. Valerius Max- 

imus. 
Sp. Virginius Tri- 

costus. 



T. Romulius Rocus, 
C. Veturius Cicu- 
rinus. 



Sp. Tarpeius Mon- 

tanus. 
A. Aterius Fonti- 

nalis. 

Sex. Quintilius. 
P. Horatius Terge- 

minus. 
P. Cestius Capito- 

linus. 
T. Menenius La- 

natus. 
Decemvirs. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Egypt again revolts under Inarus. Birth of Demo- 
critus and of Hippocrates, Pindar. Olymp. VIII. 
(Jreat commotions at Rome. Another tribune de- 
mands the appointment of Decemvirs to carry out 
the proposition of Terentilius. The Sabine, xip- 
pius Hefdonius, surprises thecapitol ; in recoverint^ 
it, the consul, Valerius, is slain, and Cincinnatus 
elected in his stead. 

Gorgias of Leontium fl. ; he lived to a great age, 
and among his eminent scholars were Pericles, 
Thucydides, Alcibiades, and Critias- Agitation 
increases in Rome. Census, 132,049 citizens. 

Birth of Lysias, the orator, ^schylus brings out 
his *' Oresteia." The consul Minucius besieged in 
his camp by the ^qui. Cincinnatus called from 
the plough and appointed dictator ; in sixteen days 
he defeats the enemy, and returns to his farm. 
Ezra returns from Persia to Jerusalem. 

War between the Athenians and Corinthians ; de- 
feat of the former at Tanagra by the Lacedasmo- 
nians. Panyasis put to death by Lygdamis. 
Herodotus leaves Halicamassus. Peace between 
the Romans and Volscians ; Antium restored to 
the latter. (Coriolanus placed at this time by 
Nietuhr.) Continued agitation in Rome ; ten 
tribunes of the people appointed instead of five. 

Victory of the Athenians, under Myronides, over the 
Baeotians, at OEnophyta. Cimon recalled from 
exile. The Athenians complete their long walls. 
Death of ^schylus, get. 69. Herodotus said^o have 
recited parts of his history at the Olympic meet 
ing, and Thucydide's, as a boy, to have heard him. 

Tolmides sent from Athens to assist the Egyptians : 
but they are subdued by the Persians, except in 
the low lands, where Amyrtseus maintains an in- 
dependent sovereignty. The Messenians, after a 
struggle of ten years, are overcome by the Lace- 
dfemouians, and Ithome surrenders. ./Egina taken 
by the Athenians. Empedocles fl. Euripides pro- 
duces his first tragedy, the " Peliades." 

Expedition of Pericles against Sicyon and Acarnania. 
Aristarchus writes tragedies, and Cratiuus come- 
dies. Perdiccag of Macedon joins the Spartans 
against the Athenians. 

Syracuse the predominant State in Sicily. 

Pindar Olymp. IV. V. celebrates the victory of 
Psaumis of Camarina, in the four-horse chariot- 



Ion of Chios, historian and tragedian, exhibits his 
first drama. Decemvirs, appointed at Rome, govern 
at first with moderation and wisdom. At the 
suggestion of Hermodorus, an Ephesian exile, 
commissioners are sent from Rome into Greece to 
collect information respecting the laws. 



48 



FEOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Persia. 


High 

Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Macedon. 


Laced^mon. 
AGiDiE. Proclid^. 

1 


450 


82.3 


304 




16 Artax- 
erxes 
Longi- 
manus. 


13 Eliashib. 


5 Perdiccas 
II. 


9 Pleis- 
toanax. 


20 Archi- 
damus, 
II. 


449 


4 


305 




17 


14 


6 


10 


21 


448 


83.1 


306 


Criso. 


18 


15 


7 


11 


22 


447 


2 


307 




19 


16 


8 


12 • 


23 


446 


3 


308 




20 


17 


9 


13 


24 


445 


4 


309 




21 


18 


10 


14 


25 


444 


84.1 


310 


Criso. 


22 


19 


11 


15 


26 


443 


2 


311 




23 


20 


12 


16 


27 


442 


3 


312 




24 


21 


13 


17 


28 


441 


4 


313 




25 


1 Joiada, 


14 


18 


29 



450 TO 441 B.C. 



49 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Consuls of Eomb. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



450 



449 



448 



447 



446 



445 



444 



443 



442 



441 



Euthyde- iDecemvirs. 
mus. 1 



Pediseus. jThe same at first, 
I then consuls. 
jL. Valerius Popli- 

cola. 
T. Horatius Bar- 

batus. 



Philiscus. 



Timarchi- 



Callima- 
chus. 



Lysima- 
chLdes. 



Praxiteles 



Lysanias. 



Dipliilus. 



Lart. Herminius 

Aquilinus. 
T. Virginius Tri- 

costus. 
M. Gegonius Mac- 

erinus. 
C. Julius lulus. 



T. Quint. Capitol. 

Barbatus IV. 
Agrippa Furius 

Fusus. 
M. Genucius Au- 

gurinus. 
C. Curtius Philo. 



L. Papirius Mugil- 

lanus. 
L. Serapronius 

Atratinus. 



M. Geganius Ma- 

cerinus II. 
T. Quint. Capito- 

linus. 
Barbatus V. 
M. Fabius Vibula- 

nus. 
Postumius ^bu- 

tius Cornicen. 



Timocles. jC. Furius Pacilus 
Rufus. 
IM. Papirius Cras- 
I sus. 



Cimon prevails on the Greek States to suspend 
their mutual animosities by a five years' truce, 
and combine their forces against Persia. Anaxa- 
goras leaves Athens, and Archelaus is tlie in- 
structor of Socrates. Crates, the comic, and Bac- 
chylides, the lyric poets, fl. The first ten tables 
of laws promulgated at Kome. 

The Persians, defeated by the Greeks at Salamis, in 
Cyprus, agree to a peace, which gives freedom 
to Ionia; soon after this, Cimon dies. The twelve 
tables of laws completed at Rome. The Decemvirs 
abuse their power. Outrage of Ap. Claudius, 
Death of Virginia. The Decemvirs are deposed 
and brought to justice. Ap. Claudius and Sp. Ap- 
pius die in prison : the rest are banished. Consuls 
and tribunes are again elected. 

Athens is now the principal seat of Greek philosophy, 
literature, and art. At Rome, the Patricians, dis- 
mayed by late events, give their sanction to laws 
that extend still more the power of the people. 

Tlie Athenians break the truce, by endeavouring to 
seize Chseronea ; they are attacked by the Boeoti- 
ans at Coronea, and driven out of the country ; 
their general, Tolmides, and Klinias, the father of 
Alcibiades, are killed in the battle. 

Pindar. Pyth. VIII. set. 72. Rome at war with the 
Mqm, who penetrate nearly to the walls of the 
city, where they are totally routed. Agrigentum 
conquered by Syracuse. 

Revolt of Euboea and Megara, suppressed by Peri- 
cles. The Lacedaemonians invade Attica, but re- 
tire. Their king, Pleistoanax, is accused of having 
been bribed by the Athenians, and is banished : 
a thirty-years' truce follows. At Rome, the Canu- 
leian law allows Patricians and Plebeians tointer- 
man-y. Nehemiah rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem. 

The most flourishing period of Athens begins here, 
under the sole management of Pericles. Prota- 
goras and Melissus, phil. fl. The Romans elect 
three military tribunes instead of consuls. A- 
Sempronius Atratinus, L. Atilius, and Clselius 
Siculus, who abdicate after three months, and 
consuls are again appointed. 

An Athenian colony, under Lampon, planted at 
Thurium, near the ruins of Sybaris, in Magna 
Grsecia ; it is accompanied by Herodotus and Ly- 
sias. The censorship established at Rome. 

Phidias, the sculptor, guides Pericles in adorning 
Athens with noble works. The Parthenon, Propy- 
Igea, and Odeum, built. The architects, Ictinus, 
Caliicrates, and Mnesicles, fl. 

Euripides gains the highest prize in tragedy. Rome, 
less distracted, for a while, by intestine discord, 
becomes more formidable to the neighbouring 
States. 



50 



FROM THE TEAE 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Persia. 


High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Macedoit. 


Laced^mon. 

AGIDiE. PrOCLID^. 


440 


85,1 


314 


Criso. 


26 Artax- 
erxes II. 
Longi- 
manus. 


2 Joiada. 


15 Perdiccas 
II. 


19 Pleis- 
toanax. 


30 Archi- 
damus. 


439 


2 


315 




27 


3 


16 


20 


31 


438 


3 


316 




28 


4 


17 


21 


32 


437 


4 


317 




29 


5 


18 


22 


33 


436 


86.1 


318 


Theopom- 
pus. 


30 


6 


19 - 


23 


34 


435 


2 


319 




31 


7 


20 ^ 


24 


35 


434 


3 


320 




32 


8 . 


21 


25 


36 


433 


4 


321 




33 


9 


22 


26 


37 


432 


87.1 


322 


Sophron. 


34 


10 


23 


27 — ^ 


38 


431 


2 


323 




35 


11 


24 -. . 


28 


39 



440 TO 431 B.C. 



51 



439 
438 

437 

436 

435 
434 
433 

432 
431 



Consuls of Rome. | 



Athens. 



Myrichi- 
des. 



Glaucides. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Theodo- 
rus. 



Euthyine- 
nes. 



Lysima- 
chus. 



AntilocM- 
des. 

Chares. 
Apseudes. 



Pythodo- 
rus. 



Euthyde- 
mus. 



Proc. Geganius 

Macerinus. 
L. Meuenius Lana 

tus. 



T. Quint Capitoli 

nils VI. 
Agrippa Meneniiis 
j Lanatus. 
j Military Tei- 

i BUNES. 

|M. ^miliiis Ma- 

; mercinus, 

JL. Quint. Cincin- 

natus. 
L. Julius lulus. 

Consuls again. 

M. Geganius Ma- 
cerinus III. 

L. Sergius Fidenas, 



M. Cornelius Ma- 
in gin, 
L. Papirius Cras- 

sus. 
C. Julius lulus II. 
L. Virginius Tri- 

costus. 
C.Julius lulus III 
L. Virginius Tri- 

costus II. 
Mil. Trie. 
M. Fabius Vibiila- 

niis. 
M. Fossius Flacci- 

nator. 
L. Sergius Fidenas, 

Consuls again. 
L. Pinarius Hufiis. 
L. Furius MeduUi- 

nus. 
Sp. Postumius Al- 

bus. 

T. Quintius Pennus 

Cincinnatus. 
C. Julius Manto. 



Samos, resisting the sway of Athens, is besieged 
by Pericles, with Sophocles as a general under 
him, and defended by the philosopher Melissus : 
surrenders after a siege of nine months. The per- 
formance of comedies prohibited at Athens. The 
" Antigone" of Sophocles exhibited. 

A severe famine at Kome; Sp. Mcelius distributes 
corn to the citizens, for which he is accused of as- 
piring to be king, and is murdered by Servilius 
Ahala. L, Minucius Augurinus appointed prcefec- 
tus annonce. 

The statue of Minerva, by Phidias, placed in the 
Parthenon. Spartacus I. becomes king of Bospo- 
rus. Three military tribunes at Rome, instead of 
consuls ; the scarcity relieved. Ahala impeached 
and exiled. 



An Athenian colony, led by Agnon, to Amphipolis, 
on the river Strymon. The prohibition of comedy 
repealed. Victory of the Romans over the Veien- 
tes, Fidenates, and their allies. The Veientine 
king, Tolumnius, slain by the master of the horse. 
Corn, Cossus, who dedicates the second spolia opima. 

Birth of Isocrates. Cratinus receives the prize for 
comedy. The paintings of Polygnotus, and Panse- 
nus, brother of Phidias, adom the Poikile at 
Athens. Polycletes of Sicyon, the sculptor, fl. 

War between the Corinthians and their colony of 
Corcyra. Prodicus of Ceos, phil, fl. Fidenae taken 
by the Romans and razed. Truce with Veii. 

Lysippus, the comic poet, obtains the prize. The 
censorship at Rome limited to eighteen months, 
by a law of ^milius Mamercinus. 

Ambassadors from Corcyra implore the assistance 
of the Athenians, who send a fleet to protect the 
island against the attack of Corinth : — this is the 
prelude to the long and fatal Peloponnesian war. 



Sea-fights off Corcyra; Andocides commands the 
Athenian ships. Pericles attacked through his 
friends. Aspasia, Phidias, and Anaxagoras, who 
had returned to Athens, are publicly accused of 
impiety; the latter returns to Lampsacus, and 
Phidias to Elis. Meton, the astronomer, begins 
his cycle. The congress of Lacedaemon. 

The Athenians are accused by the Corinthians and 
Megaraeans of having broken the thirty years' 
truce ; the Thebans commence war by an attempt 
to seize Plataea, and Archidamus invades At- 
tica with a large army. The Athenians send their 
fleet to ravage the coast of the Peloponnesus, and 
lay siege to Potideea. in Macedon. Alliance be- 
tween Athens and Sitalces, king of Thrace. The 
" Medea" and •' Philoctetes" of Euripides brought 
out ; but Euphorion, the son of ^schyliis, gains 
the first prize for tragedy against him and Sopho- 
cles. Seleucus king of Bosporus. 



r>2 



FROM THE YEAR 



B.C. 

430 
429 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Persia. 


High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Macedon. 


Laced^mon. 
Agid^. Procud^. 


87.3 
4 


324 
325 




36 Artax- 

erzes. 

37 — 


12 Joiada. 

13 


25 Perdiccas 
II. 

26 


29 Pleis- 
toanax. 
30 


40 Archi- 
damus II, 
41 


428 


88.1 


326 


Symma- 
chus. 


38 


14 


27 


31 


42 


427 


2 


327 




39 


15 


28 


32 


1 Agis II. 


426 


3 


328 




40 


16 


29 


33 


2 


425 


4 


329 




1 Xerxes 

11., 2 

months. 
1 Sogdia- 

nus. 


17 


30 


34 


3 


424 


89.1 


330 


Synima- 
chus. 


1 Darius 
Nothus. 


18 '■ • 


31 


35 


4 


423 


2 


331 




2 


19 


32 


36 . 


5 


422 


3 


332 




3 


20 


33 


37 


6 



430 TO 422 B.C. 



53 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



430 
429 



428 



427 



Consuls of Rome 



Apollodo- 

riis. 
Epamei- 

non. 



Diotimus. 



Euclides. 



425 



423 



Enthyde- 
mus. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



L.PapiriusCrassus. 
L. Julius lulus. 
L. Sergius Fide- 

nas II. 
Hostus Lucret. 

Tricipitinus. 



T. Quiutius Pennus 

Ciiicinnatus II. 
A. Cornelius Cos- 

sus. 
L. Papirius Mugil- 

lanus II. 
C. Servilius Struct. 

Ahala. 



Mil. Trib. 
T. Quintius. 
Pen. Cincinnatus, 
&c. 



Stratocles. 



IsaVchus. 



Ameinias. 



Alcaeus. 



A, Sempronius A- 
tratinus, &c. 



L. Horat Barbatus, 
&c. 



Consuls. 
C. Sempronius A- 
tratinus. 
. Fabius Vibula- 
nus. 



Mil. Trie. 
L. Manlius Vulso 
Capitolinus, &c. 



Plague at Athens. Second invasion of Attica. The 

Athenians fail in their attack on Epidaurns. 
Death of Pericles. Surrender of Potidaea to the 
Athenians ; in the battle Socrates saves the life 
of Alcibiades. Phormio conducts successfully their 
naval operations in the Gulf of Corinth. Platsea 
besieged. Birth of Plato. Hippocrates said to have 
been in Athens during the plague, but is not named 
by Thucydides. Sitalces invades Macedon. 
Attica again invaded. The Athenians besiege Mity- 
lene, which had revolted with all Lesbos, except 
Mithymne. Death of Anaxagoras, set. 72. The 
comic poet, Plato, makes his first exhibition. 
Fourth invasion of Attica. Mitylene is surrendered, 
and Nicias reduces the rest of Lesbos. Plataea 
conquered by the Thebans. Gorgias, ambassador 
from Leontium, implores aid from Athens against 
the Syracusans; an auxiliary force is granted. 
Pausanias is allowed to exercise the kingly power 
at Lacedaemon, for his father, Pleistoanax, who 
is still an exile. A faction at Corcyra attempts to 
break off the alliance with Athens. The second 
prize awarded to Aristophanes for his ** Dsetales," 
the first play exhibited by him. 
Nicias, the Athenian general, defeats the Lacedae- 
monians, under Agis, at Tanagra. Another Athe- 
nian general, Demosthenes, victorious at Olpse, in 
Acarnania. The Pelopounesians make propositions 
for peace, which are rejected. Lustration of Delos. 
The Romans enlarge their dominion by successful, 
wars, against the -^quians, Volscians, and Vei- 
entines. 
Agis begins the fifth invasion of Attica, but retires 
on hearing that the Athenians had taken Pylos 
and Sphacteria. Pleistoanax returns to Sparta 
from exile. An eruption of Mount ^tna. Soon 
after the death of Artaxerxes, Sogdianus murders 
his brother, Xerxes II., and usurps the throne of 
Persia. 
The island of Cythera taken by the Athenians. 
Brasidas, the Lacedaemonian general, marches 
into Thrace, defeats Thucydides, and captures 
Amphipolis. Battle of Delium, where Socrates 
saves the life of Xenophon. Death of Sit>alces, 
king of Thrace, Hermocrates of Syracuse pacifies 
Sicily. Sogdianus killed, and succeeded by Darius 
Nothus. 
Thucydides banished, begins to write his History. 
Thespiae destroyed by the Thebans. The temple 
of Juno burnt at Argos ; truce for a year between 
the belligerents. Alcibiades takes part in public 
affairs. Socrates teaches at Athens, and is sati- 
rized by Aristophanes in his " Clouds." Discon- 
tent revives in Rome. 
At the expiration of the truce, hostilities renewed 
in Thrace, where the two generals, Cleon and Bra- 
sidas, both fall. Nicias inclines the Athenians to 
peace ; but now their overtures are rejected. The 
citizens of Athens, 20,000. Death of Cratinus, 



54 



FROM THE TEAE 



B.C. Olym. 



421 89. 4 



333 



420 
419 
418 
417 



90. 1 334 



2 
8 

4 

91.1 



414 3 



335 



337 



338 



339 



Olympic 

ViCTOES. 



Hyperbi- 
us. 



Exagine- 
tus. 



412 



92.1 



341 



342 



Peesia. 



4 Darius 

Nothus. 



High 

Priests op 
THE Jews. 



21 Joiada. 



10 



26 



12 29 



28 



Exagine- 13 

tus. 



30 



34 Perdiccas 
II. 



35 



Macedon. 



37 



40 



1 Arche- 
laus. 



Laced^mon, 

AGID^. PROCLIDiE. 



38 Pleis- 7 Agis II, 
toanax. 



43 • 



45 ■ 



46 - 



16 



421 TO 412 B.C. 



55 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



421 

420 
419 
418 
417 



415 



413 



Aristion. 



Astyphi- 
lus. 

Arcliias. 



Antiplion. 



Eiiphe- 
mus. 



Arimnes- 

tus. 



Chabrias. 



Archons 

OF 

Athens. 



Consuls of Rome, 



Pisander. 



A. Sempronius A- 
tratinus, II., &c. 



P. Cornelius Cos- 
sus, &c. 



Cleocritus 



Callias. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



T. Quintins Capi- . The fifty years' trace, or " Peace of Nicias," hj whicTi 

tolinus. the Lacedsemonians engage to give up Amphi- 

Numerius Fabius polis. Aristophanes brings out every year one or 

Vibulanus. more of his comedies, in which passing events or 

Mil. Trib. prominent characters are ridiculed. 

T, Quint. Pennus Alcibiades negociates an alliance between Athens 

Cincinnatus II., and Argos. Amphipolis retained by the Lacedse- 

&c. monians. 

Agrippa Menenius, Hostilities are renewed, and Alcibiades leads an 

&c. Athenian army into the Peloponnesus. The Ar- 

gives attack Epidaurus. 
M. Papirius Mugil- Victory of the Lacedaemonians at Mantinea. The 

lanus, &c. league between Argos and Athens dissolved. 

P. Lucretius Trici- Argos distracted by contending factions. At Athens 
pitinus II., &c. philosophy and intellectual pursuits are not inter- 
rupted by the vicissitudes of war. 

The island of Melos, which had remained neutral, 
is conquered by the Athenians, and its inhabitants 
cruelly treated. The prize for tragedy is awarded 
to Agathon. 

The Athenian expedition to Sicily, under Nicias, 
Lamachus, and Alcibiades ; the latter is recalled, 
to answer an accusation of having broken some 
statues of Mercury in the city; he takes refuge in 
Sparta. The orator, Andocides, is implicated in 
the same charge, imprisoned and exiled. Euri- 
pides produces several tragedies, among them 
his *' Palamedes," "Troades," and " Sisyphus;" but 
Xenocles gains the first prize, against him ; that 
for comedy is given to Archippus. 

Q. Fabius Vibula- The Syracusans, hard pressed by the Athenians, 
nus, II., &c. apply to the other Greek States ; the Lacedsemo- 

nians send Gylippus with an aiiny to assist them. 
Eurymedon conveys supplies from Athens. Egypt 
becomes again an independent kingdom, under 
Amyrtoeus. Bolge, a town of the ^Equians, taken 
by the Romans. The division of the booty causes 
a mutiny among the soldiers, who, after slaying 
the quaestor, kill the military tribune, M. Postu- 
mius, while judging the cause. 
Consuls. 

M. Cornelius Cos- Alcibiades, the adviser of the Lacedaemonians, 
sus. They once more invade Attica, and fortify De- 

L. Furias MeduUi- celea. Demosthenes is sent with succours to the 
nus. Athenians in Sicily. After a disastrous campaign 

there, and the destruction of his fleet, Nicias sur- 
renders with the wreck of his army. An eclipse 
of the moon, Aug. 27. Archelaus succeeds to the 
throne of Macedon, and rules wisely. 



Q. Fabius Ambus- 

tus. 
C. Furius Pacilus. 



Athens, weakened by the defection of her allies, ap- 
plies her reserve fund of 1000 talents to the ex- 
pense of the war. Alcibiades negociates a treaty 
of alliance between the Laceda?monians and Per- 
sians. Euripid. "Andromeda" produced. 



56 



FEOM THE TEAE 



B.C. 


Olym. 


AUG. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Persia 


Egypt. 


High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 


M\CE- 
DON. 


LACED-EMON. 
AGID.ffi PROCLIDiE. 


411 


92.2 


343 




14 Da- 
rius 
Nothus 


4 A- 
myr- 

taeus. 


31 Joiada. 


3 Ar- 

che- 

laus. 


48 Pleis- 
toauax. 


17 Agis 
11. 


410 


3 


344 




15 


5 


32 


4 


49 


18 


409 


4 


345 




16 


6 


33 


5 


50 


19 


408 


93.1 


346 


Eubatos. 


17 


1 Pau- 


34 


6 


1 Pau- 


20 


407 


2 


347 




18 


siris, 

Clin, 

Nephe- 

rites, 

Bans. 

&Leps. 


35 




sanias. 
2 


21 


406 


3 


348 




19 


3 


36 


8 


3 


22 


405 


4 


349 




lArta- 
xerxes 
Mne- 
mon. 


4 


37 


9 


4 


23 


404 


94.x 


350 


Crocynas. 


2 


5 


38 


10 


5 


24 


403 


2 


351 




3 


6 


39 


11 

1 


6 

1 


25 



411 TO 403 B.C. 



57 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Akchons 

OF 

Athens. 



Consuls of Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Theopom- 
pus. 



410 jlGlaucip- 
I pus. 



409 I Diodes. 



408 
407 



406 



405 



404 



403 



Euctemon 
Antigenes 



Callias. 



M. Papirius Mugil- 

lanus. 
C. Nautius Rutilus, 



M. ^Emilius Ma- 

mercinus. 
C, Valerius Potitus. 

Cn. Cornelius Cos- 

sus. 
L. Furius Medulli- 

nus II. 
Mil. Trib. 
C. Julius lulus, 

&c. 

C. Valerius Volusi- 
nus, &c. 



p^ Cornel Rutilus 
'Cossus, &c. 



Alexias. 



Prthodo- 
rus. 



Euclides, 

! Clin. 
Myco, 
Hales. 



. Julius lulus, 
&c. 



p. Cornelius Malu 
ginensis, &c. 



Manlius ^milius 
Mamercinus, &c, 



The " Government of 400," at Athens, which con- 
tinues only four months ; its framer, Antipho, the 
tutor of Thucydides, is put to death. The Lace- 
daemonian fleet, under Mindarus, is defeated at 
Cynossema. Alcihiades is recalled by the Athe- 
nians and placed at the head of the army in Sa- 
mos. Lysias returns from Thurium to Athens. 
The History of Thucydides terminates abruptly in 
the middle of this year. Revolt of Eubcea. 

Alcihiades, near Cyzicus, defeats the Lacedaemo- 
nian fleet, and its commander, Mindarus, is slain. 
Sparta makes pacific overtures. 

The Athenian general, Thrasyllus, enters Lydia. 
The Lacedgemonians recover Pylos. The Cartha- 
ginians begin their attacks on Sicily, and reduce 
Selinus and Himera. Plato, set. 20, becomes a 
disciple of Socrates. Sophoc. "Philoctetes." 

Alcihiades takes Selymbria and Byzantium. Eu- 
ripid. *' Orestes." The Roman Plebes first ad- 
mitted to the Qusestorship. 

Darius sends his son, Cyrus, to command the army 
in Ionia. Alcihiades, received with great honour 
at Athens, is then banished, because his lieu- 
tenant, Antiochus, is defeated by Lysander, at 
Ephesus. The city of Rhodes founded, to be the 
capital of the island. 

The Lacedapmonian fleet,nnder Callicratidas, defeated 
by Conon off the Arginussse. Propositions for 
peace,madeby Sparta, are rejected, through the in- 
fluence of the demagogue, Cleophon. The Athenian 
commanders punished for not saving their shat- 
tered vessels and the bodies of the slain. Diony- 
sius becomes master of Syracuse, and Agrigentum 
is taken by the Carthaginians. Anxur and other 
towns taken by the Romans, who now first give 
their soldiers a regular daily pay. Philistus, who 
afterwards writes a history of Sicily, is a supporter 
of Dionysius. Death of Euripides, set. 75. 

Battle of .^gospotamus. The Athenian fleet de- 
stroyed by Lysander. Conon escapes with eight 
ships to Cyprus. The Carthaginian army in Si- 
cily afflicted by the plague. The siege of Veil 
commenced by the Romans. Death of Sophocles. 
Aristoph. " Batrachoi." The poet Antimachus, of 
Colophon, fl. 

Athens taken by Lysander and dismantled. The 
thirty governors appointed by him. Lysias and 
other orators banished. Thrasybulus, at the head 
of some Athenian refugees, maintains himself at 
Phvle. Death of Alcihiades, tet. 45, killed by the 
soldiers of Pharnabazus. Peace between the Car- 
thaginians aud Dionysius, each party retaining 
their possessions in Sicily. 

Thrasybulus regains possession of Athens, restores 
the ancient form of governruent, and publishes an 
act of amnesty. Thucydides, Lysias, Andocides, 
and others return from exile. The Ionian alpha- 
bet adopted at Athens. 

H 



58 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 



401 



397 



396 



395 



Olym. . 



94.3 



400 95. 1 



352 



353 



354 



355 



356 



Olympic 
Victors. 



Minos. 



Persia. 



4 Ai-ta- 

xerxes 

Mne- 

mon. 

5 



357 



358 



359 



Eupole- 
mus. 



Egypt. 



7Pau- 

siris,or 
Nephe- 
rites. 

8 



1 Psam- 
meti- 
chus, 
Blair. 

2 ■ 



High 
Priests op 
THE Jews. 



40 Joiada. 



Mace- 
don. 



41 



12 Ar- 

che- 
laus. 



Laced^mon. 
AgiDuE. Proclid^ 



7 Pausa- 
nias. 



1 Ores- 
tes and 
^ro- 
pus. 



INe- 
phe- 
reus, 
Blair. 



1 Jonathan 
I. 



26 Agis 
II. 



3 12 - 



29 - 



1 Age- 
silaub 
II. 



402 TO 395 B.C. 



59 



Eepe- 

tition 

•Dates, 



402 



401 



Archons 

OF 

Athens. 



400 



398 



Micon, 

Clin. 
Euclides, 

Hales. 

Xenaene- 
tus. 



Laches. 



Aristocra- 



MiL. Trtb. of 
Rome. 



C. Servilius Ahala 
III., &c. 



397 



Ithycles. 



M. Furius Camil- 
lus, &c. 



P. Licinius Calvus, 
&c. 



C. Duilius, &c. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Andocides takes a leading part at Athens with Ar- 
chinus and Cephalus. The prize for comedy gained 
by Cephisodorus. 



Suniades, 

Clin. 
Lysiades, 

Hales. 



Phormion. 



Diophan- 
tus. 



L. Valerius Poti- 
tus v., &c. 



L. Julius lulus II, 
&c. 



P. Ticinius Calvus 

&c. 
Camillus, Dictator, 



P. Cornelius Cos- 
sus, &c. 



Cyrus rebels against his brother Artaxerxes, is de- 
feated and slain in the battle of Cunaxa, Memo- 
rable retreat of the 10,000 Greek auxiliaries under 
Xenophon. War between Lacedaemon and Elis. 
Sophoc. (Edip. Colon, exhibited by the grandson 
of the deceased poet. Telestes gains a dithyram- 
bic prize. Athens is quietly repairing her losses. 
Lacedaemon, supreme in Greece, oppresses many 
cities by tyrannical governors (harmosts). 

The 10,000 Greeks, under Xenophon, reach Thrace, 
and serve for two months in the army of Seuthes. 

Socrates, aet. 70, accused of impiety, is put to death 
by the Athenians. Plato retires to Megara. The 
Lacedaemonians send Thimbron and Dercyllidas to 
attack the Persians. Elis succumbs to them. 
Assassination of Archelaus, king of Macedon, 
who is succeeded by his son, Orestes, under the 
guardianship of ^ropus. 

Dercyllidas makes a truce with Pharnabazus, and 
fortifies the Thracian Chersonesus, by a wall 
across the Isthmus ; he then renews the war in 
Asia. At this year terminates the Persian his- 
tory of Ctesias, so severely condemned by Plu- 
tarch. Astydamas, the tragedian, and the poets 
Philoxenus and Timotheus, fl. On the death of 
Agis II., Lysander induces the Lacedaemonians to 
appoint Agesilaus II. king, to the exclusion of 
the rightful heir, Leoty chides. 

Dercyllidas invades Caria, and agrees to an armis- 
tice with Tissaphernes. Progress of the Car- 
thaginians in Sicily. Bloody contest at Jerusa- 
lem between Jonathan and his brother, for the 
high priesthood. The painters, Zeuxis and Par- 
rhasius, fl- 

Agesilaus takes the command of the Grecian army 
in Asia, and after a successful campaign, winters 
at Ephesus. After a siege of ten years, Veil is 
taken by storm and destroyed. Rome acquires a 
large accession of territory. Triumph of Camillus. 

Victory of Agesilaus, near Sardis, after which he 
penetrates into Phrygia and Paphlagonia. Tissa- 
phernes is put to death, and succeeded by Ti- 
thraustes, who employs Timocrates, the Rhodian, 
to form a league in Greece, against Sparta. Athens 
and Argos combine with other States, and defeat 
the Lacedaemonians at Haliartus, where Lysander 
is slain. Plato, set. 34, returns to Athens, after 
having travelled in Egypt, Cyrene, and Italy, aad 
visited the Pythagoreans, Philolaus and Eurytns. , 



60 



FKOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 



Olym. 



394 96. 3 



393 



392 



391 



390 



361 I 



362 



363 



364 



365 



Terintcus. 



Olt^ipic 

ViCTOES. 



Peesia. 



12 Arta- 
xerxes 
Mne- 
mon. 



Sosippus. 



18 



EaYPT. 



2 Ne- 
phe- 
reus. 



High 

Priests of 
THE Jews. 



4 Jonathan 
I. 



6 8 



1 Acho- 
ris, 
Blair. 



Mace- 
don. 



Laced^mon. 
Agid^.Proclid^ 



1 Pau- 
sauias. 



1 A- 

myn- 
tas II. 



1 Agesi- 
polis I. 



5 Age- 
silaus 
II. 



10 . 



11 -^— 



394 TO 388 B.C. 



61 



Re-pe- 
tiiion 
Dates, 



Akchons 

OP 

Athens. 



Military Tri- 
bunes OF KOME. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Eubulides. M. Furius Camil- 
liis III., &c. 



393 



392 



391 



Demostra- 
tus, Clin. 

Arches, 
Hales. 



Philocles. 



Nicoteles. 



Demostra- 
tus. 



Antipater. 



Pyrrhion. 



CONSULSi 

L. Ln.cretius Flac- 

cus. 
Serv. Sulpiciias Ca- 

merinus. 



L. Valerius Poti- 

tus. 
M. Manlius Capi- 

tolinus. 

Mil. Trie. 
L. Lucretius Fla- 
vus, &c. 



Q. Fabius Ambus- 
tus, &c. 

Dtctatoe. 
M. Furius Camil- 
lus. 



Mil. Trie. 
L. Valerius Popli- 
cola II., &c. 



In consequence of Lysander's defeat, Pausanias is 
deposed and banished from Sparta, and succeeded 
by his son. Agesilaus is recalled from Asia ; be- 
fore he arrives, the Lacedaemonians, under Aristo- 
demus, defeat the allies near Corinth, but lose a 
great naval battle against Conon, near Cnidus, in 
•which their admiral, Pisander, is killed. Agesi- 
laus is victorious at Coronea. Eclipse of the sun 
Aug. 14th. Plato serves in the battle of Corinth. 
Falisci taken by the Romans. 

Civil discord at Corinth. Agesilaus victorious at 
Lechseum. Conon and Pharnabazus harass the 
maritime districts of Peloponnesus. Teleutias 
co-operates with his brother, Agesilaus, in the 
Gulf of Corinth. The long walls of Athens rebuilt 
by Conon, and the Piraeus fortified anew. The 
Romans, disposed to repair Veil and make it their 
capital, are dissuaded by Camillus. Leucon be- 
comes king of Bosporus. 

The Athenian general, Iphicrates, in his first cam- 
paign, defeats Agesilaus. Cononexcites the jealousy 
of the Persians, retires into Cyprus, and dies there. 
Peace concluded between the Carthaginians and 
Dionysius. The Macedonian king, Amyntas, Un- 
fortunate in his wars with the Illyrians. 

Agesilaus invades Acamania. Andocides banished 
from Athens for advising peace, and dies in exile. 
The Lacedsemonians renew their warfare in Asia, 
under Diphridas. Camillus, banished from Rome, 
retires to Ardea. 

Acamania submits to Agesilaus. Agesipolis in- 
vades Argolis. Ten Athenian ships, sent to assist 
Evagoras in Cyprus, are captured by Teleutias. 
Thrasybulus killed at Aspendus. 

Agyn-hius is sent by the Athenians to replace Thra- 
sybulus, while Iphicrates commands their fleet 
in the Hellespont. Plato's visit to Sicily, and 
honourable reception by Dionysius. Birth of 
-^schines. Celts, from the north-east of Italy 
(called Gauls by the Romans), advance to Clusium. 
and defeat the Roman army in a bloody battle on 
the Allia, July 16th. Camillus is recalled and ap- 
pointed dictator ; but before he can arrive, Rome 
is taken, plundered and burnt: the Patricians 
retire into the Capitol ; Camillus collects the 
fugitives and expels the enemy. 

Antalcidas, the Lacedaemonian, drives the Athenian 
fleet from Abydos, and releases that of Nicolochus, 
which Iphicrates had blockaded. Chabrias is sent 
from Athens with an army to support Evagoras 
in Cyprus. Aristoph. " Plutus," his last produc- 
tion : he dies about this time. Nicochares and 
Nicophron begin to write comedies. The disasters 
of Rome encourage the conquered Slates to revolt; 
they are reduced to obedience by Camillus, who 
again prevails on his countrymen not to remove 
to Veil, but to rebuild Rome. 



62 



FROM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Ol-km. 


A.UC 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Pebsia 


Egypt. 


Hmn 

Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Mace- 
don. 


Laced^mon. 

AoiDiE.PROCLID^. 


387 


98.2 


367 




19 Arta- 
xerxes 

Mne- 
mon. 


3 Acho- 
ris. 


11 Jonathan 
I. 


7 A- 
myn- 
tas II. 


8 Agesi- 
polis I. 


12 Age- 
silaus 
II. 


386 


3 


368 




20 


4 


12 


8 


9 |13 


385 


4 


369 




21 


5 


13 


9 


10 


Il4_ 


384 


99.1 


370 


Dicon. 


22 


6 


14 


10 


11 


15 


383 


2 


371 




23 


7 


15 


11 


12 


16 


382 


3 


372 




24 — 


8 


16 


12 


13 


17 


381 


4 


373 




25 


9 


17 


13 


14 


18 


380 


100.1 


374 


Dionysio- 
dorus. 


26 


10 — 


18 


14 


1 Cleom- 
brotus. 


19 


379 


2 


375 




27 


11 


19 


15 


2 


20 


378 


3 


376 




28 


12 


20 


16 


3 


21 


377 


4 


377 




29 


13 


21 


17 


4 


22 


376 


101.1 


378 


Damon. 


30 


1 Psam- 
muthis. 


22 


18 


5 


23 



387 TO 376 B.C. 



63 



Eepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



AliCHONS 
OF 

Athens. 



Mtlvla'b.y Tri- 
bunes OF Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



387 



385 



384 



381 
380 



379 



378 



376 



Theodo- 
tus. 



Mystichi- 

des. 
Dexithe- 



Diotre- 
phes. 



Phano- 
stratus. 



Evander, 

Clin. 
Menander, 

Hales. 
Demophi- 

lus. 

Pytheas. 



Nioon. 



Nansini- 
cus. 



Callias. 



Charisan- 
der. 



T. Quintus Cincin- 
natus, &c. 



L, Papirius Cursor 

&c. 
M.Furius Camillus 

IV., &c. 



A. Manlius Capito- 
linus, &c. 



Serv. Corn. Malu- 
ginensis, &c. 



L. Valerius Popli- 
cola IV., &c. 



Sp. Papirius Cras- 
sus, &c. 

M. Furius Camillus 
VI., &c. 



L. Valerius Popli- 
cola v., &c. 



C. Manlius Capito- 
linus, &c. 



Sp. Furius Medul- 
linus, &c. 



L. -^milius Ma- 
mercinus V., &c. 



Antalcidas makes peace with Artaxerxes, leaving 
the Ionian cities and Cyprus at his mercy, and 
enabling the Lacedaemonians to maintain their 
supremacy in Greece. Antiphanes writes come- 
dies. Rhegium is taken by Dionysius, after a long 
siege. 

The Thebans are compelled by Agesilaus to relin- 
quish possession of Plateea. 

Mantinea taken by Agesipolis, and its inhabitants 
dispersed; Pelopidas and Epaminondas are wound- 
ed. Evagoras repulses the Persians in a naval 
engagement. Androtion becomes conspicuous in 
public affairs at Athens, 

Birth of Aristotle. The historian Ctesias leaves the 
court of Artaxerxes, after a residence of seventeen 
years. Unsuccessful war of the Persians against 
the Cadusians. 

Dionysius, foiled in a short war with the Cartha- 
ginians, makes peace, and fixes the river Halycus 
as the division of their territories. Manlius Ca- 
pitolinus, accused of treason, is thrown from the 
Tarpeian rock. 

Birth of Demosthenes. The Lacedaemonians and Ma- 
cedonians commence their war against Olynthus. 
Phoebidas surprises the citadel of Thebes. 

In the second campaign against Olynthus, Teleutias, 
commander, the Lacedaemonian is slain. Age- 
silaus besieges Phlius.; 

Agesipolis dies, while conducting the third campaign 
agamst Olynthus, and Polybiades takes the com- 
mand. Evagoras is hard pressed by the Persians 
in Cyprus. Isocrat. Panegyr. Death of Philo- 
xenus. 

Olynthus submits to Polybiades and Phlius to Age- 
silaus. The< Thebans regain possession of their 
citadel; on the motion of the orator, Cephalus, 
the Athenians resolve to assist them. 

Cleombrotus and Agesilaus invade Boeotia. The 
Thebans are trained by Pelopidas and Epaminon- 
das in a new system of tactics. The attempt of 
Sphodrias to surprize the Piraeus inflames the 
hostile spirit of Athens against Sparta. 

Agesilaus renews his incursions in Boeotia. The 
Thebans enrol their " Sacred Band," and the Athe- 
nians improve their marine. 

Cleombrotus leads the Lacedaemonians again into 
Boeotia ; their fleet, under the command of Pollis, 
is totally defeated off Naxos, by Chabrias ; in this 
battle, Phocion first distinguishes himself. Evago- 
ras concludes a disadvantageous peace with Persia. 
The Licinian laws proposed at Rome ; great con- 
fusion and anarchy ensue : no regular magistrates 
elected for five years : but the two leading tri- 
bunes of the people rule during the whole time. 



64 



FROM THE TEAE 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Persia. 


Egypt. 


High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Mace- 
don. 


Lacedjemon. 
Agid^.Proclid^.I 


375 


101.2 


379 




31 Arta- 


INe- 


23 Jonathan 


19 A- 


6 Cleom- 


24 Age- 










xerxes 


phe- 


I. 


myn- 


brotus. 


silaus 










Mne- 


rites. 




tas II. 




II. 










mon. 


1 Nec- 




















taiie- 


j 
















Msl. 


1 
















387, 




















Buns. 










374 


3 


380 




32 


378, 
Leps. 


24 


20 


7 


25 — 


373 


4 


381 




33 


3 


25 


21 


8 


26 


372 


102.1 


382 


Damon. 


S4 


4 » 


26 


22 


9 


27 


371 


2 


383 




35 — 


5 


27 


23 


1 Age si' 
polls 

II. 


28 


370 


3 


384 




36 


6 


28 


24 


1 Cleo- 
meiies 
II. 


29 


369 


4 


385 




37 




29 


1 Alex- 
ander 
II. 


2 


30 


368 


103.1 

1 


J 
386 


Pytho- 
stratus. 

! 


38 


8 


30 — 


2 


3 


3^. 



375 TO 368 B.C. 



65 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates, 



375 



374 



373 



372 



371 



370 



Hippoda- 
mas. 



^socra- 
tides. 



Archons 

OF 

Athens. 



L. Sextius Latera- 

nus. 
C. Licinius Stolo, 

&c. 



rhe same. 



Asteius. 



Alcisthe- 
nes. 



Phrasicli- 
des. 



Dyscine- 
tus, 



Lysistra- 
tus. 



Nausige- 
nes. 



Plebeian Tri- 
bunes OF Rome. 



The sarae. 



The same. 

Military Tri- 
bunes. 
L. Furius Medulli- 
nus II., &c. 



Q. Servilius Pris- 
CLIS III., &c. 



L. Qnintias Capito- 
linus, &c. 



Dictator. 
M. Furius Camil 
lus. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Cleombrotus carries the war into Phocis. In the 
action of Tegyra, the " Sacred Band" of Thebes 
decides the victory against the Lacedaemonians. 
Polydamas, expelled from Pharsalus by Jason of 
Pherge, takes refuge at Sparta. Araros, the son of 
Aristophanes, Eubulus and Anaxandrides, poets of 
the middle comedy, fi. at Athens, Nectanebis I. be- 
gins the thirtieth of Manetho's Egyptian dynasties. 

The Athenians, jealous of the Thebans, make peace 
with the Lacedaemonians, but renew the war almost 
immediately ; their fleet at Corcyra, under Timo- 
theus, the son of Conon and friend of Plato. The 
Thebans utterly destroy Plataea ; oration of Iso- 
crates on the occasion, Plato is now teaching in 
the grove of Academus, and Xenophon also diffu- 
sing the doctrines of Socrates. The Persians invade 
Egypt ; their army is chiefly composed of Greek 
mercenaries, under Iphicrates, who quarrel with 
Phamabazus, and the expedition fails. Death of 
Evagoras. 

Mnasippus, sent with a Lacedaemonian fleet to Cor- 
cyra, is slain before Iphicrates, Callistratus, and 
Chabrias arrive to oppose him. Timotheus, prose- 
cuted for misconducting the war, is acquitted, but 
retires into Asia. An earthquake in Achaia. 

Iphicrates maintains the naval superiority of A- 
thens. Leodamas, Callistratus, Aristophon, and 
other eminent orators fl. Astydamas the younger, 
and his brother Philocles, write tragedies. 

Congress of Sparta. Thebes being excluded from the 
treaty of peace, Pelopidas and Epaminondas gain 
the great victory of Leuctra, in which Cleombrotus, 
the king of Sparta, is killed ; they found Megalo- 
polis in Arcadia. 

The Thebans now preponderate in Greece ; they 
restore Mantinea. Agesilaus endeavours to revive 
the spirit of the Lacedaemonians by invading 
Arcadia. J ason of Pherse is assassinated. 

Epaminondas carries his arms into Laconia, and re- 
stores the independence of the Messenians. Al- 
liance between Athens and Sparta. Polyphron 
of Pherse is slain, and Alexander succeeds to his 
power. Pelopidas and Epaminondas condemned 
for having retained their command beyond the 
term allowed by the Theban law ; they are par- 
doned and re-appointed. 

The Thebans again enter the Peloponnesus, but re- 
treat before the arrival of succours sent by Diony- 
sius to the Lacedeemonians. Pelopidas, treache- 
rously made prisoner by Alexander of Pherte, is res- 
cued by Epaminondas. Orchomenus is destroyed. 
A congress, under the mediation of Persia, is held 
at Delphi ; it fails, because the Thebans will not 
abandon the Messenians. The Carthaginians at 
war with Dionysius ; but, after losing Selinus and 
other towns, make peace. Camillus, more than 
80 years old, appointed dictator at Rome ; he per- 
suades the Patricians to assent to the demands of 
the Plebes, and builds the Temple of Concord. 



66 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 



Olym. 



367 



366 



365 



103.2 



364 104.1 



363 
362 



361 



360 



387 



Olympic 
Victors. 



Persia. 



39 Arta- 
xerxes 
Mne- 
mon. 



40 ■ 



9 Nec- 

tane- 

bisl. 



10 ■ 



390 



391 

392 



393 



394 



Eubotas. 



42 12 



Egypt. 



31 Jonathan 
I. 



32 



High 

Priests of 
THE Jews. 



Mace- 
don. 



Laced^mon, 
Agid^.Proclid^, 



33 



34 



1 Ta 

clios, or 
Tecs, 

2 — 



1 Nec- 
tane- 
bis II. 



35 



37 



Porus. 



46 - 



1 Pto. 
lemsBus 
Alori- 
tes. 



4Cleo- 
menes. 
II. 



32 Age- 
silaus 
II. 



33 



1 Per- 7 
diccas 
III. 



34 - 



35 



1 Ar- 
chida- 
mus 
III. 



367 TO SCO B.C. 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates, 



367 



365 



364 



363 
362 



361 



Archons 

OF 

Athens. 



Plebeian Tri- 
bunes OF Rome. 



Polyzelus 



Cephyso- 
dorus. 



Chion. 



Timocra- 
tes. 



Charicli- 
des. 



Molon. 



Nicoplie- 
mus. 



Callime- 
des. 



A.Cornelius Cossus, 
&c. 



Consuls. 
L. JEmilius Ma- 

mercinus. 
L. Sextius Latera- 

nus. 

L. Genucius Aver- 

tinus. 
Q. Servilius Ahala. 



C. Sulpicius Pseti- 

ciis. 
C. Licinius Stolo. 



. -^milius 

mercinus. 
Cn. Genucius A ven- 

tinensis. 
Q. Servilius Ahala 

II. 
L. Genucius Aven- 

tinensis. 



C. Sulpicius Pseti- 

cus II. 
C. Licinius Stolo II. 



M. Fabius Ambus- 

tus. 
C. Paetilius Libo. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The " tearless victory " of Archidamus over the in- 
dependent Peloponnesians. Embassy of Pelopidas 
to Persia. Dionysius of Syracuse dies, and is suc- 
ceeded by his son. Aristotle set. 17, comes to 
Athens. Camillus defeats the Senonian Celts. 
The Licinian laws are passed, to be carried into 
effect the following year. 

Expedition of Epaminondas into Achaia, and cap- 
ture of Oropus. Athens contracts alliance with 
Arcadia ; Corinth and Fhlius make peace with 
Thebes. L. Sextius Lateranus is the first Ple- 
beian consul at Rome. The offices of Praetor and 
Curule ^dile created. A bloody affray in the 
temple at Jerusalem, in which Jeshua is killed. 

War between Arcadia and Elis. Aristippus of 
Cyrene, and his daughter Arete, give at this time 
the form of the Cyrenaic school to the philoso- 
phy of Socrates. Eurydice, the widow of Amyn- 
tas II., of Macedon, having obtained the protec- 
tion of Iphicrates for herself and her two youngest 
sons, Perdiccas and Philip, the latter, now set. 18, 
studies at Thebes the tactics of Epaminondas. 
Death of Camillus. 

Archidamus invades Arcadia. The battle of Olym- 
pia is fought during the games. Pelopidas at- 
tacks Alexander of Pherge. At the battle of Cy- 
noscephalse his soldiers are alarmed by an eclipse 
of the sun, and he is slain. Demosthenes, zet. 18, 
pleads against his guardians. 

Praxiteles begins to be known as a sculptor. Phi- 
listus closes his history at this, the fifth year of 
Dionysius the Younger, 

Battle of Mantinea. Death of Epaminondas. The 
power of Thebes declines. Unsuccessful expedi- 
tion of the Athenians against Alexander of Pherse : 
the trierarchs, who commanded in it, are prose- 
cuted. Rebellion of some of the Persian Satraps 
in Asia Minor. 

A general peace. The Lacedaemonians reluctantly 
admit the independence of the Messenians, 
Callistratus banished from Athens. Agesilaus 
assists the Egyptians in their struggle against the 
attacks of Persia, and dies on his way homeward, 
set. 80. Plato again in Sicily, vainly endeavouring 
to effect a reconciliation between Dionysius and 
Dion. Birth of the orator Dinarchus. Rome 
again attacked by the Senones. 

The Olynthians repulse Charidemus and Timotheus, 
who attempt to regain Amphipolis for the Athe- 
nians. The affairs of Thrace are arranged by 
Chabrias, after the assassination of Cotys. The 
history of Theopompus commences. He is de- 
feated in a law-suit by the orator, Isaeus, the in- 
structor of Demosthenes. Dion is banished from 
Sicily. Eudoxus of Cnidus connects geography 
and astronomy. Pamphilus of Macedon teaches 
Apelles to paint. The Senones maintain their 
positions on the Algidus and Alban Mount. Ar- 
chytas of Tarentum, phil. and math., redeems 
Plato, when sold as a slave by Dionysius, ^| 



68 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


^.V.C. 


Olympic 

ViCTOBS. 


Persia. 


Egypt. 


High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Mace- 
don. 


LACEDiEMON. 
AGID^.PROCLIDiE. 


359 


L05.2 


395 




1 Ochus 


3Nec- 
tane- 
bis II. 


39 Jonathan 
I. 


1 Phi- 
lip II. 


12 Cleo- 
menes 
II. 


3 Ar- 
chida- 
mus 
III. 


358 


3 


396 




2 


4 


40 


2 


13 


4 


357 


4 


397 




3 


5 


41 


3 


14 


5 


356 


106.1 


398 


Donis. 


4 


6 — . 


42 


4 


15 


6 


355 


2 


399 




5 


7 


43 


5 


16 


7 


354 


3 


400 




6 


8 


44 


6 


17 


8 


353 


4 


401 




7 


9 


45 


7 


18 


9 



359 TO 353 B.C. 



69 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



359 



358 



357 



Athens. 



Consuls of Rome. 



Eucharis- 
tus. 



Cephiso- 
dotus. 



Agatho- 
cles. 



356 



355 



354 



353 



Elpines. 



Callistra- 
tus. 



Diotimus. 



Eudemus. 



M. Popilnius Lae- 

nas. 
Cn. Manlius Capi- 

lolinus. 



C. Fabius Ambus- 

tus. 
C. Plautius Procu- 

lus. 

C. Manlius Rutilus 
C. Manlius Capito- 
linus II. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



M. Fabius Ambus 

tus II. 
M. Popilius Lsenas 
II. 



C. Sulpicius Picti- 

cus III. 
M. Valerius Popli- 

cola. 



Philip, aet. 23, on his accession, begins a vigorous 
system of government in Macedon ; he conquers 
Argaeus, makes peace with Athens, subdues the 
Pgeonians, and defeats the Illyrians. Alexandei- 
of Pherae slain, and succeeded by Tisiphonus. 
Death of Xenophon. 

Philip takes Amphipolis, Pydna and Potidsea. The 
Athenian expedition against Euboea, under Ti- 
motheus. The Senones compelled to retire from 
the neighbourhood of Rome. 

The social war between the Athenians and their 
former allies ; they recover Euboea and the Thracian 
Chersonesus. Chabrias is killed at the siege of 
Chios. The Phocaeans seize Delphi : Philomelus 
is their leader in the sacred war, which ensues, 
Dion returns to Sicily with a Greek fleet and 
army. Licinius Stolo violates his own agrarian 
law. Death of Democritus, set. 104, and of Hippo- 
crates, at the same age. Demophilus and Callis- 
thenes write their histories of the sacred war. 
Timotheus the musician, son of Terpander, dies, j 
set, 97. An eclipse of the moon, Aug. 9. 

Birth of Alexander, in July, on the night in which 
the Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, is burnt. Gold 
mines discovered in Mount Pangseus, Macedon. 
Second campaign of the social war; Samos be- 
sieged ; Isocrates counsels peace. Dionysius ex- 
pelled from Sicily. Philistus defeated and slain; 
Dion rules at Syracuse. Alexis, the comic poet, fl. 
The licentiousness of comedy at this time is cen- 
sured by Isocrates. 

Eubulus persuades the Athenians to recognize the 
independence of the confederated States, and ter- 
minate the social war. Chares employs the forces 
under his command to support Artabazus, who 
had rebelled against Ochus, but is recalled to 
Athens, Iphicrates is accused of misconducting 
the war, and acquitted. Demosthenes, in his 
oration against Leptines, describes the Cimmerian 
peninsula as the granary of Athens. The Cyrene- 
ans request Plato to frame laws for them, which 
he declines to undertake. 

M. Fabius Ambus- Timotheus, condemned to a fine of 100 talents, re- 

tus III. tires from Athens to Chalcis, and dies there. 

T. Quint. Pennus Artabazus, assisted by 5000 Thebans, gains two 

Capitolinus. great victories; 

C. Sulpicius Pseti- The ambitious designs ofPhilip begin to be manifest; 

cus IV. he seizes Pagasse and lays siege to Methone. 

M. Valerius Popli- Philomelus, the Phocsean leader, falls in battle, 

cola II. and is succeeded by his brother, Onomarchus: 

Dion assassinated at Syracuse by Callippus ; 

great anarchy ensues. The Plebes continue to 

gain power at Rome ; C. Marcius Rutilus, the first 

from among them, is appointed dictator. S; 

tacus II. becomes king of Bosporus. 



70 



PEOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 


Olym. 


AU.C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


P ERISA. 


Egypt. 


High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 


Mace- 
don. 


Laced^mon. 
Agid^.Proclid^. 


352 


107.1 


402 


Smicrinas. 


8 Ochus 


10 Nec- 
tane- 
bis II. 


46 Jonathan 
I. 


8 Phi- 
lip 11. 


19 Gleo- 
menes 
II. 


lOAr- 
chida- 
mus 
III. 


851 
350 
349 


2 
3 
4 


403 
404 




9 
10 


11 

Subdu- 
ed by 
Ochus. 


47 


9 
10 


20 


11 

12 

13 


405 




11 


2 


11 


22 


348 


108,1 


406 


Polycles. 


12 -— - 


3 


12 


23 


14 


347 


2 


407 




13 


4 


13 


24 — - 


15 


346 


3 


408 




14 


5 


14 


25 


16 


345 


4 


409 




15 


6 


15 


26 


17 


344 


109.1 


410 


Aristolo- 
chus. 


16 


7 


16 


27 


18 


343 


2 


411 




17 


8 


17 


28 


19 



352 TO 343 B.C. 



71 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Consuls of Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



352 



Aristode- 
mus. 



351 



350 



349 



348 



347 



346 



345 



344 



343 



Thessalus 



Apollo- 
dorus. 



Callima- 
chus.V 



Tlieophl- 
lus. 



Themisto- 
cles. 



Archias. 



Eubulus. 



Lyciscus. 



Pythodo- 
tus. 



P. Valerius Popli- 

cola. 
C. Marcius Ruti- 

lus II. 



C. Sulpicius Pseti- 

CU3 V. 
T. Quint. Cincin 

natus. 
M. Popilius Lsenas 

III. 
L. Cornelius Scipio, 

L. Furius Camillus 

Crassus. 
Appius Claudius 



M. Popilius Lsenas 

IV. 
M. Valerius Cor- 

vus. 

C. Plautius Hyp- 

ssens. 
T. Manlius .Tor- 

quatus. 



M. Valerius Cor 

vus II. 
C. Psetilius Libo. 



M. Fabius Dorso. 
Ser. Sulpicius Ca- 
merinus. 



C. Marcius Rutilus 
T. Manlius Torqua- 
tus II. 



M. Valerius Cor- 

vus III. 

A. Cornelius Cos- 
sus. 



Onomarchus, assisting Lycophron of Pherae against 
Philip, is defeated and killed : his brother, Phayl- 
lus, takes the command in Phocis ; Lycophron 
submits to Philip, who, attempting to enter Greece, 
is stopped at Thermopylfc by the Athenians. 2000 
colonists are sent from Athens to Samos. War 
between Lacedsemon and Megalopolis. Demos- 
thenes, set. 30, pronounces his first Philippic. 
Artemisia erects at Halicarnassus the splendid 
monument of her brother and husband, Mausolus, 
king of Caria, and dies of grief two years after- 
wards. Callippus killed by Hipparinus. 

Revolt of Phoenicia against Persia. Siege and de- 
struction of Sidon. Rebellion of Cyprus also sup- 
pressed. Oration of Demosthenes in favour of the 
Rhodians. 

The Athenians, under Phocion, are victorious at 
Tamynge in Euboea ; the orator -^schines present 
at the battle. Egypt, conquered by Ochus, ceases 
to be an independent State. 

The Olynthians, attacked by Philip, solicit aid from 
Athens ; Demosthenes, in his celebrated orations, 
pleads their cause, and troops are sent to support 
them. Artabazus and the revolted Satraps make 
their submission to Ochus. The consul Camillus 
Crassus defeats the Senones. 

Olynthus closely besieged by Philip. Heraclides, the 
comic poet, fl. The commercial treaty between 
Rome and Carthage renewed. C. Marcius Rutilus 
the first Plebeian censor. Parysades begins his 
long reign in Bosporus. 

Fall of Olynthus and other cities. Euboea conquered 
by Philip. Death of Plato, set. 82. Speusippus 
continues the lectures of Academus. Aristotle 
withdraws from Athens to Atamse. Dionysius the 
Younger regains his power in Syracuse. 

Peace concluded between the Athenians and Philip ; 
he terminates the sacred war by the conquest of 
Phocis, and is placed at the head of the Amphic- 
tyonic council. 

The Romans plant colonies in Latium and the other 
parts of Italy which they have conquered ; their 
wars become more important, and their progress 
more rapid. 

The intrigues of Philip overcome the Lacedaemoni- 
ans. The second Philippic of Demosthenes. 
Timoleon of Corinth undertakes his Sicilian ex- 
pedition. 

The Athenians counteract the designs of Philip, by 
an armed force in Acamania, and by embassies at 
Ambracia and in the Peloponnesus. Timoleon 
defeats the Carthaginians, gains possession of 
Syracuse, and banishes Dionysius to Corinth. 
The Romans commence their first war against the 
Samnites. 



72 



FROM THE TEAR 



B.C. 



342 



Olym. 



109.3 



340 



110.1 



412 



413 



414 



Olympic 
Victors. 



338 



416 



337 



417 



338 



418 



Anticles. 



18 Ochus. 



20 



Persia. 



9 Jaddus. 



10 



1 Arses. 



Cleoman- 
tis. 



High 

Priests op 
THE Jews. 



1 Darius 15 
Codo- 
maniis. 



18 Philip II, 



20 



Macedon. 



23 



30 



Laced^mon. 
Agid^. Proclid^, 



9 Cleo- 
menes. 



20 Archi- 
dam us 
III. 



21 



22 



33 



34 



1 Alexander 
the Great. 



1 Agis 
III. 



35 



342 TO 33G B.C. 



73 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



342 



341 



340 



338 



Archons 

OF 

Athens. 



337 



Sosigenes. 



Nicoma- 
chus. 



Theo- 
phrastus. 



Lysima- 
cliides. 



Chieroii- 
diis. 



336 Pythode- 
mu?. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



C. Marcius Ruti- 

liis IV. 
Q. Servilius Ahala. 



C. Plautius Hyp- 

sieus. 
L. JS mill us Ma- 

mercinus. 



T. Manlius Tor- 

quatus. 
P. Decius Mus. 



Tib. vEmilius Ma- 

mercinas. 
QiLPubUliusPhilo, 



F, Fnrius Caraillus 
C. Maeuiiis. 



C. Svilpicius Lon' 

gus. 
P. ^lius Pifitus. 



L. Papirns Crassus, 
Cseso Duilius. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Philip extends his conquests in Thrace. Diopithes, 
the Athenian general, is stationed on the Hellespont. 
Aristotle becomes the preceptor of Alexander, now 
set. 14. Birth of the comic poet, Menander, son of 
Diopithes. Victories of the Romans over the 
Samnites, and extension of their dominions to the 
river Liris ; M. Valerius Corvus is one of the 
greatest and most successful of their leaders. Be- 
neficent government of Timoleon at Syracuse. 

Philip still in Thrace. Third and fourth Philippics 
of Demosthenes. Birth of Epicurus, The ex- 
penses of the war, and distress of debtors, cause 
great commotions at Rome, which are appeased by 
Valerius Corvus, and the Plebeian privileges ex- 
tended by an amendment of the law respecting 
debts. 

Philip besieges Selymbria, Byzantium and Perin- 
thus. The Athenians, urged by Demosthenes, 
obtain assistance from Persia. The Romans, 
having made peace with the Samnites, are at war 
with the Latins. Battle of the Veseris. Death of 
Decius. The other consul, Manlius, condemns -his 
son to death, for a breach of discipline. 

The sieges of Byzantium and Perinthus are raised 
by Philip, Timoleon defeats the Carthaginians 
near the Crimesus, in Sicily. Death of Speu- 
sippus ; Xenocrates succeeds him in the chair of 
Plato. The Latins defeated by the Romans at 
Trifanum. Publilius appointed dictator; popular 
rights confirmed by his laws. 

Philip, as chief of the Amphictyons, takes the field 
against the Locrians ; the Athenians and Thebaus 
unite to resist him, and are totally routed at Chse 
rouea ; he marches into Laconia. Archidamus is 
slain in Italy, fighting as the ally of the Taren- 
tines. Isocrates ob. set. 98, The Latins entirely 
subdued by the Romans, and incorporated with 
them. Ochus, king of Persia, murdered, and his 
youngest son placed on the throne by the minister 
Bagoas. 

The Greek States, assembled at Corinth, declare 
war against Persia, and appoint Philip their ge- 
neral. Lysicles, who commanded the Athenians 
at Chaeronea, is condemned to death by the people. 
Lycurgus, the orator and treasurer of Athens, ob- 
tains a decree for bronze statues of ^schylus, 
Sophocles, and Euripides, and the public preser- 
vation of their works. Timoleon dies, lamented 
and honoured by the Syracusans. Alexander of 
Epirus called into Italy, by the Tarentines. 

Assassination of Philip, set. 47, by Pausanias at 
^Egae. Accession of Alexander, wt. 20. Arses is 
killed by Bagoas, who places Darius on the throne, 
and is himself punished with death for his crimes. 
The first oratorical effort of Dinarchus. Philip- 
pides, com. poet, fl. The praetorship at Rome is 
thrown open to the Plebes, and Publilius Pliilo- 
elected to the office. 



rnOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 



Olym. 



335 111.2 



384 



333 



332 



331 



330 



329 



328 



419 



420 



423 



Olympic 
Victors. 



Gryllus, 



426 



Cliton. 



Persia. 



2 Darius 
Codo- 
manus. 



16 Jaddus. 



18 



^onqnered 
by Alex- 
ander. 



High 

Priests of 
THE Jews. 



20 



Macedon. 



2 Alexander 
the Great. 



36 Cleo- 
menes. 



38 



Laced^mon. 
Agid^. Proclid/E 



335 TO 328 B.C. 



/3 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



335 



334 



332 



331 



330 



329 



328 



Athens. 



Consuls of Rome. 



Eusenetus. 



Ctesicles. 



Nicocrates 



Nicetes, 

Clin, 
Niceratus, 

Hales, 

after 

Diod.Sic. 



Aristo- 
phanes. 



Aris o- 
phoQ, 



Cephiso- 
phon. 



Euthycri- 

tUo. 



M.Valerius Corvus 
IV. 

M.Atilius Regulus, 



T. Veturius Calvi- 

nus. 
Sp. Postumius Al- 

binus. 



L.Papirius Cursor. 
C. Paetilius Libo. 



A.. Cornelius Cos- 

sus IV. 
Cn. Domitius Cal- 

vinus. 



M. Claudius Mar- 

cellus. 
C. Valerius Flac- 

cus. 



L. Papirius Cras- 

sus II. 
C. Plautius Venno. 



L. -^railius Ma- 

mercinus. 
C. Plautius Decia- 

nus. 



C. Plautius Procu- 



EVENTS AND EMINENT MeN. 



lus. 
P. Cornelius 
pula. 



Sea- 



Alexander begins his career of victory in Thrace. 
Revolt and destruction of Thebes. The orators 
of Athens are delivered into the hands of Alex- 
ander, who spares them. The Romans make peace 
with the Gauls, and a treaty with Alexander of 
Epirus. 

Alexander crosses the Hellespont, marches into 
Asia, conquers Caria and takes Halicarnassus. 
Battle of the Granicus, 22d May. Aristotle lec- 
tures at the Lyceum. Pyrrho of Elis founds the 
Pyrrhonian or sceptic sect. 

Lycia and Syria reduced by Alexander. Damascus 
taken by Parmenio, and siege of Tyre begun. 
Darius defeated near Issus, in October, and his fa- 
mily are among the captives. 

Fall of Tyre. Conquest of Phoenicia and Palestine. 
Alexander at Jerusalem. Egypt yields to him 
without resistance. Passes the winter at Mem- 
phis. Foundation of Alexandria. Stephanus, 
com. poet, fl. Apelles eminent for his paintings. 
Alexander of Epirus, having betrayed his ambi- 
tious designs in Italy, is totally defeated and slain 
at Pandosia, by the Lucanians and Bruttians. 

Alexander leaves Egypt, crosses the Euphrates at 
Thapsacus, and penetrates into the interior of 
Asia. Battle of Arbela, Oct. 1st. Flight of Darius. 
Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis yield to the con- 
queror, and the Persian empire, after existing 228 
years, merges in that of Macedon. Agis, endea- 
vouring to liberate Lacedaemon from the Macedo- 
nian yoke, is defeated and slain in battle by 
Antipater; his son Eudamides I. succeeds him. 
Eclipse of the moon, Sep. 20. 

Darius is killed by Bessus ; the assassin punished 
by death. Alexander pursues his conquests in 
Parthia, Media, Bactria, and the borders of the 
Caspian. Argument between Demosthenes and 
^schines, " De Corona ;" the latter, having been 
foiled, leaves Athens and withdraws into Asia. 
Death of Parmenio, and Philotas, his son. 

Alexander crosses the Oxus and Jaxartes, and 
drives back the Scythians (Goths) ; he founds new 
cities in those countries, and winters in Bactriana. 
The Romans grant their consuls a triumph and 
the surname of " Privemas," for the conquest of 
Privemum. 

Sogdiana occupies Alexander during the whole of 
this, his seventh campaign, and he winters there 
at Nautaca. Lysippus of Sicyon, the statuary, fl. 
Death of Callisthenes, the historian. The Romans 
prepare for a second war with the Samnites. Death 
of Clitus. 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


AUG. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Mace- 
don. 


Aechons 

OF 

Athens, 


Agid^ OF 

Laced^mon 


High 
Priests of 
the Jews. 


Consuls of 
Rome. 


327 


113.2 


427 




10 Alex- 
ander. 


Hegemon, 

Clin. 

Chremes, 

Hales. 


44 Cleome- 
nes. 


24 Jaddus. 


L. Cornelius 
Lentulus. 

Q. Publilius 
Philo. 


326 
325 


3 

4 


428 
429 




11 

12 


Chremes, 

Clin. 
Anticles, 

Hales. 

Anticles, 

Clin. 
Sosicles, 

Hales. 


45 
46 


25 ■ 

26 


C. Psetilius 
Libo II. 

L. Papirius 
Mugilla- 
nus. 

L.FuriusCa- 
millus II. 

D. Junius 
Brutus. 


324 


114.1 


430 


Micinas. 


13 


Hegesias. 


47 


1 Onias I. 


L. Papirius 

Cursor, 

Diet. 

L. Papirius 

• Crassus, 

Eq. Mag. 


323 


2 


481 




1 Phi- 
lip III. 
or Ari- 
daeus. 


Cephiso- 
dorus. 


48 


2 


C. Sulpicius 
Longus II. 
Q. Aulius 
Cerretanus. 


322 


3 


432 




2 


Philocles. 


49 


3 


Q. Fabius 
Maximus. 

L. Fulvius 
Curvus. 


321 


4 


433 




3 


Archippas 

Clin. 

Apollodo- 

rus, 

Hales. 


50 


4 


T. Veturius 
Calvinus TI. 

Sp. Postu- 
mius Albi- 
nus. 


320 


115.1 


431 


Damasias. 


4 


Nesech- 
mus. 


31 


5 


L. Papirius 
Cursor II. 

Q. Publilius 
Philo III. 


310 


2 


435 




5 ' 


Apollodo- 
rus. 


52 


6 


L. Papirius 
Cursor III. 

Q. Aiilus 
Cerretanus 
II. 



327 TO 319 B.C. 



n 



Eepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



327 



326 



325 



324 



323 



322 



321 



320 



319 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Marriage of Alexander to Roxana ; he invades India and defeats Poms; his soldiers 
refuse to proceed further. Ships are built to descend the Hydaspes and Indus, 
and facilitate the return of the army ; comedies are represented in his camp to 
put the troops in good humour. The Romans besige Palaeopolis and Neapolis, 
which brings on the second Samnite war. 

Descent of Alexander to the mouth of the Indus, and march thence overland to 
Carmania. Voyage of Nearchus. Oration of Demades in defence of his twelve 
years' administration at Athens. Apollodorus of Gela, com. poet, fl. Palseopolis 
and Neapolis betrayed into the hands of the proconsul, Publilius. 

Alexander, after passing through Gedrosia, reaches Susiana, where Nearchus joins 
him. Winter-war with the Cosssei. Death of Hephsestion. Flight of Harpalus 
from Babylon, with large treasures, which he conveys to Athens. Demetrius 
Phalareus begins to interfere in Athenian politics. Q. Fabius, master of the 
horse, gains a victory over the Samnites, in the absence of the dictator, Papirius 
Cursor, and contrary to his orders, for which he is threatened with capital 
punishment. 

Return of Alexander to Babylon. He issues a proclamation, allowing all exiles 
from Greek cities to return to their homes ; he builds cities, plants colonies, and 
promotes intermarriages between Greeks and Persians. Embassies from Rome 
and many Italian States, seek to conciliate him. Dinarchus accuses many emi- 
nent Athenians of receiving bribes from Harpalus, and they are ridiculed by 
Timocles, in his comedies. Among others, Demosthenes is fined fifty talents ; 
not being able to pay, he retires, first to Troezen, then to ^gina. 

Death of Alexander, 21 April, (May or June, Clin.) set. 33 ; his principal generals en- 
deavour to obtain, each for himself, a portion of his empire. Ptolemy first secures 
Egypt, and establishes his dynasty firmly there. Philip Aridseus, half-brother 
of Alexander, succeeds him on the throne of Macedon, with Perdiccas as regent. 
Demosthenes returns to Athens, and rouses the Greek States to recover their 
freedom ; under Leosthenes they ovei-power Antipater, who takes refuge in 
Lamia, whence this is called the Lamian War. Death of Diogenes, at Corinth, 
3et. 90, and of Lycurgus, the orator. Epicurus, set. 18, comes to Athens. The 
Samnites .sue for peace, but reject the terms on which it is offered by the Romans. 

The body of Alexander is entombed in Alexandria. Craterus, with troops from 
Asia, relieves Antipater; The Athenians, totally defeated at Cranon, admit a 
Macedonian garrison into Munychia, and surrender their orators. Demosthenes 
poisons himself in the island or Calauria, near Troezen. Hyperides and others 
are cruelly put to death. Antipater transplants 3,000 of the citizens of Athens 
into Thrace, and subdues ^tolia. Aristotle retires to Chalcis and dies there, 
set. 63 ; he is succeeded by Theophrastus. The victories of Fabius, now consul, 
bring the Samnites into great difficulties ; their leader, Papius Brutulus, whom 
the Romans require to be given up to them, kills himself. 

Perdiccas is defeated and slain in Egypt, where he had attacked Ptolemy. Anti- 
pater takes his place as regent in Macedon. Craterus, making war on Eumenes 
and Antigonus, loses his life in Asia Minor. Seleucus is appointed governor of 
Babylon. Menander's first comedy. The Roman consuls and army, surrounded 
by the Samnites under C. Pontius at Caudium, are saved by a treaty, which the 
senate afterwards breaks. 

Ptolemy conquers Cyrene, Lybia, and Phoenicia. Antigonus defeats Eumenes, and 
extends his dominions in Asia Minor. The Romans make great efforts to retrieve 
their late disgrace ; C. Pontius generously gives up the hostages, whom the 
Roman breach of faith had left in his power. 

Eumenes is besieged by Antigonus in Nora. The Indian Provinces, which Alex- 
ander conquered, are incited by Sandrocottus to expel the Macedonians, and re- 
gain their freedom. 



{ 



78 



FROM THE YEAU 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olym- 
pic 


Mace- 


Egypt. 


Asia. 


Archons 

OF 


Agid^ of 
Laoed^- 


Consuls of 

KOME. 








Victors 


don. 






Athens. 


MON. 


318 


115.3 


436 




6Phi> 


6 Ptole- 


1 Anti- 


Archip- 


53 Cleo- 


L. Plautius 










lip III. 


my So- 
ter. 


gonus. 


pus. 


menes. 


Venno. 
M. Fossius 
Flaccina- 
tor. 


317 


4 


437 






7 


2 


Demoge- 
nes. 


54 • 


Q. ^milius 
Barbula. 

C. Junius 
Bubulcus. 


316 


116.1 


438 


Demos- 
thenes. 


ICas- 
sander. 


8 


3 


Deraocli- 

des. 


55 


Sp. Nautius 
Rutilus. 

M. Popilius 
Lsenas. 


315 


2 


439 




2 


9 


4 


Praxibu- 
lus. 


56 


L. Papirius 
Cursor IV. 

Q. Publilius 
Philo IV. 


314 


3 


440 




3 


10 


5 


Nicodo- 
rus. 


57 


iM. Psetilius 

Libo. 
C. Sulpicius 

Longus 

IV. 


313 


4 


441 




4 


11 


6 


Theo- 
phras- 
tus. 


58 


L. Papirius 
Cursor V. 

C. Junius 
Bubulcus 
II. 


312 


117.1 


442 


Parme- 
no. 


5 


12 




Polemou. 


59 


M. Valerius 
Maximus. 

P. Decius 
Mus. 


311 


2 


443 




6 


13 


8 


Simoni- 
des. 


60 


C. Junius 
Bubulcus 
III. 

Q. ^milius 
Barbula II. 























318 TO 311 B.C. 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates, 



318 



317 



316 



315 



314 



313 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



311 



7 Onias I. Death of Antipater, set. 80. Polysperchon succeeds him as Regent 

1 of Macedon, and frustrates the attempts of ;Nicanor in Attica. 
Eumenes escapes from Nora. The orator Demades put to death at 
the instigation of Cassauder, Antipater's son. Antigonus esta- 
blishes his authority in Asia Minor. Mithridates of Pontus 
supports Eumenes. A truce between the Romans and Samnites. 

Phocion, set. 85, put to death by the Athenians, and with him the 
orators Hegemon and Py thocles. An oligarchical goverament esta- 
blished at Athens, with Demetrius Phalareus at its head. Olym- 
pias, the widow of Philip, endeavours to acquire the sovereignty 
of Macedon, by murdering Philip Aridseus. Agathocles obtains 
absolute power at Syracuse, and makes war on the Carthaginians. 
Census at Athens : citizens at full age, 21,000 ; total population of 
Attica 527,000,— viz., 127,000 free, and 400,000 slaves. 

Antigonus sustains a defeat while pursuing Eumenes in the moun- 
tainous country, but continues his hostilities. Cassander besieges 
Olympias in Pydna, and takes upon himself the government of 
Macedon. A decree, introduced by Sophocles, and defended by 
Demochares, the nephew of Demosthenes, forbids the lectures of 
the philosophers at Athens, on which they leave the city. War 
renewed between the Romans and Samnites ; the former besiege 
Saticula, and the latter capture Sora. 

Eumenes is finally overcome and slain. Pydna is taken by Cassan- 
der, and Olympias put to death ; he rebuilds Thebes. The obnox- 
ious decree' at Athens is repealed, and the philosophers return. 
Death of Xenocrates, oet. 82 ; Polemo occupies his place. Deme- 
trius Phalareus befriends Theodorus, the disciple of Aristippus. 
Aninceris, another teacher of the Cyrenean school, fl. Seleucus, 
driven from Babylon by Antigonus, takes refuge in Egypt. Defeat 
of the Romans, under the dictator Fabius, at Lautulae. 

Death of ^schines at Samos, set. 75. Antigonus, at Tyre, declares 
war against Cassander. The Romans defeat the Samnites, 



Tyre surrenders to Antigonus, — but Ptolemy begins war against him, 
and conquers Cyprus. The Romans take Fregellse and other towns 
from the Samnites. 



riie army of Antigonus, under his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, de- 
feated at Gaza by Ptolemy and Seleucus ; the latter regains pos- 
session of Babylon, and founds his kingdom. The iEra of tlie 
Seleucidie begins. Ptolemy conquers Judaea, and transplants many 
thousand Jews to Alexandria and Cyrene, where their industry 
is encouraged and their religion protected. Appius Claudius, the 
blind, while censor, introduces many changes at Rome, — constructs 
the Via Appia, the first aqueduct, and a canal through the 
Pontine marshes. 

A temporary peace concluded among the competitors for power in Asia. 
Greece is declared to be free, and Ptolemy resigns Plicenicia to An- 
tigonus. Cassander puts to death Roxana, the widow of Alexander 
the Great, and her young son, Alexander ^gas. The consul Bu- 
bulcus penetrates into Samniura, where he is surrounded and cuts 
his way through with great courage and loss of men ; he builds a 
temple to Salus, for a painting in which C. Fabius receives the 
surname of " Pictor." 



80 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 

ViCTOKS. 


Mace- 
don. 


Egypt. 


Asia. 


Syria. 


Archons 

OF 

Athens. 


Agid^ of 
Laced^mon 


310 


117.3 


444 


7;Cas- 
sander. 


14 Ptole- 
my So- 
ter. 


9 Anti- 
gonus. 


3Seleu- 
cus Ni- 
cator. 


Hieromne- 
mon. 


61 Cleome- 
nes. 


309 


4 


445 




8 


15 


10 


4 


Demetrius 
Phalareus. 


1 Areas I. 


308 


118. 1 


443 


Andro- 
menes. 


9 — - 


10 


11 


5 


Charinus. 


2 


307 


2 


447 




10 


17 


12 


6 


Anaxicra- 

tes. 


3 


306 


3 


448 




11 


18 


13 


7 


Coroebus. 


4 


305 


4 


449 




12 


19 


14 


8 


Euxenip- 
pus. 


5 


304 


119. 1 


450 


Andro- 
menes. 


13 


20 


15 


9 


Pherecles. 


6 



310 TO 304 B.C. 



81 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



310 



15 Onias I. 



16 



307 



18 



306 



305 



304 I 



High 

Priests of 
THE Jews. 



Consuls of Rome. 



20 



Q. Fabius Rullia- 

nus II. 
C. Martius Rutilus, 



L. Papirius Cursor 

II. Diet. 
•Junius Bubulcus, 

Eq. 3Iag. 



P. Decius Mus. II, 
Q. Fabius Maximus 
III. 

App. Claudius Cae- 

cus. 
L. Voiumnius 

Flamma. 



Q. Martius Tremu- 

lus. 
P. Cornelius Ar- 

vina. 



L. Postumius Me- 

gellus. 
Tib. Miuucius Au- 

gurinus. 



P. Sempronius So- 

phus. 
?. Sulpicius Seve- 

nis. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



I 



Agathocles, defeated by the Carthaginians at 
Himera, passes over to Africa, and can-ies the 
■war into their own country. Epicurus teaches 
at Mitylene and Lampsacus. The Etruscans 
take up arms in favour of the Samnites. Civil 
war in the little kingdom of Bosporus ; Satyrus 
II., king for a few months, falls in battle. An 
eclipse of the sun, Aug. 15. 

Hercules, a natural son of Alexander, is proclaimed 
by Polysperchon, king of Macedon, and mur- 
dered by Cassander. The Romans victorious 
over both the Samnites and the Etruscans. Pry- 
tanis attempts to seize the kingdom of Bosporus, 
and is slain by Eumelus, who secures the 
throne. Cleomenes, after a long and tranquil 
reign, is succeeded at Sparta by his grandson. 
Areus. 

Fabius compels the Etruscans to make peace; 
then turns against the Samnites, whom he de- 
feats at AUifee. 

Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, arrives 
with a fleet at Athens, expels Demetrius Pha- 
lareus, and restores the democracy. Dinarchus 
is banished, and a statue decreed to the memory 
of the orator, Lyciirgus. Stilpo, phil. fl. Aga- 
thocles, unsuccessful in Africa, returns to Syra- 
cuse. L. Antonius expelled from the Roman 
senate by the censor, for irregularly divorcing 
his wife. 

Demetrius Poliorcetes gains a great naval victory 
over Ptolemy, near Cyprus ; but Antigonus fails 
in his attempt on Egypt. Epicurus comes to 
Athens and teaches. Philochorus, hist. fl. Cn. 
Flavins publishes his Calendar of Court-days, 
and makes himself popular at Rome by other 
services, for which he is elected Curule ^dile. 
Peace between the Carthaginians and Syra- 
cusans. 

The rebuilding of Thebes completed. War between 
Seleucus and the Indian, Sandrocottus, ends in 
a treaty of amity. Cn, Flavins having recon- 
ciled all orders of the Roman State, erects a 
temple of Concord. The Samnites, after a vic- 
tory near Tifernum, are totally routed by Pos- 
tumius at Bovianum ; their general, Statius 
Gellius, made prisoner, and their countiy at the 
mercy of the Romans. 

Rhodes besieged by Demetrius Pol. After an 
anuistice, peace is concluded between Rome and 
Samnium ; the territory and power of the former 
are greatly extended. Eumelus is succeeded in 
Bosporus by his son Spartacus III. Protogenes, 
the Rhodian artist, fl. 



FEOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors . 


Mace- 
don. 


Egypt. 


Asia. 


Syria. 


Archons 

OF 

Athens. 


Agid^ of 

LACEDvE- 
MON. 


303 


119.2 


451 




14 Cas- 
sander. 


21 Ptole- 
my So- 
ter. 


16 Anti- 
gonus. 


10 Se- 
leucus 
Nica- 
tor. 


Leostra- 

tus. 


7 Areus I. 


302 


3 


452 




15 


22 


17 


11 


Nicocles. 


8 


301 


4 


453 




16 


23 


1 Deme- 
trius 
Polior- 
cetes. 


12 


Calliar- 
chus. 


9 


300 


120.1 


454 


Pythago- 
ras. 


17 


24 


2 


13 


Hegema- 
chus. 


10 


299 


2 


455 




18 


25 


3 


14 — 


Euctemon. 


11 


298 


3 


456 




19 


26 


4 


15 


Mneside- 
mus. 


12 


297 


4 


457 




20 


27 


5 


16 


Antipha- 
tes. 


13 


296 


121.1 


458 


Pythago- 
ras. 


1 Anti- 
pater & 
Alex- 
ander. 


28 


6 




Nicias. 


14 



303 TO 296 B.C. 



83 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



303 



301 



300 



299 



High 

Priests op 
THE Jews. 



Consuls op Rome. 



22 Onias I. 



23 



24 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Ser. Cornelius Len- 

tulus. 
L. Genucius Aven- 

tinensis. 

M. Livius Denter. 
M. ^milius Pau- 
las. 



Q. Fabius Maxi- 
mus, Diet. II. 

M. Valerius Cor- 
vus, Diet. II. 

M. jEmilius Fau- 
lus, JSq. Mag. 



1 Simon the 
Just. 



297 



M. Valerius Cor- 

vus V. 
Q. Apuleius Pansa. 



M. Fujvius Paeti- 

nus. 
T.ManliusTorqua- 

tus. 



L. Cornelius Scipio. 
Cn. Fulvius Centu- 
malus. 



Q. Fabius Maxi- 

mus IV. 
P. Decius Mus. Ill 
Ap. Claudius Cae- 

cus II. 
L. Volumnius 

Flamma II, 



Demetrius makes a peace, which secures the neu- 
trality of Rhodes, and sails to oppose Cassander 
in Greece. Anaxippus, com. poet, fl. The Ro- 
mans annex to their territory that of the ^Equi 
and Marsi, on liberal terms. 
Antigonus treacherously kills Mithridates Ctistes 
of Pontus ; the other potentates coalesce against 
him. Cassander is unsuccessful against Deme- 
trius, but Lysimachus, who had for some years 
ruled in Thrace, leads an army into Asia ; Se- 
leucus advances from the east ; and Ptolemy, 
coming up from the south, subdues Syria, Phce- 
nicia and Palestine. Demochares is banished 
from Athens. The priesthood at Rome opened 
to the Plebes, by the Oguluian law, 
Demetrius is called into Asia to assist his father. 
Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia. Antigonus totally 
defeated and slain, set. 81: the allied kings 
divide his dominions. Syria, with its depen- 
dencies, is allotted to Seleucus and becomes his 
seat of empire. Demetrius escapes. Hieronymus 
of Cardia, one of the first Greek historians who 
mention Rome. 
Commerce and learning are encouraged by Ptolemy 
in Egypt. Euclid, math. fl. at Alexandria. Se- 
leucus Nicator builds Antioch for his residence, 
improves other cities, and consolidates his Syrian 
kingdom. Carthage rises in wealth and pOAver. 
The Romans commence their third war with the 
Samnites. 
Seleucus marries the daughter of Demetrius Pol., 
establishes him in Cilicia, and supplies him 
with the means for expelling from Athens La- 
chares, who had made himself master of the 
city, under the protection of Cassander. Zeno 
the stoic, Arcesilaus of the New Academy, and 
Demetrius, com. poet, fl. Lachares is assassi- 
nated in Boeotia. The Romans wage a war of 
extermination in Samnium : the Samnites main- 
tain themselves bravely in their mountain-holds. 
Ptolemy adorns Alexandria with the Museum, 
Serapaeum, and other edifices, begins the library, 
and employs the architect Sostratus of Cnidus 
to build the Pharos ; the high priest of the Jews 
is encouraged by him to complete the canon of 
the Old Testament. The Etrurians take the 
Senones into their pay, and league with the 
Samnites against Rome. The Chinese build 
their great wall. 
Gellius Egnatius, the Samnite general, leads his 
army into Etruria to join his allies, while the 
Romans are ravaging Samnium. 
Death of Cassander ; his sons dispute the succes 
sion. Demetrius Phal., the former ruler of 
Athens, takes the chair of philosophy at Alex- 
andria. Great efforts of the Romans to raise a 
force equal to that of their adversaries. Archi- 
damus IV., one of the Proclidae, is defeated by 
Demetrius Pol. The time of his accession is not 
known. 



PBOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U. C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Mace- 
don. 


Egypt. 


Asia. 


Syria. 


Archons 

OF 

Athens. 


Agid^ OF 
Laced^- 

MON. 


295 


12L2 


459 




2 Anti- 
pater '& 
Alex- 
ander, 


29'Ptole- 
my So- 
ter. , 


7 Deme- 
trius 
Polior- 
cetes. 


18 Se- 
leucus 
Nica- 
tor. 


Nicostra- 
tus. 


15 Areus I. 


294 


3 


460 




1 Deme- 
trius 
Polior- 

cetes." 


30 


8 • 


19 


Olympio- 
dorus. 


16 


293 


4 


461 




2 


31 


9 


20 


Philippus, 

Hales. 


17 


292 


122.1 


462 


Antigo- 
nus. 


3 '- 


32 


10 


21 


Philippus, 

Clin. 


18 


291 

290 


2 

3 


463 
464 




4 

5 


33 

34 


11 

12 


22 

23 


The regis- 
ter of Ar- 
chons be- 
gins to he 
very im- 
perfect. 


19 

20 ■ 


289 


4 


465 




6 


35 


13 


24 




21 


288 |l23.1 


466 


Antigo- 
nus. 


7 


36 


14 


25 





22 


287 


2 


467 




1 Lysi- 
machus 


37 


15 


26 


Philippus, 

Hales, 


23 


286 


3 


468 




2 


38 




27 




24 


285 


4 


469 




3 


39 

1 Ptole- 
my Phi- 
ladel- 
phus. 




28 




25 



295 TO 285 B.C. 



85 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



295 



294 



High 

Priests of 

THE Jews. 



Consuls of Rome. 



6 Simon the 
Just. 



292 



287 



1 Eleazar. 



285 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Q, Fabius Maxi- The sons of Cassander invite the support of Lysi- 
mus V. machiis, Pyrrhiis of Epirus and Demetrius Pol. 

P. Decius Mus. IV. The Romans gain a decisive victory at Sentinum; 
the consul Decius, like his father, devotes him- 
self to death. Gellius Egnatius is slain. 
L. Postnmius Me- Bv violence or treachery, the sons of Cassander are 
gellus II. killed, and Demetrius Pol. makes himself king 

M.AtiUusRegulus. of Macedon. The Samnites still continue to 
strnggle for independence. There is a difference 
of two years between Cato and Yarro in their 
chronologies of Rome at this period, Seleucus 
Nicator gives Upper Asia to his son Antiochus. 
L. Papirius Cursor. Many Samnite towns so destroyed by the Romans, 
Sp. Carvilius Max- that their sites are unknown ; part of the spoil 
imus. is framed into a brazen colossus, in front of the 

capitol. The census at Rome, 272,308 citizens. 
The first sun-dial at Rome, is placed by the 
consul Papirius on the temple of Quirinus. 
Q. Fabius Gurges. After an exile of fifteen years, the orator Dinar- 
D. Junius Brutus chus returns to Athens. The Samnites defeat 
Scseva. Fabius Gurges ; his father, the veteran Fabius, 

takes a reinforcement to him, and gains a de- 
cisive victory, which brings the war to an end ; 
he has a triumph on his return to Rome, but on 
the close of the ceremony, C. Pontius, who had 
so generously spared his captives at Caudium, 
is barbarously put to death. 
L. Postumius Me- Mithndates III. of Pontus extends his kingdom 
gellus III. over Cappadocia and Paphlagonia. Lysimachus 

C. Junius Bubul- grows more powerful in Thrace and Pyrrhus in 

cus. Epirus. Death of Menander, set. 51. 

P. Cornelius Rufi- The ^tolians having seized the mountain-passe; 
nus. near Delphi, the Pythian Games are held at 

M. Curius Denta- Athens. The Sabines, who had prepared to 
tus. assist the Samnites, are subdued, and the do- 

minion of Rome over central Italy assumes a 
settled character. 

M. Valerius Corvi- Agathocles, set. 72, is poisoned by Msenon, who is 
nus. expelled by Hicetas, and the Syracusans regain 

Q.CsediciusNoctua their freedom. Posidippus, com. poet, fl. 
Q. Martins Tremu- Rhodes prospers in commerce and promotes the 
lus II. fine arts. The Colossus is completed by its 

P. Cornelius Arvi- native artists, Chares and Laches. The canal 

na II. from Lake Velinus cut by M. Curius. 

M. Claudius Mar- Pyrrhus drives Demetrius Pol, from Macedon, and 
cellus. in his turn is expelled by Lysimachus, who re- 

C.NautiusRutilus. mains king. Strato succeeds Theophrastus in 
the Peripatetic school. Birth' of Archimedes. 
Crates, phil. academ. fl. 
M. Valerius Poti- Demetrius Pol. attempting to oppose Seleucus 
tus. Nicator in Asia, is made a prisoner, and remains 

C. ^lius Psetus. in captivity for the rest of his life. The vast 

efforts of Rome in the Samnite wars are followed 
by great distress ; to relieve and appease the 
people, the Hortensian law is passed. 
C. Claudius Caeni- Ptolemy Soter raises his son, Philadelphus, to be 
co-regent with him in Egypt. The length of the 
M. ^milius Lepi- solar year first accurately determined by Diony- 
dus. sius, in the Astronomical canon. 



86 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Mace- 
don. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


Perga- 

MUS. 


Epirus. 


Agid^ of 
Laced^mon. 


284 


124. 1 


470 


Philome- 
lus. 


4 Lysi- 

ma- 

chus. 


40 Ptole- 
my Soter. 
2 Ptole- 
my Phi- 
ladel- 
phus. 


29 Seleu- 
cus 
Nica- 
tor. 




12 Pyr- 

rhus. 


26 Areus I. 


283 


2 


471 




5 


3 


30 


IPhile- 
t^rus. 


13 


27. 


282 


3 


472 




6 


4 


31 


2 


14 


28 


281 


4 


173 




1 Pto- 
lemy 
Cerau- 
mis. 


5 


32 


3 


15 


29 


280 


125.1 


474 


Ladas. 


1 Sos- 
thenes. 


6 


1 Antio- 
chus 
Soter. 


4 


16 


30 


279 


2 


475 




2 


7 


2 


5 


17 


31 



284 TO 279 B.C. 



87 



t'ltion 
Dates. 



284 



283 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



9 Eleazar. 



10 



282 



280 



279 



13 



Consuls of Rome. 



C. Servilius Tucca. 
L. Csecilius Metel- 
lus. 



P. Cornelius Dola- 

bella. 
Cn. Domitius Gal- 

vinus. 



C. Fabricius Lusci- 

nus. 
Q. JEmilius Papus, 



L. ^milius Bar- 
bula. 

Q. Marcius Philip- 
pus. 



P. Valerius Lsevi- 

nus. 
Tib. Coruncanius. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



P. Sulpicius Saver- 

rio. 
P. Decius Mus. 



A league of the ^tolians, to withstand the op- 
pressions of Lysimachus. The Tarentines be- 
come jealous of Rome, and secretly instigate the 
hostilities of other States. Battle of Arretium, 
in which the consul Metellus is defeated and 
slain by the Senones. 

Death of Demetrius Pol. set. 54, after three years' 
captivity. Death of Ptolemy Soter, set. 84. Phila- 
delphus, now sole monarch, completes the Pharos 
and other public works begun by his father ; 
the favour shewn by him to the Jews in Egypt 
induces many others to settle there voluntarily, 
and they prosper greatly; he directs the Greek 
Septuagint version of their Scriptures to be 
made ; he encourages learning, but banishes 
Demetrius Phal. into Upper Egypt, where he 
soon dies. Philetaerus, lieutenant of Lysimachus, 
erects an independent kingdom in Bithynia. So- 
pater of Paphos, com. poet, fl. The consul Dola- 
bella defeats and almost exterminates the 
Senones ; he then gains a great victory, near the 
Vadimonian Lake, over the Etruscans and their 
Celtic allies. 

The consul Fabricius saves Thurium from the Lu- 
canians. The Tarentines attack a Roman fleet 
and insult the ambassadors, who demand satis- 
faction. Rome prepares for war, and the Taren- 
tines engage Pyrrhus to assist them. 

Lysimachus, at war with Seleucus Nicator, is 
defeated and slain, at Cyropedium, in Phrygia. 
Ptolemy Ceraunus, a son of Ptolemy Soter, makes 
himself king of Macedon. Thurium taken by 
the Lucanians. The Roman consul ^Emilius in- 
vades the territory of Tarentum. 

Seleucus Nicator is murdered by Ptol. Ceraunus 
the two divisions of the kingdom of Syria are 
reunited by his son Antiochus. The Danubian 
Celts (Galatae, mistaken by the Greeks for emi- 
grants from Gaul) attack Macedon, and Ptol, 
Ceraunus is slain in battle against them ; among 
several competitors, his general, Sosthenes, ac- 
quires the largest share of authority. Gorgias, 
archon of Athens. A statue of Demosthenes is 
raised by the Athenians. Death of Praxiteles 
and birth of the Stoic, Chrysippus. The A- 
chsean league revived. Pyrrhus in Italy, defeats 
the consul Valerius Lspvinus at Heraclea, and 
offers to mediate between Rome and Tarentum. 
Census of Rome, 278,222 citizens. 

The Celtic invaders push forward into Greece. 
Anaxicrates, archon of Athens. The pacific 
overtures of Pyrrhus having been rejected, he 
advances on Rome, but unable to make any im 
pression, returns to Tarentum, followed by the 
Romans, over whom he gains an unprofitable 
victory at Asculum. 



88 



FEOM THE TEAB 



B.C. Olym. 



278 



125.3 



476 



Olympic 
Victors 



277 



477 



126. 1 . 



275 



478 



479 



273 



272 127.1 



481 



482 



Mace- 
don. 



3 Sos- 
thenes. 



Idaeus or 
Nicator. 



Peri ge- 
nes. 



Egypt. 



8 Ptolemy 
Phila- 
delphus. 



Syria. 



3 Anti 
ochus 
Soter. 



1 Anti- 9 
gonus 
Grona- 
tas. 



Perga- 

MUS. 



Epirus. 



6 Phile- 
tserus. 



18 Pyr- 
rhus. 



Agtd^ of 
Laced^mon 



32 Areus I. 



22 ■ 



20 - 



33 



34 



35 



1 Alex- 
ander 
II. 
Epirus 
is little 
known 
from 
this 
time. 



38 



278 TO 272 B.C. 



89 



Repe- 1 High 
tition '\ Priests of 
Dates. \ THE Jews. 



Consuls of Rome, 



Events and Eminent Men. 



278 lis Eleazar. 



276 



275 



274 



273 



il8 



,20 



i21 



C. Fabricius Lusci- 

nus II. 
Q. ^milius Papus; 

II. 



P. Coraelius Rufi- 

mis II. 
Cn. Junius Brutus 

Bubulcus II. 



Q, Fabius Gurges 

II. 
C. Grenucius Clep- 

sina. 
M. Curius Denta- 

tus II. 
L.^^Comelius Len- 

tulus. 



M. Curius Denta- 

tus III. 
Serv. Cornelius Me- 

renda. 
C. Fabius Dorso. 
C. Claudius Cesnina 

II. 



L. Papirius Cursor 

II. 
Sp. Carvilius Max- 

imus II. 



Democles.archon of Athens. Slaughterous repulse 
of the Celts in their attack on Delphi. Nico- 
medes founds an independent kingdom in Bithy- 
nia; in his contest with Antiochus, he employs 
the descendants of the Cimmerii, who settled in 
Asia Minor, 635 B.C. ; these are found to be 
Galatse, and supposed to be " G-auls," who after 
the attack on Delphi had passed into Asia ; 
their country has from this time the name of 
Galatia, and they become formidable. The four 
schools of Athens are headed by Strato, Zeno, 
Epicurus and Arcesilaus. Alliance of Rome 
and Carthage; Pyrrhns, unable to gain any 
advantages over the consul Fabricius, passes 
with his army into Sicily, leaving the small 
States in Southern Italy at the mercy of the 
Romans. 

The Galatse, on their retreat towards the Danube, 
are defeated in Macedon by Sosthenes : but he 
is slain in battle against them. Antigonus Go- 
natas. son of Demetrius Pol., succeeds him as 
king. Pyrrhus expels the Carthaginians from 
most of their possessions in Sicily. The Romans 
take Crotona and Locri, and subdue the Luca- 
nians and Bruttians. Death of Metrodorus, phil. 
epic. aet. 53. 

Other cities in Greece join the Achaean league. 
Berosus dedicates to Antiochus his History of 
Chaldea. Pyrrhus lays siege to the strong 
Carthaginian fortress of Lilybseum. 

The Carthaginians send fresh troops to Sicily. 
Pyrrhus raises the siege of Lilybaeum and re- 
turns to Italy ; he is totally defeated at Bene- 
ventum by the consul Curius, who exhibits, in 
his triumph, the first elephants ever seen at 
Rome. Birth of Eratosthenes at Cyrene. 
Hiero II. praetor of Syracuse. The poet Bion fl. 

Pyrrhus, leaving a garrison in Tarentum, embarks 
with the rest of his forces for Epirus. Birth of 

^ the poet Euphorion, atChalcis, afterwards libra- 
rian to Antiochus the Great. 

Ptolemy Philadelphus sends an embassy to congra- 
tulate the Romans on their victories, and con- 
tract an alliance with them. Pyrrhus seizes 
Macedon. The Romans plant a colony at Posi- 
donia, afterwards Pee stum, and another at Cosa, 
in Etruria. 

Cleonymus fails in his attempt to supplant his 
nephew, Areus, at Sparta; he is assisted by 
Pyrrhus, who is slain while storming Argos. 
Pyrrhus is succeeded by his sou, Alexander II., 
but Epii-us ceases to be important, Antigonus 
Gonatas regains Macedon. The Romans send a 
friendly embassy to Egypt; Tarentum is be- 
trayed into their hands by the Epirote, Milo ; 
they complete the conquest of Samnium, and 
make further progress in Southern Italy. The- 
ocritus greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus, but retires to Syracuse, where he com- 



M 



90 



TROM THE YEAE 



B.C. 



Olym. 



271 



270 



127.2 



128. 1 



Olympic 
A.U.C. Victors 



483 



484 



267 



264 129.1 



487 



490 



Mace- 
don. 



7 Anti- 

gonus 

Grona- 



Seleu- 10 • 
cus. 



Egypt. Syria. 



15 Ptole- 
my Phi- 

ladel- 
phus. 

16 



13 _ 21 



10 An- 

tiochus 
Soter. 



Perga- 

MUS. 



13 Phi 
letserus 



Bithy- Agid^ of 
NiA. Laced^mon. 



Phili- 

nus. 



263 



491 



22 . 



8 Nico- 

medes 

I. 



1 Eu- 
menes 
I. 



• Areus I. 



40 



42 ■ • 

EudamidasTI., 
mentioned 
by Plutarch 
as one of the 
Proclidse. 



1 Acrotatus. 



1 Areus II. 



271 TO 263 B.C. 



91 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



Consuls op Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



271 



270 



268 



267 



22 Eleazar. 



264 



25 



28 



29 



C. Quintius Clau- 
dius. 

L. Genucius Clep- 
sina. 

C. Genucius Clep- 
sina II. 

Cn, Cornelius Bla- 
sio. 

Q. Ogulnius Gallus, 

C, Fabius Pictor. 

P. Sempronius So- 

phus. 
Ap. Claudius Ku- 

fus. 

M. Atilius Regulus. 
L. Julius Libo. 

Numerius Fabius 
Pictor.l 

D. Junius Pera. 



Q. Fabius Maxi- 
mus Gurges III. 

L. Mamilius Vitu- 
lus. 



Ap. Claudius Cau- 

dex. 
M. Fulvius Flac- 



M. Valerius Maxi- 
mus Messalla. 

M. Otacilius Cras- 
sus. 



poses his Idyls. The poets Aratus and Alexan- 
der the ^tolian are patronized by Antigonus 
Gonatas, 

Pytharatus, archon at Athens. Severe punishment 
of the mutinous Campanian legion, after having 
held Rhegiura ten years. The critic, Zeuodotus 
of Ephesus, fl. 

Hiero is elected king of Syracuse. Death of Epi- 
curus, aet. 72, of Polemo, and of Strato ; Ilerma- 
chus succeeds the first of these philosophers, and 
the chair of the last is filled by Lycon, set. 30. 

The Picenians resist the Romans. The first silver 
coinage at Rome. The Rhodian poet, Antagoras, 
is favoured by Antigonus Gonatas. 

Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas. The Pice- 
nians submit to the Romans, who establish a 
line of fortresses, including Ariminum and Be- 
neventum, and plant colonies in them. Manetho 
writes his history of Egypt. 

Salentum and Bnindisium are added to the con- 
quests of Rome. A short term of repose begins 
for Italy. 

Alexander of Epirus attempts to gain possession 
of Macedon, and is defeated by Antigonus Go- 
natas. Philetaerus collects the library of Per- 
gamus, and vies with Ptolemy Philadelphus 
in promoting literature and the fine arts. 

Areus of Lacedaemon is slain at Corinth,"and suc- 
ceeded by his son Acrotatus. The last effort of 
the Vulsinians for freedom is crushed by Fabius. 
Timseus of Sicily, hist. fl. ; his work, which is 
lost, came down to this point of time, where also 
that of Dionysius Halicamassus ends, and Poly- 
bius begins. Census of Rome, 282,234 citizens. 
The number of quasstors increased to eight. 

Diognetus, archon of Athens. The record of the 
Parian Marble ends. Acrotatus falls in battle 
against Aristodemus of Megalopolis ; he is suc- 
ceeded by his posthumous son, Areus II., with 
Leonidas for regent. Magas, king of Cyrene, 
though supported by Antiochus Soter, is un- 
successful in a war against Egypt. Nicomedes 
founds the city of Nicomedia. Ap. Claudius 
conducts the first Roman army into Sicily, to 
succour the Mamertines in Messana; this is 
the commencement of the Punic wars. Gladiators 
introduced at Rome by M. and D. Brutus. 

Philetaerus at his death appoints his nephew, Eu- 
menes, king of Pergamus ; the competition for 
books between him and Ptolemy Philad. causes 
the latter to prohibit the export of Papyrus from 
Egypt, which leads to the invention and use of 
parchment at Pergamus. Eumenes defeats An- 
tiochus near Sardis, and adds .^olis to his 
dominions. The Romans defeat the Carthagini- 
ans and Hiero, and make themselves masters of 
Messana, whence the consul Valerius takes the 
surname of Messallus, which is perpetuated in 
his family ; he introduces at Rome a more perfect 



92 



FEOM THE YEAE 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Olympic 
Victors. 


Mace- 
don. 


Egypt. 


Syeia. 


Perga- 

MUS. 


BiTHYNIA 


Agid^ of 

Laced^- 

MON. 


262 


129.3 


492 




16 Anti- 
gonus 
Gona- 
tas. 


24 Pto- 
lemy 
Phila- 
del- 
plius. 


19 An- 

tiochas 
Soter. 


2 Eu- 
menes 
I. 


17 Nice- 
medes. 


3 Areus II. 


261 


4 


493 




17 


25 


1 An- 

tiochus 

Theus. 


3 


18 


4 


260 


130.1 


494 


Philinus. 


18 


26 


2 


4 


19 


5 — 


259 


2 


495 




19 — 


27 


3 


5 


20 


6 


258 


3 


496 




20 


28 


4 


6 


21 


7 


257 


4 


497 




21 


29 


5 


7 


22 


8 


256 


131.1 


498 


Ammoni- 
us. 


22 


30 


6 


8 


23 


1 Leonidas 
II. 


255 


2 


499 




23 


31 


7 


9 


24 


2 


254 


3 


500 




24 


32 


8 


10 


25 


3 


253 


4 


501 




25 


33 — 


9 


11 


26 


4 



262 TO 253 B.C. 



93 



tition 
Dates, 



261 



260 



259 



258 
257 



255 



254 



253 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



31 Eleazar. 



32 



1 Manasses 



Consuls of Rome. 



L. Postiimius Me- 

gellus. 
Q. Mamilius Vitu- 

lus. 



L. Valerius Flac- 

ciis. 
T. Otacilius Cras- 

sus. 
Cn. Com. Scipio 

Asina. 
C. Duilius. 



L. Com. Scipio. 
C. Aquilius Florus. 



A. Atilius Calatinus 
Q. Sulpicius Fater- 

culus. 
C. Atilius Regulus, 
Cn. Cornelius Bla- 

sio II. 



L. Manlius Vulso 

Long us. 
Q. Caedicius, and on 

his death, 
M. Atilius Eegulus 

II. 

Ser. Fulvius Pseti- 
nus Nobilior. 

M. ^milius Pau- 
lus. 



Cn. Com. Scipio 
Asina II. 

A. Atilius Calati- 
nus II. 

Cn. Servilius Cae- 

pio. 
C. Sempronius 

Blaesus. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



sun-dial from Catana. Hiero makes peace with 
the Romans, and becomes their faithful ally. 
Alter having taught at Athens 58 years, Zeno 
dies, set. 92. See Euseh. Dionysius Metathemeuus 
leaves the Stoics. 

The Carthaginians are defeated by the Romans in 
Sicily, and lose Agrigentum. Philemon, com. 
poet, ob. ast. 97. Timosthenes, one of Ptolemy's 
naval commanders, and afterwards a friend of 
Eratosthenes, writes on nautical geography. 
Pytheas of Marseilles and other navigators de- 
scribe their voyages. 

The Galatians of Asia Minor withstand the forces 
of Syria, and Antiochus Soter is killed, fighting 
against them. 

Ships of war first built by the Romans ; the consul 
Duilius gains the great naval victory off Mylae, 
commemorated by the columna rostrata at Rome. 
Lycophron of Chalcis, in Euboea, author of the 
Alexandra, fl. at Alexandria. 

The consul Scipio carries off many captives and 
rich spoil from Sardinia and Corsica, but makes 
no pennanent conquests. The island of Melita 
(Malta) is taken by the Romans. Death of Zeno. 
See Diog. Laert. 

The consul Atilius, surrounded by the Carthagi- 
nians in Sicily, escapes with difficulty. Erasis- 
tratus, med. the grandson of Aristotle, fl. 

A drawn battle between the fleets of Rome and 
Carthage off Tyndaris, on the northern coast of 
Sicily; the Romans prepare larger ships to 
strike a decisive blow. Hiero governs his little 
kingdom of Syracuse in peace and security. 

Total defeat of the Carthaginian fleet near Ecno- 
mus ; the victorious consuls land in Africa. The 
Carthaginians hire troops from Greece and give 
the command to Xanthippus. Areus II. dying, 
while yet a child, the regent, Leonidas, becomes 
king of Sparta. Callimachus of Cyrene, the 
poet, patronized by Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

Regulus is defeated and made prisoner by Xanthip- 
pus. The Romans fit out a large fleet, which gains 
another victory, and brings off the remains of the 
army from Africa, but on its return is nearly de- 
stroyed by a stoi-m. (The legend of the death of 
Regulus considered to be " altogether a forgery," 
Nielt.) The States of the Achaean League elect 
Marcus of Cerynea to be their Praetor. 

The Romans in three months equip another fleet 
of 220 ships and take Panonnus (now Palermo). 
The Syrian kingdom brought almost to a state of 
dissolution by misgovernment. Revolt of Par- 
thia and Eactria. 

The Romans pass over again to Africa, and ravage 
the maritime districts between Carthage and 
Tripolis; on their return nearly their whole 
fleet is wrecked ; discouraged by these disasters, 
they resolve to abstain from naval warfare. 



y4 



FROM Till TEAH 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


252 


132.1 


502 


251 


2 


503 


250 


3 


504 


249 


4 


505 


248 


133.1 


506 


247 


2 


507 


246 


3 


508 


245 


4 


509 


244 


134. 1 


510 



Olympic 

Victors. 



Xenoplia- 
nes. 



The Olym 
pic Vic- 
tors gra- 
dually de- 
cline in 
import- 
ance i 



Mace- 
don. 



6 Anti- 
goniis 
Grona- 
tas. 



27 ■ 



34 Ptole- 
myPhi- 
ladel- 
phus, 

35 



28 ■ 



36 



33 



EOYPT. 



12 • 



1 Ptol- 
emy 
Euer- 



Syria. 



10 Anti- 
oclius 
Theus. 



1 Seleu- 
cus Cal- 
linicus. 



Perga- 

MUS. 



12 Eu- 

menes 
I. 



27 Nico- 
medes. 



1 Zielas, 



20 ■ 



BlTHY- 
NIA. 



252 TO 244 B.C. 



95 



Eepe- j 
tition 
Dates. 

252 



251 



250 



249 ! 



9 Manasses. 



10 



248 



247 



245 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



C. Aurelius The consul Aurelius gains some advantage over the 

Cotta. Carthaginians in Sicily, for which a triumph is 

P. Servilius \ granted to him. Census of Kome, 297,797 citizens. 

Geminus. Birth of Philopoemen. 

L. Caecilius ISicyon, restored to freedom by Aratus, joins the A- 
Metellus. | chsean league ; in this revolution he is assisted by 
C. Furius Pa- i the philosophers Ecdemus and Demophanes, friends 
cilus. t of Arcesilaus, and afterwards of Philopfemen, cele- 

brated for giving practical effect to the doctrines of 
Plato's " Republic," whicli they are employed to in- 
troduce into the constitution of Cyrene. The Romans 
prosecute the war. Sosibius, gram, of Laconia, fa- 
vourite and evil counsellor of Ptol. Philad. 



C. Atilius Re- Metellus, commanding in Sicily as proconsul, gains a 

gulus II. great victory over Hasdrubal. near Panormus; more 

L. Manlius than 100 elephants form part of his triumphal pro- 

Yulso II. I cession. The Romans lay siege to Lilybaeum. Ar- 

i saces founds the dynasty of the Arsacidse in Parthia, 

I and Theodotus the kingdom of Bactria. Hierony- 

\ mus Rhodius, epicur. phil. fl. 

P. Claudius jThe consul Claudius defeated by Adherbal,in a naval 

Pulcher. battle, off Drepanum ; his colleague, with another 

L. Junius Pul- fleet conveying provisions to the army, is wrecked, 

lus. and the Romans save only two ships out of their 

whole navy ; they again abandon the sea, and appoint 

Calatinus dictator ; Junius collecting the men who 

had escaped, surprizes and takes Eryx. Antiochus 

repudiates Laodice and marries Berenice, daughter 

of Ptolemy Philad. Heraclitus of Halicarnassus 

and Philostephanus of Cyrene, poets and friends of 

Callimachus, fl. 

C. Aurelius The Romans continue the sieges of Lilybaeum and 

Cotta II. Drepanum. The Carthaginians apply to Ptolemy 

P. Servilius for a loan, which he refuses. 

Geminus II. 

L. Ceecilius Hamilcar sent to Sicily by the Carthaginians, and by 

Metellus II. his prudence begins to retrieve their affairs there; 

N. Fabius birth of his son, Hannibal. Death of Ptolemy Philad. 

Buteo. aet. 64. >;ymphis brings his History of Heraclea to 

this year. Census of Rome, 251,222 citizens. 

M. Otacilius Hamilcar holds a strong position near Panonnus, and 

Crassus II. by his fleet ravages the coast of Italy. Antiochus 

M. Fabius Li- puts away Berenice, but is poisoned by Laodice, who 

cinus. also murders her rival. War between Egypt and 

Syria. Euphantus of Olynthus writes the history 

of his own times. 

M. Fabius Eryx is retaken by Hamilcar, on his return from a 

Buteo. foray in Bruttium. Aratus is appointed praetor of 

C. Atilius Bui- the Achaean league. Great conquests of Ptolemy 

bus. Euergetes in Syria and Asia Minor. 

A. Manlius Agis IV. (of the Proclidse) endeavours to revive the 

Torquatus laws of Lycurgus at Sparta, and deposes his colleague, 

Atticus. Leonidas II., in whose place, Cleombrotus (of the 

C. Semproniusi Agidse line) is made king; these changes cause 

Bliesus II. i violent commotions, which continue several years. 

The Parthians occupy llyrcania. 



96 



FROM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


AU.C. 


PONTUS. 


Mace- 
don. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


Perga- 

MUS. 


BlTKY- 

NIA. 


Arsacid^of 
Parthia. 


243 


134.2 


511 


24 Ario- 
barzanes 
III. 


35 Anti- 
gonus ; 
Gona- 
tas. 


5 Ptole- 
my 
Euer- 

getes. 


4 Seleu- 
cusCal- 
linicus. 


21 Eu- 
menes 
I. 


9 Zie- 
las. 


6 Tiridates, 
or Arsaces 
II. 


242 


3 


512 


25 


36 


6 


5 


22 


10 


7 


241 


4 


513 


26 


37 


7 


6 


1 Atta- 
ins I. 


11 


8 


240 


135.1 


514 


1 Mithri- 
dates IV. 


38 


8 


7 


2 


12 


9 


239 


2 


515 


2 — 


1 Deme- 
trius II. 


9 


8 


3 


13 


10 


238 

i 


3 


516 


3 


2 


10 


9 


4 


14 


11 


237 


4 


517 


4 


3 


11 


10 


5 


15 


12 


236 


136.1 


518 


5 


4 


12 


11 


6 


16 


13 


235 


2 


519 


6 


5 


13 


12 


7 


17 


i 
14 1 



243 TO 235 B.C. 



97 



243 



242 



241 



240 



239 



238 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



19 



20 



22 



23 



25 



Consuls of 

KOME. 



C. Lutatius 
Catulus. 

A. Postumius 
Albinus. 



A, Manlius 
Torquatus 
Atticus II. 

Q. Lutatius 
Cerco. 



C. Claudius 

Centho. 
M. Sempronius 

Tuditanus. 

C. Mamilius 

Turinus. 
Q. Valerius 

Falto, 
T. Sempronius 

Gracchus. 
P. Valerius 

Falto, 



L. Cornelius 
Lentulus 
Caudinus. 

Q. Fulvius 
Flaccus. 



P. Cornelius 
Lentulus 
Caudinus. 

C. Licinius 
Varus. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



18 Manassas. C. Fundanius Corinth, set free by Aratus, joins the Achaean league ; 
Fundulus. Megara and other States follow this example. Treaty 
C. Sulpicius of alliance between Parthia and Bactria. Hamilcar 

Gallus. besieges the citadel of Eryx, still held by the Romans, 

while he is besieged in the town by the consul Fun- 
danius. 

Civil war in Syria between Seleucus and his brother, 
Antiochus Hierax ; some of its western provinces 
are taken by Eumenes, while Ptolemy Euergetes 
extends his conquests in the east to Media and Ba- 
bylon. The Romans prepare another fleet; they 
create the office of Proetor peregrinus, and appoint to 
it Q. Valerius Falto. 

War between the Achaeans and ^tolians ; Agis IV. 
assists the former with a Lacedaemonian army. At- 
talus, on succeeding his father Eumenes, is attacked 
by the Galatians, whom he defeats. The consul Lu- 
tatius Catulus gains a decisive victory (10th March) 
near the Agates, over the Carthaginian fleet, under 
Hanno ; this leads to a peace, by which the Romans 
obtain Sicily, and a tribute of 3,200 talents. Census 
of Rome, 250,000 citizens. A revolt of the Falisci 
quelled in six days. Death of Arcesilaus, who is 
succeeded in the Middle Academy by Lacydes. Ly- 
simachus, phil. and Neanthes of Cyzicum, hist. fl. 

Leonidas II. returns to Sparta, deposes Cleombrotus, 
and regains his power ; Agis IV. falls in the struggle, 
and is succeeded by Eurydamidas. Livius Andro- 
nicus produces his first drama at Rome. The Car- 
thaginian mercenaries mutiny for their pay. 

Death of Antigonus Gon. and accession of his son, 
Demetrius II. ; he attacks the -^tolians, whom the 
Achseans support against him. Birth of the Latin 
poet, Ennius, at Rudise in Calabria. 

Seleucus Callinicus makes war on the Parthians. The 
Boians and Ligurians, Celtic tribes in the north of 
Italy, invade the Roman territory, and are defeated, 
Hamilcar, after quelling the mutineers, is sent to 
promote the interest of Carthage in Spain. Sardinia 
and Corsica are given up to the Romans. 

Hiero of Syracuse visits Rome. The Boians and Ligu- 
rians struggle vigorously to preserve their independ- 
ence. Victorious progress of Ptolemy Euergetes as far 
as the limits of Bactria ; he recovers and restores to 
Egypt many trophies which the Persians had carried 
away, 

Cleomenes III. succeeds Leonidas II. at Sparta, and 
endeavours to effect the reform which h;s father had 
opposed. Seleucus Callin. defeated by the Partliians 
and taken prisoner. The Transalpine Gauls (Celtfej 
enter Italy to assist their brethren ; the confederates 
are repulsed. The poet Ister fl. 

T. Manlius ; A revolt in Sardinia repressed. Rome, at peace with 
Torquatus. " ' all the world, closes the Temple of Janus, for the 

C. Atilius Bui- first time since Numa; Nrevius celebrates in an epic 
bus II. ! poem, the Punic V.^'ar, in which he had served. 



k 



98 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A. U.C. 


PONTUS. 


Macepon. 


Egypt. 


Syeia. 


Perga- 

MUS. 


BlTHY- 

NIA. 


Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia, 


234 


136.3 


520 


7 Mith- 
rida- 
tes IV. 


6 Deme- 
trius II. 


14 Ptole- 
my Eu- 
ergetes. 


13Seleu- 
cus Cal- 
linicus. 


8 Atta- 
lusl. 


18 Zie- 
lasl. 


15 Tiridates 
or Arsaces 
II. 


233 


4 


521 


8 


7 


15 


14 


9 


19 


16 


232 


137.1 


522 


9 


8 


16 


15 


10 


20 


17 


231 


2 


523 


10 


9 


17 


16 


11 


21 


18 


230 


3 


524 


11 


10 


18 


17 


12 


22 


19 


229 


4 


525 


12 


1 Antigo- 
nus Do-" 
son. 


19 


18 


13 


23 


20 


228 


138.1 


526 


13 


2 


20 


19 


14 


IPru- 
sias I. 


21 


227 


2 


527 


14 


3 


21 


20 


15 


2 


22 


226 


3 


528 


15 


4 


22 .. 


1 Se- 
leucus 
Cerau- 
nus. 


16 


3 


23 


225 


4 


529 


16 


5 


23 


2 


17 


4 


24 



231 TO 225 B.C. 



99 



Repe- 1 
tition : 
Dates. 

234 



232 



231 



229 



27 Manasses 



'1 Onias II. 



228 



227 



226 



225 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



Consuls of^ 
Rome. 



L. Postnmius 

Albinus. 
Sp. Carvilius 

Maximus. 
Q. Fabius Max. 

VeiTucosiis. 
M. Pomponius 

Matho. 
M. .^milius 

Lepidus. 
M. Publicius 

Malleolus. 
M. Pomponius 

Matho. 
C. Paplrius 

Maso. 
M. ^milius 

Barbula. 
M. Junius Pe- 

ra. 

L. Postumius 
Albinus II. 

Cn. Fulvius 
Centumalus. 



Sardinia and Corsica repeat their efforts to shake off 
the Roman yoke: and the Ligurians renew their 
incursions. Birth of Cato the elder. 



Events and Eminent Men, 



Sp. Carvilius 

Max. II. 
Q. Fabius Max. 
Verrucosus II. 
P. Valerius 

Flaccus. 
M. Atilius Re 

gulus. 

M. Valerius 
Messalla. 

L. Apustius 
Fullo. 



L. ^milius 

Papus. 
C. Atilius Re- 

gulus. 



Ilamilcar repairs the losses which the Carthaginians 
had sustained, by extending their dominions in 
Spain; the Romans begin to evince jealousy at his 
progress. 

The tribune C. Flaminius carries, against the senate 
and the violent resistance of his father, a law, for di- 
viding among the people the lands taken from the 
Celtse in Picenum. 

Final subjugation of Sardinia and Corsica. Divorce of 
Sp. Carvilius, — (not the first known in Rome, — see 
B.C. 307.) , 

The ambassadors sent by Rome to protest against the 
piracies of the Illyrians, are murdered by Queen i 
Teuta ; this gives rise to the first lUyrian war ; the j 
Romans conquer the coast of Dalmatia and the Island ! 
of Corcyra. I 

Archidamas V. (of the Proclidae) is reigning at Sparta. 
Death of Demetrius II. ; during the minority of his 
son, his brother, Antigonus Doson, rules Macedon ; he 
supports the Achaean league, and Athens joins it. 
The Illyrians agree to the terms of peace prescribed 
by the Romans. Death of Hamilcar ; his son-in-law, 
Hasdrubal, takes his place in Spain, and founds 
Carthago Nova (Carthagena). 

The Romans send ambassadors to inform the Greeks 
of the transactions which had repressed the Illyrian | 
piracies. The comic poets, Macho and Apollodorus i 
Carystius, fl. ! 

Cleomenes III. and Aratus involve the Lacedaemo-I 
nians and the Achaean league in war. Two additi- 
tional praetors appointed by the Romans, one for 
Sicily, the other for Sardinia and Corsica. Earthquake 
at Rhodes : the Colossus thrown down, 

Seleucus Callinicus dies in captivity ; his son, sur- 
named Ceraunus, engages in an unsuccessful war 
against Attains, king of Pergamus. Cleomenes accom- 
plishes his reforms at Sparta. The Carthaginians are 
bound by a new treaty with the Romans, not to extend 
their dominion in Spam, to the north of the Ebro. 
Death of Lyco, set. 74, who is succeeded in the Ly- 
ceum by Aristo of Ceos. 

The Celtic tribes advance from the Alps and the Po, 
in great force, against Rome. Near Clusium they 
defeat the Romans ; in a second battle at Telamon, 
the consul Regulus is slain, but his colleague, -rEmi- 
lius,gainsa bloody victory, and compels the invaders 
to flight ; Q. Fabius Pictor, the early historian, serves 
in this war, and computes the armies collected by 
the Romans from all Italy, at 800,000 fighting men r 
contemporary with him, fl. another historian, L. Cin- 
cius Alimentus. Ptolemy Euergetes extends his 
empire in Ethiopia and on the western coast of.Ara- 
bia; he inscribes his triumphs in Asia on the 
pedestal of a statue at Adulis (now Arkeeko), near 
the southern extremity of the Red Sea. 



100 



FROM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


PONTUS. 


Macedon. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


Perga- 

MUS. 


BlTHY- 

NIA. 


Arsacid.e 

OF 

Parthia. 


224 


139.1 


530 


17 Mith- 
ridates 
IV. 


6 Antigo- 
nus Do- 
son. 


24 Pto- 
lemy 
Euer- 
getes. 


3Se- 
leucns 
Cerau- 
nus. 


18 Atta- 
ins I. 


5Pru- 
sias I. 


25 Tiridates, 
or Arsaces 
II. 


223 


2 


531 


18 


7 


25 


1 Anti- 
oclins 
Mag- 
nus. 


19 . 


6 


26 


222 


3 


532 


19 


8 


1 Pto- 
lemy 
Philo- 
pater. 


2 


20 


7 


27 


221 


4 


533 


20 


9 


2 


3 


21 


8 


28 


220 


140.1 


534 


21 


1 Philip 
V. 


3 


4 - — 


22 


9 


29 


219 


2 


535 


22 


2 


4 


5 


23 


10 ■ 


30 


21S 


3 


536 


23 

1 
1 


3 


5 


6 


24 


11 — 


31 



224 TO 218 B.C. 



101 



Repe- 
tition 
Datfs. 



224 



223 



222 



220 



10 Onias II. 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



219 



218 



Events and Eminent Men. 



T. Manliiis 
Torquatus II 

Q. Fulvius 
Flaccus II. 

C. Flaminius 

Nepos. 
F. Furius Phi 

liis. 



Cn. Com. Sci- 
pio Calvus. 

M. Claudius 
Marcellus. 



P. Com. Scipio 

Asina. 
M. Minucius 

Kiifus. 



L. Veturius 

Philo. 
C. Lutatius 

Catulus. 



1 Simon II 



M. Livius Sa- 

linator. 
L. ^milius 

Paulus. 



P. Cornelius 

Scipio. 
Ti. Sempro- 

nius Longus 



Cleomenes III. puts to death his colleague, Archida- 
mus v., the last of the Proclidse ; his sons are set 
aside, and a stranger, named Lycurgus, made king, 
of whom little more is known. The Boians submit 
to the Romans. 

Flaminius leads the legions for the first time across 
the Po, and defeats the Insubres ; he supports a law, 
limiting the tonnage of ships belonging to senators. 
The Achseans call upon Antigomis Doson to arrest 
the progress of Cleomenes. Assassination of Seleucus 
Ceraunus and accession of his brother, Antiochus 
III., sumamed " the Great." Eratosthenes, librarian 
at Alexandria. 

Death of Ptolemy Euergetes, who leaves Egypt pow- 
erful and prosperous. Battle of Sellasia; Cleomenes 
totally defeated, retires to Egypt. Victory of Mar- 
cellus at Clastidium ; he gains the spolia opima, by 
killing with his own hand the Insubrian chieftain, | 
Viridomar. The Germans mentioned for the first ! 
time in the Capitoline record of this battle — (if not 
corrupted, Niebuhr). The poet Rhianus fl. 

The Veneti submit to Rome, and the Istrians are con- 
quered. Placentia and Cremona founded, and Muti- 
num (Modena) fortified. Hannibal, aet. 26, on the 
death of Hasdrubal, takes the command in Spain. 
Euthydemus succeeds Theodotus II. on the throne 
of Bactria. Timoxenus is praetor of the Acheeans, 
and Ariston of the ^tolians. Archimedes fl. set. 66. 
Euphorion, librarian at Antioch. 

Northern Italy, to the foot of the Alps, subject to Rome. 
C. Flaminius, while censor, constinicts the Via Fla- 
minia, from Rome to Ariminum, and builds the 
Circus Flaminius. The Libertini are classed in four 
tribes. Census of Rome, 270,213 citizens. Hannibal 
secretly prepares for war. The Achseans defeated 
by the ^^tolians at Caphyse. The Social war begins. 
Death of Antigonus Doson; his nephew, Philip V., 
set. 15, becomes king of Macedon. The Rhodians 
are assisted by Prusias, king of Bithynia, in their 
war against the Byzantines, who attempt to exclude 
them from the Euxine. Ptolemy Philopater corrupt 
and profligate, under the evil influence of Sosibius 
the Younger. Phylarchus, hist. fl. 
Hannibal takes Saguntum, and prepares, during the 
winter, to proceed to Italy. Demetrius, the Illyrian, 
breaks the treaty with Rome, and renews his pira- 
cies ; conquered by the two consuls, he takes refuge in 
Macedon. Cleomenes dies in Egypt ; his gi'andson, 
Agesipolis III., the last of the Agidee, is killed by 
Lycurgus, who remains sole king of Lacedsemon. 
Birth of Pacuvius. Archagathus, first Roman Med, 
March of Hannibal ; he crosses the Alps, and in the 
autumn reaches the valley of the Po. The consul 
Scipio defeated and wounded near the Ticinus ; his 
colleague defeated in the battle of the Trebia. The 
Celtic tribes prepare to revolt. The Latin historian, 
Cincius, is among the prisoners taken by Hannibal. 
Philip V. invades ^tolia. Antiochus, in his war 
against Ptolemy Philopater, conquers Palestine and 
the neighbouring countries. 



302 



FROM THE YEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


PONTUS. 


Macedon. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


Perga- 

MU8. 


BlTHY- 
NTA. 


Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 


217 


140.4 


537 


24 Mith- 
ridates 
IV. 


4 Philip 
V. 


6 Pto- 
lemy 
Philo- 
pater. 


7 Anti- 
ochus 
Mag- 
nus. 


25 Atta- 
ins I. 


12 Pru- 
sias I. 


32 Tiridates 
or Arsaces 
II. 


216 


141.1 


538 


25 


5 


7 


8 


26 


13 


33 


215 


2 


539 


26 


6 


8 


9 


27 


14 


34 


214 


3 


540 


27 


7 


9 


10 


28 


15 


35 


213 


4 


541 


28 


8 


10 


11 


29 


16 


36 


212 


142.1 


542 


29 


9 


11 


12 


30 


17 . 


37 


211 


2 


543 


30 


10 


12 


13 


31 


18 


1 Artaba- 
nus I., or 
Arsaces 
III. 


210 


3 


544 


31 


11 


13 


14 


32 


19 


2 


209 


4 


545 


32 


12 


14 


15 


33 


20 


3 



217 TO 209 B.C. 



103 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



217 



3 Simon II. 



215 



214 



213 



212 



211 



509 ''11 



Cn. Servilius 
Geminus. 

C. Flaminius 
Nepos II, 



C. Terentius 

Varro. 
L. ^milius 

PauUus II. 



Ti. Sempro- 
nius Grac- 
chus. 

Qu. Fabius 
Maximus 
Verrucosus 
III. 



Qu. Fabius 
Max. Verr. 
lY. 

M. Claudius 
Marcellus 
III. 

Qu. Fabius 
Max. Verr. V. 

Tib. Sempro- 
nius Grac- 
chus II. 

Qu. Fulvius 

Flaccus III. 
Ap. Claudius 

Pulcher. 
Cn. Fulvius 

Centumalus. 
P. Sulpicius 

Galba. 

M. Valerius 
Lsevinus. 

M. Claudius 
Marcellus 
IV. 



jQu. Fabius 
i Max.Verr.VI 
Qu. Fulvius 
; Flaccus IV. 



Hannibal passes through the marshes of the Amo into 
Etruria, and gains the victory of Thrasymene, where 
the consul Flaminius is slain. A Roman army is sent 
into Spain under the Scipios. Fabius appointed dic- 
tator. General pacification of Greece. Aratus the 
Elder is again praetor of the Achseans. Ptolemy 
Philopater defeats Antiochus at Raphia, and re- 
covers Palestine, Phoenicia and Coelosyria. 

Hannibal possesses the greater part of Southern Italy. 
Battle of Cannae, Aug. 2nd. The consul elect, L, 
Postumius, defeated and slam in Gaul. The Scipios 
gain advantages over Hasdrubal in Spain. Fabius 
Pictor is sent to consult the oracle of Delphi. Han- 
nibal passes the winter at Capua. Hiero of Syracuse 
dies, after a reign of thirty-three years, and is suc- 
ceeded by his grandson, Hieronymus. Achaeus rebels 
in Lydia against Antiochus. Prusias signally defeats 
the Galatse. 

Philip V. forms an alliance with Hannibal ; his am- 
bassadors, on their Avay to Capua, are taken by the 
Romans ; Fabius avoids fighting. Hannibal inactive, 
and winters in Apulia. The Scipios gain another vic- 
tory over Hasdrubal in Spain. Great efforts of Rome 
to raise and train another army. Most of the Italian 
States fall off. Attains assists Antiochus against 
AchBeus. Evander succeeds Lacydes as president of 
the academy. 

Fabius keeps Hanaibal in check. Marcellus is sent 
into Sicily and besieges Syracuse, which*had declared 
against Rome. Hieronymus is murdered by conspi- 
rators. Sardis taken by Antiochus, and the rebellion 
quelled. 

Tarentum is betrayed into the hands of Hannibal ; the 
citadel is still held by the Romans ; they gradually 
regain Campania ; Philip V. commences war against 
them ; he causes the death of Aratus by poison, 
which alienates from him many Greek States. Birth 
of Cameades at Cyrene. 

Syracuse taken by Marcellus. Death of Archimedes, 
set. 75. The Scipios defeated and killed in Spain. 
Antiochus attacks the Parthians and Bactrians. 

Capua retaken by the Romans. Hannibal marches to 
the gates of Rome; returns into Apulia. P. Com. 
Scipio (afterwards Africanus) offers, aet, 24, to lead 
an army into Spain, and is sent there. Alliance of 
Rome with the -^tolians. 

Cn, Fulvius defeated by Hannibal near Herdonia. 
The conquest of Agrigentum by Lfevinus places the 
whole of Sicily again in subjection to Rome. Scipio, 
victorious in Spain, takes Carthago Nova. Philopce- 
men begins to distinguish himself in the Achspan 
league. Antiochus fully recognizes the independence 
of Parthia. Machanidas governs the Lacedaemonians. 

Tarentum recovered by Fabius ; his last feat of arms. 
Hasdrubal in Gaul, on his march to Italy. Scipio 

j advances in Spain, and the Carthaginians retire 

! before him towards the Atlantic. 



104 



FROM THE TEAB 



B.C. 



Olym. a.U.C. 



143.1 



207 



205 



204 144.1 



202 



201 



200 



145.1 



546 



547 



548 



549 



550 



551 



552 



553 



554 



555 



PONTUS. 



33 Mitli- 
ridates 
IV. 



34 ■ 



35- 



36 • 



Mace- 
don. 



Egypt. 



13Philip 
V. 



14 - 



15 • 



38 ■ 



15 Pto- 
lemy 
Philo- 
pater. 



17 . 



1 Pto- 
lemy 
Epi- 



18 ■ 



16 Anti- 
oclius 
Mag- 
mis. 



Syria. 



34 Atta- 21 Prusias 
lus I. I, 



35 



36 ■ 



20 • 



23 • 



24 42 



Perga- 

MUS. 



Bithynia. 



40 ■ 



42 22 



22 



23 



24 



25 



26 



27 



28 



Parthia. 



4 Artaba- 
nus I., or 
Arsaces 
III. 



208 TO 199 B.C. 



105 



Eepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



207 



206 



205 



204 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



12 Simon II, 



13 



203 



202 



201 



200 



199 



20 



21 



M. Claudius Hannibal draws the consular army into an ambuscade; 

Marcellus v. Marcellus is killed in the battle, and Crispinus dies 

Tib. Quiuctius soon afterwards of his wounds. Sulpicius conducts a 

Crispinus. Roman fleet to co-operate with the ^tolians and 

Attains against the Achseans and Macedonians. A 

Carthaginian fleet is defeated by Laevinus. 

C. Claudius Hasdmbal, after having crossed the Alps, advances 
Nero. into Italy ; he is met by a Roman army at the Me- 

M. Livius Sa- taurus, where he is totally routed and slain. Scipio 
linator II. reaches Gades (Cadiz) ; the Carthaginians are entirely 
driven out of Spain. Death of the Stoic, Chrysippus. 
Qu. Csecilius Scipio goes to Africa, to negociate an alliance with 
Metellus. Syphax, king of Numidia. Hannibal maintains 

L. Veturius himself in Bruttium, neither he nor the Romans 

Philo. daring to hazard a battle. Nabis rules in Sparta. 

Menander, king of Bactria, extends his dominions in 
India and the East. 
P. Cornelius Scipio returns to Rome and is elected consul, though 
Scipio. under age ; he proceeds to Sicily, with authority to 

P. Licinius prepare an expedition against Carthage. Death of 

Crassus Ptolemy Philopater, leaving a successor only five 

Dives. years of age, and a kingdom weakened by misrule ; 

Antiochus and Philip seek to dismember it by war. 
Sotion of Alexandria, crit. fl. 
M. Cornelius Scipio lands in Africa ; defeats the Carthaginians and 
Cethegus. Numidians : Syphax is made prisoner and sent to 

P. Sempronius Rome ; a large part of his territories is given to 
Tuditanus. Masinissa. Peace between the Romans and Mace- 
donians and all their allies. The poet Ennius is 
found by Cato in Sardinia, and brought by him to 
Rome. Census of Rome, 214,000 citizens. 

Cn. Servilius Hannibal, recalled from Italy, arrives at Carthage. 

Csepio. Death of Fabius Maximus at an advanced age, 

Cn. Servilius having been sixty-two years augur. Hermippus of 

Geminus. Smyrna writes the lives of many philosophers. 

Tib. Claudius Fruitless negociations for peace between the Cartha- 
Nero. ginians and Romans. Hannibal totally defeated by 

M. Servilius Scipio, at Zama. The attempt of Nabis on Messene 
Geminus. is frustrated by Philopcemen. The Egyptians ap- 

ply to Rome for assistance. 
Cn. Cornelius Peace concluded by Scipio with Carthage ; his return 
Lentulus. and triumph. Philopoemen, Praetor of the Achseans. 

P. JElius Pa3- Athens, attacked by Philip V., seeks aid from Rome, 
tus. Philip conquers many provinces in Asia ; but is de- 

feated in a naval action off Chios, by the Rhodians 
and Attains, as allies of Egypt. Silenus, Sosilus, 
and Merodotus, hist. fl. Death of the poet Naevius, 
at U tica. 

P. Sulp. Galba The Romans commence their second war against 

Max. II, Philip, who leaves Asia to defend Macedon. Atta- 

C. Aurelius lus visits Athens. Aristophanes of Byzantium, 

Cotta. gram. fl. 

L. Com. Lentu- Sulpicius and, after him, Villius, are unable to force 

lus. the mountain passes from Epirus into ]Macedon. 

P. Villius Tap- Polemo Periegetes, fl. 

pulus. 



106 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


PONTUS. 


Macedon. 


Egypt. 


Syeia. 


Perga- 

MUS. 


Bithy- 

NIA. 


Absacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 


198 


145.3 


556 


43 Mith- 
ridates 
IV. 


23 Philip 
V. 


8 Ptole- 
my E- 
pipha- 
nes. 


26 Anti- 
ochus 
Mag. 
nus. 


44 Atta- 
lusl. 


31 Pru- 
sias I. 


14 Artaba- 
nus I., or 
Arsaces 
III. 


197 


4 


557 


44 


24 


9 


27 


lEu- 
menes 
II. 


32 


15 


196 


146.1 


558 


45 


25 


10 


28 , 


2 


33 


1 Priapa- 
tius, or Ar- 
saces IV. 


195 


2 


559 


46 


26 


11 


29 


3 


34 


2 


194 


3 


560 


47 


27 


12 


30 


4 


35 


3 


193 


4 


561 


48 


28 


13 


31 


5 


36 


4 


192 


147.1 


562 


49 


29 


14 


32 


6 


37 


5 


191 


2 


563 


50 


30 


15 


33 


7 


38 


6 


190 


3 


564 


1 Phar- 
naces I, 


31 


16 


34 


8 


39 


7 



198 TO 190 B.C. 



107 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



198 



197 



196 



195 



194 



193 



192 



^191 



190 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



22 Simon II. 



23 



24 



1 Onias III, 



Consuls of 
Home. 



T. Quinctius 
Flaminius. 

Sex. iElius 
PaetusCatus 



C. Conielius 
Cethegus. 

Qu. Minucius 
Riifus, 



L. Furius Pur- 

pureo. 
M. Claudius 

Marcellus. 



M. Porcius 

Cato. 
L. Valerius 

Flaccus. 



P. Com. Scipio 
Africanus II. 

Tib. Sempro- 
nius Longus. 

L. Cornelius 

Merula. 
Qu. Minucius 

Thermus. 

L. Quinctius 
Flaminius. 

Cu. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus. 



Man.'Acilius 

Glabrio. 
P. Com. Scipio 

Nasica, 

L. Com. Scipio. 
C. Lselius. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Flaminius takes the command ; drives Philip from the 
defile of Antigonia, and enters Thessaly. He takes 
Elatea and Thebes and detaches the Achaeans from 
Philip. Antiochus defeats Scopas and the ^tolian 
allies of Egypt at Panium, and conquers Coelosyria 
and Palestine. The historians Zeno and Antisthenes 
fl., and relate these events. 

Victory of Flaminius and his ^tolian allies at Cynos- 
cephalse. Philip submits to the peace dictated by 
Rome. The revolted Celts of Northern Italy are 
defeated by the two consuls, but not subdued. Two 
additional Prsetors appointed for Spain, where the 
dominion of Rome is still resisted in many parts. 
Ptolemy Epiphanes is crowned at Memphis. Death 
of Attains ; his son, Eumenes II., maintains his al- 
liance with Rome. The poet Alcaeus of Messenia 
celebrates the events in Greece. 

Flaminius proclaims, at the Isthmian Games, the de- 
cree of the Roman Senate, for the freedom of Greece. 
Hannibal withdraws from Carthage to Syria. An- 
tiochus seizes the Thracian Chersonesus. Confer- 
ence at Lysimachia. Hamilcar, a Carthaginian from 
Spain, disciplines the Celtic forces in Italy. Ascle- 
piades of Myrlea, in Bithynia, fl. 

Cato proceeds, as consul, to regulate the affairs of 
Spain. The command of Flaminius in Greece is 
prolonged; he compels Nabis to submit, and sets 
Argos free to rejoin the Achaean League. Hannibal 
makes vain efforts to reform the Syrian army, and 
to instruct Antiochus in a prudent plan for war 
against Rome. Ptolemy of Megalopolis is the 
Egyptian governor of Cyprus. Birth of Terence 

Flaminius returns to Rome. Bloody conflicts with 
the Celts; no decisive results. Scipio unpopular 
for giving the senators separate benches in the Cir- 
cus. Death of Eratosthenes ; ApoUonius Rhodius 
is appointed Librarian at Alexandria. 

Ptolemy Epiphanes marries Cleopatra, daughter of 
Antiochus; Coelosyria and Palestine are restored to 
Egypt. The Romans and Antiochus prepare for 
war ; the former make an alliance with Philip of 
Macedon, and the latter with the ^tolians. 

Antiochus enters Greece and wastes his time in idle 
revelling at Chalcis. The Romans send the praetor 
Atilius, with Ti. Qu. Flaminius and other ambassa- 
dors into Greece. Philopoemen defeats Nabis, who 
is killed by the iEtolians; Lacedaemon joins the 
Achcean league. 

The consul Acilius and legate Flaminius defeat An- 
tiochus at Thermopylae. The Syrian navy is de- 
stroyed by the combined fleets of the Romans and 
Eumenes. Antiochus returns into Phrygia. Scipio 
Nasica subdues the Boians. 

L. Scipio takes the command in Greece, with his bro- 
ther Africanus as his lieutenant. He grants a truce 
of six months to the JEtolians and passes into Asia, 
where he gains a decisive victory over Antiochus at 
Magnesia, near Mount Sipylus, and receives the 
surname of Asiaticus. The historian Cincius writes 
" De Re Militari." An eclipse of the sun, July 11th. 



108 



FEOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 


Olym. 


1 
A.TJ.C, 


PONTUS. 


Macedon. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


Perga- 

MUS. 


BlTHY- 

NIA. 


Arsacid^ 
OP Parthia. 


189 


147.4 


565 


2 Phar- 
nacesl. 


32 Philip 
V. 


17Ptole- 
my Epi- 
phanes. 


35 Anti- 
ochus 
Magnus. 


9 Eume- 
nes II. 


40 Prusi- 
asl. 


8Priapatius 
or Arsaces 
IV. 


188 


148.1 


566 


3 


33 


18 


36 


10 


41 


9 


187 


2 


567 


4 


34 


19 


1 Seleu- 
cusPhi- 
lopator. 


11 


42 


10 


186 


3 


668 


5 


35 


20 


2 


12 


43 


11 


185 


4 


569 


6 


36 


21 


3 


13 


44 


12 


184 


149.1 


570 


7 


37 


22 


4 


14 


45 


13 


183 


2 

■ 


571 


8 


38 


23 . 


5 


15 


46 


14 


182 


3 


572 


9 


39 


24 


6 


16 


47 


15 


181 


4 


573 


10 


40 


1 Ptole- 
my Phi- 
lometor. 


7 


17 


48 — 


1 Phraates 
I., or Ar- 
saces V. 


180 


150.1 


574 


11 


41 


2 


8 


18 


1 Prusi- 
asll. 


2 



189 TO 180 B.C. 



109 



fepe-l High , Consuls of 
tition I ! Priests of j^^^^ 

Dates. ' THE Jews. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1S9 



188 



7 Onias III. Cn. Manlius 
Vulso. 
M. Fulvius 
Nobilior. 



C. Livius 
Salinator. 

M. Valerius 
Messala. 



186 



1 



185 nil 



184 112 



183 !)13 



182 



181 15 



180 



16 



M. ^milius 

Lepidus. 
C. Flaminius. 

Sp. Postiimius 

Albinus. 
Qii. Marcius 

Philippus. 
Ap. Claudius 

Pulcher. 
M. Sempronius 

Tuditanus. 
P. Claudius 

Pulcher. 
L. Porcius Li 



Qu. Fabius La- 

beo. 
M. Claudius 

Marcellus. 



L. ^milius 
I Paullus. 
!Cn. Bjebius 
i Tamphilus. 

:P. Cornelius 
' Cethegiis. 
jM. Bsebius 
Tamphilus. 

'A Postumius 
Albinus. 

C. Calpumius 
Piso. 



The Consul Fulvius compels the ^tolians to make 
peace ; they give up Ambracia and the island of Ce- 
phalonia, and pay a tribute. Manlius conquers the 
Galatie of Asia Minor, subsidiaries of Antiochus. 
The Komans give them the name of Gallo-grseci, 
and invent the fable of their migration from Gaul. 
Philopcemon, Achtean prietor, forces the Lacedaemo- 
nians to adopt the laws of the League and abrogate 
those of Lycurgiis. Ennius, the poet, is with Ful- 
vius in Greece. Census of Kome, 258,318 citizens. 

Peace between the Komans and Antiochus, by which 
he resigns to them all Asia Minor from the Taurus 
to the ^Egean sea. The Greek cities are declared 
free, and Eumenes receives a large addition of terri- 
tory. Caria and Lycia are given to the Rhodians. 
Altercations between the Lacedaemonians and A- 
chaeans ; they send ambassadors to Rome ; among 
those of the former, is Lycortas, the father of Poly 
bius. The Scipios accused of peculation in Asia ; 
Africanus retires in disgust to Litumum. 

Hannibal, to avoid being given up to the Romans 
takes refuge with Prusias in Bithynia. Death of 
Antiochus. Achaean embassy to Ptolemy, who re- 
news his alliance with the league. 

The Bacchanalian orgies interdicted by the senate, in 
Rome and all Italy. Athletic combats introduced 
by Fulvius. The consul Marcius worsted by the 
Ligurians. 

Mission of Cfecilius to check the growing power of 
Philip of Macedon. Hegesinus, the successor of 
Evander in the chair of the Academy. 

The Ligurian is the only war in which the Romans are 
now engaged ; it is maintained against them very 
obstinately. Cato, as censor, endeavours to repress 
the growing luxury of Rome. Philip sends his son 
Demetrius, to plead his cause before the senate. 
Death of Plautius. Prusias makes war on Eumenes, 
and gives the command to Hannibal. 

Philopiremen, made prisoner by the Messenians, is put 
to death by them, aet, 69. Hannibal, whom the Ro- 
mans require Prusias to give up to them, poisons 
himself, set. 64. Scipio dies in retirement, aet. 52. 
Phamaces of Pontus takes Sinope. Aristonymus 
succeeds ApoUonius Rhodius, as librarian at Alex- 
andria. 

The Via ^^milia constructed from Ariminum to Pla- 
centia. Lycortas, Acheean pra?tor, subdues Messenia, 
and brings back Lacedsemon into the league. His 
son, Polybius, bears the ashes of Philopoemen to 
Megalopolis. Nicander, poet, A. 

Philip of Macedon puts his son Demetrius to death. 
Polybius is sent by the Achseans as ambassador to 
Egypt. Rome arbitrates between contending states. 
Ambassadors from Pontus, Cappadocia, Lacedsemon, 
and the Achseans are heard before the senate. 

Many thousand Ligurians, with their families, are 
transferred to Samnium, and lands allotted to them 
for cultivation. 



110 



TEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


PONTUS. 


Mace- 
don. 


Egypt. 


Sykia. 


Perga- 

MUS. 


BlTHY- 
NIA. 


Arsacid^ 

OF 

Pakthia, 


179 


150.2 


575 


12 Phar- 
naces I. 


1 Per- 
seus. 


3 Ptole- 
my Phi- 
lome- 
tor. 


9 Seleu- 
cus 
Philo- 
pator. 


19 Eume- 
nes II. 


2Pru- 
sias II. 


3 Phraates ' 
I., or Ar- 
saces V. 


178 


3 


576 


13 


2 


4 


10 


20 


3 


4 


177 


4 


577 


14 


3 


5 


11 


21 


4 


5 


176 


151.1 


578 


15 


4 


6 


12 


22 


5 


6 ' 


175 

174 


2 
3 


579 

580 


16 

17 


5 

6 


7 

8 


1 Anti- 
ochus 
Epi- 
phanes. 

2 


23 

24 


6 

7 


7 

1 Mithrida-I 
tes I., or 
Arsaces 
VI. 


173 


4 


581 


18 


7 


9 


3 


25 ' 


8 


2 


172 


152.1 


582 


19 




10 


4 


26 


9 


3 


171 


2 


583 


20 


9 


11 


5 


27 


10 


4 


170 


3 


584 


21 


10 


12 


.6 


28 


11 


5 


169 


4 


585 


22 

i 


11 

Subject 
to Rome. 


13 


7 


29 


12 


6 

— 



179 TO 169 B.C. 



Ill 



Repe- 
tition 


High 
Priests of 


Consuls of 

KOME. 


Dates, 


THE Jews. 


179 


17 Onias III. 


L. Manlius A- 
cidinus Ful- 
vianus. 

Qii. Fulvius 
Flaccus. 


178 


18 


M.Junius Bru- 
tus. 

A. Manlius 
Vulso. 


177 


19 


0. Claudius 

Pulcher. 
Tib. Semproni- 

us Gracchus. 


176 


20 


Cn. Corn. Sci- 
pio Hispalus. 

Qu. Petilius 
Spurinus. 


175 


1 Jason. 


P. Mucius 
Scsevola. 

M. ^milius 
Lepidus. 


174 


2 


Sp. Postumius 

Albinus 

Paullus. 
Qu. Mucius 

Scsevola. 


173 


3 


M. Popilius 

Laenas. 
L. Postumius 

Albinus, 


172 


1 Menelaus. 


C. Popilius 

Laenas. 
P. iElius Li- 

gus. 


171 


2 


P. Licinius 

Crassus. 
C.CassiusLon- 

ginus. 


170 


3 


A. Hostilius 
Mancinus. 
A. Atilius Ser- 
•ranus. 


I 169 


4 


Qu. Marcius 
PhilippusII. 

Cn. Servilius 
Csepio. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of Philip V., «et. 60. His son Perseus nego- 
ciates secretly with other states against Rome. The 
Celtiberians and Lusitanians lay down their arms. 
Census of Rome, 273,294 citizens. The comedies of 
Cajcilius acted at Rome. 

The Consuls sent to conduct the war in Istria; they 
winter at Aquileia. 



Istria subdued. A revolt in Sardinia suppressed. A 
colony settled at Lucca. The Achseans contract an 
alliance with Rome. Thessaly relapses under the 
Macedonian influence. 

The consul Sciplo dies, and C. Valerius Lasvinus takes 
his place for the rest of the year. His colleague Pe- 
tilius is slain in battle against the Ligurians. The 
Orchian and other sumptuary laws fail to repress 
the luxury of the Romans. 

Seleucus Philopator assassinated. Disgraceful strug- 
gles for the high-priesthood of Jerusalem. Antio- 
chus sells it to Jason, the brother of Onias, who is 



Masinissa, after many encroachments, seizes the Car- 
thaginian province of Tyssa, with fifty cities ; Ro- 
man ambassadors sent to settle the dispute. Others 
deputed to ascertain the intentions of Perseus. 
Mithridates VI. of the Arsacidae begins his reign 
and prepares the elevation of Parthia to great 
power. Census of Rome, 269,015 citizens. 

The Roman ambassadors return, Perseus having re- 
fused to receive them. Death of Cleopatra, who, in 
the name of her young son, had been regent of Egypt. 
Eulseus and Lenseus, who succeed to the administra- 
tion of affairs, make war on Antiochus, and are de- 
feated near the lake Sirbonis, between Pelusium and 
Mount Casius. 

The Ligurians are subdued and Northern Italy filled 
with Roman colonies. Eumenes honourably re- 
ceived at Rome ; on his way back he is attacked by 
assassins near Delphi. Preparations made for war 
against Perseus. The Boeotian confederacy dis- 
solved. Menelaus, another brother, supplants Jason 
in the High-priesthood of Jerusalem. 

Commencement of the third Macedonian war. Per- 
seus gains some advantages over Licinius and makes 

! offers of peace, which are rejected. Antiochus in- 

I vades Egypt and takes Memphis. 

I Hostilius, who takes the command in Macedon, makes 

! no progress ; the Roman fleet ravages the sea-coast. 
Perseus negociates with Antiochus, Prusias, and 
many Greek states to fonn a coalition against 
Rome; even Eumenes begins to treat with him. 
Ptolemy Physcon is associated with his brother, as 
joint king of Egypt. 

The manoeuvres of Marcius Philippus drive Perseus 
from his strong position in Tempe. Antiochus lays 
siege to Alexandria ; the Egyptians apply to Rome 
for aid. Polybius commands the Achaean cavalry, 
and goes on an embassy to the Consul Marcius. 



112 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 



Olym. 



153.1 



586 



167 



166 

165 
164 



4 
154.1 



162 



587 



588 



590 



591 



592 



593 



594 



23 Phar 
naces I. 



PONTUS. 



36 Masi- 
nissa. 



28 • 



NUMI- 
DIA. 



Egypt. 



14 Ptole- 
my Phi- 
lome- 
tor. 



15 . 



40- 



30 ■ 



20 ■ 



Syria, 



Perga- 

MUS. 



8 Anti- 
ochus 
Epi- 
phanes. 



30 Eume- 
nes II. 



10 - 



1 Anti- 
ochus 
Eupa- 
tor. 



31 



32 



1 De- 
metrius 
Soter. 



44 22 ■ 



13 Prusi- 
asll. 



33 



BlTHY- 
NIA. 



Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 



7 Mithrida- 
tes I., or 
Arsaces 
VI. 



38 



168 TO ICO B.C. 



113 



Hfpe- 
tition 
Dates. 



167 



165 
164 



163 



161 



160 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



5 Meaelaus, 



7 



1 Judas 
Maccabseus. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



L. JEmilius 
Paullus II. 

C. Licinius 
Crassus. 



Qu. ^lius ] 

tus. 
M. Junius 

Pennus. 



C. Sulpicius 

Gallus. 
M. Claudius 

Marcellus. 
T. Manlius 

Torquatus. 
Cn. Octavius. 
Aul. Manlius 

Torquatus. 
Qu. Cassius 

Longinus. 



Tib. Semp. 

Gracchus II 
M. Juventius 

Thalna. 

P. Com. Scipio 

Nasica. 
C. Marcius Fi- 

gulus. 



M. Valerius 

Messala. 
C. Fannius 

Strabo. 
L.AniciusGal 

lus. 
M. Com. Ce- 

thegus. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Oration of Cato. set. 65, in favour of the Voconian law. 
Death of the poet Ennius, eet. 70 ; he is laid in the 
tomb of the Scipios in the Appian Way. Census of 
Rome, 312,085 citizens. 

Battle of Pydna, June 22d. Perseus totally defeated 
by iEmilius Paullus ; himself and his family be- 
come prisoners, and his kingdom a Roman province. 
Gentius, the lUyrian prince, who had taken up arms 
to support him, is overcome in thirty days. Antio- 
chus, awed by the Roman ambassador, Popillius. 
and the fate of Perseus, evacuates Egypt and re- 
stores Pelusium and Cyprus. In his retreat he 
plunders Jerusalem and despoils the Temple. Cseci- 
lius, com. poet, ob. An eclipse of the moon, June 
21st, predicted by C. S. Gallus. 

Paullus iEmilius and ten commissioners organize the 
provincial government of Macedon and Illyria. On 
his return to Rome, his triumph, the most splen- 
did yet seen, lasts three days. A thousand of 
the principal Achaeans are taken to Rome ; amon^ 
them is Polybius, who finds there valuable patrons 
and friends. The states, which are suspected of 
having favoured Perseus, humbly implore the lenity 
of the senate. 

The Jews under Mattathias and his son Judas Macca- 
baeus, resist by force the oppressions of Antiochus, 
Terence produces his first play, " Andria." 

Lysias, the Syrian general, defeated by the Jews. The 
*' Hecyra " of Terence. 

Antiochus Epiphanes, at his death, leaves his son Eu- 
pator, only nine years old, under the guardianship 
of Lysias. A large part of his kingdom is con- 
quered by the Parthians. The two brothers, who 
reign in Egypt, refer their disputes to the Romans, 
who divide the kingdom between them, giving Cv- 
rene, Libya, and Cyprus to Physcon, and Egypt 
Proper to Philometor. Census of Rome, 327,022 ci- 
tizens. 

Demetrius, son of Seleucus Philopator, whom his fa- 
ther had sent to Rome, as an hostage, asserts his 
claim to the throne of Syria, but is detained in cap- 
tivity. The *' Heautontimoroumenos " (Self-tormen- 
tor) of Terence is brought out. 

The Consuls, improperly elected, resign, and are re- 
placed by P. Com. Lentulus and Cn. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus, Aided by Polybius, Demetrius effects 
his escape ; he makes himself king of Syria, and 
murders Eupator with his guardian, Lysias. Hip- 
parchus observes the autumnal equinox, Sept. 27th. 

A decree of the Senate prohibits the teaching of phi- 
losophy and rhetoric at Rome. The " Eunuchus " 
and " Phormio" of Terence ; the former acted twice 
on the first day. 

The Jews are protected by the Romans. Judas Mac- 
cabaius falls in a battle against Bacchides. Death 
of ^milius Paullus, set. 69, at whose funeral games 
Terence's play of the " Adelphi" is first exhibited. 
Satyrns, phil. peripat. f\. | 



114 



FBOM THE TEAS 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


PONTUS. 


NUMI- 
DIA. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


Perga- 

MU8. 


BiTHYNIA. 


Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 


159 


155.2 


595 


32 Phar- 
naces 
II. 


45 Masi- 
nissa. 


23 Ptole- 
my Phi- 
lometor. 


4 Deme- 
trius 
Soter. 


1 Atta- 
ins II. 


22 Prusias 
II. 


16 Mithrida- 
tes I., or 
Arsaces 
VI. 


158 


3 


596 


33 


46 


24 


5 


2 


23 


17 


157 


4 


597 


34 


47 


25 


6 


3 


24 


18 


156 


156.1 


598 


1 Mith- 
ridates 
V. 


48 


26 


7 


4 


25 


19 


155 




599 


2 


49 


27 


8 


5 


26 


20 


154 


3 


600 


3 


50 


28 


9 


6 


27 


21 


153 


4 


601 


4 


51 


29 


10 


7 


28 — ■- 


22 


152 


157.1 


602 


5 


52 


30 


11 


8 


29 


23 


151 


2 


603 


6 


53 


31 


12 


9 


30 — 


24 


150 


3 


604 


7 ■ 

1 


54 


32 


1 Alex- 
ander 
Bala. 


10 


31 


25 



159 TO 150 B.C. 



115 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



159 



158 



157 



156 



155 



154 



153 



152 



151 



150 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Cn. Cornelius 
Dolabella. 

M. Fulvius 
Nobilior. 



M. ^milius 

Lepidus. 
C. Popillius 
I LsGuas. 

I Sex. Julius Cae- 
sar. 

L. Aurelius 
Orestes. 

iL.Corn.Lentu- 

j lus Lupus. 

!C. Marcius Fi- 

I gulus II. 

P. Com. Scipio 
Nasica II. 

M. Claudius 
Marcellus II. 



Scipio Nasica, censor; he introduces the clepsydra, or 
water-clock, at Rome. Census, 338,314 citizens. 
Eumenes, reconciled to Rome, at his death leaves 
the kingdom of Pergamus, powerful and flourishing, 
to his brother Attalus. Death of Terence, a^t. 35. 
The autumnal equinox observed by Hipparchus, 
Sept. 27th, this year and the next. 

The Roman citizens are almost entirely relieved from 
direct taxation, by the permanent revenue derived 
from Macedon and their other conquests. Deme- 
trius Soter expels Ariarathes Y. from Cappadocia, 
and raises the pretender, Holophemes, to the throne. 

Ariarathes, at Rome, obtains the support of the senate, 
and regains his kingdom. 



1 Jonathan 
II. 



Qu. Opimius. 

L. Postumius 

Albinus. 



Qu. Fulvius 

Nobilior. 
T. Annius Lus- 

cus. 

M. Claudius 
Marcellus III 

L. Valerius 
Flaccus. 



L.LiciniusLu- 

cullus. 
A. Postumius 

Albinus. 



T. Quinctius 
Flamininus, 

M. Acilius 
Balbus. . 



Roman war in Dalmatia. Attalus supported by the 
Romans in his war with Prusias. Aristarchus, the 
critic, educates the son of Ptolemy Philometor. 

The consul Scipio terminates successfully the Dalma- 
tian war. The philosophers, Cameades, Diogenes, 
and Critolaus, are sent as ambassadors from Athens 
to Rome, and obtain remission of a fine, th|it had been 
imposed. They also restore the study of philoso- 
phy. Another embassy, at the same time, from the 
Achgeans, fails to obtain permission for the surviving 
exiles to return to their country. 

The Romans for the first time caiTy their arms beyond the 
Alps, to assist the Massilians in their struggle with 
some Gallic tribes. War between the two Ptolemy s : 
Physcon is taken prisonerby his brother, released, and 
his dominions restored to him. Callistratus and the 
poet, Moschus, fl. Pacuvius, the nephew of Ennius, 
distinguished for his paintings and tragedies. 

The time of inaugurating the consuls is altered to 
the 1st of January, on account of the war in Spain 
Fulvius conducts this unsuccessfully. Cato, set. 81 
pleads, himself, in a suit which he had instituted 
Rebellion of Alexander Bala in Syria. 

Marcellus repairs the misfortunes of Fulvius, and 
winters at Cordova. Alexander Bala establishes 
himself at Ptolemais, is recognised by Rome, and 
supported by Jonathan, the brother of Judas Mac- 
cabseus. The Carthaginians, resisting the encroach- 
ments of Masinissa, are totally defeated by him. 

LucuUus, by his cruelty, exasperates the Ceitiberians 
The praetor Galba is defeated by the Lusitanians. 
The Spanish war unpopular at Rome. P. Com. 
Scipio offers to undertake it. Another application 
in favour of the Achaean exiles, is supported by him, 
and the survivors (about 300) allowed to return 
Polybius, among them, revisits his country. The 
consul Albinus writes history in Greek. 

Galba is publicly impeached by Cato, for his slaugh- 
ter of the Lusitanians, but acquitted. Viriathu.s, 
who escaped the massacre, becomes a deadly foe of 
the Romans. Demetrius Soter defeated and slain 
by Alexander Bala, who becomes king of Syria ; 



116 



FROM THE TEAR 



B.C. 



149 



Olym, 



157.4 



148 



158. 1 606 



147 2 



146 



607 



145 



144 159.1 



610 



PONTUS, 



8 Mith- 
rid ate s 
V. 



10 3 



NUMI- 
DIA. 



IMi- 
cipsa. 



33 Pto- 
lemy 
Philo- 
metor. 



13' 



Egypt. 



34 



1 Pto- 
lemy 
Pkys- 
con. 



Syria. 



Perga- 

MUS. 



BiTHYNTA, 



2 Alex- 
ander 



11 Atta- 
ins II. 



1 Deme- 
trius 
Nica- 
tor. 



2 2 15 



13 • 



1 Nico- 
medes II. 



26 Mithrida. 
tes I., or 
Arsaces 
VI. 



Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 



28 



29 



30 



31 



149 TO 144 B.C. 



117 



Eepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



149 



148 



147 



146 



145 



144 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



4 Jonathan 
II. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



L. Marcius 

Censorinns. 
M. Manilius. 



Sp. Postumius 

Albinus 

Magnus. 
L. Calpurnius 

Piso Caeso- 

ninus. 

P. Corn. Scipio 
Africanus 
^milianus. 

C. Livius Dm- 
sus. 

Cn. Com. Len- 
tulas. 

L. Mummius. 



Qu. Fabius 
Max. -^mi- 
lianus. 

L. Hostilius 
Mancinus. 



Ser. Sulpicius 

Galba. 
L. Aurelius 

Gotta. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Ptol. Philometor gives him his daughter in mar- 
riage. The conflicting claims of the temples of 
Jerusalem and Mount Gerizim are referred to Phi- 
lometor ; his decision in favour of the former, makes 
the Jewish religion more familiarly known in Egypt. 
Cato, aet. 84, concludes his *' Origines." 

The Romans begin the third Punic war, by sending a 
large fleet and army to Africa. At first the Cartha- 
ginians submit to the hard conditions imposed on 
them, but at last are driven to a desperate resist 
ance ; the siege of their city is commenced. Death 
of Masinissa, set. 90. Nicomedes II. acquires the 
kingdom of Bithynia by murdering his father. 
The Achseans endeavour to renew their league, and 
appoint Dipeus, one of the returned exiles, their 
praetor. The consul Manilius calls Polybius back 
to Rome. Andriscus, called Pseudo-philippus, pre- 
tends to be a son of Perseus, and lays claim to Ma- 
cedon. Death of Cato, set. 85. The first Roman 
law against bribery at elections ; its author, L. 
Calpurnius Piso, also writes annals, &c. 

Calpurnius Piso continues the siege of Carthage, but 
without vigour. Andriscus, after having defeated 
and slain the praetor, P. Juventius, is overcome, 
made prisoner, and put to death by Metellus. The 
quarrels of the Lacedaemonians and Achaeans afford 
a pretext for Roman interference. Heraclides Lem- 
bus, hist. fl. Birth of the poet Lucilius. 

Scipio takes the command in Africa, and closely invests 
Carthage by sea and land. The Achaeans retire to 
C orinth before Metellus, who wishes to treat Greece 
mildly. The autumnal equinox observed by Hip- 
parchus, Sept. 26. Census of Rome, 322,000 citizens. 

Fall and destruction of Carthage. Mummius has the 
command in Greece; he defeats Diaeus and the 
Achaeans at Leucopetra, takes Corinth and destroys 
it. The treasures of Grecian art are conveyed to 
Rome. Alexander Bala is slain in battle near An- 
tioch, against Demetrius Nicator, who becomes king 
of Syria. Ptolemy Philometor, who had brought an 
army to support Demetrius, falls in the same battle, 
and his brother Physcon becomes king of all Egypt. 
Polybius is with Scipio at the taking of Carthage, 
and afterwards with Mummius at Corinth. The 
historian Fannius is also in the Roman ainny at 
Carthage. Cassius Hemina writes his history. 
Hipparchus observes the vernal equinox, March 
23rd, and the autumnal, Sept. 27th. 

Viriathus, originally a shepherd, becomes general of 
the Lusitanians, and conquers all the west of Spain. 
The praetor, Vetilius, is taken prisoner by him, and 
Plautius defeated. The Consul, Fabius, proceeds 
against him with a large army. ApoUodorus, chro- 
nolog. fl. 

The senate, not able to decide which of the consuls 
should go into Spain, send Scipio -^milianus to con- 
duct the war. Antipater of Tarsus, the Stoic, suc- 
ceeds Diogenes, and writes against Carneades. 



118 



TBOM THE TEAE 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


PONTUS. 


, NUMI- 
DIA. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


Perga- 

MUS. 


BiTHYNIA. 


Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia, 


143 


159.2 


611 


14 Mith- 
ridates 
V. 


7Mi- 

cipsa. 


4 Pto- 
lemy 
Phy. 
scon. 


4 Deme- 
trius 
Nica- 
tor. 


17 Atta- 
lus II. 


7 Nicome- 
des II. 


32 Mithrida- 
tes I., or 
Arsaces 
VI. 


142 


3 


612 


15 


8 


5 


5 


18 


8 


33 


141 


4 


613 


16 


9 


6 


6 


19 


9 


34 


140 


160.1 


614 


17 


10 


7 , 


7 


20 


10 


35 


139 


2 


615 


18 


11 


8 


8 


21 


11 


1 Phraates 
II., or Ar- 
saces VII. 


138 


3 


616 


19 


12 


9 


9 


1 Atta- 
ins III. 


12 


2 


137 


4 


617 


20 


13 


10 


1 Anti- 

ochus 

Sidetes. 


2 


13 


3 — 


136 


161.1 


618 


21 


14 


11 


2 


3 


14 


4 


135 


2 


619 


22 


15 


12 


3 


4 


15 


5 






143 TO 135 B.C. 



119 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



143 



142 



141 



140 



138 



137 



136 



135 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



1 Simon III. 



1 John Hyr- 
canus. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



Ap. Claudius 
Pulcher. 

Q. Caecilius 
Metellus Ma- 
cedonicus. 



L. Csecilius 

Metellus 

Calvus. 
Qu. Fabius 

Max. Servi- 

lianus. 

Cn. Servilius 

Csepio. 
Qu. Pompeius 

Rufus. 



C. Lselius Sa- 
piens. 

Qu. Servilius 
Ceepio. 



Cn.Calpumius 

Piso. 
M. Popillius 

Lsenas. 



P. Com. Scipio 
Nasica. 

D. Junius Bru- 
tus. 



M. -^railius 
LepidusPor- 
cina. 

C. Hostilius 
Mancinus. 

P. Furius Pbi- 

lus. 
Sex. Atilius 

Serranus. 

Ser. Fulvius 

Flaccus. 
Qn.Calpurnius 

Piso. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Salassi, a wild Alpine tribe, in what is now the 
valley of Aosta, are with great difficulty overcome 
by Ap. Claudius. His colleague, Metellus, is occu- 
pied in Spain. Another Pseudo-Philip in Macedon, 
is crushed by the Qusestor, Tremellius. Scipio Afric. 
ambassador to Egypt, is received with great honour 
by Ptol. Physcon. He is accompanied by Pansetius, 
the Stoic. Diodotus Trypho claims Syria for Anti- 
ochus, son of Alexander Bala. Jonathan Macca- 
baeus is betrayed by him and put to death Autum 
nal equinox observed by Hipparchus, Sept. 26th. 

Metellus acts against theCeltiberii,and Fabius against 
Viriathus, but both ineffectually. The former, at the 
close of the campaign, weakens his army by dismiss- 
ing many to their homes, when he finds that he is to 
be succeeded by his personal' enemy, Qu. Pompeius. 
The historian, Fannius, son-in-law of Lselius, serves 
in Spain. Census of Rome, 328,442 citizens. 

Fabius, pro-consul, makes peace with Viriathus, whose 
independence he recognizes. Pompeius, unsuccess- 
ful against the Numantines, enters into a treaty 
with them. Silanus, accused by the Macedonians 
of corrupt practices, is condemned by his father, 
Torquatus, and puts an end to his own life. 

The treaties, made in Spain, are disavowed by the 
senate. The Consul Csepio employs assassins to 
murder Viriathus, and refuses to give them the 
promised reward. The wars in Spain are continued. 
Pacuvius and Attius produce tragedies. Demetrius 
Nicator, and Eucratides of Bactria, invade the Par- 
thian dominionr;. 

Pompeius, pro-c^'iis"!, jxorain treats with the Numan- 
tines ; Popill i us dissents, a iid prosecutes the war. 
The Chaldsean astioiogei-s are driven out of Rome 
and Italy. Diodotus Trypho murders the young 
Antiochus, and is himself defeated and slain by 
Antiochus Sidetes. 

Brutus conciliates the Lusitanians, and removes a 
large colony of them to eastern Spain. Popillius 
tries another treaty with the Numantines, which is 
again repudiated by the senate ; after this, he is 
routed and put to flight. The Parthians conquer a 
large part of Bactria, and take Demetrius JNicator 
prisoner. 

Brutus remains, as proconsul, in Lusitania, and extends 
the dominion of Rome to the Atlantic. Mancinus is 
reduced to make an ignominious peace with the Nu- 
mantines, which is annulled by the senate. During 
the captivity of Demetrius, Antiochus Sidetes rules 
Syria. 

Brutus conquers the Gallicians. Lepidus is defeated 
by the Numantines, who nobly set Mancinus free, 
when he is given up to them, in atonement for the 
broken treaty. Roman census, 323,000 citizens. 

Fulvius conquers the Vardsei, in Dalmatia. Piso, sent 
against the Numantines, remains inactive in the 
country of the Pallantines. On the murder of Simon, 
John Hyrcanus, his son, succeeds as high priest and 



120 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


PONTUS. 


NUMI- 
DIA. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


Perga- 

MUS. 


BiTHYNIA. 


Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 


134 


161.3 


620 


23 Mith- 
ridates 
V. 


16 Mi- 
cipsa. 


13Pto. 
lemy 
Phy- 
scon. 


4 Anti- 

ochus 

Sidetes. 


5 Atta- 
lus III. 


16 Nico- 
medes II, 


6 Phraates 
II., or Ar- 
saces VII. 


133 


4 


621 


24 


17 


14 


5 


A Ro- 
man 
Pro- 
vince. 


17 


7 


132 


162.1 


622 


25 


18 


15 


6 




18 


8 


131 


2 


623 


26 


19 


16 


7 




19 


9 V 


130 


3 


624 


27 


20 


17 


8 




20 


10 


129 


4 


625 


28 


21 


18 


9 




21 


11 


128 


163.1 


626 


29 


22 


19 


1 Deme- 
trius 
ISIicator 
restor- 
ed. 




22 


1 Artabamis 
II.. or Ar- 
sacesVIII. 


127 


2 


627 


30 


23 


20 


2 ■ 




23 


2 


126 


3 


628 


31 


24 


21 


3 




24 


3 


125 


4 


629 


32 


25 


22 


1 Anti- 

ochus 

Grypus. 




25 


1 Mithrida- 
tes II., or 
Arsaces 
IX. 























134 TO 125 B.C. 



121 



Eepe- 
titinn 
Datfs. 



134 



133 



High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 



2 John 
canus. 



Hyi'- 



132 
131 



130 



129 



128 



127 



126 



10 



125 11 



Consuls of 

KOME. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



P. Com. Scipio 
Afric. uEmi- 
lianus II. 

C. Fulvius 
Flaccus. 

, Mucins Scae- 
Tola. 
L. Calpumius 
Piso Frugi. 



P. Popillius 

Lsenas. 
P. Rupilius. 
P. Licinius 

Crassus Mil- 

cianiis. 
L. Valerius 

Flaccus. 



C. Claudius 

Pulclier. 
M. Perpenna. 

G. Sempronius 
Tuditanus. 

M. Aquillius 
Nepos. 



Cn. Octavius 

Nepos. 
T. Annius Ru- 

fus. 



L.CassiusLon- 

ginus. 
L. Cornelius 

Cinna. 
M. ^milius 

Lepidus. 
L. Aurelius 0- 

Testes. 
M. Plautius 

Hypsfeus, 
M. Fulvius 

Flaccus. 



ruler of the Jews. Venial equinox obs. by Hippar- 
chus, 23d March. 

The consular law is suspended, in order that Scipio 
may be elected and undertake the Numantine war; 
he proceeds to Spain ; in his army are Marius, set. 23. 
Jugurtha, nephew of the Numidian king, Micipsa, 
and the historian Sempronius Asellio. Revolt of 
the slaves in Sicily, which Fulvius is sent to put down. 

Scipio reduces Numantia by famine, and terminates 
the war. Attalus III. dies and bequeaths his king- 
dom and all his wealth to the Roman people ; dis- 
sensions of the nobles and commonalty, in which the 
tribune, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, while advo- 
cating the rights of the latter, is slain, not yet thirty 
years old; Antiochus Sidetes endeavours to conciliate 
the Romans, by sending valuable gifts to Scipio ; he 
is repulsed in an attack on Juda?a, after which he 

I accords to the Jews peace and immunities, which 
they enjoy many years. 

The servile war in Sicily ended by the consul Ru- 
pilius. 

Aristonicus claims the kingdom of Pergamus : the 
consul Crassus is sent against him. Two plebeian 
censors for the first time ; one of them, Metellus, 
urges a law, to compel every Roman citizen to marry; 
he is threatened with death by the tribune, Atinius 
Labro, whom he had omitted, when selecting the 
senate; the other tribunes save him. Census of 
Rome, 317.823 citizens. 
Crassus is defeated by Aristonicus, and falls in the 
battle. The vices and cruelties of Ptolemy Physcon 
cause a rebellion in Egypt ; he is driven from Alex- 
andria, and takes refuge in Cyprus. 
Aristonicus is overcome by Perpenna, and put to death. 
Mithridates of Pontus receives Phrygia, in return 
for the services rendered by him to the Romans in 
this war. Antiochus Sidetes invades Parthia. John 
Hyrcanus enters into a league with the Romans and 
conquers Samaria. Death of Scipio Africanus, set. 56. 
Carneades of Cyrene, ob. set. 85; Clitomachus suc- 
ceeds him in the New Academy. 
The Parthian expedition of Antiochus Sidetes fails, 
and he is killed. Demetrius Nicator is restored to 
his throne. Phraates falls in a battle against the 
eastern uomade tribes. Continued obs. of Hippar- 
chus ; the vernal equ. March 22nd, and the sun at 
Rhodes, August 4th. 
The Bactrian kingdom, already reduced by the Par- 
thians, now finally succumbs to the wild Tartar tribes. 
Obs. of Hipparchus at Rhodes on the sun and moon, 
May 2d and July 7th. 
The consul Aurelius is sent to suppress an insun-ection 
in Sardinia; Caius Gracchus goes with him as 
quaestor, his first official appointment. 



The consul Fulvius succours the Massilians, by de- 
feating the Transalpine Ligurians and tho Sabyans 
Aurelius remains as proconsul in Sardinia, and C 



122 



PEOM THE TEAB 



B.C. 


Olym. 


AUG 


PONTUS. 


NUMI- 
DIA. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


BlTHY- 
NIA. 


Absacid^ 

OP 

Parthia. 


High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 








Mithri- 
dates 
V. 


Micipsa. 


Ptolemy 
Phy- 
scon, 


Antio- 
chus 
Grypus 


Nicome- 
des II. 


Mithri- 
dates II., 
or Arsa- 
ces IX. 


John Hyr- 
canus. 


124 


164.1 


630 


33 


26 


23 


2 


26 


2 


12 


123 


2 


631 


34 


27 


24 


3 ^ 


27 


3 


13 


122 


3 


632 


35 


28 


25 


4 


28 


4 


14 


121 


4 


633 


36 


29 


26 


5 


29 


5 


15 


120 
119 


165,1 
2 


634 
635 


1 Mith- 
ridates 
VI. 

2 


30 

31 


27 

28 


6 


30 

31 


6 

7 


16 

17 


118 
117 
116 


3 

4 
166.1 


636 

637 
638 


3 

4 

5 


1 Jn- 
gurtha 
and Ad- 
herbal. 

2 

3 


29 

1 Pto- 
lemy 
Soter 
II. 


8 

9- 

10 


32 

33 

i 

34 ; 


8 

9 

10 


18 

19 

20 


115 


2 


639 


6 


4 


3 


11 


1 
35 


11 


21 



124 TO 115 B.C. 



123 



tition 
Dates. 



124 



123 



122 



121 



120 
119 

118 

117 

116 

115 



Consuls of 

EOME. 



C.CassiusLon- 

ginus. 
C. Sextiiis Cal- 

vinus. 
Qu. Csecilius 

Metellus. 
T. Quinctius 

Flamininus.; 



Cu. Domitius 
Ahenobar- 
bus. 

C. Fannius 
Strabo, 

Qu. Fabius 

Maximus. 

L. Opimius. 



P. Manlius. 
C. Papirius 

Carbo. 
L. Caecilius 

Metellus. 
L. Aurelius 

Cotta. 
M. Porcius 

Cato. 
C. Marclus 

Rex. 
L. Cseciliiis 

Metellus. 
Qn. Mucius 

Scaevola. 
C. Licinius 

Geta. 
Qu. Fabius 

Maximus. 
M. vEmilius 

Scauras. 
M. Caecilius 

Metellus. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Gracchus with him. The waters of Tepula are brought from the 
Lucullan lands to Rome by the consuls. Fregellae, having 
revolted, is taken and razed to the ground, by the praetor, Opimius. 
Census of Rome, 390,736 citizens. Demetrius Nicator falls in a 
struggle against Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy Physconsets 
up to claim the crown of Syria ; — that kingdom is for some time 
distracted by this pretender and by the opposition of Cleopatra, 
the widow of Demetrius, to the succession of his son, Antiochus 
Grypus. Artabanus, the eighth of the Arsacidse, is killed in a 
battle against the Tartars ; his successor puts an end to these 
bloody wars. Africa is laid waste by swarms of locusts. 
The consul Sextius takes the command in Gaul. C. Gracchus still 
in Sardinia, makes himself popular with the soldiers : his measures 
for promoting their comfort are thwarted by the senate. 

The Balearic Islands conquered by Metellus. C. Gracchus returns 
to Rome ; complains to the people of the obstacles by which he 
has been impeded, and is elected tribune of the people ; he begins 
his reforms. Zebina, the Syrian pretender, is slain. Caelius An- 
tipater, hist. fi. ; the future orator, L. Crassus, set. 17, studies 
under him. 

C. Sextius, proconsul, defeats the Allobroges and Salyes, and founds 
Aquae Sextiae (Aix), the first Roman colony in Gaul. C. Gracchus 
is elected tribune again ; he is active in canying into effect his 
new laws, and goes over to Carthage, with a body of citizens, to 
establish them as a colony on the lands allotted to them ; he 
returns in seventy days. 

Defeat of the Allobroges and Arvemi, on the Tsaras, near Vinda- 
lium ; Bituitus, king of the latter, is persuaded by his conquer- 
ors, Domitius and Fabius, to go to Rome and make terms with 
the senate ; he is detained for the rest of his life, at Alba,' on 
the lake Fucinus, where Syphax and Perseus had died. During 
the absence of C. Gracchus, a formidable opposition to him is or- 
ganized by Livius Drusus; in the civil strife which ensues, 
Gracchus and many hundreds of his friends lose their lives. An- 
tiochus Grypus puts his mother, Cleopatra, to death. 

Mithridates VI., sumamed Eupator, succeeds his father in Pontus, 
when only eleven years old ; he becomes aften7ards so distin- 
guished as " the Great." 

C. Marius, tribune of the people. L. Crassus begins his career as 
an orator, by accusing Papirius Carbo, the consul of the preceding 
year, who poisons himself. 

The dominion of Rome extended beyond the Rhone, and the colony 
of Narbo Martins (Narbonne) founded. Death of Micipsa, who 
leaves Numidia to his two sons and his nephew Jugurtha ; the latter 
kills Hiempsal and expels Adherbal, who takes refuge at Rome. 

Adherbal is restored in Numidia by Roman ambassadors. Death 
of Ptolemy Physcon and accession of his son, Ptolemy Soter II. ; 
his reign is troubled by his mother Cleopatra, and his brother 
Alexander, who often share the kingdom with him. 

In the disordered state of Egypt, Ptolemy Apion, an illegitimate 
son of Physcon, acquires the kingdom of Cyrene. The Jews, 
having no external enemies, divide among themselves into sects. 
Birth of Varro. 

The censors L. Metellus and Cn. Domitius strike oat thirty-two 
names from the list of senators, and interdict many popular amuse- 
ments; Census of Rome, 394,336 citizens. 



124 



FROM THE TEAE 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


PONTUS. 


NUMI- 
DIA. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


BlTHY- 
NIA. 


ARSACIDiE 
OF 

Parthia. 


High 
Priests of 
THE Jews. 


114. 


166.3 


640 


7Mi- 
thri- 
dates 
VI. 


5Jii- 
gurtha 
and Ad- 
herbal. 


4 Ptole- 
my So- 
ter 11. 


12 Anti- 
oclius 
Grypus. 


36 Nico- 
medesll. 


12Mithri- 
dates II., 
or Arsa- 
ces IX. 


22JohnHyr- 
canus. 


113 


4 


641 


8 


6 


5 


13 


37 


13 


23 


112 


167.1 


642 


9 


7 Ju- 

gurtha 

alone. 


6 


14 with 
Cyzice- 
nus. 


38 


14 


24 


111 


2 


643 


10 


8 


7 


15 


39 


15 


25 


110 


3 


644 


11 


9 


8 


16 


40 


16 


26 


109 


4 


645 


12 


10 


9 


17 


41 


17 


27 


108 


168.1 


646 


13 


11 


10 


18 


42 


18 


28 


107 


2 


647 


14 


12 


1 Alex- 
ander. 


19 


43 


19 


Kings. 


1 Aristobu- 
lusl. 


106 


3 


648 


15 


Con- 
quered 

fey 

Rome. 


2 


20 


44 


20 


2 


105 


4 


649 


16 




3 


21 


45 


21 


1 Alexan- 
der Jan- 
naeus. 



114 TO 105 B.C. 



125 



113 



112 



111 



110 



109 



107 



106 



105 



coxsuls of 
Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



M. Acilius 

Balbus. 
C. Porcius 

Cato. 

C.CpeciliusMe- 
tellus Capra- 
rius. 

Cn. Papirius 
Carbo. 



M.LiviusDru 

sus. 
L. Calpumius 

Piso. 
P. CoiTL Scipio 

Nasica. 
L. Calpumius 

Bestia. 



M. Minucius 

Rufus. 
Sp. Postumius 

Albinus. 
Qu. Csecilius 

Metellus. 
M. Junius Si- 

lanus. 

Ser. Sulpicius 

Galba. 
M. Aurelius 

Scaurus. 



L. Cassius 

Longinus. 
C. Marius. 



C. Atilius Ser- 

ranus. 
Qu. Servilius 

Caepio. 



P. Rutilius 

Rufus. 
C, Manilius. 



The advancing Goths impel the Celtic tribes on the uewly-acqaired 
Roman provinces. The Scordisci, from the banks of the Danube, 
penetrate into Thrace, and totally defeat the consul Cato. Anti- 
ochus Cyzicenus, youngest son of Ant. Sidetes, claims Syria. Birth 
of Hortensius. Oration of Crassus.in defence of Licinia, the vestal. 

Encouraged by the success of the Scordisci, many Celtic tribes unite 
in a general league, or Cumrhi, which the Romans mistake for 
the name of a people, and call them Cimbri ; a similar confede- 
racy of Gothic tribes (Deuten. Lat. Teutones) acts in concert 
with them ; they advance into Illyrium, and totally defeat the 
consul, Papirius Carbo. Agatharcides of Cnidus dedicates his 
history to Ptolemy Soter. Ant. Grypus is driven by Cyzicenus 
out of Syria to Aspendus. 

Drusus repulses the Celtse in Thrace. Jugurtha kills Adherbal ; 
the Roman Senate decree war against him. 



The consul Calpumius proceeds with an army into Numidia; he is 
bribed by Jugurtha to make peace and withdraw his forces. 
Crassus in Greece, as quasstor, hears the philosophers there, Philo, 
the successor of Clitomachus, in the New Academy, and Diodorus, 
who had followed Critolaas, as leader of the Peripatetics. Syria 
divided between Grypus and Cyzicenus. 

Jugurtha at Rome ; after the murder of Massiva, escapes back to 
Africa ; the war against him feebly conducted. Valerius Antias 
and Quadrigarius, hist. fl. 

The treaties of Aulus and Albinus with Jugurtha are not ratified ; 
Metellus prosecutes the Numidian war with varied success. The 
Cimbri request an allotment of lands, where they may settle ; this 
being refused, they defeat the consul Silanus and ravage the country; 
they are checked by Minucius Rufus in Thrace. Birth of Atticus. 

Metellus continues, as proconsul, the war in Africa. The Cimbri 
are again victorious, in a battle against the consul Scaurus. Mi- 
thridates of Pontus secretly prepares to regain by force the 
province of Phrygia, which the Romans gave to his father, but 
have taken from him during his minority ; he acquires Paphla- 
gonia and the Taurican Chersouesus. 

The first consulate of Marias, v/ho carries on the w^ar against Ju- 
gurtha more vigorously ; Sylla is his quaestor. A triumph is 
granted to Metellus. The army of the consul Cassius is cut to 
pieces and himself slain by the Tigurini, a Celtic tribe, whence 
the name of Zurich is derived. L. Crassus is tribune of the 
people. Licinius, poet, fl. Cleopatra gains such an ascendancy 
in Egypt, that she sends her eldest son, Ptolemy Soter, to Cyprus, 
and brings thence her youngest, Alexander, to reign under her. 
On the death of John Hyrcanus, his son, Aristobulus, takes the 
title of king of the Jews. Dionysius of Thrace, crit. fl. 

Jugurtha is betrayed by Bocchus, king of Mauritania, into the 
hands of the Romans, and the war ended. Part of Numidia is 
added to the Roman province, part given to Bocchus, and the 
rest left nominally independent to the descendants of Masinissa. 
Crassus supports the judicial refonu, proposed by the consul, Ser- 
vilius (Lex -S'^rviZMr). Birth of Cicero at Arpinum, Jan. 3d, and 
of Pompey, Sep. 30th. 

The Cimbri and Teutones, forcing their way into Roman Gaul, 
defeat the consul Manilius and proconsul Caepio, near the Rhone, 
with immense slaughter. Death of Aristobulus the Cruel, and 
accession of his brother, Alexander Januseus. 



126 



FEOM THE TEAE 



B.C. 


Olym. 


AU.C. 


PONTUS. 


JUD^A.. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


Bithy- 

NIA. 


Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 


Consuls of 
Rome. 


104 


169.1 


650 


17 Mith- 


2 Alex- 


4 Alex- 


22 Anti- 


46 Nico- 


22 Mithri- 


C. Marius 11. 








ridates 


ander 


ander. 


ochus 


medes 


dates ri., 


C. Flavius 








VI. 


Jan- 
nseus. 




Gry- 
piis, 


II. 


or Arsa- 
ces IX. 


Fimbria. 


103 


2 


651 


18 


3 


5 


with 

Cyzice- 

nus. 


47 


23 


C. Marius HI. 

L, Aurelius 

Orestes. 


102 


3 


652 


19 = 


4 


6 


24 


48 


24 


C. Marius lY. 

L. Lutatius 

Catulus. 


101 


4 


653 


20 


5 


7 


25 


49 


25 


C. Marius V. 
M. Aquilius. 


100 


170.1 


654 


21 


6 


8 


26 


50 


26 


C. Marius VI. 

L. Valerius i 

Flaccus. 


99 


2 


655 


22 


7 


9 


27 


51 


27 


M. Antonius. 

A. PostumiuSj 

Albinus. j 


98 


3 


656 


23 


8 


10 


28 


52 


28 


Qu. Csecilius ' 
Metellus Ne-| 
pos. 

T. Didius. 


97 


4 


657 


24 


9 — - 


11 


29 


53 


29 


Cn. Cornelius 
Lentulus. 

P. Licinius 
Crassus. 


96 


171.1 


658 


25 


10 


12 


30 


54 


30 


Cn.Domitius 
Ahenobar- ,. 
bus. i 

L. Cassius 1 
Longinus. 1 


95 


2 


659 


26 


11 


13 


ISe- 
leucus. 


55 


31 


L. Licinius 
Crassus. 

Qu. Mucius 
Scsevola. 


94 


3 


660 


27 


12 


14 


1 Anti- 
ochus 
Euse- 
bes. 


56 


32 


C. C melius 
Caldus. 
L. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus 


93 


4 


661 


28 


13 


15 


2 


57 


33 


C. Valerius 

Flaccus. 
M.Herennius 


92 


172.1 


662 


29 


14 


16 


3 


58 


34 — ^ 


C. Claudius | 

Pulcber. 
M. Ferpenna. 


91 


2 


663 


30 


15 


17 


4 


1 Nico- 

medes 

III. 


35 


L. Marcius 
Philippus. 

Sex. Julius 
Caesar. 























104 TO 91 B.C. 



127 



Events and Eminent Men. 



103 



102 
101 



100 



96 



94 



92 



91 



Triumph of Marius ; Jngiirtha led in the procession, remains a prisoner till his 
death ; terrified by their disasters and the loss of all their armies, except the Nu- 
midian, the Romans suspend the consular law and elect Marius, that he may 
command in Gaul : Sylla is his legate. The Cimbri and Teutones invade Spain. 

Marius, elected consul for the third time in his absence, with Sylla for military tri- 
bune, employs the year in active preparations ; remodels the army and introduces 
a new system of tactics. The Cimbri are driven out of Spain by the natives. Ar- 
temidorus, the Ephesian geog. fl. The " Tereus" of Attius, Death of Turpilius, 
com. poet, and of Lucilius, eet. 46. 

Marius, a fourth time consul, encounters the Teutones, on their retreat from Spain, 
at Aquae Sextiae (Aix), and totally defeats them. A second revolt of the slaves in 
Sicily. The poet Archias, a native of Antioch, comes to Rome, a young man. 

The Cimbri defeat the proconsul, Lutatius Catulus, and force a passage into Italy. 
Marius, again re-elected, meets them on the plain of Vercellae, and completely 
crushes them, July 30 ; by these events, both the Gothic and Celtic leagues are 
dissolved, and the Teutones and Cimbri, being no more heard of, are supposed 
to be annihilated. The slaves in Sicily resist the consul Aquilius. 

The services of Marius are rewarded by a sixth consulship and splendid triumph. 
Rome is disturbed by the factious violence of Apuleius Saturninus and Servilius 
Glaucia. Metellus Numidicus is outlawed and retires to Rhodes. Birth of Julius 
Caesar. The Sicilian slaves, though often defeated, are still unconquered. ^lius 
Lanuvinus and Servius Claudius are eminent teachers at Rome; among the 
scholars of the former are Varro and Cicero. 

Metellus is honourably recalled to Rome. Tranquillity is finally restored in Sicily 
by M. Aquilius, proconsul. 

Lusitania is tranquillized by Dolabella, proconsul. Aquilius, accused of malver- 
sations in Sicily, is eloquently defended by the orator, Antonius. 

The consul, Didius, in Spain, to control the Celtiberi ; Sertorius is one of his officers. 
A decree of the senate forbids human sacrifices. The cnielties of Alex. Jannaeus 
irritate the Jews. Siege and capture of Gaza. 

Cyrene is bequeathed to the Romans by Ptol. Apion. Antiochus Grypus is slain 
in a contest with his brother. Tigranes reigns in Armenia. 



Cyzicenus, defeated by Seleucus, son of Grypus, kills himself. Syria is distracted 
by rival claimants. Meleager collects the Anthologia. First oration of Hor- 
tensius in the Forum, aet. 19. Birth of Lucretius. Massacre of 1000 Pharisees 
by Alexander Jannaeus. 

Antiochus Eusebes, son of Cyzicenus, obtains the greater part of Syria. Seleucus 
is drowned in the Orontes , but his brothers continue a vain struggle for their 
inheritance. Mithridates makes his son king of Cappadocia. 

The p|eople of Cappadocia appeal to the Romans, who give them Ariobarzanes for 
their king. Mithridates seizes Galatia. 

Sylla is sent into Cappadocia to observe the proceedings of Mithridates; he receives 
there ambassadors from Parthia. Banishment of the upright P. Rutilius, who 
writes at Smyrna Memoirs of his Life. The censors, of whom Crassus is one, 
issue an edict against rhetoricians, which drives Aurelius Opilius from Rome ; he 
retires to Smyrna, and composes many works there. 

M Livius Drusus, tribune of the people, advocates, in concurrence with the consul 
Philippus, the admission of the allies of Rome to the right of citizens; he is 
assassinated. Death of Crassus, aet. 49 ; his last oration was delivered seven 
days before he died. Nicomedes II., who had fifty-eight years before obtained j 



128 



FBOM THE TEAU 



B.C. 



90 



Olym. 



172.3 



PONTUS. 



173.1 



87 



666 



667 



31 Mi- 
thri- 
dates 
VI. 



32 ■ 



34 ■ 



Arme- 
nia. 



Egypt. 



7Tigra- 
nes. 



18 Alex- 
ander. 



85 



84 



670 



35 . 



36 ■ 



37 • 



1 Ptole- 
my So- 
ter re- 
stored, 



Syria. 



5 Anti- 
ochus 
Euse- 
bes. 



Bithy- 

NIA. 



2 Nico- 

medes 

III. 



16 Alexan- 
der Jan- 
nseus. 



1 Philip. 



JUDJEA, 



1 Mnasciras, 
or Arsaces 
X. 



20 ■ 



Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 



90 TO 8 i B.C. 



129 



Eepe- 
tUion 
Dates. 



90 



87 



85 



84 



L. Julius Cae- 
sar. 

P. Rutilius 
Lupus. 



Consuls of 
Rome, 



Cn. Pompeius 

Strabo. 
L. Porcius 

Cato. 



L. Cornelius 

Sylla. 
Qu. Pompeius 

Rufus. 



Cn. Octavius. 
L. Cornelius 
Cinna. 



L. Cornelius 
Cinna II. 
C. Marius 

VII. 
L. Valerius 

Flaccus. 

L, Cornelius 

Cinna III. 
Cn. Papirius 

Carbo. 
Cn. Papirius 

Carbo II. 
L. Cornelius 

Cinna III. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



the sceptre of Bithynia by parricide, is in his turn killed by his 
youngest son, Socrates ; his eldest son succeeds him. L. Pomponius, 
Bononiensis, dram, and Metrodorus of Scepsis, phil. fl. 
Many Italian States, being denied the franchise, prepare to revolt. 
The proconsuls Csepio and Fonteius are killed by the Picentines 
at Asculum. The Marsian or Social war commences. The consul 
Csesar is unfortunate against the Saranites, and Rutilius defeated 
and killed by the Marsi. Marius retrieves these disasters ; he 
holds a conference with Pompgedius Silo, the leader of the revolt, 
and resigns his command. The Romans grant citizenship to the 
States, which remain faithful. Nicomedes, dispossessed of Bi- 
thynia by Mithridates, and Ariobarzanes driven from Cappadocia 
by Tigranes, apply to Rome for redress, which a decree of the 
Senate promises to obtain for them. M. ^m. Scaunis (cons. 
B.C. 115, and now set. 72) repels the charge brought against him of 
having promoted the disaffection of the allies. Scymnus of Chios 
dedicates his poems to Nicomedes of Bithynia. 
The consul Pompeius (father of Pompey the Grreat) gains decided 
victories over the Picentines; his colleague, Cato, defeats the 
Marsi, but is killed in the battle ; Sylla takes the command, and 
is so successful, that he is elected consul for the ensuing year. 
Cicero is a cadet in the army of Pompeius. Cleopatra is put to 
death by her son Alexander, who is expelled from Egypt, and 
Ptolemy Soter restored. 
Conclusion of the Social war. Most of the refractory States ad- 
mitted to be citizens of Rome. Quarrel of Marius and Sylla, 
for the command of the army against Mithridates ; the latter 
takes forcible possession of Rome, and the former escapes to Car- 
thage. Mithridates occupies Phrygia, and calls upon all Asia 
Minor to join him, where a general massacre of Romans takes 
place. Philo and Apollonius Molo avoid the troubles of the East 
by coming to Rome. Plotius Gallus teaches Latin rhetoric. 
A large part of Greece declares in favour of Mithridates, whose 
general, Archelaus, forms a strong army there ; Sylla and the 
quaestor, Lucullus, advance to oppose him and besiege Athens. 
The consul Cinna, deposed by the senate, calls Marius from 
Africa, raises an aiTuy of Italians, and reinstates himself in office ; 
civil strife and bloodshed ensue ; the other consul, Octavius, the 
orator, Antonius, and many eminent friends of Sylla, are among 
the victims. Antiochus, phil. acad. and Sisenna, hist. fl. Birth 
of Catullus. A long war begins between Mnasciras and Sina- 
troces for the throne of Parthia. 
Death of Marins, in the beginning of his seventh consulate, Jan- 
uary 13th, set. 78; L. Val. Flaccus, appointed in his room, is as- 
sassinated on his march to the East, by C. Fimbria, who assumes 
the command of his army. Sylla takes Athens and defeats Ar- 
chelaus. Lucullus collects a fleet. Posidonius is ambassador 
from Rhodes to Rome. Birth of Sallust. Alex. Jannseus uses 
great cruelty in quelling a sedition of the Jews. 
Fimbria arrives in Asia and defeats Mithridates. Envoys from 
the Senate endeavour to negotiate a reconciliation between Sylla 
and his opponents. Birth of M, Brutus. Philippus, a son of 
Grypus, prevails in Syria. 
Sylla passes from Greece into Asia. Mithridates, placed between 
two victorious Roman armies, agrees to a peace and gives up all 
his acquisitions. Fimbria, whom Sylla prepares to disarm, is 
deserted by his army and kills himself. Cinna is assassinated 
by the forces which he collects to oppose Sylla on his return. 
Carbo remains sole consul. The library of Apellicon is brought 
from Athens by Sylla. 

R 



130 



FEOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


AU.C. 


PONTUS. 


Arme- 
nia. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


BiTHYNIA. 


JUD^A. 


ARSAClDiE 
OF 

Parthia, 


83 


174.2 


671 


38 Mith- 
ridates 
VI. 


14 Tigra- 
nes. 


7 Ptol. 
Soter 
restor- 
ed. 


ITl- 
granes. 


9 Nico- 
medes 
III. 


23 Alex- 
ander 
Jan- 
nseus. 


8Mnasciras, 
or Arsaces 
X. 


82 


3 


672 


39 


15 


8 


2 


10 


24 


9 


81 
80 


4 
175.1 


673 
674 


40 

41 


16 

17 


1 Cleo- 
patra 
and A- 
lexan- 
der II. 
1 Ptole- 
my Au- 
letes. 


3 

4 


11 

12 


25 

26 


10 

11 


79 


2 


675 


42 


18 


2 


5 


13 


1 Alex- 
andra. 


12 


78 


3 


676 


43 


19 


3 


6 


14 


2 


13 


77 


4 


677 


44 


20 


4 


7 


15 ^ 


3 


14 


76 


176.1 


678 


45 


21 


5 


8 


16 


4 — 


1 Sinatro- 
ces, or Ar- 
saces XI. 


75 


2 


679 


46 


22 


6 


9 


17 


5 


2 



83 TO 75 B.C. 



131 



Eepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



79 



78 



77 



76 



75 



L. Corn. Scipio 

Asiaticus. 
C. Norbanus, 



C. Marius 

O. Fil. 
Cn. Papirius 

Carbo III. 



M. Tulliiis De- 

cula. 
Cn. Cornelius 

Dolabella. 

L. Corn. Sylla 

Felix II. 
Qu. Caecilius 

Metellus Pi- 



P. Servilius 

Vatia. 
Ap. Claudius 

Pulcher. 
M, iErailius 

Lepidus. 
Qu. Lutatius 

Catulus. 



D. Junius 
Brutus. 

M. ^mil. Ma- 
mercus Lepi 
dus Livianus. 

Cn. Octavius. 
C. Scribonius 
Curio. 

L. Octavius. 

C. Aurelius 

Cotta. 



The plans of Carbo against Sylla are frustrated by Cn. Porapeius, 
set. 23. Sylla lands, with his araiy, at Brundusium, and advances 
to Rome. The remaining partisans of Marius are disjJersed. 
Sertorius goes to Spain. The Capitol is burnt, through th^ negli- 
gence of its keepers. The Roman Senate refuses to send Mith- 
ridates a formal ratification of the treaty. He retains a part of 
Cappadocia. L. Murscna, who was left with an army in Asia, 
invades his territories, and plunders the temple of Comana. 
Alexander Polyhistor comes to Rome. The Syrians, exhausted 
by the long strife of rival claimants, invite Tigranes to be their 
king. 

The consuls endeavour to make head against Sylla, and are assisted 
by a Samnite army under Pontius Telesinus. They are all de- 
feated in the battles of Sacriportus, and the Porta Collina. The 
younger Marius and Pontius die by their own hands. Carbo is 
taken in Sicily and put to death by Pompey, who also reduces 
Africa to obedience. Sylla, appointed dictator, inflicts a bloody 
vengeance on his opponents. Mursena is defeated and driven 
back by Mithridates. Birth of the poet P. Terentius Varro Ata- 
cinus, and of the orator C. Licinius Calvus. 

A triumph granted to Pompey for his success in Africa. Sylla 
orders Mursena to desist from farther hostilities, which termi- 
nates what is called •' the second Mithridatic war." Cicero pleads 
for Quinctius. Death of Ptol. Soter, followed by years of confu- 
sion and crime in Egypt. 

Csesar serves, as a cadet, under M. Thermus, at the siege of Mity- 
lene, and receives a civic crown, for saving the life of a citizen. 
Sylla, in all but the name, emperor of Rome, remodels the state, 
by many new laws and institutions. Cicero's oration in defence 
of Sextus Roscius. Cleopatra is murdered by her cousin Alexan- 
der II., who is killed in a popular tumult. Ptol. Auletes, an il- 
legitimate son of Soter, succeeds to the throne, but is not acknow- 
ledged by the Romans. 

Sylla resigns the dictatorship, but is still master of Rome. Cicero 
goes to Athens. Death of Alexander Jannseus ; his widow, Alex- 
andra, governs Judaea. 

Death of Sylla, set. 60. Contest between Lepidus and Catulus ; the 
former is overcome and killed in Sardinia. Sertorius begins his 
war in Spain. Metellus and Domitius are sent against him. Ci- 
cero, after studious intercourse at Athens with Antiochus, the 
Academician, Zeno, the Epicurean, and other philosophers, asso- 
ciates at Rhodes with Molo. 

Servilius, as proconsul, attacks vigorously the pirates of Cilicia, 
Pamphilia, and Isauria. Cicero returns to Rome, and competes 
with Cotta and Hortensius in forensic oratory. 



Pompey is sent into Spain to oppose Sertorius. After a struggle of 
many years, Sinatroces deposes Mnasciras, and acquires the crown 
of Partliia. Birth of Asinius Pollio. 

Ap. Claudius (Cons. b.c. 79), engaged in harassing warfare against 
some wild Thracian Tribes in Macedon, dies there, and is suc- 
ceeded by C. Scribonius Curio. Cicero is quaestor in Sicily. An- 
tiochus Asiaticus, son of Ant. Eusebes, comes to Rome, in the 
hope of obtaining Roman aid, to expel Tigranes from Syria, and 
acquire the throne for himself. 



FEOM THE YEAK 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


PONTUS. 


Arme- 
nia. 


Egypt. 


Syria. 


BlTHY- 
NIA. 


JUD^A. 


Arsacid^ 
OF Parthia. 


74 


176.3 


680 


47 Mi- 
thri- 
dates 
VI. 


23 Ti- 
granes. 


7 Ptole- 
my Au- 
letes. 


10 Ti- 
granes. 


A Roman 
province. 


6 Alexan- 
dra. 


3 Sinatroces 
or Arsaces 
XI. 


Cappa- 

DOCIA. 


73 


4 


681 


48 


24 


8 


11 


21 Ario- 
barza- 
nes I. 


7 


4 - 


72 


177.1 


682 


49 


25 


9 


12 


22 


8 


5 


71 


2 


683 


50 


26 — 


10 


13 


23 


9 


6 


70 


3 


684 


51 


27 


11 


14 


24 


1 Aristo- 
bulus I. 


7 


69 


4 


685 


52 


28 


12 


1 Anti- 
ochus 
Asiati- 
cus. 


25 


2 


8 


6S 


178.1 


686 


53 


29 — 


13 


2 


26 


3 


I'Phraates 
III., or Ar- 
saces XII. 


67 


2 


687 


54 


30 


14 


3 


27 


4 •— ^— 


2 


66 


3 


688 


55 


31 


15 


4 


28 


5 — 


3 


65 


4 


689 


56 


32 


16 


End of 
the Se- 
leucidae 


29 


6 


4 



74 TO 65 B.C. 



133 



74 



72 



70 



67 



65 



Consuls of 

KOME. 



JL. Liciniiis 
I LucuUus. 
JM. Aurelius 
I Cotta. 



M. Terentius 
Varro Lucul- 

lus. 
C. Cassius Va- 
rus. 
L. Gellius 

Poplicola. 
Cn. Cornelius 

Lentulus Clo- 

dianus. 

P. Com. Len- 
tulus Sura. 

Cn. Aufidius 
Orestes. 



Cn. Pompeius 
Magnus. 

M. Licinius 
Crassus. 



Qu. Hortensi- 

us. 
Qu. Csecilius 

Metellus 

Creticus. 
L. Csecilius 

Metellus. 
Qu. Marcius 

Eex. 
C. Calpunaius 

Piso. 
M. Acilius 

Glabrio. 



M. ^milius 
Lepidus. 

L. Volcatius 
Tullus. 



L. Aurelius 

Cotta. 
L. Manlius 

Torquatus. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Nicomedes dies, and in his will leaves Bithynia to the Bomans. 
Mithridates renews his hostilities and enters into an abortive 
alliance with Sertorius. The two consuls proceed into Asia 
against him. Cotta is defeated; but Lucullus overcomes and 
surrounds the army of Mithridates near Cyzicus. Cicero returns 
from Sicily to Borne. 

Lucullus routs and disperses the army of Mithridates. Spartacus 
collects, on ]^,Ioant Vesuvius, a numerous band of slaves and 
gladiators, wlio overcome the forces sent against them, and ra- 
vage southern Italy. Sertorius still unconquered. 

Spartacus defeats successively the two consuls and the prsetor Qu. 
Arrius. Sertorius is assassinated by M. Perpema, and the 
Spaniards, having lost their leader, submit to Pompey. Lucullus 
besieges Amisus, and at Cabira conquers Mithridates, who es- 
capes into Armenia. Invasion of Gaul by the Helvetii and Ti- 
gurini. 

The praetor, Crassus, defeats Spartacus near Petilia, in Lucauia, 
who falls in the battle, and the rebellion ends. Amisus and Eu- 
patoria surrender to Lucullus ; he compels Mithridates to take 
flight into Armenia. Appius Claudius is sent, as ambassador, 
to ascertain the intentions of Tigranes. Pompey, the idol of the 
people, shares the triumph of Metellus. Tyrannio is among the 
prisoners at Amisus ; he is brought to Bome, where he afterv^ards 
teaches. 

Pompey and Crassus, at variance before, are reconciled during their 
joint consulship ; they restore the power of the tribunes, and repeal 
other obnoxious laws made by Sylla. Tigranes declares himself 
an enemy of Bome. Cicero's orations against Qu. Csecilius and 
Verres. Birth of Virgil, Oct. 15, at the village of Andes, near 
Mantua. Death of Alexandra, the widow of Janngeus ; she no- 
minates her son, Hyrcanus, as her successor ; but his brother, 
Aristobulus, usurps the throne of Judaea. Census of Bome, 
450,000 citizens. 

Lucullus crosses the Euphrates, takes Tigranocerta and defeats 
Tigranes. Antiochus Asiaticus is made by him king of Syria. 
The rebuilding of the Capitol, commenced by Sylla, is completed 
by Qu. Catulus. Metellus is sent to conduct the war in Crete. 
.iEdileship of Cicero. 

Lucullus prosecutes the war against Tigranes, and takes Nisibis. 
Tyrannio copies the works of Aristotle for Andronicus of Bhodes, 
from the library of Apellicon, see b.c. 84. 

The appointment of the consul Glabrio to succeed Lucullus, causes 
a mutiny in the anny. Pompey by his vigorous measures crushes 
the pirates, and their strong-hold, Cilicia, is made a Boman pro- 
vince. M. Terentius Varro serves under him. The conquest of 
Crete is completed by Metellus. Julius Caesar is quaestor in 



Pompey, on his way to take the command in Asia, has a conference 
with Lucullus in Galatia. He defeats Mithridates, who had re- 
turned into Pontus, and drives him over the Cimmerian Bospho- 
rus. Tigranes submits to the conqueror. Cicero, praetor, advo- 
cates the Manilian law, which gives this appointment to Pompey. 
Treaty between Bome and Parthia. 

P. Autronius and P. Sylla, the first elected consuls, are set aside 
and punished for bribery. Commencement of Catiline's conspi- 
racy. Pompey conquers Syria, ^dileship of Julius Caesar. 
Atticus returns from Greece to Bome. Birth of Horace, at Ve- 



134 



FROM THE TEAR 



BC. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


PONTUS. 


Armenia. 


Egypt. 


CaPP ADO- 
CIA. 


JUDiEA. 


Arsacid^ 
OF Parthia. 


64 


179.1 


690 


57 Mith- 
ridates 
VI. 


33 Tigra- 
nes. 


17 Ptole- 
my Au- 

letes. 


30 Ariobar- 
zanes I. 


7 Aristo- 
bulus I. 


5 Phraates 
III.,orAr- 
sacesXIL, 


63 


2 


691 


1 Phar- 

naces 

II. 


34 


18 


1 Ariobar- 
zanes 11. 


1 Hyrca- 
niis II. 


6 . 


62 


3 


692 


2 


35 


19 


2 


2 


7 


61 


4 


693 


3 


36 


20 


3 


3 


8 


60 


180.1 


694 


4 


37 


21 


4 


4 


1 Mithrida- 
tes III., ©r 
Arsaces 
XIII. 


59 


2 


695 


5 


38 


22 


5 


5 


2 


58 
57 


3 
4 


696 
697 


6 


39 

40 


1 Bere- 
nice and 
Try- 
plisena. 

2 


6 

7 


7 


3 

4 


56 


181.1 


698 


8 


1 Arta- 
vasdes. 


3 


8 


8 — 


5 


55 


2 


699 


9 . 


2 


1 Ptole- 
my Au- 
letes re- 
stored. 


9 


9 


6 





















64 TO 55 B.C. 



135 



Consuls op 
Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



64 



61 



58 



57 



56 



55 



L. Julius Cae- 
sar. 

C. Marcius Fi- 
gulus. 

M. Tullius Ci- 
cero. 
C. Antonius. 



D. Junius Si- 

lanus. 
L.LiciniusMu- 

raena. 



M.PupiusPiso 
Calpurnia- 
nus. 

M. Valerius 
Messalla. 

L. Afranius. 
Qii. Csecilius 

Metellus Ce- 

ler. 



C. Julius Cae- 
sar. 
M. Calpumius 

Bibulus. 
L. Calpumius 

Piso Cajsoni- 

nus. 
A. Gabinius. 
L.Corn.Lentu- 

lus Spinther. 
Qu. Caecilius 

Meteilus Ne- 

pos. 
Cn. Com. Len- 

tuius Mar- 

cellinus. 
L. Marcius 

Philippus. 

Cn. Pompeius 
Magnus II. 

M. Licinius 
Crassus II. 



nusium, Dec. 8. Hyrcanus takes up arms against his brother, 
Aristobulus. 

Pompey is called from Syria to oppose Mithridates, who has re- 
turned to his States, and is preparing for farther resistance. War 
between Tigranes and Phraates. Cicero, candidate for the next 
year's consulship, is elected by a large majority over six compe- 
titors. Deiotarus, king of Galatia, extends his dominions. 

Mithridates, betrayed by his son, poisons himself. Pompey com- 
pletes his conquest of Syria ; takes Jerusalem, deposes Aristo- 
bulus, and makes Hyrcanus king. Catiline's conspiracy detected 
by Cicero; consular orations to the senate; punishment of the 
guilty, except the leader, who escapes. Birth of Octavius (after- 
wards Augustus) at Aricia, Sept. 23rd. Ariobarzanes I. resigns 
Cappadocia to his son. Cicero, "pro Mursena." Parthenius of 
Nicsea, preceptor of Virgil, and ApoUodorus of Pergamus, after- 
wards preceptor of Callidius and Octavius, fl, 

Catiline, having collected an army in Etruria, is defeated and slain 
at Pistoria, by Petreius, lieutenant of the proconsul, Antonius. 
Beginning of discord between Csesar, now praetor, and Cato, 
tribune of the people. Oration of Cicero, " pro P. Sylla." Triumph 
of Meteilus. Pompey "returns from the East, and on his way, 
visits the phil. Posidonius at Khodes. Theophimus archon at 
Athens. 

Ponjpey's triumph lasts two days ; he boasts of having conquered 
twenty-two Asiatic kings : {Reges, prob. heads of States and their 
sons. CcBsar). Clodius distinguishes himself by his vicious courses 
and his hostility to Cicero. Quintus, the brother of Tull. Cic. is 
governor of Asia. Castor, Chronog. son-in-law of Deiotarus of 
Galatia, fl. 

Caesar quells an insurrection in Lusitania ; on his return, the first 
secret coalition is formed, for an equal division of power among 
himself, Pompey and Crassus. Cicero sends to his friend, At- 
ticus, a history of his own consulate, written in Greek ; Lu- 
cullus also writes in Greek, Diodorus Siculus is in Egypt. He- 
rocles, archon at Athens. Catullus fl. aet. 27. 

Caesar carries his agrarian law and ingratiates himself with the 
people ; he obtains the command in Gaul and Illyrium for five 
years. Birth of Livy at Patavium (Padua). 

Caesar's first campaign in Gaul. Tribuneship of Clodius ; banish- 
ment of Cicero, and mission of Cato to Cyprus. Ptolemy Auletes, 
expelled from Egypt, goes to Rome for assistance. 

Caesar's progress in Gaul ; resistance of the Belgae ; he places his 
army in winter-quarters between the Loire and Seine, and visits 
Italy. Milo, tribune, obtains a decree for the return of Cicero, who 
leaves Thessalonica and returns to Rome. The proconsul Gabi- 
nius is ordered to restore Auletes. 

Caesar conquers the Veneti and other maritime tribes in Armorica. 
^dileship of Clodius. Cato returns from Cyprus to Rome. Cicero 
accuses Piso and Gabinius (Coss. e.g. 58) of having oppressed the 
provinces of Macedon and Syria. Death of Tigranes (Aimenian 
history obscure). Ptolemy Auletes restored in Egypt by Gabi- 
nius. The chronology of Castor ends here. 

The Triumvirs meet at Lucca ; their respective provinces are voted 
to them by the Roman people for five years more, Spain to Pom- 
pey, Gaul to Caesar, and Syria to Crassus. Cato is imprisoned by 
the tribune, C. Treboni us, for opposing this vote. Caesar crosses 
the Rhine to attack the Usipetes and Tencteri, and undertakes 



136 



FEOM THE YEAR 



B.C. ( 


3lym. 


^.U. C. 


PONTUS. 


Aemenia. 


Egypt. 


CaPP ADO- 
CIA. 


T „ , ARSACIDiE 
JUD^A. ^^p^^,,HIA. , 


54 


181.3 


700 


10 Phama- 
ces II. 


3 Arta- 

vasdes. 


2 Ptolemy 
Auletes 
restored. 


10 Ariobar- 
zanes II. 


10 Hyrca- 
nus II. 


1 Orodes, or 
Arsaces 
XIV. i 


53 


4 


701 


11 


4 


3 


11 


11 


2 


52 


182.1 


_ 702 


12 


5 


4 


12 


12 


3 


51 


2 


703 


13 


6 ■ 


1 Cleopa- 
tra. 


13 


13 


4 


50 


3 


704 


14 


7 


2 


14 


14 


5 


49 


4 


705 


15 


8 


3 


15 


15 


6 


48 


183.1 


706 


16 


9 


4 


16 


16 


7 


47 


2 


707 


Subject to 
Rome. 


ilO - 


5 


17 


17 


8 





















54 TO 47 B.C. 



13/ 



tition I 
Dates. 



54 



53 



52 



51 



50 



49 



48 



con.suls of 
Rome. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



L. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus 

Ap. Claudius 
Fulcher. 



Cn. Domitius 
Calvinus. 

M. Valerius 
Messalla. 

CrL Porapeius 
Magnus III. 
sole consul. 



Ser. Sulpicius 

Rufus. 
M. Claudius 

Marcellus. 

L. ^milius 
Paullus. 

C. Claudius 
Marcellus. 



C. Claudius 
Marcellus. 

L. Cornelius, 
Lentulas 
Cms. 



C. Julius Cae- 
sar II. 

P. Servilius 
Vatia isauri- 
cus. 



Qu. Fufius Ca- 

lenus. 
P. Vatinius. 



his first expedition into Britain. Piso having complained to the 

senate of the charges brought against hira in his absence, Cicero 
replies. Demetrius Magnus known to Cicero and Atticus. Tima- 
genes is brought from Alexandria to Rome by Gabinius. Cicero 
composes his Three Books " De Oratore." The Judicial Law again 
altered by Pompey. Death of the poet, Lucretius, Oct. 15, set. 41. 

Csesar's second invasion of Britain ; during his absence the Ebu- 
rones, under Ambiorix, defeat Titurius and Qu, Cicero; he returns 
and overcomes them. First campaign of Crassus ; he plunders 
the temple of Jerusalem and proceeds against the Parthians. 
Pr^etorship of Cato. Cicero writes " De Republica," and defends 
Vatinius, Scaurus and Placidius. Mithridates of Parthia is mur- 
dered by his brother Orodes. 

Ciesar applies to Pompey for a reinforcement, on receiving which, 
he again crosses the Rhine and attacks the Suevi. The Parthi- 
ans, "with the Annenians under Artavasdes, totally defeat Cras- 
sus, June 9th, at Carrhte, in Mesopotamia ; his army is cut to 
pieces, and himself killed; the conquerors ravage Syria andCilicia. 

Clodius is killed in a fray between his retinue and that of Mllo ; 
in the confusion that follows, Servius Sulpicius is empowered to 
nominate the magistrates ; he appoints Pompey sole consul, who 
for the last live months takes Qu. Csecil. Metellus Pius for his 
cdleague. Milo, accused of homicide, is defended by Cicero : but 
found guilty, and banished to Marseilles. The ^dui. Arverni, 
and other G-allic tribes, make a formidable effort to drive Caesar 
out of Gaul ; this keeps him all the winter at Bibracte. Sallust 
a tribune of the people. 

Csesar takes Vercingetorix prisoner, and completes the conquest of 
Gaul. Peace between Rome and the Parthians. Cicero proceeds 
unwillingly to Cilicia, as proconsul. Posidonius comes to Rome. 
Death of Ptolemy Auletes; his daughter, the celebrated Cleopatra, 
becomes queen of Egypt. 

Ceesar returns to Italy ; jealousy between him and Pompey, and the 
hostile sentiments of their respective partizans become manifest, 
Cicero, at the expiration of his year of otfice, comes back to Rome. 
Death of Hortensius. Expulsion of the historian, Sallust, from the 
senate. The poor citizens, who at this time receive distributions 
of com, are 150,000. 

Csesar advances with his army to Rome, and pursues, as far as 
Brimdusium, Pompey, who embarks there for Greece. Cicero joins 
Pompey ; Varro is his lieutenant in Spain, with Afranius and 
Petreius ; Artavasdes brings an Armenian force to support him. 
Csesar, on his return to Rome, is appointed dictator; he proceeds 
to Spain, and having overcome all opposition there, collects his 
forces at the end of the year in Southern Italy, and prepares a 
fleet, to convey them to Greece. 

Csesar takes Dyrrachium. Battle of Pharsalia, Aug. 9th, Pompey 
escapes to Egypt, where he is killed, Sept. 29th, get. 58, by Ptol- 
emy, the brother and husband of Cleopatra. Generous conduct 
of Csesar to his defeated opponents ; he conducts his victorious 
army into Egypt, where he is captivated by the charms of Cleo- 
patra. Jealousy and hostility of her husband ; in the combats 
which ensue, the valuable library of Alexaudria is burnt. 

The senate appoint Caesar dictator, and M. Antony his master of 
the horse : he takes Pelusium and subdues Egypt : during the 
contest, Ptolemy being drowned in the Nile, he confirms Cleo- 
patra on the throne, and marries her to her younger brother, 
Another Ptolemy, only eleven years of age ; — in this war a Jewish 
army, under Hyrcanus and Antipater, the father of Herod, are 



138 



FBOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Oltm. 


A.U.C. 


46 


183. 3 


708 


45 


4 


709 


44 


184.1 


710 


43 


2 


711 


42 


3 


712 


41 


4 


713 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



C. Julius Cae- 
sar III. 

M. ^milius 
Lepidus. 



C. Julius Cae- 
sar IV. 

Sine collega. 



C. Julius Cae- 
sar v., and 
Diet. 

M. Antonius. 



C. Vibius Pau- 

sa. 
A, Hirtius. 



M. iEmilius 
Lepidus If. 

L. Munatius 
Plaiicus. 



P, Servilius 
Vatia Isau- 
ricus II. 

L. Antonius 
Pietas. 



11 Arta- 
vasdes. 



Armenia, 



Egypt. 



6 Cleopa- 
tra. 



10 



Cappado- 

CIA. 



18 Ario- 
barzanes 
II. 



20 



21 



JUD^A. 



18Hyi-ca- 
nus II. 



20 - 



1 Anara-22 ■ 
thesVII. 



23 . 



Aksacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 



9 Orodes, 
or Arsa- 
ces XIV. 



10 



13 



46 TO 41 B.C. 



139 




46 



42 



41 



allies of the Romans. Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, having attempted to seize 
some of the provinces lost by his father, Caesar "comes, beholds and conquers;" 
Pharnaces is slain and the kingdom of Pontus ends. Csesar returns to Rome, 
where he treats with great lenity all the former adherents of Pompey, and in 
particular is reconciled to Cicero; he embarks with his army for Africa, to com- 
bat those who are still in arms against him. 

Victory of Caesar at Thapsus, in Africa, April 6th. Juba, king of Numidia, Pe- 
treius, and other leaders, fall in battle. Metellus Scipio takes away his own life. 
Death of Cato, set 49. Surrender of Utica. Namidia and Mauritania formed 
into a Roman province, of which Sallust is appointed governor. Ceesar returns 
to Rome and celebrates four triumphs, which he disgraces, by putting to death, 
at the close of them, his prisoner, Vercingetorix ; he is made dictator for ten 
years. Carthage and Corinth rebuilt Revolt of Csecilius Bassus in Syria. 
Csesar reforms the calendar, by introducing ninety days into the year, and leap- 
years for the future. Cicero's orations for Ligariusand Marcellus'; he composes 
his " Brutus." Juba, son of the Numidian king, settles at Rome, and writes 
history. Didymus, gram. fl. 

Csesar conquers the sons of Pompey, at Munda, in Spain, March 17th; the eldest, 
Cneus, is slain ; his brother, Sextus, escapes by flight ; Octavius, set. 18, serves 
in this war. Leaving Asinius Pollio governor of Spain, Ceesar returns to Rome, 
and is appointed, by the Senate, consul for ten years and dictator for life. Csesi- 
lius Bassus is finally overcome by Cassius. Cicero, after divorcing Terentia, 
marries Pablilia, from whom also he is divorced ; his daughter Tullia dies ; he 
writes a Treatise, " De luctu minuendo," his " Orator," " De Finibus," and other 
works. Horace studies at Athens. 

Conspiracy of Brutus and Cassius ; Csesar assassinated, March 15th, set. 56 ; the 
conspirators, unpopular at Rome, withdraw to secure the provinces. Octavius 
arrives at Rome to claim his inheritance, which Antony attempts to detain from 
him ; quarrel between them ; Antony proceeds to make himself master of Cisal 
pine Gaul. Cicero's first Philippic, Sept. 2d ; his second, written at home, never 
spoken ; his third and fourth delivered in the senate, Dec. 20th, when Antony 
is declared an enemy of his country. Cratippus, preceptor of Cicero's son at 
Athens. Ptolemy, set. 15, claims his share of power in Egypt, on which he is 
poisoned by Cleopatra. 

Antony besieges Mutina (Modena) ; Servius Sulpicius, authorized by the Senate to 
treat with him for peace, dies on his arrival in the camp, and the negotiation 
fails. Antony, defeated by the consuls and Octavius, joins Lepidus. The three 
hostile leaders are reconciled, and form the second triumvirate. They lead 
their united forces to Rome, and rule with absolute power. Bloody proscriptions 
follow. Cicero is one of the victims. His continued Philippics, delivered be- 
tween Jan. 1st and April 22nd, irritate Antony, and he is murdered, Dec. 7th, 
set. 63. Varro also is proscribed, but escapes ; his estates are seized. Birth of 
Ovid, March 21st. Diodorus Siculus begins to write his Histor>^, on which he 
is employed thirty years. The colony of Lugdunum (Lyons) founded by Muna- 
tius Plancus, when proconsul in Gaul. 

Battles of Philippi. Deaths of Brutus and Cassius. Their army dispersed. The 
survivors repair to Sextus Pompeius, who has collected a strong fleet and is 
master of Sicily. Octavius returns to Rome. Antony remains in the East ; 
he attacks and kills Asiobarzanes, king of Cappadocia, who had supported 
Brutus ; the slain monarch is succeeded by his son. Horace, taken from his 
studies at Athens, is made a tribune by Brutus ; he escapes by flight at Phi- 
lippi, and returns to Rome, to be a better poet than a soldier. 

Fulvia, the wife of Antony, and the consul, Lucius, his brother, oppose Octavius. 
who drives them from Rome. The former retires to Sicyon, in Greece, where 
she dies ; the latter is besieged in Perusia. Cleopatra is suspected of having 
assisted Brutus, and is summoned by Antony, to render an account of her con- 
duct. They meet at Tarsus, where their fatal union begins ; he consents to 
the murder of Arsinoe. Cleopatra's sister. 



140 



FROM THE TEAE 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Consuls of 

KOME. 


Armenia. 


Egypt. 


Cappado- 

CIA. 


JUD^A. 


ATlSAClDiE 
OF 

Parthia. 


40 


185.1 


714 


Cn. Domitius 
Calvinus II. 

C. Asiuius 
Tollio. 


17 Arta- 
vasdes. 


12 Cleopa- 
tra. 


3 Ariara- 
thes VII. 


1 Herod. 


14 Orodes 

or Arsaces 

XIV. 


39 

38 


2 

3 


715 

716 


L. Marcius 

Censorinus. 
C. Calvisius 

Sabinus. 
Ap. Claudius 

Pulcher. 
C. Norbanus 

Flaccus. 


18 

19 


13 

14 


5 


2 

3 


15 

16 


37 


4 


717 


il. Agrippa. 

L. Caninius 

Gallus. 


20 


15 


6 


4 


1 Phraates 
I v., or Ar- 
saces XV. 


36 


186.1 


718 


L. Gellius Pop- 

licola. 
M. Coceeius 

Nerva. 


21 


16 


1 Arche- 
laus. 


5 


2 


35 


2 


719 


L. Comificius, 
Sex. Pompeius 
Nepos. 


22 


17 


2 


6 


3 


34 
33 


3 
4 


720 
721 


L. Scribonius 

Libo. 
M.AntoniusII. 
C. Cuesar Oc- 

tavianus II. 
L. Volcatius 
i Tullus. 


23 

1 Artax- 
ias. 


18 

19 


3 


' 


4 


32 


187.1 


722 


Cn. Domitius 
Ahenobar- 
bus. 

C. Sosius. 


2 


20 






6 



40 TO 32 B.C. 



141 




39 



37 



35 



84 



33 



32 



Antony accompanies Cleopatra to Egypt. During his absence, Labienus guides 
a Parthian army, under Pacorus, the son of Orodes, to invade Syria. They 
make Hyrcanus prisoner and depose him, setting up Antigonus as king of Ju- 
dsea : but Herod is favoured by the Romans, and eventually obtains the throne 
by their support. Perusia is taken by Octavius, plundered and burnt ; but L. 
Antonius is pardoned by the conqueror. After the death of Fulvia, Octavius, 
under the advice of Maecenas, is reconciled to M. Antony and gives him his 
sister Octavia in marriage. Cornelius Nepos writes his " Lives." Catullus ob. 
set. 47. 

The treaty of Misenum, between Octavius, Antony, and Sextus Pompeius. Venti- 
dius, Antony's lieutenant, defeats the Parthians, and Labienus is slain, while he 
himself passes his time at Athens, with his bride Octavia. He gives a part of 
Cilicia, with the title of king, to Polemo, son of Zeno of Apamea. 

Octavius divorces Scribonia and marries Livia. He renews the war with Sex. 
Pompey, is defeated in a naval battle and loses all his fleet. Ventidius gains 
another victory over the Parthians, in which Pacoi-us is killed, on the anniver- 
sary of the great defeat of Crassus, June 9th ; he is recalled in the midst of his 
successes, but alloAved a triumph. Sossius conquers the refractory Jews, and 
sends Antigonus a prisoner to Rome : Herod is confirmed as king, and maiTies 
Mariftmne, daughter of Hyrcanus; he begins his course of atrocious cruelty. 
Antony arrives in Italy to arrange with Octavius for a renewal of their trium- 
virate, the five years of which had expired. Horace begins to be distinguished 
for his talents, and obtains the friendship of Maecenas, through Varius and 
Virgil. 

The consul, Agrippa, crosses the Rhine, to secure the frontier of Gaul. Octavius 
active in fitting out another fleet ; tlie harbour of Misenum is constructed. He 
concerts with Antony, at a meeting near Tarentum, the means of opposing Sex. 
Pompey, and the prolongation of their Triumvirate for five years more. Orodes 
is strangled by his son Phraates, whom, on the death of Pacorus, he had named 
for his successor. Hyrcanus is murdered by Herod, and at his instigation, An- 
tigonus is put to death at Rome. Varro, pet. 80, writes " De Re Rustica," 

Total defeat of Sex. Pompey by Agrippa, who receives from Octavius a naval 
crown ; Pompey escapes to Lesbos. Lepidus, aspiring to greater power, is de- 
serted by his soldiers, and ejected from the triumvirate, but allowed to live in 
peace and remain Pontifex Maximus. Antony, after a winter passed with Cleo- 
patra, advances into Media, where he is defeated by the Parthians, and an Ar- 
menian army under Artavasdes ; he effects a most disastrous retreat into Egypt. 
Ariarathes is deposed by him, and Archelaus made king of Cappadocia, to whom 
Conon dedicates his history. The Fumii, father and son, distinguished as orators 
and historians. Propertius, losing his patrimony by the division of lands, ap. 
plies early to poetry. 

Sex. Pompeius, hearing of Antony's defeat, attempts another war; he is made 
prisoner, and put to death by M. Titius. Octavius keeps in subjection the la- 
pydes, Liburnians and other Illyrian tribes. The poet Bavius dies. Virgil 
writes his Georgics. Horace publishes his first book of Satires. 

Antony lavishes provinces and kingdoms on Cleopatra ; he invades Armenia, takes 
Artavasdes prisoner, and sends him in chains to Egypt. Octavius reduces the 
Dalmatians to obedience. Death of the historian, Sallust. 

Octavius, indignant at Antony's conduct, sends Octavia to reclaim him ; he dis- 
misses and divorces her. the Parthians conquer Media and drive the Romans 
out of Armenia, v/hen Artaxias is raised to the throne, vacant by his father's 
captivity. Agrippa, ^dile, restores the public edifices and fountains of Rome. 
The Octavian library is founded. 

Antony detaches himself wholly from Rome, and celebrates a triumph in Egypt^ 
in which Artavasdes is led in fetters of gold. He removes to Alexandria the 
library of Pergamus, said by Plutarch to have consisted of 200,000 volumes. 
Active preparations for war between him and Octavius. Antony conducts his 
forces as far as Corcyra, and then passes the winter with Cleopatra at Patrae. 
Death of Atticus, set. 77. 



142 



FUOAT THE TEAU 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Consuls of 
Rome. 


Akmenia. 


Egypt. 


Cappauo- 

CIA. 


JUD^A. 


Arsacid.^ 

OF 

Parthta. 


31 


187.2 


723 


C. Caesar Oct. 


3 Artax- 


21 Cleopa- 


6 Arche- 


10 Herod. 


7 Phra- 








III. 


ias. 


tra. 


laus. 




ates IV,, 








M. Valerius 




Conquered 






or Arsa- 








Messalla 




by Kome. 






ces XV. 








Corvinus. 




















Roman 








30 


3 


724 


C. Cses. Oct. 


The suc- 


Emperors. 


7 


11 


8 


2 Octa- 








IV. 


cession 


vius, af- 














M. Licinius 


of rulers 


ter wrards 














Crassus. 


in Ar- 
menia is 


Augus- 
tus. 








29 


4 


725 


C. Cses. Oct. V. 
Sex. Appu- 
leius. 


very un- 
certain 
for the 
next ten 


3 


8 


12 


9 


28 


188.1 


726 


C. Cses, Oct. 

VI. 
M. Agrippa IT. 


years. 


4 


9 


13 


10 


27 


2 


727 


C. Cses. Oct. 

VII. 
M. Agrippa 

III. 




5 


10 


14 


11 


26 


3 


728 


C. Cses. Oct. 

VIII. 
T. Statilius 

Taurus. 




6 


11 


15 


12 


25 


4 


729 


C. Cses. Oct. 

IX. 
M. Junius Si- 

lanus. 




7 


12 


16 


13 


24 


189.1 


730 


C. Cses. Oct. X. 
C. Norbanus 
F lace us. 




8 


13 


17 


14 


23 


2 


731 


C. Cses. Oct. 

XI. 
A. Terentius 

Varro Mu- 

rena. 

(Mur. mort.) 
Cn. Calpurnius 

Piso. 




9 


14 


18 


15 


22 


3 


732 


M. Claudius 




10 15 


19 


16 1 








Marcellus. 


















L. Aruntius. 










21 


4 


733 


M. Lollius. 
Qu. ^mil. Le- 
pidus. 




11 


16 


20 


17 

j 1 


















1 

1 



31 TO 21 B.C. 



143 



Events and Eminent Men. 



31 



30 



28 



27 



26 



25 



23 



22 



21 



Battle of Actinm, Sept. 2nd. Octavius owes his victory to the skill of Agrippa 
and the rapid evolutions of the light ships of the Libumians, which he had en- 
gaged in his service. From this time such vessels form an important part of 
the Roman navy. From pursuing Antony and Cleopatra, he is called back to 
Italy, by the news of discontent among the troops there. In twenty-seven days, at 
Bnindusium, he pacifies them, and proceeds to Egypt. Horace, in Epod. 1 and 7, 
refers to this war ; and his Ode i. 87 is wholly devoted to celebrate the victory. 
Tyrannio the younger is among the prisoners brought to Rome, where he after- 
wards teaches and writes. A destnictive earthquake in Palestine. 

Death of Antony, set. 53, and of Cleopatra, pet. 39. Egypt a Roman province. 
Nicopolis founded by Octavius to commemorate his victory. His preceptor, 
Athenodorus, is made governor of Tarsus. Cornelius Gallus, the friend of 
Virgil, is preefect of Egypt. Horace publishes his second book of satires, and 
his Epodes. 

Octavius returns to Rome, celebrates his triumph, and in token of universal peace, 
closes the temple of Janus. Dionysius of Halicarnassus comes to Italy. Ma- 
riamne falsely accused of infidelity, and condemned to death by Herod. 

Assisted by Maecenas and Agrippa, Octavius regulates the state and adorns the 
city. The franchise of Rome is widely extended : the census, taken this year, 
gives the number of citizens, 4,164,060, from which the whole population of the 
empire has been wrongly computed at only 16,500,000. (Gibbon, ch. 2, estimates 
it at 128,000,000.) Death of Varro, set. 89. 

Octavius resigns his power ; it is given to him again by the Senate for ten years, 
with the titles of Imperator and Augustus. He visits Gaul and Spain, and 
projects, but does not execute, an incursion into Britain. Tibullus accompanies 
his patron Messalla and records his triumph, for settling some disturbances in 
Aquitania. Vitrnvius writes on architecture. 

Cornelius Gallus is disgraced for misgoverning Egypt, and kills himself; aet. 41. 
Elegies of Propertius composed. 

Augustus, in person, checks a revolt of the Cantabri and Astures, while his gene- 
rals overawe the Salassi. On his return to Rome the Temple of Janus is again 
closed. Munatius Plancus, the founder of Lyons (see B.C. 43), is eminent as an 
orator. The fourth book of Virgil's Georgics written. Agrippa builds the 
Pantheon. Tiridates raises a rebellion in Parthia ; he is defeated by Phraates, 
and takes refuge at Rome. 

^lius Gallus, governor of Egypt, undertakes an expedition into Arabia, which 
fails. Strabo, set. 30, visits him in Egypt. Death of Quintilius Varus of Cre- 
mona, a friend of Virgil and Horace ; the latter laments his loss, Carm. i. 24. 
Virgil is employed on the ^neid. Horace collects and publishes the first three 
books of his Odes. FranTcius. 

The Tribunitian power is voted to Augustus for life. His success is clouded by 
the death of Marcellus, set. 20, his nephew and son-in-law, whom he designed 
for his successor. Ambassadors from Farthia demand the reddition of Tiridates. 
Augustus refuses, and requires, that the ensigns and prisoners taken from Cras- 
sus and Antony should be given up. Nestor of Tarsus was the preceptor of 
Marcellus. 

The abortive conspiracy of Murena and Csepio, for which they are put to death. 
Candace, queen of ^Ethiopia, invades Egypt, and is repulsed by C. Petronius. 
Virgil recites ^n. VI. before Augustus and Octavius, who are overcome with 
grief at the mention of Marcellus, v. 862. 

Augustus regulates the police of Rome ; he appoints Agrippa prefect of the 
city, and gives him in marriage his daughter Julia, the widow of Marcellus. 
After this, he travels through Italy and Greece, and winters at Samos. 



144 



PROM THE TEAR 



B.C. 

20 



19 



18 



Olym. 



190.1 



16 



15 



14 



191.1 



192.1 



10 



735 



736 



737 



738 



742 



743 



M. Appuleius. 
P.SiliusNerva. 



Consuls of Roman 
Rome. Emperobs. 



12 Augus- 
tus. 



746 



C. Sentius Sa- 

turninus. 
Qu. Lucretius. 

P. Cornelius 
Lentulus. 

Cn. Corn. Len- 
tulus. 

C. Furnius. 

C. Junius Si- 
lanus. 



Armenia. 



1 Tigra- 
nes II. 



15 



L. Domitius 
Ahenobar- 
bus. 
P. Cornelius 

Scipio. 
M. Livius Dru- 

sus Libo. 
L. Calpurnius 

Piso. 
M. Licinius 

Crassus. 
Cn. Corn. Len- 
tulus Augur. 
Tib. Claudius 

Nero. 
P. Quinctilius 

Varus. 
M. Valerius 

Messalla. 
P. Sulpicius 

Quirinus. 
Qu. ^lius 

Tubero. 
PauUus Fabius 

Max. 
lulns Anto- 

nius Afric. 
Qu Fabius 

Maximus. 
Nero Claudiu; 

Drusus. 
T. Quinctius 

Crispinus 

Volcanus. 
C. Marcius 

Ceuserinus. 
C. Asinius 

Gallus. 



16 



18 



20 



22 



17 Arche- 
laus. 



18 



CaPP ADO- 
CIA. 



21 Herod. 



1 Ardu- 
asdes 
III., Ox. 

Tab. 

2 



20 



21 



23 



25 



27 



28 



JUD^A. 



23 



25 



26 



27 



28 



30 



33 



20 TO 8 B.C. 



145 



Rejye- 
t it ion 
Dates.] 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Augustus regulates all the dependent States of Greece and Asia. He sends Tibe- 
rius into Armenia, who puts an end to the confusion long prevailing there, and 
establishes Tigranes on the throne. The Parthians restore the trophies and 
captives taken by them in the wars of Crassus and Antony. Augustus again 
passes the winter at Samos. Birth of his grandson, Caius Csesar, son of Agrippa 
and Julia. The first book of Horace's Epistles published. FrayiMiLS. 

The Cantabri, who had again revolted, are brought into complete subjection by 
Agrippa. Ketum of Augustus to Rome, Oct, 12th. Death of Virgil at Bnin- 
dusium, Sept. 22, set. 52. He had just finished, but not revised his ^Eneid. Herod 
prepares to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem. 
18 The empire is again voted to Augustus for the term of five years, renewable at its 
expiration. Agrippa is appointed Tribune for life. The law de raaritandis ordi- 
nihus is passed, to encourage marriage. Livy is employed on his history. Death 
of Tibullus, «t. 40. 

The Secular Games are celebrated at Rome, with great magnificence ; Horace com- 
poses his Carmen Secular e^ to be sung at the festival. Eirth of Lucius, Agrippa's 
second son ; the two brothers are adopted by Augustus. L. Varius and Plotius 
Tucca are selected to prepare for publication the ^neid, which Virgil by his 
will had ordered to be burnt. Augustus visits Gaul, and Agrippa Syria. 

Agrippa is received at Jerusalem by Herod, with great marks of respect. The 
philosopher and historian, Nicolaus of Damascus, is in favour with them. Death 
of the poet ^mil. Macer, of Verona. 

Augustus still in Gaul. The Rhseti and Vindelici are conquered by Tiberius and 
Drusus. Orbilius Pupillus, who was the preceptor of Horace, dies nearly set. 100. 

[The Roman road in Spain is repaired by order of Augustus, and extended to Cadiz, 
t Commotions in Bosporus require the presence of Agrippa ; he is attended by 
j Herod, with a force of Jewish auxiliaries. 

Augustus aud Agrippa return to Rome. Drusus is left to guard the frontier of the 
Rhine. Horace, set. 52, publishes the fourth book of his Odes. Frarikius. The 
dates of his second book of Epistles and Art of Poetry are uncertain. 

Death of Agrippa, March 22, set. 51. Death of Lepidus, by which the office of Pon- 
tifex Maximus becomes vacant, and is assumed by Augustus. Gaul begins to 
prosper under the Roman government, mildly administered by Drusus. In war- 
ring against the Usipetes and Sicambri, he reaches the island of the Batavi. 
The Roman arms are carried by Drusus against the Cherusci and Catti, nearly 
to the banks of the Visurgis (Weser). Tiberius is employed against the Dal- 
matians and Pannonians. The theatre of Marcellus is completed by Augustus. 
j Death of his sister Octavia, set. 54. 
Augustus visits Gaul, where Drusus and Tiberius are still employed on the fron- 
tiers. Birth of Claudius, the son of Drusus, and afterwards emperor. Jul.l 
Hyginus, keeper of the Palatine Library, writes " De Castrametatione,*' and other 
1 1 treatises. Herod builds Csesarea, Antipatris, and other cities. I 

I Drusus crosses the Weser, and while advancing towards the Elbe, is killed by a 
{• fall from his horse, July 20. set. 30. This is the last event in what has been 
j preserved of Livy's History. Herod plunders the treasures in the vaults of the 
■temple. 

Tiberius is appointed to succeed Dnisus, and concludes a general peace with the 
German tribes. Pannonia is subdued by Sex. Appuleius. The imperial power 
of Augustus is renewed again for ten years, and in his honour, the name of the 
month Sextilis is changed to that of August. A census is taken, and the total 
number of Roman citizens is 4,100,233. Death of Maecenas, Death of Horace, 
Nov. 27, set. 57. 



146 



rHOM THE TEAR 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Consuls of 

EOME. 


Roman 
Emperors. 


Armenia. 


CaPP ADO- 
CIA. 


JUU^A. 


Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 


7 


193.2 


747 


Tib. Claudius 


25 Augus- 


4 Arduas- 


30 Ai-clie- 


34 He- 


31 Phra- 








Nero II. 


tus. 


des III. 


laus. 


rod. 


ates IV., 








Cn. Calpurnius 










or Arsa- 








Piso. 










ces XV. 


6 


3 


748 


C. Antistius Vet. 

D. Leelius Bal- 

t)US. 


26 


5 


31 


35 


32 


5 


4 


749 


C. Cses. Aug. 
"XII. 
L. Corn. Sylla. 


27 


6 


32 _ 


36 


33 


4 


194.1 


750 


C. Calvisius Sa- 

biniis. 
L. Passienus Ru- 

fus. 


28 


7 


33 


1 Ar- 

che- 
laus. 


34 


3 


2 


751 


Cn. Corn. Lentu- 

lus. 
M. Valer. Mes- 

sallinus. 


29 


8 


34 


2 


35 


2 


3 


752 


C. Cses. Aug. 

XIII. 
M. Plautius Sil- 

vanus. 


30 




35 


3 


36 


1 


4 


753 


Cn. Com. Lentu- 
lus Cossus. 

L. Calpurnius 
Piso. 


31 


10 


36 


4 


37 


A.D. 


















1 


195.1 


754 


Caius Caesar. 
L. ^mil. Paul- 
lus. 


32 


11 


37 


5 


38 


2 


2 


755 


P Vinicius. 
P. AIpMnius Va- 
rus. 


33 


12 


38 


6 


39 


3 


3 


756 


L. ^lius Lamia. 
M. Servilius Ge- 
miniis. 


34 


13 


39 


7 


40 


4 


4 


757 


Sex. ^lius Ca- 

tus. 
C. Sentius Satur- 

ninus. 


35 


14 


40 


8 


41 


5 


196.1 


758 


Cn. Corn. Cinna 

Magnus. 
L. Valerius Mes- 

salla Valesus. 


36 


15 


41 


9 


42 


6 


2 


759 


M. ^milius Le- 

pidus. 
L. Arruntius. 


37 


16 


42 


10 


43 



B.C. TO G A.D. 



147 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The German victories of Tiberius are celebrated by a triumph. Dionysius of Hali- 
camassus, after a residence of twenty-two years at Kome, completes his history. 
The birth of Christ, according to the Benedictine authors of "L'Art de verifier 
Us dates.^' 

Tiberius is invested with the tribunitian power for five years ; but, jealous of the 
attentions paid toCaius and Lucius, the grandsons of Augustus, he Avithdraws to 
Rhodes, where he remains seven years, and studies philosophy under Theodorus 
of Gadara, who had been the preceptor of his youth, Herod brings a false charge 
of treason against two of his own sons, before the governor of Syria, at Berytus, and 
obtains a sentence of death, which he executes. The birth of Christ ace. Kepler, 
Pogi, DodireU, d:c. 

Among other public works, Augustus orders a general survey and reparation of the 
water-courses. Cicero's freed-nian and pupil, M. TuUius Tiro, writes a Life of 
the orator and other works, which are all lost. The birth of Christ, ace. Chrysos- 
tom, Holes, Blair, Clinton, dc. 

Death of Herod, between an eclipse of the moon, March 13th, and the feast of the 
Passover (Clin.) The birth of Christ, Dec. 25th, ace. Sulpicius (Sac. Hist.) and 
Usher. This is the generally received date. 

Galba, afterwards emperor, bom Dec. 24. Augustus divides Judsea among the sur- 
viving sons of Herod, giving half of it to the eldest, Archelaus, with the title of 
Ethnarch. Great confusion and dissension among the Jewsi The birth of Christ 
ace Clemens Alex., Irenaus, Cassiodorus, de. 

Augustus provides splendid games for the people, and a representation of a naval 
battle on a grand scale. The detection of his daughter Julia's dissolute con- 
duct causes him much affliction ; she is banished to the isle of Pandataria. Pub- 
lication of Ovid's poem *' De Arte amandi." The birth of Christ, ace. EuseUiis, 
Jerome, EpipTianius, Orosins, Scaliger, and others. 

Augustus sends his grandson, Caius, set. 19, to frustrate the designs of Phraates, 
the Parthian king, in Araienia. Dionysius Periegetes instructs him in the geo- 
graphy of those parts of Asia, and the historian Juba attends him, to record 
the events. The birth of Christ, ace. Cliroii. Alex., Tertullian, Dionysius, Lu- 
ther, de. 

M. Vinicius, who has the command in Germany, is furiously attacked by the 
Bructeri, Sicambri, and Cherusci, The birth of Christ, aec. Korisius and Her- 
v-art. 

At an interview between Caius Caesar and Phraates, on an island of the Euphrates, 
the terms of peace between Rome and Parthia are agreed on. Velleius Pater- 
culus, holding the rank of tribune, witnesses the proceedings. Lucius Caesar, 
on his way to Spain, dies at Marseilles, set. 19. Tiberius returns to Rome. The 
birth of Christ, ace. Paul of Middelburg. 

Augustus appointed imperator, for a fourth term of ten years. This year com- 
puted for the birth of Christ, by Lydiat. 

Caius Csesar, on his return from his mission, dies in Lycia, jet. 23. Augustus 
adopts Marcus, a posthumous son of Agrippa, and at the same time, Tiberius also, 
whom he requires to adopt Germanicus, the son of his deceased brother, Drusus. 
Tiberius then takes the command of the Roman forces in Germany, where Vel- 
leius Paterc. serves under him. Death of Asinius PoUio, at his Tusculan villa, 
set. 80. 

While Tiberius is engaged in Germany, the Dalmatians and Pannonians become 
unruly. Rome is afflicted by a famine and inundations. 

Tiberius prepares to attack Marbod, chief of the Suevi ; but is called into Pan- 
nonia and Dalmatia by a general revolt in those provinces. Velleius Paterc. 
Quaestor elect, conducts a reinforcement to him from Rome. Augustus banishes 

j Archelaus for his oppressions, and makes Judaea a Roman province. 



148 



rilOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


Oltm. 


A.U.C. 


Consuls op 
Rome. 


Roman 
Emperors 


Armenia. 


C A PP ADO- 
CIA. 


JUD^A 


Arsacid^ 

OP 

Parthia. 


7 


196.3 


760 


Q. Csecilius Me- 


38 Augus- 


17 Arduas- 


43 Arche- 


Roman 


44 Phra- 








tellusCreticus. 


tus. 


des III. 


laus. 


Gover- 


ates IV., 








A. Licinius Ner- 








nors. 


or Arsa- 








va Silanus. 








Coponius 


ces XV. 


8 


4 


761 


M. Fiirius Ca- 

millus. 
Sex. Nonius 

Quinctilianus. 


39 


18 


44 


2 


45 


9 


197.1 


762 


C. Poppseus Sa- 

binus. 
Qu. Sulpicius Ca- 

merciniis. 


40 


19 


45 


1 Mar- 
cus Am- 
bivius. 


46 


10 


2 


763 


P. Cornelius Do- 
labella. 

C. Junius Sila- 
nus. 


41 


20 — 


46 


2 


47 


11 


3 


764 


M. ^mil. Lepi- 
dus. 

T. Statilius Tau- 
rus. 


42 


21 


47 


3 


48 


12 


4 


765 


Germanicus Cae- 
sar. 

C. Fonteius Ca- 
pito. 


43 


22 


48 


4 


49 


13 


198.1 


766 


C. Silius. 
L. Munatius 
Plancus. 


44 


23 


49 


1 Anni- 
us Ru- 

fus. 


50 


14 


2 


767 


Sex. Porapeins. 
Sex. Appuleius. 


1 Tiberi- 
us. 


1 Veno- 
nes. 


50 


1 Vale- 
riusGra- 
tus. 


51 — 


15 


3 


768 


Drusus Cses. 

C. Norbanus 

Flaccus. 


2 


Subject to 
Parthia. 


A Roman 
Province. 


2 


52 

1 Phra- 
ataces. 
1 Orodes. 


16 


4 


769 


T. Statilius Si- 
senna Taurus. 

L. Scribonius 
Libo. 


3 







3 


1 Vono- 
iies. 


17 


199.1 


770 


C. Csecilius Ru- 

fus. 
L. Pomponius 

Flaccus. 


'~ 


1 Vono- 
nes. 





4 


1 Artaba- 

nusll.,0] 

Arsaces 

XVII. 


18 


2 


771 


Tib. Caes. Aug. 
III. 

Germanicus Cae- 
sar II. 


5 


Conquered 
by Rome. 




5 


2 


19 


3 


772 


M. Junius Sila- 
nus. 
L. Norbanus Bal- 


6 






6 


3 - — 








bus. 











7 TO 19 A.D. 



149 



Events and Eminent Men. 



10 



Germaniciis is sent into Germany. Severe contest in the revolted provinces, em- 
ploying fifteen legions, and as many auxiliaries. Velleius Pat. is Quaestor and 
Legate, Insurrection of Judas, the Gaulonite, in Judtea. Philistion of Magne- 
sia, com. poet, fl. 

The Pannonians are subdued, and leave the Dalmatians to struggle alone. Phse- 
drus, a freedman, translates the Fables of iEsop into Latin Iambics. Verrius 

I Flaccus is preceptor of the imperial family. Atheni/dorus of Tarsus, Stoic phil. 
fl., Exile of Ovid, in Dec. set. 50. 

Submission of Dalmatia. Quintilius Varus and his army are cut to pieces by the 
Germans, under Arminius (Hermann), in the forest of Teutoburg, near the river 
Lippe. Birth of Vespasian, Nov. 17. 

The progress of Arminius is checked by Nonius Asprenas ; but the war becomes 
so formidable, that Tiberius is sent to take the command of the Koman army. 

Germanicus is sent to assist Tiberius. Death of Messalla Corvinus, set. 72 ; the 
last survivor of the old republican party. 

Tiberius leaves Germanicus to prosecute the war, and returns to Rome. A tri- 
umph is granted to him for his success in Pannonia and Dalmatia. Velleius 
Pat., after serving in nine campaigns, has a conspicuous place in the procession. 
Birth of Caius Caesar (afterwards named Caligula), Aug. 31 ; son of Germanicus 
and Agrippina. 

A fifth ten-year term of imperial rule is voted to Augustus. Sotion, the Alexan- 
drian philosopher, is the preceptor of Seneca. 

Census taken ; 4,190,117 Roman citizens. Death of Augustus at Nola, Aug. 9, get. 
75. Strabo writes his Geography. Thrasyllus, phil. and Fenestella, hist. fl. 
Tiberius begins his reign by the murder of M. Agrippa. (See a.d. 4.) 

A mutiny of the Pannonian legions is suppressed by Drusus, the son of Tiberius ; 
those of Germany also are quieted by Germanicus, who is afterwards successful 
in his campaign against Arminius. After a reign of fifty-two years, Archelaus 
is summoned by Tiberius to Rome, where he is detained, and Cappadocia made 
a Roman province. Commotions in Parthia. The aged Phraates IV. is mur- 
dered by his son, Phraataces, who is killed by Orodes. Birth of Vitellius. 

Germanicus obtains still more decisive victories, and is recalled to Rome, through 
the jealousy of Tiberius. Scribonius Libo Drusus, convicted of treason and 
sorcery, kills himself; his death is folloAved by decrees, expelling from Italy all 
professors of magic. Sejanus becomes the favourite of Tiberius. The Parthi- 
ans put Orodes to death, and send to Rome for Vonones, son of Phraates IV., 
who was a hostage there, and being liberated by Tiberius, is made their king. 

Germanicus is received with enthusiasm by the people of Rome, and has a splendid 
triumph for his victories, after which he is sent into the East. Ephesus, Mag- 
nesia, and other cities in Asia, are devastated by a violent earthquake. Some 
wild tribes in Africa are led by Tacfarinas to attack the Romans, but are soon 
repulsed. Archelaus dies at Rome. Apollonius of Tyana, now a youth, begins 
to distinguish himself. Corn. Celsus, med. fl. Death of Arminius, aet.37. The 
Parthians expel Vonones, and call Artabanus from Media, to reign over them ; 
Vonones obtains the kingdom of Armenia. 

Armenia subdued by Germanicus ; Vonones is expelled, and soon afterwards put 
to death. The city of Tiberias in Galilee built by Herod the Tetrarch. Death 
of Livy, set. 76— of Ovid, set. 60. 

Germanicus visits Egypt, and soon after his return, dies at Antioch, Oct. 9, aet. 34, 
supposed to have been poisoned. Drusus defeats the Germans. Marbod surren- 
ders to him, and passes the remainder of his life at Ravenna. The Jews and 
Egyptians are expelled from Italy ; four thousand of them are planted in Sar- 



150 



TROM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



Olym. 



20 
21 

22 
23 

24 
25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 
31 

32 

33 

34 
35 



199.4 
200.1 



201.1 



202.1 



203.1 

2 
3 



773 

774 

775 

776 

777 
778 

779 

780 

781 

782 

783 

784 

785 



787 



Consuls of Rome. 



M, Valerius Messalla. 
M. Aurelius Cotta. 



Tib. Cses. Augustus IV. 
Jul. Drusus Csesar II, 



Dec. Haterius Agrippa. 
C. Sulp. Galba. 
C. Asinius Pollio. 
C. Antistius Vet. 



Serv. Cornelius Cethegus. 
L. Visellius Varro. 



M. Asinius Agrippa. 
Cossus Corn. Lentulus. 



Cn. Lentulus Gsetulicus. 
C, Calvisius Sabinus. 



M. Licinius Crassus. 
L. Calpurnius Piso. 



Ap. Junius Silanus. 
P. Silius Nerva. 



L. Rubellius Geminus. 
C. Fufius Geminus. 

M. Vinicius. 
L. Cassius Longinus. 
Tib. Cses. Aug. V. 
L. yElius Sejanus. 

Cn. Domitius Ahenobar- 

bus. 
Fur. Camilius Scriboni- 

anus. 
Serv. Sulpic. Galba. 
L. Cornel. Sylla Felix. 



L. Vitellius. 

Paulus Fabius Persicus. 



C. Cestius Gallus. 

M. Servilius Nonianus. 



10 



12 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



7 Tiberius. 



15 



16 



20 — 



Roman Go- 
vernors. 

7 Valerius 
Gratus. 

8 



10 



1 Pontius 
Pilatus. 



JUD^A.. 



10 



Herod An- 

tipas. 



Arsacid^ 
OF Parthia. 



4 Artabanus 
II., or Arsa- 
ces XVII. 

5 



20 TO 35 A.D. 



151 



20 



24 



25 



26 



27 



28 



29 



32 



33 



34 



35 



Events and Eminent Men. 



dinia. M. Annseus Seneca, the father, now set. 80 ; Lucius, his son, aet. 25, begins j 
to display his talents. 
Agrippina brings the ashes of Germanicus to Rome. Piso, accused of having 
poisoned him, kills himself. Tacfarinas raises another rebellion in Africa. 

First retirement of Tiberius into Campania. Junius Blaesus is sent to oppose 
Tacfarinas. Commotions in Gaul, under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir : 
suppressed by Silius. C. Lutorius Priscus, condemned to death for his Elegy on 
Germanicus. The theatre of Pompey, at Rome, destroyed by fire. Oppres- 
sive government of Sejanus. 

Drusus associated by his father in the tribunitiau power. Death of Ateius Capito, 
the civilian. 

Sejanus, praetorian preefect, attempts to destroy all the imperial family, that he 
may clear the way to the throne for himself. He poisons Drusus, the son of 
Tiberius, noAv set. 37. Tiberius returns to Rome, and takes a more active part 
in public affairs ; some provincial governors are severely punished for ex- 
tortion 

Tacfarinas is finally defeated and killed in battle by Dolabella; quiet is restored 
in Africa. The orator Cassius Severus, who had been banished to Crete, is sent 
to a more rigid penance in Seriphus. Birth of Pliny the elder. Valerius Maxi- 
mus fl. 

The Senate orders the ^diles to burn the History of the Civil Wars, by Cremu- 
tius Cordus, but it is secretly preserved ; the author starves himself to death. 
Votienus Montanus, orator and poet, is banished to one of the Balearic islands. 
Sejanus urges Tiberius to withdraw from Rome, and indulge his pleasures. The 
supposed time of Strabo's death. 

Some hostile movements in Thrace are repressed by P. Sabinus. Tiberius goes 
into Campania, and leaves all the power of the state in the hands of Sejanus. 
The Praetorian bands are increased, and a fortified camp constructed for them. 
Sejanus plots against Agrippina and her sons. Death of the orator Haterius. 
John the Baptist preaches in Judfea. 

Tiberius secludes himself in the island of Caprese. An amphitheatre, erected by 
Acilius at Fidense, breaks down, while a large concourse of spectators is assem- 
bled, many thousands of whom are buried in the ruins. Universal discontent 
and terror under the tyranny of Sejanus. 

The Frisians revolt and defeat Apronius. Julia dies after an exile of thirty 
years. (See a.d. 2.) Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, is married to Cn. Do- 

j mitius Ahenobarbus ; from this marriage the emperor Nero is born. John the 
Baptist imprisoned by Herod Antipas. 

Death of Livia, the mother of Tiberius, aet. 86. John the Baptist beheaded. The 
crucifixion of Jesus, March 25th (according to Lactantius, and many ancients, 
and among modems, Clinton). 

Agrippina, the widow of Germanicus, and her sons, banished by Sejanus. Asinius 
Gallus imprisoned. The crucifixion (according to Africanus). 

The fall and death of Sejanus. Valerius Maximus writes. Death of Velleius 
Paterculus. The crucifixion (according to Frosper's Chron. and Epiphanius, fol- 
lowed by Hales). 

Macro succeeds to the office and power of Sejanus, which he abuses like his prede- 
cessor. L.Junius Gallic, the friend of Ovid and Seneca, is banished to Lesbos, 
but recalled to Rome. Tlie crucifixion placed by the Paschal Chronicle on the 
24th March. Birth of Otho, April 28. 

Agrippina, the widow of Germanicus, and her son Drusus, are put to death, Sept. 
17. Cassius Severus and Asinius Gallus die in exile. The crucifixion (according 
to Eusebius) on April 3, the date approved by Usher and Blair, and now gene- 
rally adopted. 

Caius Caesar, the youngest son of Germanicus, coalesces with Macro, in ruling Tibe- 
rius, now in his dotage. Birth of the sat. poet, Persius, at VolateiTse, in 
Etruria. 

Pontius Pilate is deprived of his office, and banished. The tetrarch Herod Antipas 
rules over the greater part of Judaea. Martyrdom "f Stpphen. and flight of 



152 



FEOM THE YEA 



B.C. 


Olym. 


A. U. C. 


Consuls of Rome. 


Roman 
Emperoks. 


JUDiEA. 


Arsacid^ of 

PaRTHTA. : 


36 


203.4 


789 


Sex. Papinius Allenius. 
Qa. Plautius. 


23 Tiberius. 




20 Artabanus 
II., or Arsa- 
ces XVII. 


37 


204.1 


790 


Cn. Acerronius Proculus. 
C. Pontius Nigrinas. 


1 Caius Cses. 
(Caligula.) 


1 Herod A- 
grippa. 


21 


38 


2 


791 


M. Aquilius Julianus. 
P. Nonius Asprenas. 


2 , . 


2 


'>'> , 




39 


3 


792 


C. Cses. Aug. Germanicus 

II. 
L. Apronius Csesianus. 


^ 


3 


03 




40 


4 


793 


C. Cses. Aug. Germanicus 
III., solus, Clin. With 
L . Gellius Poplicola, 
Hales. 


4 


4 


24 


41 


205.1 


794 


C. Cass. Aug. Germanicus 

IV. 
Cn. Sentius Saturninus. 


1 Claudius I. 


5 


25 


42 


2 


795 


Tib. Claud. Cses. Aug. II. 
C, Csecina Largus. 


2 . 


6 


26 


43 


3 


796 


Tib. Claud. Caes. Aug. III. 
L. Vitellius 11. 


o 


„ 


1 Vardanes, 
or Arsaces 
XVIH. 

1 






44 


4 


797 


L. Quinctius Crispinus 

II. 
M. Statilius Taurus. 


4 


1 Agrippa 
the Younger. 


2 


45 


206.1 


798 


M. Vinicius II. 

T. Statilius Taurus. 

Corvinus. 


5 — ., 


2 


3 


46 


2 


799 


Valerius Asiaticus II. 
M. Junius Silanus. 


6 , 


o 


4 




47 


3 

t 


SCO 


Tib. Claud. Cses. Aug. IV. 
L. Vitellius III. 


7 


4 


1 Gotarzes, 01 
Arsaces XIX 

















36 TO 47 A D. 



153 



Eepe- 
tit'on 
Dates. 



36 



37 



38 



39 



40 



41 



42 



44 



46 



Events and Eminent Men. 



some disciples from Jerusalem to Antioch. Saul, who had instigated this and 
other acts of persecution, becomes soon afterwards a zealous convert to the faith 
which he had opposed with so much cruelty. Philo Judseus fl. at Alexandria. 

Tiridates fails in his attempt to seize the throne of Parthia. Some men of Cyprus 
and Cyrene produce a great impression at Antioch, by preaching to the Greeks, 
what had been stated by the disciples who fled from Jerusalem. Baraabas, who 
is sent by the apostles to inquire into this, goes to Tarsus for Saul, and takes 
him to Antioch. Death of Thrasyllus, 

Death of Tiberius at Misenum, March 18, set. 78. CaiusCeesar (see a.d. 34) suc- 
ceeds, ?et. 25. He puts to death Tiberius, the son of Drusus. Birth of the future 
emperor, Nero. Herod Agrippa is made king of a part of Judaea. During a 
year's conference, the parties assembled at Antioch give the name of Christians 
to the believers in Christ, and found, in that city, the first Greek Christian church, 
of which Lucius of Cyrene is an eminent teacher. Saul and Barnabas take 
back with them a liberal donation for their poorer brethren at Jerusalem. 

Caligula appoints dependent kings in some of the eastern provinces ; among them 
are Cotys, in the lesser Armenia, and Polemo, in his paternal Cilician States. 
Birth of Josephus. Saul and Barnabas return to Antioch ; and, after another 
consultation with the new church, go forth to preach the gospel to the Gentiles, 
the former having changed his name to Paul. They make many converts in 
Cyprus, Perga, and Iconium. The Hebrew gospel of Matthew composed. 

Herod Antipas is deposed, and his dominions added to those of Agrippa. Caligula 
indulges his violent passions, and afflicts the empire by his tyranny. L. Se- 
neca and Domitius Afer escape with difficulty from his violence. Apion of 
Alexandria, fl., and Demetrius, the Cynic, is the friend of Seneca, and of Apol- 
lonius of Tyana. Birth of Lucan, at Cordova, Nov, 3. 

Caligula's expedition in Gaul and Clermany, and pretended invasion of Britain. 
He commands his statue to be placed in the temple of Jerusalem ; protest and per- 
secution of the Jews. Agrippa and Petronius, the Roman governor, plead for 
them. Dissension between the Jews and Greeks at Alexandria; on one side 
Philo Judeeus, and on the other Apion, are sent ambassadors to Rome. Lucan 
brought to Rome in his infancy. 

Assassination of Caligula, Jan. 24, set. 29. His uncle Claudius is made emperor 
by the praetorians, eet. 50. The territories of Agrippa are still more enlarged by 
him, and the former privileges of the Alexandrian Jews restored; all Cilicia is 
given to Polemo; Mithridates receives Pontus. Galba and Gabinius carry on a 
successful war in Germany. Birth of Titus, Dec. 30. Seneca writes his three 
books, " De Ira," and is afterwards banished to Corsica. 

A revolt in Mauritania quelled by Paulinus and Geta. Deaths of Carina Pastus 
and his wife Arria. Asconius Psedianus, hist. fl. The apostle Peter imprisoned 
at Jerusalem, by order of Agrippa. 

Aulus Plaatius is sent with an army into Britain ; Vespasian serves there under 
him. Claudius follows, to have the glory of their victories. Pomponius Mela, 
geog. fl. Birth of Martial, March 1. Narcissus in favour with Claudius. On 
the death of Artabanus IL, his sons contend for the throne of Parthia. Gotarzes 
kills his brother Artabanus, and is himself expelled by Yardanes. 

Plautius is appointed the first Roman governor of Britain. Claudius returns and 
celet)rates a magnificent triumph at Rome. Great rejoicings in the East, on the 
occasion. Olympic games at Antioch. During the ceremony at Ca^sarea, Herod 
Agrippa is attacked by the disease which, in a few days, terminates his life. 

The younger Agrippa prevails upon Claudius to reverse the orders issued by Cas- 
sius Longinus, governor of Judaja. Domitius Afer fl. Antipater, archon of 
Athens. Apollonius of Tyana visits Persia and India. Thrace is made a Ro- 
man province. 

Licentious and cruel proceedings of the empress Messalina. Death of M. Vinicius, 
and many of the first patncians, through her false accusations, and banishment 
of others. Columella writes " De Re Rustica." 

The secular games celebrated at Rome. Plautius returns from Britain, and 
Vespasian has the command there. Corbulo restores discipline in the army 



154 



FROM THE XEAB 



A.D. 



Olysi. 



206.4 



207.1 



50 



52 



53 



54 



55 



56 



58 



59 



208.1 



4 

209. 1 
2 



801 



802 



804 
805 
806 

807 

808 

809 
810 
811 

812 
813 

814 



Consuls of Rome. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



Claudius I. 



Agrippa the 
Younger. 



A. Vitellius. 
L. Vipsanius. 

C. Pompeius Longinus 

Gallus. 
Qu. Verannius. 

C. Antistius Vetus. 
M. Suilius Nerviliauus. 



Tib. Claud, Caes. Aug. Y 
Ser. Cornel. Orfitus. 



Com. Sylla Faustus. 
L. Salvias Otho Titianus 



D. Jun. Silanus Torqua 

tus. 
Qu. Haterius Antonius. 



M. Asinius Marcellus. 
M. Acilius Aviola. 



Nero Claud. C^s. Aug. 
L. Antistius Vetus. 



Qu. Volusius Satuminus. 
P. Cornelius Scipio. 

Nero Claud. Cses. Aug. II. 
L. Calpurnius Piso. 

Nero Claud. Caps. Aug. Ill, 
M. Valerius Messalla. 



C. Vipsanius Apronianus, 
L. Fonteius Capito. 

Nero Claud. Cses. Aug. IV. 
Corn, Cossus Lentulus. 



G. Csesonius Paetus. 

P. PetroniusTurpilianus. 



JUD.EA. 



1 Nero. 



48 TO Gl A.D. 



155 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates, 



Events and Eminent Men. 



on the Rhenish frontier, and obtains signal victories over the Chauci. He is stopped 
in his progress by the orders of Claudius, Death of Valerius Asiaticus, through 
the malicious arts of Messalina. Vardanes is slain by his lawless subjects, and 
Gotarzes succeeds him. 

A census taken, which shows 5,984,072 adult citizens of Rome. Divorce, conspi- 
racy, and death, of Messalina. Claudius is governed by Narcissus and Pallas, 
both freedmen. He gives additional territories to the younger Agrippa. Palae- 
mon Vicentinus, the instructor of Quintilian, fl, 

Claudius marries Agrippiua, the widow of Domitius (see a.d. 28). Lollia Paulina, 
her rival, is beheaded. Seneca recalled from exile, and the care of Nero's edu- 
cation is confided to him. Domitius Afer has the superintendence of the public 
aqueducts. Dinophilus is archon of Athens. 

Agrippina prevails on Claudius to adopt her son, Nero, as his successor, to the 
exclusion of his own son, Britannicus. She founds the Colonia Agrippina, now 
Cologne, on the Rhine. Ostorius, after defeating the Iceni, in Britain, overcomes 
the Silures, and sends their king, Caractacus, a prisoner to Rome. Dissensions 
betwen the Jew Christians and Greek converts, the former requiring the latter 
to observe the ceremonial laws of Moses ; they are, however, dispensed with. 

Nero, set. 14, is allowed to assume the toga virilis. Burrus Afranius praetorian 
prsefect, through the influence of Agrippina. A severe famine at Rome. The 
short and inglorious reign of Yonones, over the Parthians, is terminated by his 
death, and the quiet accession of his son Volagases. 

Pallas obtains for his brother, Felix, the procuratorship of Judsea. The magnifi- 
cent aqueducts of the Aqua Claudia and the Lake Fucinus, commenced a.d. 
38, are completed, Paul preaches at Athens. Volagases invades Lesser Arme- 
nia. 

Nero, set. 16, is married to Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. Through his inter- 
cession, the privileges of Rhodes are restored, and arrears of tribute remitted to 
Byzantium, and other communities. Trachonitis and Abilene, with the territo- 
ries of the tetrarch, Philip, are placed under the jurisdiction of Agrippa. Diony- 
sodorus, archon of Athens. 

Claudius, set 64, is poisoned by Agrippina, Oct. 13, that her son Nero, set. 17, may 
secure the succession. The new emperor acts at first under the advice of Seneca 
and Burrus, Domitius Corbulo is appointed to command in Armenia. Narcissus 
is put to death. 

Pallas is dismissed from his offices and excluded from the palace. Agrippina, 
slighted by her son, courts Britannicus, on which Nero orders him to be poisoned, 
Oct. 14. Paullinus Pompeius has the command in Germany, and embanks the 
lower Rhine. Paul preaches at Ephesus, 

Seneca addresses his two books, " De Clementia," to Nero, who soon afterwards 
begins to neglect the lessons of his instructor, and gives free course to his 
passions. Conon, archon of Athens, Birth of Trajan, Sept 18. 

Pomponia Grsecina, a noble Roman matron, accused of practising a foreign super- 
stition. Banishment of Capito, for misgoverning Cilicia. P. Celer, impeached 
by the province of Asia, for the like offence, dies of old age. 

Corbulo drives Volagases out of Armenia, and gives to Tiridates royal authority 
there. Sabina Poppsea, the mistress of Nero ; Otho, her former lover, is sent 
into Lusitania, Pamphila of Epidaurus, daughter of Soterides, hist. fl. The 
colony of Lugdunum destroyed by fire. 

Murder of Agrippina, by her son's order, March 20. An eclipse of the sun, April 
30. Death of Domitius Afer. Paul is imprisoned, and defends himself before 
Felix, at Csesarea. 

The Quinquenalian games instituted at Rome by Nero. Corbulo, after having set- 
tled the affairs of Armenia, is appointed the successor of Quadratus in Syria. 
Agrippa retains only a shadow of authority, the Roman governor being all- 
powerful in Judsea. A comet visible for six months. Seneca Nat. Qu. VII., 21. 

The British Iceni revolt under Boadicea, and destroy the Roman colonies in the 
country of the Trinobantes; they are defeated by Suetonius Paulinus, in a 
bloody battle, near Sunbury (Suetonii Castra) on the Thames. After this the 



156 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



63 
64 



65 



Olym. 



210.2 



211.1 



67 



212.1 



70 



815 



816 



817 



818 



819 



820 



821 



822 



Consuls of Rome. 



P. Marius Celf?us. 
L. Asinius Gallus. 



C. Memmius Regnlus. 
L. Virginius Rufus. 

C. Lecanius Bassus. 
M. Licinius Crassus Fru- 
gi. 

A. Licinius Nerva Silia- 

mis. 
M. Vestinus Atticus. 



C, Lucceius Telesinns. 
C. Suetonius Paulinus. 



Fonteius Capito. 
Junius Rufus. 



Galerius Trachalus. 
C. Silius Italicus. 



Serv. Sulp. Galba Cses, 

Aug. II. 
T. Vinius Rufinus. 



Flav, Vespasianus Cses. 

Aug. II. 
Titus Caesar. 



Roman Empe- 

EORS. 



Nero. 



1 Galba. 



1 Otho. 
1 Vitellius. 
1 Vespasian. 



Volagases I 
or Arsaces 
XX. 



Arsacid^ 

of 
Parthia. 



14 



15 



16 



18 



20 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



The dates of 
the earliest 
bishops of 
Rome cannot 
be positively 
ascertained. 
The follow- 
ing are given 
by Irenseus 
abt. A.D. 180 



1 Linus. 



62 TO 70 A.D. 



157 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



65 



m 



67 



70 



consul Turpilianus takes the command of the army in Britain ; Galba has the 
command in Spain. Felix is replaced in Judaea by Festus, before whom Paul 
pleads his cause, and, as a Roman citizen, appeals to the emperor. Thrasyllus, 
archon of Athens. Apollonius of Tyana is present at the Olympic games. 
Birth of Pliny the Younger ; that of Tacitus a few years earlier, but the exact 
date uncertain. 

Burrus dies. Tigellinus, a court favourite, is appointed praetorian prefect. Nero 
marries Poppsea, and puts Octavia to death, set. 20. Pallas is condemned and 
his wealth confiscated. Death of Persius, Dec. 25, aet. 29. Paul is sent a prisoner 
to Rome. The Hebrew gospel of Matthew is rendered into Greek by an unknown 
translator. Corbulo again in Armenia to oppose the Parthians. 

Great earthquakes in Asia. P. Albinus succeeds Festus in Judsea. Ambassadors 
from Volagases arrive at Rome to treat for peace. The gospels of Mark and 
Luke are written originally in Greek. Seneca's Nat. Qucest. completed. 

Nero exhibits on the stage at Rome and Naples. During his absence at Antium, 
the great fire of Rome breaks out, July 19, and in six days, ten out of the four- 
teen regions of the city are destroyed. The Christians are accused of having 
caused it, and suffer cruel punishments for the imaginary crime. Josephus, set. 
26, visits Rome. Albinus is recalled from Judasa, and Gessius Floras appointed. 

The conspiracy of Piso detected, and its author put to death. Among the nume- 
rous victims of Nero's brutal cruelty this year, are his wife Poppsea, the apos- 
tles Paul and Peter, Seneca, phil. pet. 72, and his brother, Gallio, the poet, Lucan, 
April 30, set. 26, and his father, Melo, Jun. Silanus Torquatus and the civilian 
Cassius Longinus. A pestilence at Rome. Demostratus, archon of Athens. 

Tiridates comes to Rome and is crowned by Nero. Rebellion of the Jews ; they 
defeat Cestius Gallus, and Vespasian is sent against them. Ostorius Sca- 
pula dies. The Senators Thrasea Paetus, and Barea Soranus are condemned to 
death. Nero visits Greece. Martial comes to Rome. Plutarch, set. 20, and his 
brother, Lamprias, are taught by the phil. Ammonius at Delphi. Demetrius, 
the cynic, fl. Death of Petronius Arbiter. Apollonius of Tyana is ordered to 
leave Rome. 

The services of Corbulo excite the jealousy of Nero ; he kills himself to avoid an 
ignominious death. Vespasian conquers many places in Judsea ; Josephus sur- 
renders Sotapatra to him, and is kindly treated as a prisonerof war. Nero, after 
celebrating the public games in Greece, is called back to Italy by the news of 
another conspiracy. The educated Greek converts to Christianity adapt their 
new religion to their various philosophical systems, and form numerous sects, 
to which the general name of Gnostics is given. Simon Magus is the first-named 
among them, and next his disciple Menander. 

Vindex, governor of Gaul, proclaims Galba, but is defeated and slain by Virginius 
Rufus. Galba advances with his army from Spain, and is acknowledged by the 
Senate, as Emperor, set. 72. Nero kills himself, June 10, set. 32, Vespasian con- 
tinues his progress in Judaea, and takes Gadara and Jericho ; but after hearing 
of the events in the West, he prepares to claim the empire for himself. Quin- 
tilian arrives in Rome, with Galba, and begins to teach there. 

Galba adopts Calpurnius Piso. They are both murdered, Jan. 15, by the prsetorian 
guards, who place Otho on the throne. The German legions proclaim Vitellius. 
Otho, defeated near Bedriacum, kills himself, April 16, set. 37, after a reign of 
ninety-five days. Vespasian assumes the empire July 1st, suspends his opera- 
tions in Judsea, marches into Italy, and overcomes the army of Vitellius at Cre- 
mona. The conqueror enters Rome, where Vitellius is beheaded, Dec. 22, set. 55, 
his short reign having been disgraced by indulging the grossest sensuality. 
Jerusalem is a prey to fierce intestine factions. Apollonius of Tyana quan-els 
with Euphrates in Egypt. The poet Silius Italicus fl. Musonius Rufus, stoic 
phil. is at Rome. Dio Prusseas, called by some Dio Chrysostom, begins to be emi- 
nent. 

The Capitol, destroyed during the troubles of the past year, is rebuilt by Ves- 
pasian; he regulates the state, and restores good government. Titus marches 
from Egypt, and concludes the Jewish war by the capture of Jerusalem, Sept. 8, 



158 



FEOM THE YEAK 



A.D. 



71 

72 
73 
74 

75 

76 

77 

78 
79 



82 
83 
84 
85 



Olym. 



212.3 

4 

213.1 

2 



4 
214. 1 

2 
3 



215.1 

2 
3 
4 
216.1 



824 



825 



827 

828 

829 
830 

831 

832 



835 
836 

837 
838 



Consuls of Rome. 



Flav. Vespasianus Cses. 

Aug. III. 
M. Cocceius Nerva. 

Flav,Vesp. Cass. Aug. IV. 
Titus C83S. II. 

Domitianus Caesar II. 
M. Valerius Messalinus. 

Flav. Vesp. Caes. Aug. V. 
Titus Cses. III. 



Flav. Vesp. Cses. Aug. VI. 7 
Titus Caes. IV. 



Flav. Vesp. Cses. Aug.VII 

Titus Caes. V. 

Flav. Vesp. Caes. Aug, 

VIII. 
Titus Gees. VI. 
L. Ceionius Commodus. 
D. Novius Priscus. 
Flav. Vesp. Cses. Aug. IX, 
Titus Cass. VII. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



Vespasian. 



Titus Caes. Vesp. Aug. 

VIII. 
Domitianus Cses. VII. 



L. Flavius Silva Nonius 
Bassus. 

Asinius PoUio Verruco- 
sus. 



Domitianus Aug. VIII. 
T. Flavius Sabiuus. 

Domit. Aug. IX. 

Q. Petilius Rufus II. 

Domit. Aug. X. 
Oppius Sabinus. 

Domit. Aug. XI. 

T. Aurelius Fulvius. 



1 Titus. 



1 Domitian. 



Parthia. 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



Volagases I, 
or Arsaces 
XX. 



21 

22 
23 
24 

25 

26 
27 

28 
29 

30 

31 

32 , 

33 . 

34 • 

35 . 



Linus. 



1 Anacletus. 



71 TO 85 A.D. 



159 



Events and Eminent Men. 



79 



The Jews are dispersed. Josephus is set at liberty, and highly favoured by 
Titus. The Batavi and their confederates, who had for some time resisted 
successfully, under Civilis, the Roman legions, are defeated by Cerealis. A 
treaty of peace acknowledges them as allies, not subjects, of Rome. Bishopb 
preside over the principal Christian churclies; Annianus at Alexandria, Ignatius 
at Antioch, and Simeon at Jerusalem or Pella. Revolt of Sabinus in CTaul. 

Volagases, who had offered to Vespasian a subsidiary force of 40,000 Parthians, 
sends ambassadors to congratulate Titus and present him a crown of gold. On 
his way to Rome, Titus meets ApoUonius of Tyana in Cilicia. The joint triumph 
of Vespasian and Titus. The Temple of Janus closed. 

Antiochus, the nominal king of Commagene, is deposed, and sent with his family 
to reside in Rome ; the country is made a Roman province. The fourteenth book 
of Pliny's Hist. Nat. written this year. 

Julius Frontinus is now governor of Britain. Some of the Jews, who had been ex- 
pelled from their country, excite disturbances and revolts among their brethren 
in Gyrene. 

Helvidius Priscus, the Stoic, having offended Vespasian, is put to death, and all 
the philosophers, except MusoniusRufusfsee a.d. 69), are ordered to leave Rome: 
among the expelled is Demetrius, (see a.d. 39 and 66). Agrippa brings to Rome 
his sister, Berenice, to whom Titas attaches himself. 

Vespasian dedicates the Temple of Peace, and begins to build the Colosseum. 
Parthia is invaded by the Alani, and Volagases requests the Romans to afford 
him assistance against them. 

Birth of Hadrian, Jan. 24. Plutarch is the preceptor of the future emperor, 
Trajan. 

A destructive earthquake in Cyprus, and fatal pestilence in Rome. Parthia is 
again disturbed by intestine troubles. Pliny's Hist. Nat. is dedicated to Titus 
in his sixth consulship. 

Agricola succeeds Julius Frontinus in Britain, completes the conquest of the island, 
and introduces useful arts. 

Sabinus, discovered in the cavern, where he had been concealed nine years (see 
A.D. 70), is cruelly put to death. Csecina and Marcellus, detected in a conspiracy, 
meet the same fate. Death of Vespasian, June 24th, aet. 69. Pompeii and Her- 
culaneum destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, Aug. 23rd. Pliny the 
Elder, approaching too near, is smothered by the ashes, Aug. 24th, aet. .56. 

Rome is afflicted by a calamitous fire, followed by a pestilence. Titus restores the 
injured edifices and relieves the suff^erers. The Colosseum being completed, he 
celebrates in it magnificent games. Splendid baths are built by him, adorned 
with numerous statues, among which is the Laocoon, sculptured by Agesander 
of Rhodes, Athenodorus, and Polydorus. Successful campaign of Agricola in 
Caledonia. Pliny the Younger, ^t. 19, begins to plead, and Plutarch composes 
his first treatises. 

Death of Titus, Sept. 13, set. 40, lamented by his subjects, who attribute his 
death to poison. His brother Domitian, on his accession, represses for a time his 
violent passions. Valerius Flaccus writes his " Argonautica." Titus, in the last 
days of his life, restores the dilapidated aqueduct of the Aqua Curtia. Domitian 
is supposed to have written during the life of Titus, the Paraphrase on the PJice- 
nomena of Aratus, commonly ascribed to Germanicus. Kieh. 

The reparation of the Capitol and other public works, commenced by Titus, are 
completed. The amphitheatre of Verona built. Domitian establishes a liberal 
endowment for rhetoricians, of wliich Quiutiliau is a partaker. 

Expedition of Domitian against the Chatti, over whom he pretends to have 
gained great victories ; he assumes the name of Germanicus and celebrates a 
triumph. 

The Caledonians collect a great force, under Galcacus, to oppose Agricola, by whom 
I they are totally defeated ; he builds the wall between the Clyde and the Forth, 
and his fleet sails round the north of Scotland for the first time. 

D6mitian, jealous of Agricola, recals him to Rome, and appoints Sallustius gover- 
nor of Britain. Abilius is elected bisliop of Alexandria. 



160 



TROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Olym. 



87 



90 

91 
92 



91 



95 



216.2 

3 
4 

217.1 



218.1 



839 

840 
841 

842 

843 

844 
845 
846 



847 



850 



851 



Consuls of Rome. 



Domit. Aug. XTI. 
Ser. Cornel. Dolabella. 



Domit. Aug. XIII. 
A. Volusius Saturninus. 
Domit. Aug. XIV. 
L. Minucius Rufus. 

T. Aurelius Fulvus II. 
A. Sempron. Atratinus. 

Domit. Aug. XV. 

M. Cocceius Nerva II. 



M. Ulpius Trajanus. 
M. Acilius Glabrio. 

Domit. Aug. XVI. 

Q. Volusius Saturnimis. 

Sex. Pompeius Collega. 
Corn. Priscus. 



Roman Empe- 

EORS. 



6 Domitian. 



L. Nonius Asprenas. 

M. Arricinius Clemens, 

Hales. 
Lateranus, Clin. 
Domit. Aug. XVII. 
T. Flav. Clemens. 



C. Manlius Valens. 
C. Antistius Vetus. 



Nerva Aug. III. 

L. Virginius Rufus III. 

Corn. Tacitus, Sujfectus. 



Nerva Aug. IV. 
Trajanus Caesar II. 



1 Nerva. 



1 Trajan. 



Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



6 Volagases 
I., or Arsa- 
ces XX. 



1 Pacorus 
I., or Arsa- 
ces XXI. 



8 Anacletus. 



10 

11 

12 

1 Clement I. 

2 

3 



86 TO 98 A.D. 



161 



Events and Eminent Men. 



86 



87 



90 

91 
92 
93 



95 



97 



Institution of the Capitoline games by Domitian, in which a prize is given for 
poetry. Kevolt of the Nasamones in Africa finally quelled. The Dacians in- 
vade Moesia and defeat the Roman general, Fuscus. Irritated by this disaster, 
Domitian begins his cruelties, and employs spies and informers to furnish pre- 
texts for them. Birth of Antoninus Pius, Sept. 20. 

The Romans sustain another defeat, and prevail upon the Dacians to retire, by pay- 
ing them a large sum of money. 

The secular games celebrated at Rome. Herennius Senecio writes the Life of 
Helvidius Priscus, and Arulenus Rusticus that of Thrasea Psetus, for which 
they are among the victims of Domitian's tyranny. Tacitus is appointed Prsetor. 

Quintilian, after having taught rhetoric twenty years in Rome, begins his Treatise 
" De Institutione Rhetorica ;" the nephews of Domitian are at this time under 
his care. Departure of Tacitus from Rome. 

The deaths of Herennius and Arulenus are followed by an order for all philoso- 
phers and mathematicians to leave Rome and Italy. Epictetus withdraws to 
Nicopolis, and Dio Prusseus (see a.d. 69), retires among the Goths, of whom he 
afterwards writes. Pliny is Praetor. 

Domitian concludes a peace with the Dacians, and celebrates a triumph. Cornelia, 
chief of the Vestals, is buried alive, for having broken her vows. L. Antonius 
Satuminus revolts in Germany ; he is defeated and slain by L. Appius Maximus. 

Domitian builds the Forum Palladium for Courts of Law and Government Offices. 
The mathematician, Agrippa, observes, in Bithynia, a conjunction of the moon 
with the Pleiades, Nov. 29, at 7 p.m. 

An over-abundant vintage in the preceding year, causes Domitian to issue an edict 
against planting vines in cities. The emperor goes in person to repel an im*oad 
of some Sarmatian tribe ; particulars unknown, except that he is absent eight 
months and declines the triumph which is offered by the Senate. Death of Agri- 
cola, Aug. 23, aet. 56. Josephus completes his Ant. Jud. and dies soon after- 
wards, set. 56. The first nine books of Martial's epigrams, and that "De 
Spectaculis," are written during the reigns of Titus and Domitian, Apollonius 
of Tyana comes again to Rome, is accused of conspiracy, sufi'ered to escape, and 
goes to the Olympic games. Scopelianus, the sophist of Clazomense, sent as 
ambassador from Asia, prevails upon Domitian to revoke his edict against plant- 
ing vines. 

Domitian's "indiscriminate slaughter of his subjects fills all Rome with dismay, 
Juvenal is sent to Egypt, supposed by some, to have been the first exile to the 
Oasis, Clement, bishop of Rome, addresses an epistle to the church of Corinth, 
to heal their divisions, the earliest post-apostolic writing that is known, 

Celsus Juventius, detected in a conspiracy, is nevertheless pardoned. The Jews 
and Christians refusing to pay a tax levied for the expense of rebuilding the 
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, are visited with severe punishments. This is 
called the second persecution. The consul Clemens, Domitian's nephew, is put 
to death, and the empress Flavia Domitilla banished to the isle of Pandataria, as 
is supposed, for their profession of Christianity. The apostle John is sent to 
Patmos. Statins writes the fourth book of his " Silvse." 

The barbarities of Domitian provoke another conspiracy, and he is slain, Sept. 18, 
set. 45. M. Cocceius Nerva is unanimously proclaimed emperor, and his reign 
commences a term of eighty-four happy years for the Romans. Pliny pleads 
before the new emperor, for the family of Helvidius Priscus. All exiles are re- 
called, and the imprisoned set free. 

Virginius, the consul, dies in the first month of his office, and is succeeded by the 
historian, Tacitus. Discontent of the Preetorians repressed. Frontinus, the 
geometrician, has the care of the Roman aqueducts, ^lianus, tacticus, fl. 
Nicetes of Smyrna is sent into Gaul. Apollonius of Tyana dies about this 
time. Trajan is adopted by Nerva. Herodes Atticus, the father, a descendant 
of Miltiades, discovers the treasure, afterwards so munificently applied by his 
son. The Apostle John is recalled from banishment. 

Death of Nerva in the gardens of Sallust, Jan. 25, aet. 72, Trajan being then at 
Colonia Agrippina. Pliny is the correspondent and favourite of the new em- 



162 



FEOM TBE TEAB 



A.D. 



Olym. 



A.U.C. 



Consuls of Rome. 



Roman Empe- 



Aesacid^ 

OF 

Parthta. 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



219.3 



100 

101 

102 
103 

104 

105 
106 

107 

108 

J09 
110 

111 
112 



220.1 

2 
3 



221.1 
2 



222.1 
2 



Trajan. 



853 



855 
856 



4 857 



858 



'^861 



,863 



865 



C. Sosiiis Senecio II. 
A. Cornelius Palma. 



Nerva Trajanus Aug. III. 
M. Cornelius Fronto III. 



Trajan Aug. IV. 

Sex. Articuleius Paetus. 



C. Sosius Senecio III. 
L. Licinius Sura II. 



Suburanus II. 

P. Neratius Marcellus. 



Traj. Aug. V. 

L. Appius Maximus II. 



T. Julius Candidus II. 
A. Julius Quadratus II. 

L. Ceionius Commodus 

Verus. 
L. Tutius Cerealis. 

C. Sosius Senecio IV. 
L. Licinius Sura III. 



Ap. Annius Trebonius 

Gallus. 
M. Atilius Metilius Bra- 

dua. 
A. Cornel. Palma II. 
C. Calvisius Tullus. 
Clodius Priscinus. 
Solenus Orfitus. 



C. Calp. Piso. 

M. Vettius Bolanus. 

Traj. Aug. VI. 

T. Sextius Africanus. 



Pacorus I., 
or Arsaces 
XXI. 



10 



Clement I. 



1 Euarestus. 



16 



1 Chosroes, 
or Arsaces 
XXII. 



1 Alexander. 

2 



99 TO 112 A.D. 163 



tition 
Dates, 



Events and Eminent Men. 



100 

101 

102 
103 

104 

105 
106 

107 

108 

109 
110 

111 
112 



peror. Plutarch is highly distinguished by him. The only surviving apostle, 
St. John, now aet. 90, at the earnest entreaty of the Asiatic bishops, writes his 
gospel. Transit of the moon over Spica Virgiuis, observed at Kome, Jan. 11, 
7 a.m., by the Alexandrian mathematician, Menelaus, Cerdon is bishop oi Alex- 
andria. 

Trajan, on his return from Germany, makes his entry into Rome, and distributes 
a liberal donation to the people and the army. Dio Prusasus is patronized by 
him ; but Martial is treated with coldness, on account of his flattery of Domi- 
tian. Julius Severus, governor of Britain. 

Pliny and Tacitus jointly prosecute Marius Priscus and some of his officers for ex- 
tortion in Africa; after a trial of three days, they are condemned by Trajan to 
refund their gains, and are banished. Tacitus did not long survive this ; but 
the time of his death is not known. The Panegyric of Trajan pronounced by 
Pliny. Martial retires to Bibilis in Spain, his native place. St. John dies at 
Ephesus, set. 92. 

Trajan discontinues the annual payment to the Dacians, and on their invading the 
Roman provinces, he drives them back and pursues them over the Danube. He 
is accompanied on this expedition by Hadrian, as quaestor. Silius Italicus, after 
a long retirement at Naples, dies there, set. 75. 

Trajan continues the war in Dacia, His empress, Plotina Pompeia, and his sister, 
Marciana, by their example, reform the manners and character of the Roman 
females. 

The victories of Trajan compel Decebalus, the Dacian leader, to accept the treaty 
of peace, dictated by the conqueror. Trajan returns to Rome and celebrates his 
triumph. He constructs the harbour of Centumcellae (now Civita Yecchia). 
Pliny goes as pro-consul to Bithynia. Arrian studies under Epictetus at Nico- 
polis. 

The Dacian war renewed. Trajan again commands, with Hadrian under him, 
prsetor of the Minervian legion. Pliny writes to the emperor (Ep. x. 97, 98), re- 
specting the Christians in his province. Martial, at Bibilis, set. 62, sends his 
twelfth book to Rome. 

Trajan's bridge over the Danube, constructed by the architect, Apollodorus of 
Damascus. Plutarch governor of Illyricum. Violent earthquakes in Greece 
and Asia. 

Decebalus having fallen in battle, the war is terminated, and Dacia forms a Roman 
province, beyond the Danube. Cornelius Palma conquers Petra and Bostra, with 
the surrounding part of Arabia Petrsea. Trajan's second Dacian triumph, fol 
lowed by a long succession of games and other festivities. 

Trajan employs the leisure of peace in useful works ; he drains the Pontine marshes 
and forms a road through them ; constructs the harbour of Ancona, and founds 
schools for poor children. The progress of Christianity causes great discontent 
among the numerous classes whose means of livelihood are derived from the 
services and ceremonies of the heathen temples. Attempts are made to compel 
the Christians to offer sacrifices ; those who refuse are punished ; some suffer 
martyrdom. This is the beginning of the third persecution. 

The writings of Dio Prusseas and Plutarch revive Greek literature among the Ro- 
mans. Simeon, the bishop of Jerusalem or Pella, is put to death, and Justus suc- 
ceeds him. 

The road from Beneventum to Brundusium is constructed by Trajan. Primus suc- 
ceeds Cerdon as bishop of Alexandria. 

Completion of the works in the Pontine marshes, commenced a.t>. 107. Papias 
bishop of Hierapolis, in his " Explanation of the Oracles of our Lord," makes 
the earliest mention of the gospels of Matthew and Mark, the former being in 
Hebrew. 

Satuminus, a disciple of Menander, teaches Gnostic doctrines. 

Hadrian is Archon of Athens. 



164 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Consuls of Rome. 


Roman Empe- 
rors. 


Arsacidje 

OF 

Parthia. 


Bishops op 
Rome. 


113 

114 
115 


223.1 

2 
3 


866 

867 
868 


L. Publilius Celsus II. 
C. Clodius Crispinus. 

Qu. Ninnius Hasta. 
P. Manilius Vopiscus. 
L. Vipstanus Messala. 
M. Vergilianus Pedo. 


16 Trajan. 

17 

18 


8 Chosroes, 
or Arsaces 
XXII. 

9 

10 


5 Alexander. 

6 

7 


116 


4 


869 


L. ^liiis Samia. 
iElianus Vetus. 


19 


11 


8 


117 


224.1 


870 


Niger. 

Vipstanus Apronianus. 


1 Hadrian. 


12 


9 




118 


2 


871 


Hadrianus Aug. II. 
Salinator. 


2 


13 — - 


10 


119 


3 


872 


Hadr. Aug. III. 
Rusticus. 


3 


14 


1 Sixtus I, 


120 


4 


873 


L. Catilius Severus. 
T. Aurelius Fulvus. 


4 


15 


2 


121 

122 
123 


225.1 

2 

3 


874 

875 
876 


M. Annius Verus II. 
Augur. 

Acilius Avila. 
Cornelius Pansa. 
Qu. Arrius Psetinus. 
C. Ventidius Apronianus. 


5 

fi 


1 Volagases 
II., or Ar- 
saces 
XXIII. 

2 

3 


3 

4 

5 


7 


124 


4 


877 


M. Acilius Glabrio. 
C. Bellicius Torquatus. 




4 


6 




125 


226.1 


878 


P. Com. Scipio Asiaticus 

11, 
T. Vettius Aquilinus. 


Q 


5 


7 




126 


2 


879 


M. Annius Verus HI. 
L. Varius Ambibulus. 


10 


6 


8 


127 


3 


880 


Titianus. 
Gallicanus. 


11 


7 


1 Telesphorus. 














^ 



13 TO 127 A.D. 165 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Trajan's column erected in Rome, in the forum, desired and executed by the ar- 
chitect, ApoUodorus, who is also employed on the Odeum, temples, triumphal 
arches, and other works, with which Trajan and Hadrian adorn the city. 

Trajan proceeds into the East to make war against the Parthians ; he reaches An- 
tioch and winters there. 

Ignatius is brought before Trajan at Antioch, and sent to Rome, where he is torn 
by wild beasts in the amphitheatre. Heros succeeds him as bishop. A destruc- 
tive earthquake at Antioch, by which many perish, and among them the consul, 
Pedo. The Parthians are driven out of Armenia by Trajan, aad Parthamasiris, 
whom they had made king there, is taken prisoner. The Jews of Cyprus, 
Egypt, and Cyrene rebel and slaughter many thousands. 

Trajan takes Nisibis, Edessa and Ctesiphon, and penetrates as far as the Persian 
Gulf. He deposes Chosroes, who is soon afterwards restored to the throne. Florus 
composes his epitome of Roman History. Macrinus, Archon of Athens. 

Death of Trajan at Selinus in Cilicia, Aug. 8, set. 61. Hadrian proclaims himself 
emperor at Antioch, and is quickly acknowledged throughout the empire. He 
relinquishes all the conquests of Trajan in the East, and makes the Euphrates 
the limit of his dominions there. He retains Dacia. The rebellious Jews are 
quelled by Lusius Quietus. 

Hadrian comes to Rome. A plot against him is discovered, and the conspirators, 
four senators, are put to death. He conciliates the people by a large donative 
icongiarium), and by remitting arrears of taxes. He then proceeds to Mcesia, and 
repels an incursion of Sarmatse and Roxolani. Epictetus returns to Rome, and 
is held in high estimation by Hadrian. Favorinus and Florus excite the jea- 
lousy of their imperial competitor. Suetonius is appointed private secretary ; 
but having offended the empress Sabina, he is dismissed and dies soon afterwards, 
Juvenal's thirteenth satire written. Valerius Pollio and the elder Scaurus fl. 

Hadrian visits Campania. Marcius Turbo and Septicius Clarus are appointed Prae- 
torian Prefects ; the latter is soon removed for disrespectful behaviour to the 
empress. Death of Euphrates, known as phil. stoic since a.d. 69. Dionysius 
Milesius excites Hadrian's jealousy. 

Hadrian commences his personal survey of all the provinces of the empire, and 
first, of Gaul and Germany ; he orders a fortified barrier, to protect the open 
frontier between the Neckar and the Danube. Justus, bishop of Alexandria. 

Hadrian passes some months in Britain ; the wall between Newcastle and Carlisle 
is built, under his directions. Birth of the future emperor, Marcus Aurelius, in 
the Gardens on Mount Coelius, April 26. Antoninus, afterwards Pius, is pro-con- 
sul of Asia. 

Hadrian travels in Spain, whence, making a short stay at Rome, he passes on to 
Greece and spends his winter at Athens. 

Hadrian continues his progress in Greece, rebuilds a bridge over the Cephisus, 
which a flood had destroyed, orders other public works, and proceeds into Asia. 
Quadratus and others travel among the churches " to deliver to them the Scrip- 
tures of the Holy Gospels." (Euseb,) 

Hadrian, journeying through the Asiatic provinces, restores Nicomedia, Csesarea, 
and other cities, which had suffered from recent earthquakes. Philo Biblius fl. 

After a voyage among the Greek Islands, Hadrian returns to Athens and winters 
there. He is initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries, and adorns the city with 
the Olympeium, theatres, and other edifices. Quadratus, and the philosopher 
Aristides, present to him an " Apology for Christianity ;" on which he addresses 
a letter to Minucius Fundanus, Pro-consul of Asia, putting a stop to persecution. 
Pausanias fl. 

Hadrian presides at public games in Athens, after which he sails to Sicily, where 
he ascends Mount ^tna, and thence returns to Rome. Pertinax, the future em- 
peror, bom at Villa Martia, in the Apennines, Aug. 1. Dionysius of Halicamas- 
sus. Junior, soph, and mus., and Cephalion, rhet. and hist. fl. 

Hermippus of Berytus, scholar of Philo Biblius, and Nicanor, crit. fl. 



166 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



Olym. 



128 
129 
130 

131 
132 
133 
134 
135 

136 

137 

138 
139 
140 



226.4 

227.1 

2 



229.1 



230.1 



881 

882 



887 



Consuls op Rome. 



L. Nonius Asprenas Tor- 
quatus II. 
M. Annius Libo. 
P. Juventius Celsus II. 
Qu. Julius Balbus. 

Qu. Fabius Catullinus. 
M. Flavius Aper. 



Ser. Octavius Lsenus Pon- 
tianus. 
M. Antonius Rufinus, 



12 Hadrian. 

13 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



14 



15 



8 Volagases 
II. or Arca- 
ces XXIII. 



10 



891 



Angurinus. 
Sergianus. 



Hiberus. 
Sisenna. 



C. Jul. Servilius Ursus 18 
Servianus III. 

C.Vibius Juventius Va- 
rus. 

Pontianus. 19 

Atilianus. 



L. Ceionius Commodus 20 

Verus. 
Sex. Vetulenus Civica 

Pompeianus. 



L. ^lius Verus Cses. II. 21 
P. Cselius Balbinus Vibul- 
lius Pius. 



Camerinus. 
Niger. 

T. Antoninus Pius Aug. 

II. 

Bruttius Prsesens. 
T. Antoninus Pius Aug. 

III. 
M. Aurelius Csesar. 



M.Peducfeus Syloga Pris- 
cinus. 
T. Hsenius Severus. 



AttSACID^ 

op 
Parthia. 



14 



1 Antoninus 
Pius. 



28 TO 141 A.D. 



167 



Events and Eminent Men. 



134 



135 



136 



137 



138 



139 



141 



Theon of Smyrna 



Hadrian takes the title of Pater Patriae. Death of Juvenal. 
observes the aphelion of Venus, Oct. 10. 

Hadrian sets out for the East, and passes the winter again at Athens, where he 
patronizes the learned and enlarges the libraries. Birth of Aristides, the hea- 
then philosopher. Cornelius, bishop of Antioch. 

After traversing Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and part of Arabia, Hadrian in- 
spects Mount Casius, near the Sirbonian Lake, and in the autumn reaches Egypt. 
Sailing on the Nile, Oct. 30, his favourite, Antinous, is accidentally drowned, to 
whose memory he builds Antinopolis in Thebais, and a temple. Sculptors are 
employed on busts and statues of this youth. The poet Pancrates gives the 
name of AntinCeion to the red lotus. Appian of Alexandria becomes known to 
Hadrian, and follows him to Rome. Birth of Galen. 

Hadrian returns into Syria. Out of the ruins of Jerusalem a city is built by him, 
named -^lia Capitolina, in which he dedicates a temple to Jupiter. This pro- 
vokes a formidable rebellion of the Jews. Eumenes bishop of Alexandria. 
The aphelion of Mercury observed by Theon, July 5. 

Barchochebas, the leader of the Jews, maintains a fierce conflict with Ticinius 
Rufus, governor of the province. Adrian orders reinforcements. Salvianus Ju- 
lianus prepares the " Perpetual Edict," and founds the later system of Roman 
jurisprudence. LoUianus, the Ephesian sophist, fl. 

The coins of Hadrian (see Eckhel), commemorate the provinces visited by him. 
The education of M. Aurelius, now aet. 12, is principally confided to M. Fronto, 
with all the most celebrated teachers in Rome under him. Sextus of Chseronea, 
Plutarch's grandson, instructs him in the philosophy of the Stoics. 

Barchochebas persecutes the Christians, who refuse to join his army. Julius 
Severusis called from Britain to take the command against him. Basilides 
teaches his form of Gnosticism at Alexandria. 

The war in Judaea is terminated by the complete suppression of the rebellion. All 
Jews are forbidden to approach the site of their former temple. Severus is ap- 
pointed governor of Bithynia. Hadrian again visits Athens, dedicates the 
temple of Jupiter Olympius, and gives the island of Cephalonia to the Atheni- 
ans. He adopts -^lius Verus as his successor. Arrian is governor of Cappa- 
docia. Embassy of Volagases to Rome. 
The title of Caesar is given to -^1. Verus. Hadrian, through a gloomy jealousy, 
puts several members of his family to death ; among them his brother-in-law, 
Servianus, 90 years old. The " Shepherd " of Hermas supposed to be written. 
After twelve Hebrew successors to Justus (see a.d. 108), Marcus, a Greek, is 
elected bishop of Jerusalem. He persuades many of his church to desist from 
observing the ceremonial law of Moses, so that they may leave Pella, and re- 
move to the holy city as rebuilt by Hadrian. 
Hadrian constructs a sepulchre or mausoleum for himself, called the Moles Hadriani, 
on the bank of the Tiber, where the castle of St. Angelo now stands. He re- 
tires to a magnificent palace, which he had built at Tibur, and is there attacked 
by the disease which at last proves fatal to him. 
Death of ^1. Verus, Jan. 1st, and adoption of Antoninus Pius, Feb. 25, who be- 
comes emperor on the death of Hadrian, at Baise, July 10, set. 62. Phlegon of 
Tralles, a freed-man of Hadrian, writes history. 
Claudius Ptolemy, the distinguished astronomer and geogi'apher, observes the vernal 
equinox at Alexandria, March 22nd. M. Aurelius is adopted.by Antoninus, with the 
title of Caesar, and married to his daughter, Faustina. Lucius Verus also adopted. 
Antoninus gives a king to the Armenians. {Eckhel.) LoUius Urbicus, governor 
of Britain, repels an invasion of the northern tribes, and constructs the wall of 
Antoninus. The aqueduct of New Athens, a work commenced by Hadrian, is 
completed. The heresiarchs Valentine and Cerdon visit Rome. Ptolemy ob- 
serves the vernal equinox, March 22. 
Death of the empress Faustina, wife of Antoninus. Justin Martyr, phil. Plat, 
converted to Christianity, defends it by his writings ; his Apology, addressed to 
the emperor, is dated in this vpar bv Kusehins. 



168 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



Olym. 



142 
143 

144 

145 
146 

147 

148 
149 
150 
151 
152 

153 
154 
155 
156 
157 
158 
159 
160 
161 

162 



163 



230.2 



231.1 
2 



4 

232.1 
2 
3 

4 

233.1 
2 

3 
4 

234.1 
2 
3 
4 

235.1 



897 



900 

901 
902 
903 
904 
905 

906 
907 



910 
911 
912 
913 
914 

915 



916 



Consuls of Rome. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



L. Cuspius Rufinus. 
L. Statius Quadratus. 

C. Bellicius Torquatus. 
Ti. Claudius Atticus He- 
rodes. 

Avitus. 
Maximus. 

T.Ant. Pius Aug. IV. 
M. Aur. Cses. TI. 
Sex. Erucius Clarus II. 
Cn. Claudius Severus. « 

Largus. 
Messalinus. 

Torquatus. 

Julianus. 

Serv. Scipio Orfitus. 

Qu. Nonius Priscus. 

Gallicanus. 

Vetus. 

Sex.Quintilius Condianus 

Sex. Quintilius Maximus. 

Jun. Grlabrio. 

Homullus. 

C . Bruttius Prassens. 

A. Jun. Rufinus. 

L. Aurel. Commodus. 

T. Sex. Lateranus. 

C. Jul. Severus. 

M. Rufinus Sahinianus. 

M. Ceionius Silvanus. 

C. Serius Augurinus. 

Barbarus. 

Regulus. 

TertuUus. 

Sacerdos. 

Plan tins Quintilius. 

M. Statius Priscus. 

Appius Annius Bradua. 

T. Vibias Barus. 

M. Aurel. Csesar III. 

L. Aurel. Commodus II. 



Qu. Junius Rusticus. 
Aquilinus. 



Lselianus. 
Pastor. 



5 Antoninus 
Pius. 



22 Volagases 
II., or Arsa- 
ces XXIII. 

23 



24 



1 M. Aurelius. 
L. Verus. 1 



25 



27 



28 



Arsacid^ 

of 
Parthia. 



III., or Ar- 

saces 

XXIV. 



14 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



1 Pius I. 



1 Anicetus. 

2 



1 Soter. 



142 TO 163 AD. 



169 



Events and Eminent Men. 



142 
143 

144 

145 

146 

147 

148 
149 
150 
151 
152 

153 
154 
155 
156 
157 
158 
159 
160 
161 

162 



163 



Festivals, called Pia, or Pialia, held in honour of Hadrian, at Puteoli, in the second 
year of every Olympiad. Antoninus bestows salaries and honourable distinc- 
tions on the teachers of philosophy and rhetoric in the provinces. 

Herodes Atticus, the son, celebrated for his munificence (see Gibbon), and for his 
learning, is consul this year. He had taken part in the education of M.Aurelius, 
with Fronto, now also consul suffectus, Polemo, the sophist, a friend of Fronto, 
Marcus, 7th bishop of Alexandria and Eros, 5tb of Antioch. 

The beneficent government of Antoninus makes this the happiest period in Roman 
history. Aristocles, soph, teaches at Pergamus. Valentine, disappointed in his 
expectation of a bishopric, becomes more vehement in his heresy. (Tertull.) 

Antoninus dedicates a temple to Hadrian, and makes a liberal distribution of 
money to the people, on that occasion. Mesomedes of Crete, poet. lyr. fl. 

Birth of Septimius Severus, April 11. The worship of Serapis allowed to be intro- 
duced into Rome, Calvisius Taurus of Berytus, phil. Plat, a friend of Herodes 
Atticus, and Aulus Gellius, fl. 

M. Aurelius is invested with the Tribunician power. The secular games are cele- 
brated. Appian writes his history. Galen, set. 17, begins to study medicine, 
under his first master, Satyrus. 

Antoninus celebrates his decennalian games, Arrian and Maximus Tyrius are 
patronized by him, 

Aulus Gellius fl. {Clin.) and Justin epitomizes the history of Trogus Pompeius. Apu- 
leius leaves Madaura, and after studyingat Carthage andAthens, settles at Rome. 

Telephus of Pergamus, gram. fl. Marcion teaches his heresy. 

The proper date (sec. Clin.) of Justin Martyr's " Apology." An imperial edict for- 
bids all persecution of the Christians. 

An inundation at Rome. Rhodes suffers by an earthquake. Hegesippus, a con- 
verted Jew, comes to Rome, and from Hebrew and Syriac documents writes a 
history of the Church, of which Eusebius has only preserved a few fragments. 

Crescens, phil. cyn. is the enemy of Justin Martyr. Celadion bishop of Alexan- 
dria. 



The conspiracy of Atilius Titianus punished, in the due course of law, by his 
death; the only occurrence of the kind in the reign of Antoninus Pius. 

Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, visits Rome, and there meets with Marcion, from 
whose heresies, and those of Valentine, he converts many to the orthodox faith. 

ArtemidoruSj^of Daldis in Lydia, writes on dreams and auguries. 



Galen rises in reputation at Pergamus. 



Death of Antoninus Pius, March 7, aet. 75. The joint reigu of M. Aurelius and 
L. Verus begins. Aristides visits Rome. Pausanias fl. Death of Ptolemy, aet. 
70. Birth of Commodus, and his twin brother, Antoninus, at Lanuvium, Aug. 31. 

Volagases, with a Parthian army, invades Syria and defeats the Roman governor, 
Atidius Comelianus. The Emperor Verus takes the command against him, as- 
sisted by Statins Priscus and Avidins Cassius. The Chatti having attacked the 
provinces of the Rhine, Aufidius Victorinus proceeds against them, and Calpur- 
nius Agricola is sent to Britain to repel an incursion of the Brigantes. Galen's 
first visit to Rome. 

Verus enjoys the luxuries of Antioch and Daphne, while his generals conduct the 
war successfully in Armenia and Media. Polysenus addresses his " Stratagema- 
ta " to the two emperors. Hermogenes, at the early age of fifteen, lectures be- 
fore M. Aurelius. 



TEOM THE TEAS 



A.D. 


Olym. 


AUG 


164 


235.4 


917 


165 


236.1 


918 


166 


2 


919 


167 


3 


920 


168 


4 


921 


169 


237.1 


922 


170 


2 


923 


171 


3 


924 


172 


4 


925 


173 


238. 1 


926 


174 


2 


927 


175 


3 


928 


176 


4 


929 


177 


239,1 


930 



Consuls of Rome. 



M. Nonius Macrinus. 
Celsus. 



M. Gavius Orfitus. 
L. Arrius Pudens. 

Servilius Pudens. 

L. Fufidius PoUio. 

L. Aurel.Verus Aug. Ill 

Quadratus. 



4 M. Aurelius 
L. Verus 4 



Apronianus. 
Paulus. 



Qu. Sosius Priscus. 
P. Coelius ApoUinaris. 



M. Com. Cethegus. 
C. Erucius Clarus. 



Severus. 
Herennianus, 
Maximus. 
Orfitus. 

M. Aurel. Severus IT. 
T. Claud. Pompeianus. 



Gallus. 
Flaccus. 



Piso. 

Julianus. 



T. Vitrasius Pollio II. 
M. -Flavius Aper. II. 



L. Aur. Commodus Aug. 
Quintillus. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



9 M. Aurel. 
alone. 



10 ■ 



Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 



15 Volagases 
III. or Ar- 
saces 
XXIV. 

16 



20 



25 



28 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



3 Soter. 



1 Eleutherus. 
2 



3G4 TO 177 A.D. 171 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



164 

165 

166 
167 

168 



170 

171 
172 

173 

174 
175 

176 
177 



Events and Eminent Men. 



M, Aurelius sends his daughter, Lucilla, to Ephesus, where she is married to Verus. 
Correspondence of Fronto with the emperor, his former pupil. Persecution of 
the Christians renewed, in which Justin Martyr suffers. Galen's second visit to 
Rome. The rhetorician, Nicostratus, fl. 

The cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon are taken, and the war terminated. Mesopo- 
tamia is retained by the Romans. Death of the eccentric philosopher, Peregi- 
nus, witnessed and described by Lucian. 

The two emperors celebrate a triumph for the Parthian war. Martyrdom of Poly- 
carp at Smyrna. Jamblicus of Babylon, dramat. fl. 

A pestilence, brought from the East, rages in Rome for three years. The Marco- 
manni having made inroads on the Roman provinces, the two emperors proceed 
to Aquileia, and prepare for war. Amyntianus, hist, dedicates to M. Aurelius. 

The Marcomanni retire into their own lands. M. Aurelius perseveres in his pre- 
parations against them, and provides for the security of Italy. While he is at 
Sirmium, Herodes Atticus comes from Athens to repel a charge brought against 
him, and is acquitted by the emperor. Bassseus is praetorian prefect. Athena-- 
goras, the Christian Platonist, addresses his "Apology" to the two emperors. 
Agrippinus, bishop of Alexandria. 

Sudden death of L. Verus, in his chariot, near Altinum in Venetia, while on his 
journey to Rome. Galen at Aquileia. Death of Fronto. Aulus Gellius writes 
his " Noctes Atticse," Mebuhr. The over-indulgence of M. Aurelius blinds him to 
the bad passions of the empress Faustina and his son Commodus ; a court-ex- 
clusiveness, before unknown, is introduced by her. 

Continuation of the war against the Marcomanni. M. Aurelius resides atCarnun- 
tum in Pannonia. He appoints Alexander of Cotyseum, the Galatian sophist, to 
be his Greek secretary. The patronage of learned men in this and the three 
preceding reigns does not prevent the decline of literary talent, which now be- 
comes apparent. 

Oppian, the poet of Cilicia, writes his " Halieutica." Theophilus, sixth bishop of 
Antioch. 

Melito, bishop of Sardes, addresses his " Apology" for Christianity to the empe- 
ror. ApoUinaris, bishop of Hierapolis. 

Pausanias describes the splendid works of Herodes Atticus. Dionysius, bishop of 
Corinth and Pinytus of Crete. Montanus founds the sect of Montanists, and 
Tatian, a disciple of Justin Martyr, that of the Encratites. Herodian, the 
grammarian of Alexandria, fl. Hermogenes, so prematurely talented (see a.d. 
163), loses his faculties. 

M. Aurelius makes a short visit to Rome ; after his return to the army, the Ger- 
man tribes are signally defeated, which gives occasion to the fable of the " Thun- 
dering Legion." Many of Galen's works composed. Apuleius fl. 

Commodus, set. 14, assumes the toga virilis, and is admitted into the college of 
priests. Avidius Cassius revolts in Syria, but is slain by his own soldiers ; his 
family are spared, and tenderly treated. M. Aurelius goes into the East, accom- 
panied by the empress, who dies in a village at the foot of Mount Taurus, where 
the city of Faustinopolis is built in honour of her. 

M. Aurelius at Smyrna, in the spring, settles the affairs of the East. He there 
desires the philosopher, Aristides, to be presented to him, and attends his lec- 
tures. Proceeding to Athens, he himself there delivers popular lectures, and 
thence returning to Rome, celebrates his victories by a triumph. Pollux, the 
Athenian professor, dedicates his " Onomasticon" to Commodus. Phrynicus, a 
sophist, bom in Arabia, fl. Death of Herodes Atticus, aet. 76, and of Pausanias. 

Commodus invested with the tribunitian power ; his nuptials with Crispina, 
daughter of Bruttius Praesens, are celebrated by the Epithalamium of Pollux, by 
public games and by a remission of taxes to the people. Persecution of the 
Christians in Gaul. Pothinus, bishop of Lyons, suffers martyrdom, and is suc- 
ceeded by Irenseus. Melito travels from Sardes into Judaea, to procure an 
accurate account of the Jewish Scriptures, and in the preface to his " Eclogae," 
addresses a list of them to his friend, Onesimus. 



172 



FEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



Olym. 



Consuls of Komb. 



Roman Empe- 

BORS. 



Arsacid^ 

OF 

Parthia. 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



178 

179 

180 

181 

182 
183 

184 

185 

186 

187 

188 
189 

190 

191 
192 

193 



239.2 

3 

4 

240.1 

2 
3 



241.1 

2 



4 
242.1 



3 
4 

243.1 



931 

932 
933 

934 

935 
936 

937 



940 

941 
942 

943 

944 
945 

946 



Orfitus. 
Julianus Rufus, 



L. Aurel. Commodus 

Aug. II. 
T. Annius Aurel.Verus II, 
L. Fulvius Bruttius Prse- 

sens II. 
Sex. Quintilius Cordia- 

mis. 
L. Aurel. Commod. Aug 

III. 
Burrus. 
Mamertinus, 
Rufus. 
L. Aurel. Commod. Aug. 

IV. 
Aufidius Victorinus II. 
M. Eggius Marcellus. 
Cn. Papirius ^lianus. 



Matemus. 

Bradua. 

L. Aurel. Commod. Aug. 

V. 
M. Acilius Glabrio II. 



Crispinus. 
iElianus. 

C. Allius Fusclanus II. 
Duilius Silanus II, 
Two Silani. 



L. Aurel. Commod. Aug. 

VI. 
M. Petronius Septimia- 

nus. 
Apronianus. 
Bradua. 

L. Aurel. Commod. Aug. 

VII. 
P. Helvius Pertinax II. 

Qu. Sosius Falco. 

C. Julius Erucius Clarus, 



18 Marcus Au- 
relius. 



1 Commodus. 



29 Volagases 
III.,orAr 
saces 
XXIV. 

30 

31 



32 



8 Eleutherus, 



34 



The year in 
which Vola- 
gases III 
died is not 
known. His 
sons long 
disputed the 
succession. 
It appears 
from a coin, 
that Paco- 
rus II. was 
king in a.d. 
198. He is 
called Aga 
tins by Vic- 
tor, and Ab- 
garus by 
Herodian 
and Spar- 
tian. 



13 



1 Pertinax. 

1 Didius Juli- 
anus. 

1 Sept. Seve- 
rus. 



1 Victor I, 

2 



178 TO 193 A.D. 173 



178 

179 

180 

181 

182 
183 

184 

185 
186 

187 

188 
189 

190 

191 
192 

193 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The aggressions of the Germans require the emperor's presence again on the 
northern frontier. He purposes to keep them in check, hy constituting two new 
provinces to the north of the Danube. Smyrna, Rhodes, and other cities in Asia 
suffer greatly from earthquakes. Aristides implores M. Aurelius to aid the re- 
building of them. Christianity is preached in Britain. 

Successful campaign of M. Aurelius against the Marcomanni, Chrestus, the 
Athenian sophist, fl. Miltiades writes his " Apology." 

Death of M. Aurelius at Sirmium, March 17, set 59. Commodus relinquishes the 
war and returns to Rome. Dion Cassius is from this time contemporary with the 
events described in his history. Death of Maximus Tyrius. Julianus, tenth 
bishop of Alexandria. 

The evil counsellors, whom M. Aurelius had banished from the court, regain their 
ascendancy over Commodus. The Serapseum at Alexandria is burnt. Theophi- 
lus writes his three books " Ad Autolycum." Perennis, Praetorian Prefect, 

Troubles in Mauritania appeased. Lucian writes his " Alexander the Impostor ;" 
soon after which he dies, set. 70. 

Conspiracy and exile of Lucilla, the sister of Commodus ; he vents his rage on 
the senators. His generals, Albinus and Niger, settle some commotions in Da- 
cia. Irenaeus writes Adv. Hseres. Maximus I., the seventh bishop of Antioeh. 

The Caledonians break through the wall of Antoninus, and commit great outrages 
in Britain; they are driven back by Ulpius Marcellus. The baths of Commo- 
dus erected. The brothers, Maximus and Cordianus Quintilius, suffer death un- 
justly. 

Fall and death of Perennis. Marcia, the favourite of Commodus, protects the 
Christians. Birth of Origen at Alexandria. 

The empress Crispina banished to Capreae, and soon afterwards put to death. Many 
of the most eminent persons in Rome are victims of the wanton cruelty of Com- 
modus. The frequent commotions at Alexandria being likely to stop the ship- 
ments of Egyptian com, provision is made for obtaining supplies from the other 
provinces of Africa. 

Commodus degrades himself by fighting with wild beasts in the circus, and acting 
as a gladiator. Oppressive administration of Cleander. Death of Byrrhus and 
Arius Antoninus. 

The Capitol struck by lightning; the library and many neighbouring edifices 
burnt. Birth of Caracalla, son of Sept. Severus, at Lyons. 

Revolt of Matemus in Spain and Gaul, defeated by Pescennius Niger. Pestilence 
and famine in Rome. Popular commotions. The city cohorts, having overcome 
the praetorian guards, pursue Commodus to Lanuvium ; they are appeased^by the 
sacrifice of Cleander, who is given up to them and killed. Commodus places on 
a statue of Apollo a head resembling himself. 

Commodus attempts to substitute the name of Colonia Commodiana for that of 
Rome. Dion Cassius is a senator. Pantsenus, president of the Alexandrian 
school, travels ;into India. Serapion, eighth bishop of Antioeh, Demetrius, 
eleventh of Alexandria, and Narcissus, thirtieth of Jerusalem. 

A great fire at Rome ; the temples of Vesta and of Peace are burnt, and many 
valuable libraries destroyed, in which some works of Galen are lost; Commo- 
dus assumes the name of Hercules. 

Clodius Albinus, governor of Britain- Commodus suspects all who surround him, 
and slaughters so many, that his favourite Marcia and the praetorian prefect, 
Ljetus, to save themselves, murder him, Dec. 31, set. 31. Birth of Philostratus 
of Lemnos. 

Pertinax elected emperor by the Senate, Jan. 1 ; assassinated by the j)r8etorians, 
March 28, set. 67. Sale of the empire to Didius Julianus, who is deposed and 
killed, June 2. Pescennius Niger is proclaimed by his troops in Syria, and Clo- 
dius Albinus by the army in Britain. Septimius Severus marches to Rome at 
the head of the Pannonian legions, is acknowledged by the senate, in thirty days 
confirms his authority, and then proceeds against Niger. Dion Cassius named 
praetor for the next year by Pertinax before his death. 



174 



FEOM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



194 



195 



196 



Olym. 



243.2 



197 


244.1 


198 


2 


199 


3 


200 


4 


201 


245.1 


202 


2 


203 


3 


204 


4 


205 


246.1 


206 


2 


207 


3 


208 


4 


209 


247.1 


210 


2 



947 



949 



950 



951 



952 



953 



954 



955 



957 

958 

959 
960 
961 

962 



Consuls of Rome. 



L. Sept. Severus Aug. II. 

]). Clodius Sept. Albinus 

Cses. II. 



Scapula Tertullus. 
Tineius Clemens. 



C. Domitius Dexter II. 
L. Valerius Messalla 
Thrasea Priscus. 



Lateranus, 
Rufinus. 



Ti. Satumiaus, 
C. Gallus. 



P. Com. AnuUianus II. 
M. Aufid. Fronto. 



Ti. Claud. Sevenis. 
C. Aufid. Victorinus. 



L. Annius Fabianus. 
M. Nonius Mucianus. 



L. Sept. Severus Aug.III. 
M.Aurel. Antoninus Aug. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



2 Sept. Seve- 
rus. 



P. Sept. Geta. 

Ful. Plautianus II. 

L. Fab. Gal, Septiminus 

Clio II. 
Libo. 
M. Aurel. Antoninus 

Aug. II. 
P. Sept. Geta Caesar. 

Nummius Albinus. 
Fulv. ^milianus. 
Aper. 
Maximus. 

M. Aurel. Antoninus 
Aug. III. 
P. Sept. Geta Caesar II. 
Pompeianus, 
A Vitus. 

M. Acilius Faustinus. 
Triarius Rufinus. 



18 



ARSACIDiE 
OF 

Parthia. 



1 Pacorus TI, 
or Arsaces 
XXVI. 
2 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



10 Victor I. 



11 



1 Zephy- 
rinus. 



5 



194 TO 210 A.D. 



175 



tition 
Dates. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



194 

195 
196 

197 

198 
199 

200 
201 

202 

203 

204 

205 

206 
207 
208 

209 

210 



Severus deludes Albinus by tlie title of Caesar, and makes hira consul with him- 
self. He defeats Niger's general, ^milianus, near Cyzicus, lays siege to Byzan- 
tium, and gains the two victories of Nicsea and Issus over Niger, who is made 
prisoner and put to death at Antioch. Death of Athenseus. Clemens Alex, writes 
his " Stromata." 

The Parthians, being joined by many of Niger's soldiers, prepare for war. Seve- 
rus crosses the Euphrates, overcomes them, conquers Adiabene and forms a new 
province, which he names Arabia. Hippodromus, the sophist., eminent for his 
learning. 

Byzantium taken and harshly treated, for its adherence to the cause of Niger. 
Severus returns to Rome and prepares to attack Albinus, who had brought 
his forces into Gaul. Caracalla is created Caesar. The sophists, Heraclides of 
Lycia, Ptolemy and Apollonius of Naucratis, and Apollonius of Athens, fl. 
Theophilus, bishop of Csesarea, Bacchylus of Corinth, and Polycrates of Ephe- 
sus. Rhodon writes against Marcion and Tatian. 

Battle of Lyons, Feb. 19. Albinus defeated and slain. Severus exhibits games 
and makes a distribution of money to the people, after which he proceeds to the 
Parthian war. Fierce disputes among the churches, as to the time of observing 
Easter. Tertullian " Ad Martyres." 

Victories of Severus over the Parthians. Ctesiphon taken. Caracalla created 
Augustus, and his brother Geta, Caesar. Tertullian " De Spectaculis," and " De 
Idololatria." 

Severus fails in his attempt to take Atra. He makes part of Armenia a kingdom 
for Volagases, son of Sanatruces. The sophist Antipater, secretary to Severus, 
instructs Caracalla and Geta. Abgarus, king of Osrhoene, submits to Severus. 
Tertullian " Apologeticus." 

Severus prolongs his stay in Syria. Death of Galen, set, 70. Alexander of Aphro- 
disius writes many commentaries on Aristotle, of whose doctrines he is the best 
interpreter. 

Severus and his sons remain in Syria. Caracalla, set. 13, assumes the toga virilis. 
Ammonius Saccas, the founder of Neo-Platonism, teaches at Alexandria. The 
education of Origen, set. 16, carefully directed by his father, Leonidas. Artemon 
denies the doctrine of the Trinity. 

Severus passes into Egypt, visits Memphis and the Pyramids, and returns to 
Rome. Marriage of Caracalla to Plautilla, daughter of Fulvius Plautianus, 
the praetorian prefect. Lsetus, governor of Egypt. Persecution of Jews and 
Christians. Origen's father is one of the martyrs. Death of Irenaeus. An 
eruption of Vesuvius. 

The triumphal arch of Severus erected. Plautianus put to death, Jan. 22. Origen, 
aet. 18, lectures at Alexandria. Asclepiades, ninth bishop of Antioch, 

The secular games celebrated at Rome, when the historian, Herodian, is present. 
Tertullian about this time joins the Montanists, and writes " De Corona Militis," 
" De Monogamia," " De Jejunio," &c. 

Severus employs the leisure of peace in framing necessary laws, with the assist- 
ance of the eminent jurist, Papinian, and relaxes in Campania. His two sons 
are the consuls of the year. Birth of Plotinus. Musianus writes against the 
Severians, and Julius Africanus, hist. ecc. fl. 

Origen is a pupil of Ammonius Saccas, but a disciple of Clemens Alexandrinus, 
to whose form of Platonism he continues to be a distinguished adherent. 

Irruption of the Caledonians into Britain. Tertullian writes against Marcion. 

Severus, accompanied by his sons, proceeds into Britain and conducts the war 
against the Caledonians. Papinian, as praetorian prefect, also attends him. 

Severus, after having driven back the Caledonians, pursues them into their own 
country. Caracalla is supposed to be the Caracul of Ossian's poems. Geta is 
made Augustus. 

The fortified line, between Dumbarton and Edinburgh, is strengthened by Severus, 
to protect the province of Britain against the northern tribes. Caius, a presby- 



176 



FROM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



Olym 



211 

212 
213 

*214 

215 
216 

217 

218 

219 
220 
221 
222 

223 

224 
225 



247.3 

4 

;.i 



3 

4. 

249.1 
2 

3 
4 

250.1 
2 



4 
251.1 



964 

965 
966 

967 



970 
971 

972 
973 
974 
975 



977 
978 



Qu. Epidius Rufus Lolli- 
anus Gentianus. 



Consuls of Rome. 



Julius Asper, et Julius 
Asper. 

M. Aurel.Antoninus Aug. 

IV. 
D. Coelius Balbinus II. 

Messala. 
Sabinus. 



Leetus II. 
Cerealis. 



C. Atius Sabinus II. 
Corn. AnuUinus. 



C. Bruttius Prsesens. 
T. Messius Extricatus. 

M. Opelius Sev. Macrinus 

Aug. 
Adventus. 



M. Aurel. Antoninus 

Aug. II. 
Sacerdos II. 
M. Aurel. Antonin. Aug. 

III. 
Eutychianus Comazon. 
Gratus. 
Seleucus. 

M. Aurel. Antonin. Aug. 

IV. 
M. Aurel. Alex. Severus. 

L. Marius Maximus II. 
L. Roscius iElianus. 



Julianus II. 
Crispinus. 



Fuscus II. 
Dexter. 



Roman Empe- 

EORS. 



1 Caracalla. 
Geta. 1 



1 Macrinus. 
1 Elagabalus, 



1 Alexander 

Severus. 



AESAClDiE 
OF 

Parthia. 



14 Pacorus 

II., or Ar- 

saces 

XXVI. 
1 Volagases 

IV., or Ar- 

saces 

XXVII. 



1 Artabanus 
III., or 
Arsaces 
XXVIII. 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



15 Zepbyrinus. 



1 Callistus I, 

2 . 



1 Urban I. 



TO 225 AD. 



177 



Events and Eminent Men. 



211 
212 
213 

214 

215 
216 

217 

218 

219 
220 
221 
222 

223 

224 
225 



ter of the church at Rome, writes against heretics, but himself holds the Epistle 
of Paul to the Hebrews, not to have been written by the apostle. Caracalla at- 
tempts to assassinate his father, and seduce the allegiance of the army. 

Death of Severus at York, Feb. 4, aet. 64. His two sons succeed as joint emperors. 
Oppian of Pella, or Apamea, dedicates to Caracalla a poem on Hunting. Ter- 
tuUian addresses to Scapula, governor of Carthage, aVindication of the Christians, 

Murder of Geta, aet. 23. Papinian and others put to death. Olympic games at 
Antioch. Caracalla is offended by the pleading of Philiscus. Antipater writes 
a Monody on the death of Geta. ApoUonius writes against the Montanists. 

Caracalla, finding himself universally detested for his cruelties, goes into Gaul, 
where, having expelled some German marauders, he takes the surname of Ger- 
manicus. Heliodorus, soph, declaims before Caracalla in Gaul. TertuUian an- 
swers the attacks of ApoUonius on the Montanists. 

Caracalla invades the lands of the AUemanni, whom he defeats near the river 
Maine. Proceeding thence through Dacia and Thrace, he winters at Nicomedia, 
where Dion Cassius has an interview with him. Philostratus of Lemnos, at the 
suggestion of Julia Domna, the widow of Severus, writes the Life of ApoUonius 
of Tyana. Alexander succeeds Narcissus as bishop of Jerusalem, and founds a 
library there. 

Arrival of Caracalla at Antioch, whence he visits Egypt, and orders a general 
massacre of the Alexandrians. Origen withdraws from Alexandria to Caesarea, 
but is recalled by Demetrius. 

By a delusive offer of marriage with the daughter of Artabanus, Caracalla decoys 
the Parthians into his camp, where he treacherously attacks them, and slaughters 
a great number. Artabanus, having escaped, collects an army, and invades Syria. 
To raise money, Caracalla issues an edict making all his provincial subjects 
citizens of Rome, so that they may be taxed in both capacities. He expels Ab- 
garus from Osrhoene, which is made a Roman province. 

Caracalla assassinated near Edessa, April 8, aet. 29. Macrinus, the praet. pref., is 
proclaimed emperor, and purchases peace with the Parthians. Julia Domna, 
banished to Antioch, stars'es herself to death. 

MoBsa, Julia Domna's sister, bribes a part of the army to proclaim her grandson, 
Elagabalus, a youth aet, 17, and high priest of the temple at Emesa. Macrinus 
is defeated, June 8, at Immae, made prisoner and beheaded, aet. 54. His son, Dia- 
dumenianus, shares his fate. Dion Cassius is governor of Pergamus and Smyrna. 
Philetus, tenth bishop of Antioch. 

Elagabalus arrives at Rome, bringing with him his Syrian idol, which he places 
in a stately temple. Death of Philiscus, who had obtained a professorship at 
Athens, through the interest of Julia Domna. 

Elagabalus appoints his vilest associates to the highest ofl&ces in the state. His 
cousin, Alexianus, studies under Julius Frontinus, the rhetorician, and the most 
eminent philosophers at Rome. 

Alexianus is declared Caesar, under the name of Alexander Severus. Elagabalus, 
jealous of his popularity, attempts in vain to depose hiuL, The chronology of 
Julius Africanus terminates at Olym. 250. 

Elagabalus slain by the praetorians, March 11, aet. 21, and his mother, Sooemias, 
with him, Alexander Severus proclaimed emperor, -^lian, soph. fl. Hippoly- 
tus, the disciple of Irenaeus, writes many commentaries on the Scriptures, and a 
chronicle, which ends at this date. 

Alexander, now about aet. 18, is prudently guided in his administration by his mo- 
ther, Mamaea, who is created Augusta, and selects for his counsellors the eminent 
lawyer, Ulpian, the most noted disciple of Papinian, with Julius Paulus, and 
other discreet Senators. All persecution of the Christians ceases. 

The Persians, under Ardisheer (called by the Greeks Artaxerxes), revolt against 
the Parthians, and contend vigorously for independence. Pisander of Laranda, 
poet, fl. 

Marriage of Alexander to Sulpitia Memmia. Many good laws are framed by Ul- 
pian and Julius Paulus. The restraints on teaching are revoked. Great earth- 
quake and storm at Rome. 



178 



FROM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



Olym. 



A.U.C.! 



Consuls of Rome. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



SASSANlDEit 
OF 

Persia. 



Bishops op 
Rome. 



227 

228 



230 
231 
232 

233 

234 
235 

236 
237 



240 
241 
242 
243 



251.2 

3 
4 

252.1 

2 
3 

4 

253.1 

2 
3 

4 

254.1 

2 

3 
4 
255.1 
2 
3 



979 



981 



982 



984 



M. Aurel. Alex. Sev. 
Aug. II. 
Quintilius Marcellus. 

Albinus. 

Maximus. 

T. Manilius Modestus. 

Ser. CalpumiusProbus. 

M. Aurel. Alex. Sev. 
Aug. III. 
Dlo Cassius II. 



L. Virius Agricola. 
Sex. Catius Clementinus. 



5 Alexander 
Severus. 



990 
991 



Pompeianus. 
Pelignianus. 

Lupus. 
Maximus, 



Maximus. 
Paternus, 

Maximus II. 
Urbanus. 
Severus. 
Quintianus. 



C. Jul. Verus Maximin. 
Aug. 
Africanus. 
Pei'petuus. 
Corneliamis, 

Pius. 
Pontianus. 



M. Ant. Gordianus Aug. 
Aviola. 

Sabinus II. 
Venustus. 

M. Ant. Gordian Aug. II 
Pompeianus. 

C. Vettius Atticus. 

C. Asinius Prsetextatus. 

A^rrianus. 

Papus. ^ 



12 



13 



lArtaxerxes 
I. 



5 Urbanus I. 



1 Maximus. 



Two Gordians, 
Maximus and 
Balbinus. 

1 Gordian the 
younger. 



11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

1 Sapor I. 

2 

3 



1 Pontianus. 

2 



1 Anteros. 

1 Fabianus. 

2 

3 



226 TO 243 A.D. 



179 



226 



227 



231 



234 
235 



237 



240 
241 
242 
243 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The baths of Nero repaired, and henceforth called Alexander's. Final defeat and 
death of Artabanus, the last of the Arsacidae ; the Parthian empire is overthrown 
and the Persian begins. Interview of Origen with the empress-mother, Ma- 
msea, at Antioch, 

Artaxerxes extends his dominion over Media, Armenia, and the adjacent coun- 
tries. Beryllus, bishop of Bostra, fl. 

Ulpian, praetorian prefect, endeavours to restrain the licentiousness of the guards. 
They mutiny and put him to death. The ringleader, Epigathus, is sent to 
Egypt and thence to Crete, where he is executed for his crime. 

DionCassius having, as governor of Dalmatia and Pannonia, offended the army by 
his strictness, the emperor testifies his approbation, by making him his colleague 
in the consulship ; after this, Dion retires into Bithynia, and writes his history. 
Origen composes many of his works at Alexandria ; some of his opinions are con- 
demned by the bishop, Demetrius. Zebinus, eleventh bishop of Antioch. 

Artaxerxes, now at the head of a powerful empire and formidable army, threatens 
Mesopotamia and Syria, and lays claim to all the former territories of Persia, as 
far as the Hellespont and ^gean sea. 

Alexander Severus, at Antioch, prepares to resist the Persian demands by arms. 
Aspasius of Ravenna attends as the imperial secretary, Origen withdraws from 
Alexandria to Csesarea. 

After a campaign in Mesopotamia, without any decisive results, but in which the 
Romans claim the victory, Alexander returns to Antioch. Ammonius Saccas 
teaches at Alexandria, where Plotinus is among his disciples. Theodorus (after- 
ter wards Gregory Thaumaturgus) and his brother, Athenodorus, become pupils 
of Origen at Caesarea. 

Alexander celebrates a triumph at Rome, for the Persian war, and makes a distri- 
bution of money to the people. Birth of Porphyry. Heraclas, twelfth bishop of 
Alexandria. 

Alexander musters his forces in Gaul, to repel the German tribes, that had invaded 
the province. 

Mutiny of the army assembled near Mentz, and murder of Alexander Severus, 
Feb. 10, set. 38, with his mother Mamsea. Maximin is proclaimed emperor. Am- 
brosius, the friend and disciple of Origen, assists his labours, by paying clerks 
to copy for him. Pontianus, the bishop of Rome, is banished to Sardinia. 

Maximin defeats the Germans, and pursues them across the Rhine into their own 
lands. Apsines of Gadara, soph. fl. 

Maximin proceeds to Sirmium, with the design of attacking the Sarmatians. His 
ferocious tyranny excites universal horror. 

The Gordians, proclaimed in Africa, are defeated by Capelianus, and slain. Maxi- 
mus and Balbinus, elected by the senate, are murdered by the praetorians. 
Maximin, on his march to Rome, is assassinated by his soldiers, with his son, 
near Aquileia. The younger Gordian, set. 13, is proclaimed emperor. Censori- 
nus writes " De Die Natali." Herodian closes his history. Babylas, twelfth 
bishop of Antioch. 

The young emperor, at first deceived by the eunuchs of the palace, is extricated 
from their pernicious influence by Misitheus. Philostratus of Lemnos writes 
his " Lives of the Sophists." 

Revolt of Sabinianus in Africa. Various tribes, in the north-western parts of Ger- 
many, confederate, under the name of Franks. Theodorus (Greg. Thaumat.), on 
leaving Caesarea, addresses to a large assembly his oration in praise of Origen. 

Wise administration of the praetorian prefect, Misitheus. Marriage of bis 
daughter, Tranquillina, to the emperor. Active preparations made for war with 
Persia. Death of Artaxerxes and accession of his son Shapour, or Sapor I. 

Misitheus conducts the war successfully ; he recovers Mesopotamia, and drives 
the Persians beyond the Tigris. Plotinus accompanies the Roman army, in the 
hope of reaching India. 

Death of Misitheus ; Philip, the Arabian, is appointed praetorian prefect. 



180 



FEOM THE TEAS 



A.D. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Consuls of Rome. 


Roman Empe- 

KORS. 


Sassanides 

OF 

Persia. 


Bishops op 
Rome. 


244 


255.4 


997 


Peregrinus. 
^milianus. 


1 Philip. 


4 Sapor I. 


9 Fabianus. 


245 


256.1 


998 


M. Jul. Philippns Aug. 

Titianus. 

Prsesens. 

Albinus. 

M. Jul. Phil. Aug. II. 

M. Jul. Phil. Aug. 

M. Jul. Phil. Aug. III. 

M. Jul. Phil. Aug. II. 


2 


5 


10 


246 
247 

248 


2 
3 
4 


999 
1000 
1001 


3 

4 

5 


6 

7 

8 


II 


JO 


13 


249 


257.1 


1002 


^milianus 11, 
Aquilianus. 


1 Decius. 


9 


14 


250 


2 


1003 


C. Messius Qu. Trajanus 

Decius Aug. II. 
Gratus. 


2 


10 


1 Cornelius. 


251 


3 


1004 


C. M. Qu. Traj. Decius 

Aug. III. 
Qu. Herennius Etruscus 

Mess. Decius Caesar. 


1 Gallus. 


11 


1 Lucius. 


252 


4 


1005 


C. Vibius Trebonianus 

Gallus Aug. II. 
C. Vib. Volusianus Gallus 

Csesar. 


n 


12 


IStephanusI. 




253 


258.1 


1006 


C. Vib. Volus. Gallus 

Aug. II. 
Maximus» 


1 Valerian 
and Gallie- 
nus. 


13 


o 




254 

255 


2 
3 


1007 
1008 


P. Licinius Valerianus 

Aug. II. 
P. Lie. Gallienus Aug. 
P. Lie. Valer. Aug. III. 
P. L. Gallienus Aug. II. 


2 

3 


14 

15 


3 

4 


256 


4 


1009 


Maximus II. 
Glabrio. 


4 


16 


5 


257 


259.1 


1010 


P. L. Val. Aug. IV. 
P. L. Gall. Aug. III. 


5 


17 


1 Sixtus II. 



244 TO 257 A.D. 



181 



Events and Eminent Men. 



244 

245 

246 
247 

248 

249 
250 



252 



253 



[Murder of Gordian, set. 19, near Circesium (Carchemish), where a lofty mound is 
raised to his memory. Philip hecomes emperor ; he makes peace with Sapor 
and returns to Rome. Plotinus gains popularity among the Komans, as a lec- 
turer on the New Platonic doctrines. 

Philip defeats a German tribe on the Danube (called Carpi by Zosimus). Nica- 
goras, soph. fl. 

Origen, set. 60, writes cont. Celsum. 

Philip gives his son, set. 10, the title of Augustus, and makes him consul with 
himself. Asinius Quadratus writes history. 

Philip governs wisely. The Christians enjoy undisturbed security, and he is 
even said to have embraced their faith ; but this does not accord with the ceremo- 
nial of the great secular games, celebrated by him this year, nor with the 
heathen emblems on his coins. The theatre of Pompey, and other buildings in 
Rome, destroyed by fire. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage. 

The legions revolt in several provinces ; some proclaim Jotapianus, and others 
Marinus, both of whom are killed by their own men. Decius, who is sent to ap- 
pease the mutineers, is compelled by them to assume the pui*ple and lead them 
into Italy. Battle of Verona. Philip is defeated and slain, and his son mur- 
dered at Rome. Decius is emperor. Dionysius thirteenth bishop of Alexan- 
dria. The Goths cross the Danube and ravage Thrace. 

Persecution of the Christians. Fabian, bishop of Rome, is martyred : after an in- 
terval of some months, Cornelius is elected to succeed him. Babylas suffers at 
Antioch, and Alexander at Jerusalem ; Fabius is elected in the place of the 
first, and Mazabanes in that of the last. Cyprian withdraws from Carthage 
and conceals himself. Decius sends his son to encounter the Goths, and then 
marches in person. 

The Goths take Philipopolis, and defeat Decius in Moesia, who falls in battle, set. 
50, and his son with him. Gallus is proclaimed emperor. The wealth and in- 
fluence of the hierarchy give a great importance to the episcopal otfice, which 
begins to be an object of fierce contention. Hence arises the schism of Novatus. 
The Christian laity are required to submit implicitly to the discipline of the 
church. Valerian is elected censor. 

Gallus, having paid the Goths a large sum of money to quit the empire, returns to 
Rome ; Hostilianus, nephew of Decius, is appointed his colleague, but soon falls 
a victim to the general pestilence, which begins now and rages fifteen years. 
Cyprian holds a council of bishops at Carthage, by which stricter canons are 
enforced and the hierarchy rendered more despotic. Birth of Antony, the future 
founder of monachism. Demetrianus, fourteenth bishop of Antioch. 

Other barbarians invade Moesia and Pannonia; they are defeated by -^milianus, 
who is salu ted as emperor by his army ; he marches against Gallus, who is 
assassinated, with his son, by his soldiers, at Interamnse. On the approach of 
Valerian, at the head of the Gallic legions, -^milianus is killed near Spoleto. 
Valerian, acknowledged as emperor, makes Gallienus his colleague. Cyprian 
writes " De Mortalitate." Death of Origen, set. 69. 

The Franks invade the northern provinces of Gaul. An eruption of Mount -^tna. 
Tryphon, a disciple of Origen, supposed to be the presbyter who wrote against 
Manes. The persecution of the Christians continues. 
Gallienus takes the command of the forces for the protection of Gaul, and fixes his 
head-quarters at Treves. Minucianus, soph. fl. 

The empire is assailed on all sides. The Franks penetrate through Gaul and 
enter Spain, where Tarraco is sacked by them. The Allemanni attack Italy. 
The Sarmatians and Quadi force their way into Pannonia, The Goths ravage 
Macedon and Greece ; the Persians invade Mesopotamia and Syria. Cyprian 
assembles another council at Carthage, and dictates articles, which provoke 
angry disputes. 

Aurelip,n, lieutenant of the emperors, repels the Goths. Correspondence of Diony- 
sius and Sextus II. on the articles of Carthage. Cyprian banished to Curubis. 



182 










FROM 


THE TEAR 


A.D. 


Olym. 


AU.C. 


Consuls of Rome. 


Roman Empe- 
rors, 


Sassanides 

OF 

Persia. 


Bishops of 
Rome. 


258 


259.2 


1011 


Memmius Tuscus. 
Bassus. 


6 Valerian 
and Gallie- 
nus. 


18 Sapor I. 


Vacant., 


259 


3 


1012 


^milianus. 
Bassus. 


7 


19 


1 Dlonysius. 


260 


4 


1013 


Saecularis II. 
Donatus, j, 


1 Gallienus 
alone. 


20 






261 


260.1 


1014 


P. L. Gallienus Aug. IV. 
Volusianus, 


2 


21 


3 


262 


2 


1015 


P. L. Gallienus Aug. V. 
Faustinus. 


3 


22 


4 > 


263 


3 


1016 


Albinus TI. 
Dexter. 


4 


23 — 


5 


264 


4 


1017 


P. L. Gallienus Aug. VI. 
Saturninus. 


5 


24 


6 


265 


261.1 


1018 


P. Licin. Valerianus II. 
Lucillus, 


6 


25 


7 j 


266 


2 


1019 


P. L, Gallienus Aug. VII. 
Sdbinillus. 


1 


26 


8 




267 


3 


1020 


Paternus. 
Arcesilaus. 


8 


27 


9 




268 


4 


1021 


Pateraus II. 
Marinianus. 


1 Claudius II. 


28 


10 

















258 TO 268 A.D. 



183 



Events and Eminent Men, 



Valerian goes into the East, against the Persians. Postiimus checks the invaders 
of Gaul, The Goths fit out naval armaments on the Euxine, and take Trebizond. 
Martyrdom of Sixtus II. at Kome, Aug. 6th, and of Cyprian, at Carthage, 
September 14th. 

The Goths plunder Chalcedon, Nicomedia, Nice, and all the principal cities in 
Bithynia; Valerian marches as far as Cappadocia to oppose them. The empire 
is disturbed by a succession of pretenders to the throne called the " Thirty 
Tyrants ;" — Cyriades, the first of them, joins Sapor, and is slain in the beginning 
of the Persian war. Postumus maintains his independence ten years in Gaul. 
After a vacancy of some months, Dionysius is elected twenty-fourth bishop of 
Rome. Pontius writes the " Life of Cyprian." 

The Roman army totally routed by Sapor ; Valerian is made prisoner, and dies in 
captivity. Saloninus, son of Gallieuus, is taken by Postumus at Colonia Agrip- 
pina, and slain, with his governor Silvanus. Sapor extends his conquests ; but 
his attack on Palmyra is successfully resisted by Odenathus. Ingenuus revolts 
in Illyrium ; he is defeated and killed by Gallienus ; his army rallies, and 
chooses Regalianus for emperor, who meets the same fate. Paul of Samosata is 
the fifteenth bishop of Antioch. 

Macrianus assumes the purple in the East. Valens, who is sent against him, does 
the same in Greece, and puts to death Piso, who had aspired to the throne ; 
after this, Valens is killed by his own troops. Gregory Thaumaturgus, the dis- 
ciple of Origen, is bishop of Neo-Caesarsea in Pontus. Manes originates the 
Manichsean heresy. 

Macrianus, having advanced as far as Thrace, to attack Gallienus, is defeated 
and slain, with his son, by Aureolus, who is then proclaimed emperor by his 
army. Balista takes the imperial title at Edessa, but is overcome by Odenathus. 
-iEmilianus rebels in Egypt. The Goths pass the Bosphorus, ravage the coasts 
of Greece, and plunder and bum the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. Antioch is 
surprized and pillaged by the Persians. Earthquake and darkness for many 
days; the pestilence most fatal. Hymenseus bishop of Jerusalem. 

Gallienus celebrates the tenth year of his reign by public shows and games. He 
treats with Aureolus and Odenathus. Saturuinus, a meritorious officer, is slain 
in Pontus, by the soldiers who had compelled him to rebel. Theodotus is sent 
into Egypt, and puts ^milianus to death. Tumults in Alexandria ; the Bru- 
chion destroyed. The Goths are expelled from Asia. 

Nisibis, Carrhse, Ctesiphon, with many other cities, are taken by Odenathus; he 
acquires a powerful kingdom, and is declared Augustus by Gallienus. Porphyry 
visits Rome. Plotinus is patronized by the emperor; his disciple Amelius 
writes Expositions of their philosophy. Paul of Samosata's doctrines are op- 
posed by a council held at Antioch. 

Postumus, who during seven years has maintained his independence and protected 
Gaul against the Germans, associates Victorinus with him in his power. Gal- 
lienus attacks them, but without success. Rebellion of Trebellianus in Isauria, 
suppressed by Caussisoleus. Longinus fl. Death of Dionysius, who is suc- 
ceeded by Maximus, fourteenth bishop of Alexandria. 

Celsus, an African pretender to the imperial dignity, is killed by the people of 
Sicca, seven days after his proclamation. Callinicus, hist. fl. 

Various Gothic bands, called by some, Scythians, by others, Heruli, &c., ravage 
Greece and Asia. After they had plundered Athens, Dexippus, having collected 
a force of 2000 men, attacks and defeats them. They are encountered again by 
Gallienus in Illyricum, and routed. Odenathus drives another section out of 
Asia, soon after which he is assassinated by his nephew, Maeonius. His widow, 
Zenobia, avenges his death and fills with glory his vacant throne. Postumus, 
Victorinus, Leelianus, and Marius, are slain in succession. Tetricus takes their 
place and reigns in Gaul. Aureolus invades Italy and takes Milan. 

Gallienus, while besieging Aureoliis in Milan, is assassinated by his own troops, 
March 20, set. 50. Claudius, proclaimed emperor, takes Milan and puts Aureolus 
to death. Amid these distractions, the Allemanni penetrate into Italy, and are 
defeated by Claudius, near Lake Benacus. Porphyry retires to Sicily. 



184 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



270 

271 
272 

273 

274 

275 
276 

277 

278 

279 

280 
281 



Olym. 



AUG. 



264.1 



4 
265.1 



1022 
1023 

1024 
1025 

1026 
1027 

1028 
1029 

1030 

1031 

1032 

1033 
1034 



Consuls of Rome. 



M. Aurelius Claudius 

Aug. II. 
Paternus. 



Antiochianus. 
Orfitus. 



L. Domitius Valerius 
Aurelianus Aug. 

M. Ceionius Virius Bas- 
sus. 

Quietus. 

Voldumiamus. 



M. Claudius Tacitus. 
Placidianus. 



L. Dom. Val. Aurel. Aug, 

11. 
C. Julius Capitolinus. 



L. Dom. Val. Aurel. Aug, 

III. 
Marcellinus. 

M. Claud. Tacitus Aug. 

II. 
^milianus. 



M. Aurel. Valer. Probus 

Aug. 
M. Aurelius Paulinus. 

M. Aur. Val. Probus Aug. 

II. 
Lupus. 

M. Aur. Val. Probus Aug. 

III. 
Paternus. 
Messala. 
Gratus. 
M. Aur. Val. Probus Aug. 

IV. 
'Tiberianus. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



2 Claudius II. 



1 Aurelian, 



29 Sapor I. 



1 Tacitus. 



1 Probus. 



Sassanides 

of 

Persia. 



30 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



1 Felix I. 



1 Hormisdas 
or Hormouz 
I. 



1 Varanes, 
or Baha- 
ram I. 



1 Varanes, 
or Baha- 
ram II. 



1 Eutychia- 
nus. 



269 TO 281 A.D. 



185 



Events and Eminent Men, 



270 

271 
272 

273 
274 

275 

276 

277 

278 

279 

280 
281 



The Goths are signally defeated by Claudius, at Naissus, in Moesia. Zenobia rules 
in Egypt, in the name of Claudius. Longinus and Plotinus compose many of 
their works, and Dexippus his " Chronica." Paul of Samosata, condemned and 
deposed by another council, held at Antioch, refuses to give up his bishopric to 
Domnus. 

Claudius again defeats the Goths, soon after which he dies of the plague at Sir- 
mium, set. 56. His brother Quintillus assumes the empire at Aquileia, but in 
seventeen days puts an end to his own life. Aurelian, universally acknowledged 
emperor, makes peace with the Goths, and relinquishes Dacia to them, trans- 
ferring that name to another province, south of the Danube. Death of Plotinus, 
aet. 66. Aurelian confirms the decree of the council, and expels Paul of Samo- 
sata from Antioch, where Domnus, son of the foimer prelate, Demetrianus, be- 
comes the sixteenth bishop. 

Aurelian drives the Marcomanni and Gutungi over the Danube, and grants peace 
to the Vandals. The walls of Rome rebuilt. Longinus addresses his Epistle 
to Porphyry. 

Aurelian, in his progress to the East against Zenobia, encounters some Gothic 
marauders in Thrace, and chases them out of the empire. He takes Tyana, 
Emesa, and Antioch, which attempt to withstand him. Zenobia retires into 
Palmyra. Death of Sapor, who is succeeded by his son. Tim sens, seventeenth 
bishop of Antioch. 

Surrender of Palmyra. Zenobia made prisoner. Longinus is put to death. The 
revolt of Firmus in Egypt suppressed. Having restored the authority of Rome 
in the East, Aurelian returns to Europe. Hormisdas dies after a short reign, and 
leaves the throne of Persia to his son. 

Battle of Chalons and surrendeV of Tetricus, the last of the " Thirty Tyrants." 
Aurelian, having re-united all the broken-up parts of the empire, celebrates a 
splendid triumph at Rome. His captives, Zenobia and Tetricus, are generously 
treated, and pass the rest of their lives in peace and affluence. Aurelian dedi- 
cates a temple to the Sun, improves the city and regulates the general system of 
government. Birth of Constantine, the future emperor, at Naissus, in Moesia, 
Feb. 27. Manes is put to death by Varanes. 

Aurelian, on his march to attack Persia, is assassinated by Mucapor, between He- 
raclea and Byzantium, about March 20, set. 61. Tacitus is elected by the senate, 
Sept. 25. He orders ten copies of his ancestor's works to be deposited every 
year in the public libraries. 

Tacitus punishes the murderers of Aurelian, and dies soon afterwards, while con- 
ducting an expedition against the Goths, who had invaded Asia. His brother, 
Florian, aspires to the empire, but is killed by the soldiers at Tarsus. Probus 
is proclaimed emperor by the army, and confirmed by the Senate. Varanes II. 
succeeds his father in Persia. 

The Franks, Burgundians, and other German tribes, that had overrun a large part 
of Gaul, are driven back by Probus. Some of his prisoners, removed to Pontus, 
seize a fleet in the Euxine, escape through the Bosphorus, plunder many cities 
on the shores of the Mediterranean, and by a successful navigation reach Ger- 
many again. 

Probus repairs the fortified line, from the Rhine to the Danube, expels the Goths 
from Thrace, represses the Isaurian robbers, and arrives in Syria, where ambas- 
sadors from Persia settle with him terms of peace. Archelaus, bishop of Meso- 
potamia, writes against Manicheism. 

The Blemrayes are overthrown by Probus in Egypt, Anatolius, bishop of Laodi- 
cea, is noted for his study of philosophy. 

Satuminus raises a rebellion in the East, and Bonosus and Proculus in Gaul ; they 
are all defeated and suffer death. Cyrillus, eighteenth bishop of Antioch. 

Probus celebrates the success of his arms by a triumph. He encourages the cul- 
ture of vines in Gaul and Pannonia. 



A A 



186 



FBOM TUE TEAE 



A.D. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


282 


265.2 


1035 


283 


3 


1036 


284 


4 


1037 


285 


266.1 


1038 


286 


2 


1039 


287 


3 


1040 


288 


4 


1041 


289 


267.1 


1042 


290 


2 


1043 


291 


3 


1044 


292 


4 


1045 


293 


268.1 


1046 


294 


2 


1047 


295 


3 


1048 


296 


4 


1049 



Consuls of Rome. 



M. Aur. Val. Probus Aug. 

V. 
Victorinus. 
M. Aurelius Carus Aug 

II. 
M. Aurelius Carinas Cse- 



M. Aurel. Carinus Aug. 

II. 
M. Aur. Numerianus 

Aug. 



C. Aur. Val. Diocletianus 

Aug. II. 
Aristobulus. 
M. Jun. Maximus II. 
Vettius Aquilinus. 
C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug. 

III. 
M. Aur. Val. Maximianus 

Aug. 
M. Aur. Val. Maximianus 

Aug. II. 
Pomponius Januarius. 

Bassus II. 
Quintianus. 

C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug, 

IV. 
M. Aur. Val. Maximian. 

Aug. III. 
Tiberianus. 
Dio. 



Hannibalianus. 
Asclepiodotus. 

C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. 

Aug. V. 
M. Aur. Val. Maximian. 

Aug. IV. 

Flav. Val. Constantius 

Cses. 
C. Galerius Maximianus 

Caes. 



Tuscus. 

Anulinus. 

C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug. 

VI. 
Fl. Val. Constantius Caes. 

II. 



Roman Empe- 

ROBS. 



1 Carus, 



1 Diocletian. 



Maximian. 1 
4 



10 8 



11 9 



Sassanides 

OP 

Persia, 



7 Varanes, 
or Baha- 
ram II, 



1 Varanes 
III. 
1 Narses. 



282 TO 296 A.D. 



187 



Events and Eminent Men. 



282 
283 



285 

286 

287 

288 



290 



291 



294 



295 



Mutiny of the army at Sirmium ; Probus is killed by them in Oct., set. 50. Cams 
is elected emperor, and gives the title of Caesar to each of his two sons, Carinus 
and Numerianus. 

Having stationed Carinus inGaul,'Carus takes Numerianus with him into the East, 
repulses the Sarmatians in Thrace, advances victoriously into Persia, and makes 
himself master of Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Near the latter city, he dies mys- 
teriously in his tent, during a violent storm, Dec. 25, set. 61. Calpumius in his 
Hunting Eclogues, and Nemesianus in his " Halieutica," celebrate Cams and his 
sons. Pierius Script. Ecc, fl. Theonas, fifteenth bishop of Alexandria. 

On the death of Cams, his sons succeed him. Numerianus is assassinated by Aper, 
who falls by the hand of Diocletian, proclaimed emperor by the eastern army. 
Carinus signalizes his accession by festivities at Rome, and then marches 
against Julianus, who is defeated and slain near Verona. He then proceeds to 
encounter Diocletian, who is advancing into Europe. Pamphilus fl. Amobius 
teaches rhetoric at Sicca. The general decay of intellect is strongly marked. 
The Era of Diocletian, or of the Martyrs, dates from Aug. 29 of this year. 

Defeat and death of Carinus at Margus in Moesia. Diocletian fixes his imperial 
residence at Nicomedia. The Bagaudae of Gaul are repressed by Maximian. 
Theognostus, a disciple of Origen, fl. 

Maximian obtains further victories in Gaul, and is associated by Diocletian, as 
joint emperor with him. 

Carausius, commander of the Roman fleet at Gessoriacum (Boulogne), revolts, and 
establishes an independent sovereignty in Britain, The legions and public 
ofiicers there submit to him. He mles the sea and guards the province against 
the incursions of the northern barbarians. 

Maximian secures the repose of Gaul ; the Franks send an embassy, with their 
kingat its head, to beg for. peace. Maximian prepares another fleet to attack 
Carausius. Diocletian confirms the tranquillity of the eastern frontier by a 
treaty with the Persians. 

Carausius defeats Maximian, seizes Gessoriacum, and deprives the Romans of all 
resources for naval warfare. Mamertinus, Orat. Panegyr. fl. Meeting of the 
two emperors at Milan. 

Peace concluded with Carausius, who is acknowledged as the raler of Britain. 
Lactantius, unsuccessful as a teacher of rhetoric at Nicomedia, applies himself 
to writing. Diocletian introduces the ceremonial and magnificence of Persia 
into his court. 

The two emperors meet again at Milan, and settle their respective jurisdictions, 
Diocletian in the East, and Maximian in the West. Trebellius PoUio writes, 
and Flavins Vopiscus prepares to write, their parts of the Augustan histories. 
Maximian celebrates the close of the fifth year of his reign. 

Constantius Chloras and Galerius (sumamed Armentarius) are appointed to assist 
in administering the affairs, the former, of Thrace and lUyricum, and the latter 
of Gaul, Spain, and Mauritania. 

Carausius is treacherously murdered by Allectus, who assumes the government of 
Britain. Claudius Eusthenius writes his history of the four princes, who now 
rule the empire. Death of Varanes II. His sons contend for the throne of 
Persia, which Varanes III. occupies for four months, and is then succeeded by 
his brother, Narses. 

The German tribes are at this time in a very unsettled state. Better acquainted 
with the riches of the Roman provinces, their avidity for plunder is stimulated, 
and they often contend with each other for the possession of the frontier points, 
from which they can most easily break into the empire. Some of their leagues 
formed by the union of various tribes, like the Marcomanni, are dissolved, and 
their names disappear in history. 

Victories of Galerius over the Carpi and Bastamse. Lands are assigned to them 
and others, in some of the depopulated districts of the empire. 

Allectus is defeated and slain by Asclepiodotus, the lieutenant of Constantius, 
who regains possession of Britain. While Constantius resettles the government 
of the recovered province, Maximian commands on the Rhine. Amobius writes 
" Adversus Gentes." 



188 



PEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



Olym. 



297 



1050 



299 



300 



301 



270.1 



302 



303 



304 



305 



271.1 



306 



307 



1051 



1052 



1053 



1054 



1055 



1056 



1057 



1058 



1059 



1060 



Consuls of Rome. 



M. Aur. Val. Maximian. 

Aug. V. 
G. Gall. Maximian. C^es. 

II. 



Faustus II. 
Gallus. 



C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug. 

VII. 
M. Aur. Val. Maximian, 

Aug. VI. 
Fl. Val. Constantius Cses. 

III. 
C. Gal. Maximian. Caes, 

III. 
Titianus II. 
Nepotianus. 



Fl. Val. Constantius Caes. 

IV. 
C. Gal. Maximian. Caes. 

IV. 



14 Diocletian. 
Maximian. 12 



Roman Empe- 

ROBS. 



C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug. 

VTII. 
M. Aur. Val. Maximian. 

Aug. VII. 

C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug. 

IX. 
M. Aur. Val. Maximian. 

Aug. VIII. 
Fl. Val. Constantius Cses, 

V. 
C. Gal. Maximian. Cass, 

V. 



Fl. Val. Constantius Aug. 

VI. 
C. Gal. Maximian. Aug. 

VI. 

M. Aur. Val. Maxim. Aug. 

IX. 
Fl. Val. Constantinus 

Caes. 



13 



Sassanides 

OF 

Persia. 



5 Narses. 



14 7 



15 



18- 



. 16 



19 • 



17 



20 ■ 



18 



1 Constantius. 
Galerius. 1 



Galerius. 2 
1 Constantine. 
Maxentius. 1 



Galerius. 3 
2 Constantine. 

Maxentius. 2 
1 Licinius. 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



2Marcellinus. 



1 Hormisdas 
or Horm- 
ouz II. 



10 



12 



297 TO 307 A.D. 



189 



Events and Eminent Men. 



297 



299 



300 



301 



304 



305 



306 



307 



The revolt of Achilleus in Egypt is put down by Diocletian in person. Siege of 
Alexandria, and slaughter of its inhabitants. Busiris and Coptos destroyed. 
Julian, who had assumed the purple at Carthage, is overcome by Maximiau, 
and order restored in Mauritania. The Persian war begins. Galerius is de- 
feated by Narses and severely reprimanded by Diocletian. Constantine, set. 23, 
accompanies Diocletian. Eunomius, Orat. Panegyric. fl. -^lius Spartianus writes 
his Augustan history. He is supposed by Vossius and Fabricius to have been 
the author of that also which bears the name of -^1. Lampridius ; and Salma- 
cius ascribes to him the Life of Avidius Cassius, said to have been written by 
Vulcatius Gallicanus. 

Galerius gains a complete victory over Narses in Armenia, who, by a treaty of 
peace, cedes Mesopotamia and five provinces beyond the Tigris. Meeting of 
Diocletian and Galerius at Nisibis. Tiridates is made king of Armenia, and 
his dominions enlarged. Zabdas, bishop of Jerusalem. 

Eunomius, in a public oration at Augustodunum (Autun), before the president of 
the province, calls attention to the decay of the schools and general neglect of 
education, and offers to give up his own salary, as professor of rhetoric, towards 
the expense of repairing the dilapidated buildings. 

Tranquil state of the empire. Methodius, bishop of Tyre, writes against Por- 
phyry and Origen. Hermon succeeds Zabdas, as bishop of Jerusalem, 

Death of Narses, who is succeeded by his son, Hormisdas II. Porphyry, set. 68, 
writes his life of Plotinus. Petrus, the 16th bishop of Alexandria. From the 
accession of Diocletian to this time, the Christians had been unmolested by the 
civil power. 

Diocletian issues an edict to regulate the prices of commodities, and fails in the 
attempt. He visits Rome for the first time, and celebrates ii triumph there with 
Maximian. Galerius passes the winter with Diocletian at Nicomedia, and 
urges him to repress, by severe measures, the growing power of the Christian 
hierarchy. Meletius, bishop of Nicopolis, condemned and deposed for heresy, in 
a synod called by Petrus at Alexandria, Tyrannus, nineteenth bishop of An- 
tioch. 

The persecution of the Christians commences Feb. 23, the fiercest and most sys- 
tematic which they had endured. The revolt of Eugenius suppressed by the 
inhabitants of Antioch. Diocletian celebrates the twentieth year of his reign 
by festivities at Rome. Disgusted by the free manner of the people, he departs 
abruptly, on the eve of his ninth consulship. 

Severe illness of Diocletian, imputed to his long journey in the winter, but attri- 
butable rather to his vexation at the disorders caused by his change of policy 
towards the Christians, and to his finding it impossible to extirpate their 
religion. 

The dilemma in which Diocletian is placed by the rash counsels of Galerius, de 
termines him to abdicate. He resigns the purple. May 1, ^at Nicomedia, and 
persuades Maximian to follow his example on the same day, at Milan. The 
former retires to Salona, and the latter into Lucania. Constantius and Galerius 
take the title of Augustus, and that of Csesar is given to Severus and Maxi- 
min. The monastic system introduced in Egypt by Antony. 

Constantine joins his father, Constantius, in Britain, who dies, July 21, at York, 
On this the army proclaims Constantine emperor. Maxentius, son of Maxi 
mian, assumes the purple at Rome, and his father attempts to replace himself 
on the throne. Vopiscus publishes his history of Aurelian. Ormus founded by 
Hormisdas. 

Severus endeavours to maintain himself against Maxentius, is deserted by all, 
flies to Ravenna, and is there put to death. Galerius invades Italy, and without 
fighting a battle, is obliged to retreat ignominiously. Constantine takes pos- 
session of Gaul ; Maximian meets him at Aries and gives him his daughter, 
Fausta, in marriage. Licinius is declared emperor by Galerius. The perse- 
cution of the Christians, checked by Constantine in the west, is continued in the 
east. Pamphilus imprisoned. 



190 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Olym. 



308 



309 



271. 4 



272.1 



310 



311 



312 



A U.C. 



1061 



1062 



1063 



1064 



1065 



313 273.1 



1066 



314 



315 



316 



317 



274.1 



1067 



1068 



1069 



1070 



Consuls of Rome. 



M. Aur. Val. Maximian 

Aug. X. 

, Gal. Val. Maximian 

Aug. VII. {According to 

some, 
Maxentius and 
Romulus.) 

Uncertain, Some have 
Maxentius II. 
Romulus II. OtherSf 
Licinius Aug. 
Constantinus. 
( Uncertain. 
Andronicus and Probus, 

occur in the Fasti Graici 

Cod. Sav.) 

( Uncertain, 

Galerius VIII. 

Maximin. II. 

Rufinus, 

Volusianus. 

Eusebius, are all named.) 

FI. Val. Constantinus 

Aug. II. 
P. Val. Licinian. Licinius 

Aug. II. 



Fl. Val. Constantinus 

Aug, III. 
F.Val. Liciniaa Licinius 

Aug. III. 



C. Ceionius Rufus Volusi 

anus II. 
Annianus. 



Fl. Val. Constantinus 

Aug. IV. 
P. Val. Lie. Licinius 

Aug. IV. 



Galerius 4 
SConstantine, 

Maxentius 3 
2 Licinius. 

Maximin. 1 



Galerius 5 
4Constantine. 
Maxentius 4 

3 Licinius. 
Maximin. 2 
Galerius 6 

5Constantine. 
Maxentius 5 

4 Licinius. 
Maximin. 3 

6Constantine. 
Maxentius 6 

5 Licinius. 
Maximin. 4 



Roman Empe- 

BORS. 



Sassanides 

OF 

Persia. 



7Constantine. 
Licinius 6 

5 Maximin. 



SConstantine. 
Licinius 7 



10 ■ 



Sabinus. 
Rufinus. 



Gallicanus. 
Sept. Bassus. 



8 Hormis- 
das, or 
Hormouz 
IL 



1 Sapor IL 



308 TO 317 A.D. 



191 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Galerius acknowledges Constantine as Augustus, and allows the same title to 
Maximin in Syria. There are at this time five emperors actually ruling, with 
Maximian as a sixth, holding only nominal power, in the court of his son-in-law, 
Constantine. Africa, oppressed by Maxentius, proclaims Alexander, who falls 
A.D. 311, when the rebellion is finished by the plunder of Carthage and other 
cities. Helladius writes his Chrestomathia. Julian. Soph. fl. at Athens. Euse- 
bius, bishop of Csesarea. He and Pamphilus write " Apologies " for Origen. 

Constantine averts from Gaul the inroads of the Franks and AUemanni, and alle- 
viates the weight of taxation by which the people are borne down. Death of 
Hormisdas. His infant sou. Sapor II., succeeds him on the throne of Persia. 
Onasimus of Sparta, hist, et soph. fl. 

MaximiaB, unsuccessful in an attempt against Constantine, is made prisoner at 
Marseilles, and strangled, set. 60. Eumenius delivers his Orat. Panegyric, at 
Autun, in the presence of Constantine. Galerius is attacked by the fatal dis- 
ease which in the following year terminates his life. Julius Capitolinus writes 
his Augustan history. 

Galerius issues an edict, April 30, to put a stop to the persecution of the Chris- 
tians, and dies in the following month. His share of the empire is divided 
between Licinius and Maximin. Cruelty of the latter. Valeria, widow of Ga- 
lerius, and daughter of Diocletian, having refused to marry him, is banished 
with her mother, to the desert of Syria, and their possessions all confiscated. 
Her father intercedes for them, but is treated with contempt. Eumenius obtains 
from Constantine, at Treves, a remission of taxation for Autun. 

Maxentius, defeated by Constantine, in his flight is drowned in the Tiber, Oct. 27. 
Constantine enters Rome, disbands the praetorian guards, and is master of all 
western Europe. Maximin still persecutes the Christians. Methodius suffers 
martyrdom at Chalcis in Syria, and Petrus at Alexandria, where he is succeeded 
by Achillas, the seventeenth bishop. lamblichus, disciple of Porphyry, fl. The 
Era of the Indictions commences Sept. 1. 

Licinius marries Constantia, the sister of Constantine, at Milan, where the two 
emperors meet, and enter into a league of amity. An edict is issued in favour 
of the Christians. Death of Diocletian, set. 68. Maximin, advancing to at- 
tack Licinius, is totally defeated near Heraclea, and dies soon after at Tarsus. 
Licinius, sole master of the east, rules tyrannically. Candidianus, a natural son 
of Galerius, is put to death, and Valeria and Prisca beheaded, at Thessalonica. 
Contest between Csecilianus and Donatus, for the bishopric of Carthage, which 
gives rise to the sect of the Donatists. Rheticius, bishop of Autun, known for 
his commentaries and controversial writings. Alexander, eighteenth bishop of 
Alexandria. 

War between Constantine and Licinius. The latter defeated, Oct. 8, at Cibalis 
in Pannonia, and soon afterwards, on the plain of Mardia, in Thrace, agrees to a 
treaty of peace, by which he cedes to the conqueror most of his provinces in 
Europe, and the dominions of Constantine are extended to the extremity of the 
Peloponnesus. Valens, whom Licinius had created Caesar a few days before, 
loses his dignity and his life. Birth of Libanius, Council of Aries, against 
the Donatists. 

Constantine issues an edict against infanticide. May 13, at his birth-place, Nais- 
sus in Moesia ; and another, Oct. 18, at Margillus, by which he condemns to be 
burnt alive any Jews who persecute or ill-treat converts from their sect to 
Christianity. Vitalis is the twentieth bishop of Antioch, during the first days 
when the church had peace. 

The Donatists appeal to Constantine, who orders an inquiry, which terminates in 
favour of Caecilian. Arius preaches his doctrines, which are supported by most 
of the Asiatic bishops, especially by Eusebius of Caesarea, and Eusebius of 
Nicomedia. 

Crispus and Constantine, sons of the emperor of the west, and the younger Lici- 
nius in the east, receive the title of Csesar. Lactantiua is the tutor of Crispus 
Birth of Constantius. 



192 



FBOM THE TEAS 



A.D. 



Olym. 



318 
319 

320 
321 



322 
323 



274.2 
3 

4 
275.1 



324 



325 



326 



327 



328 



276.1 



A.U.C. 



1071 
1072 

1073 
1074 



1075 
1076 



1077 



1078 



1079 



1080 



1081 



P. Val. Lie, Licinius 

Aug. V. 
Fl. Julius Crispus Cses. 
Fl. Val. Constantin. Aug. 

V. 
Licinius Cses. 

Fl. Val. Constantin. Aug. 

VI. 
Fl, Val. Constantin. Cses. 
Fl. Julius Crispus Cses. II. 
Fl. Val. Constantin. Cses. 

II. 



Petronius Probianus. 
Anicius Julianus. 



Consuls of Rome. 



Acilius Severas. 
Vettius Rufinus. 



Fil. Jul. Crispus Cses. TIT. 
Fl. Val, Constantin. Cses, 
III. 

Paulinus. 
Julianus. 



Fl. Val. Constantin. Aug. 

VTI. 
Fl. Jul. Constantin. Cses. 



Constantius. 
Maximus. 



Januarinus. 
Justus. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



13Constantine. 
Licinius. 12 



18 ■ 



20 • 



22 



23 



Sassanides 

OF 

Persia, 



10 Sapor II. 

11 

12 

13 



18 



20 



318 TO 328 A.D. 



193 



Events and Eminent Men. 



318 
319 

320 
321 



322 



323 



326 



327 



328 



The church, enjojing external peace, is internally agitated by the rivalry of 
bishops, the persecution and zeal of the Donatists, and the disputatious fervour 
of the opponents of Ariiis. 

The increasing pressure of the German tribes on the barriers of the empire de- 
mands the utmost vigilance of Constantine. He takes the command himself on 
the frontier of the Danube, where the Goths threaten irruption, while Crispus, 
on that of the Rhine, watches the Franks. 

Crispus achieves his first victory, by defeating a vigorous effort of the Franks 
and AUemanni to enter Gaul. Philogonius, twenty-first bishop of Antioch. 

Constantine defeats the Goths and Sarmatians at Campona, Margus, Bononia, and 
other places on the Danube. Nazarius delivers his Orat. Panegyric, at Rome. 
Alexander, at the instigation of Athanasius, calls the council of Alexandria, by 
which Arius is condemned for heresy and ejected from the church. Paulinus I. 
twenty-second bishop of Antioch. An edict of March 8, orders the Aruspices 
to be consulted in certain cases, according to the ancient forms ; and two others, 
of March 7, and June 2, prescribe the due observance of the Sunday (Dies So- 
li s), by cessation from all labour, except the culture of the fields, and by reli- 
gious worship. 

Constantine repairs the bridge of Trajan, and pursues the repulsed barbarians 
into the former province of Dacia, and compels them to make peace. 

Hostilities renewed between Constantine and Licinius. Defeat of the latter near 
Hadrianople, July 3. He retires to Byzantium, where he is immediately be- 
sieged, and passes thence into Asia. Naval victory of Crispus in the Helles- 
pont. Finally overcome in the battle of Chrysopolis, Sept. 28, Licinius resigns his 
imperial dignity at Nicomedia, and Constantine remains sole emperor. The in- 
tercession of Constantia obtains from her brother a promise to spare her hus- 
band's life; but he is sent a prisoner to Thessalonica. Constantius appointed 
Caesar, Nov. 8. An edict of Constantine issued at Sirmium, May 25, inflicts 
punishment on all such as may exact from Christians an observance of heathen 
ceremonies. 

Constantine violates his promise to his sister, and by his order, Licinius is put to 
death, get. 60. Eustathius, bishop of Beraea, writes against the Arians ; in the 
succeeding year he is elected the twenty-third bishop of Antioch. Foundation 
of Constantinople. Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem. 

Council of Nice, attended by 318 bishops. Constantine is present at some of the 
debates; Hosius, bishop of Cordova, presides, and Athanasius, though only 
secretary to Alexander, distinguishes himself by his vehement opposition to 
the Arians, who are condemned by the majority. The Nicene creed is sanc- 
tioned by Constantine. Arius is banished to Illyricum, his writings publicly 
burned, and all in whose possession they are found, capitally punished. Euse- 
bius ends his Chronicle, and completes his Hist. Ecc. Death of Lactantius. The 
combats of gladiators are prohibited by a law, enacted at Berytus, Oct. 1, but 
they are not suppressed. Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, advocates Sabellianism. 

Constantine celebrates at Rome the completion of twenty years of his reign. He 
orders his son, Crispus, to be put to death, on false accusations, and the younger 
Licinius, Helena visits Palestine and founds churches there, Sopater of Apamea, 
phil. fl. On the death of Alexander, Athanasius is elected the nineteenth bishop of 
Alexandria. Birth of Gregory of Naziauzus. Eusebius publishes his Hist. Ecc. 

The empress Fausta is said to "have been put to death. (This is doubted by Gib- 
bon and Niebuhr.) Drepanum in Bithynia, made a city by Constantine, under 
the name of Helenopolis, in honour of his mother, Helena. By an edict, dated i 
at Treves, Sept. 27, the writings of Julius Paulus (see a.d. 223) are ordered toj 
be received as sound legal authority. 

The severe laws against the Arians are relaxed and the exiles are recalled. They ! 
hold a synod at Antioch, when Eustathius is deposed, and Paulinus II. ap-j 
pointed twenty-fourth bishop of that diocese. Athanasius favours the monastic^ 
system, and patronizes Antony, Hilarion extends it in Palestine, ! 



B B 



194 



FEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


329 


277.1 


1082 


330 


2 


1083 


331 


3 


1084 


332 


4 


1085 


333 


278.1 


1086 


334 


2 


1087 


335 


3 


1088 


336 


4 


1089 


337 


279.1 


1090 


338 


2 


1091 


339 


3 


1092 


340 


4 


1093 


341 


280.1 


1094 

i 



Consuls of Rome. 



Fl. Val. Constant. Aug. 

VIII. 
Fl. Val. Constant. Cses. 

IV. 

Gallicamis. 
Symmachus. 



Bassus. 
Ablavius. 
Pacatianiis. 
Hilarianus. 



Dalmatiiis. 
Zenophilus. 



Opt-atus. 
Aniciiis Paulinus. 



Fl. Jul. Constantlus. 
Rufius Albinus. 



Nepotianus. 
Facundus. 



Felicianus. 

Ti. Fabius Titianus. 



Ursus. 
Polemius. 



Fl. Jul. Constantlus 

Aug. II. 
Fl. Jul. Constans. Aug. 
Acyndinus. 
Velerius Proculus. 



Marcellinus. 
Probinus. 



Roman Empe- 

ROBS. 



24Constantine. 



25 



28 



29 



30 



31 



1 Constan- 
tine II. 

1 Constan- 
tlus II. 

1 Constans. 

2 Constan- 
tine II. 

2 Constan- 
tlus II. 
2 Constans, 



3 The same. 



4 Constan- 
tlus il. 
4 Constans. 



5 The same. 



Sassanides 

OF 

Persia, 



21 Sapor II. 



25 



26 



29 



30 



33 



20 



21 



22 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



16 Silvester I 



1 Marcus. 



1 Julius I. 



329 TO 341 A.B. 195 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Frumentius preaches Christianity to the Abyssinians ; he is recorded in their 
annals as Abba Salama, or Fremonatos. Juvencus, a Spanish presbyter, writes 
a sacred poem explanatory of Christian doctrines. Eulalius, twenty-fifth bishop 
of Antioch. Death of lamblichus ; he is succeeded in the chair of philosophy 
by his pupil ^desius. 

Dedication of Constantinople, May 22. Metrodorus, phil, fl. Alexander is the 
first bishop of the new capital. Euphronius, twenty-sixth bishop of Antioch. 
Exuperius educates the two sons of Constantine's brother, Dalmatius, who are 
afterwards raised to the dignity of Csesars. 

Julian, the future emperor, son of Julius Constantius, the brother of the emperor 
Constantine, bom at Constantinople. Birth of Hieronymus (St. Jerome). 

The Sarmatians, unable to resist the Goths, implore the protection of the Roman; 
The Csesar Constantine conducts the war successfully, and concludes a peace, 
for the observance of which, the Gothic chieftain, Araric, gives his son as a 
hostage. Placillus, the twenty-seventh bishop of Antioch. 

Constantine gives the title of Csesar to his youngest son, Constans. Syria and 
Cilicia are afflicted by pestilence and famine. The interposition of Constantine 
obtains for the Christians in Persia relief from the persecution caused by the 
Magi. An edict, dated Constantinople, Sept. 27, confirms the exemption from 
military service and all public offices, granted by former emperors to medical 
men and professors of literature. 

Settlements granted in Thrace and Macedon to many Sarmatian refugees. A 
revolt of Calocserus in Cyprus, repressed by Dalmatius, the emperor's nephew. 
The Arian prelates hold a council at Caesarea, and vote the deposition of Atha- 
nasius, which he disregards. 

Constantine's nephew, Dalmatius, is created Csesar, and Hannibalianus, king of 
Pontus. Five young princes now hold that title, to each of whom the adminis- 
tration of certain provinces is assigned. The synods of Tyre and Jerusalem 
proceed more violently against Athanasius. He has an interview with Constan- 
tine at Constantinople. The sentence of deposition is not enforced, but he is 
ordered to reside at Treves. Asterius writes in favour of Arianism, which now 
prevails in the east. Constantine dedicates a church at Jerusalem. 

First marriage of Constantius to his cousin, the sister of Julian. The synod of 
Constantinople re-admits Arius into the church, soon after which he dies ; but 
the animosity of the two sects is not abated. Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, is 
j deposed, and Basilius appointed to take his place. Maximus, the fortieth bishop 
j of Jerusalem. 
337 ! Constantine is baptized by Eusebius, the Arian bishop of Nicomedia, near which 
I city, in the village of Achyrona, he soon afterwards dies, May 22d, set. 64 ; his 
three sons succeed him, and divide the empire among them. Preparations for i 
war with Persia. Eusebius writes his Life of Constantine. 



331 
332 



333 



334 



335 



336 



338 



340 



341 



The three emperors meet in Pannonia and settle the extent of their respective 
jurisdictions. The two young princes, Dalmatius and Hannibalianus, are put 
to death, with all their relations, except Gallus and Julian, the sons of Julius 
Constantius ; Ablavius, the praetorian prefect, and other ministers of the deceased 
emperor, share the same fate. Sapor invades Mesopotamia and besieges Nisibis. 
Athanasius returns to Alexandria. Jacobus, bishop of Nisibis, distinguishes 
himself during the siege of that city. 

Unsuccessful campaign of Constantius against the Persians. He issues a decree 
at Antioch. March 31, prohibiting marriage between uncles and nieces as inces- 
tuous, and making it a capital crime. 

Constantine, dissatisfied with his share in the partition of the empire, and at- 
tempting to obtain more by force of arms, is defeated and slain near Aquileia. 
His provinces are added to those of Constans, who reigns over all the west of 
Europe. Death of Eusebius of Caesarea, who is succeeded by Acacius. Euse- 
bius of Nicomedia is appointed bishop of Constantinople. 

The Franks invade Gaul and resist Constans. An imperial edict prohibits pagan 
sacrifices. Violent earthquakes in Syria. The synod of Antioch assents to an 
Arian creed, deposes Athanasius, and appoints Gregory the twentieth bishop of 



196 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. iOLYM. 



342 

343 
344 

345 

346 

347 



349 



350 



280,2 



3 
4 

281.1 



282.1 



1095 



1097 



1098 



1099 



1100 



1101 



1102 



1103 



Fl. Jul. Constantins 

Aug. III. 
Fl. Jul. Constans.Aug.il 



M. Msecius Memmius 

Placidus. 
Romulus. 
Leontius. 
Sallustius. 



Consuls of Rome. 



Amantius. 
Albinus. 



Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. 

IV. 
Fl. Jul. Constans Aug. 

III. 



Rufinus. 
Eusebius. 



Fl. Philippus. 
FL Sallia. 



Ulpius Limenias. 
Aco Catullinus, 



Sergius. 
Nigrinianus. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



6 Constantius 

II. 
6 Constans. 



7 The same. 

8 The same. 

9 The same. 

10 The same. 

11 The same. 

12 The same. 

13 The same. 



14 Constantius 
II. 



Sassanides 

OP 

Persia. 



34 Sapor II. 



35 



37 



38 



39 



40 



42 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



6 Julius I. 



10 



3t2 TO 350 A.B. 197 



tition 
Dates. 

1 



342 

3i3 
344 

345 

346 

347 

348 
349 

350 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Alexandria. Athanasius takes refuge at Home, where he introduces the monas- 
tic system into western Europe, and recommends its adoption. Marcellus, bishop 
of Ancyra, also repairs to Rome. Audeeus propagates the Anthropomorphite 
heresy. Theodorus, bishop of Heraclea, writes his commentaries. 

The Franks are compelled to quit Gaul and sue for peace. The destruction of 
pagan temples forbidden by an edict. A synod held at Rome supports Athana- 
sius, Julius addresses an epistle to the Arians of the East. Death of Euse- 
bius, bishop of Constantinople. A long struggle commences between Paul and 
Macedonius for the vacant episcopal throne. Popular commotions and court in- 
trigues alternately elevate and depose the two rivals. Photinus, bishop of Sir- 
mium, revives the Ebionite heresy. Stephen L, the twenty-eighth bishop of! 
Antioch. Death of Tiridates, king of Armenia. The sophist Prossresius at the | 
court of Constans in Gaul. 

Expedition of Constans into Britain. Titianus Praetorian prefect in Gaul. Con-; 
stantius exempts all ecclesiastics and their property from any new imposts, i 
Maximinus, bishop of Treves. Firmicus Matemus fl. j 

Neo-Caesarea, in Pontus, nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The growth of I 
hierarchical power, and the decay of intellectual energy, are now in uniform i 
collateral progress. To promote the former, the education of all classes but the | 
ecclesiastical is neglected. I 

Earthquakes in Epirus and Campania. Julian and his brother Gallus are kept! 
six years in the secluded castle of Macellum, near Csesarea, where they are ; 
strictly guarded, and have ho other instructor than Mardonius, an aged slave of 
their mother's family. The Arian bishops assemble at Antioch and publish ai 
confession of their faith. 

Second ineffectual siege of Nisibis by Sapor. The bishops of the west meet at 
Milan, and declare their adherence to the Nicene creed, which begins the sepa- 
ration between the eastern and western churches. Libanius teaches rhetoric 
at Nicomedia. Tryphillius, bishop of Leucothea, in Cyprus, noted for his 
eloquence. A total eclipse of the sun, June 6th, during which the stars are 
visible . 

Constantius prepares to resume hostilities against Sapor. A general council 
held at Sardica. The Nicene faith is approved by the majority ; the deposition 
of Arian bishops voted, and the restoration of Athanasius and Marcellus to their 
episcopal honours ; the minority secede to Philipopolis and annul their acts ; the 
two bodies mutually excommunicate each other. Themistius makes his first 
oration before Constantius at Ancyra. Eusebius, bishop of Emesa, writes his 
Commentaries. 

Victory of Sapor at Singara. Stephen is ejected at Antioch, and Leontius, the 
twenty-ninth bishop, succeeds him. Serapion, bishop of Thmuae, supports the. 
cause of Athanasius. Cyril is appointed bishop of Jerusalem, and Titus of 
Bostra, Birth of Prudentius. 

Popular tumults excited at Alexandria by the sectarian factions, in which the 
bishop Gregory is killed. Constans threatens to restore Athanasius by force ; 
he is permitted by Constantius to return, and is received in triumph by the 
Alexandrians. Libanius delivers his panegyric on the two emperors at Nico-i 
media. Cyril is deposed, and Eutychius made bishop of Jerusalem. { 

Magnentius revolts at Autun. Flight of Constans into Spain, where he is mur-i 
dered near Helena (Illiberis), Feb. 27, set. 30 ; Yetranio, sent to oppose the i 
usurper, himself assumes the purple ; Nepotianus is proclaimed at Rome and! 
slain twenty-eight days afterwards ; Constantius is called by these events into 
the west, and Sapor, having failed in his third siege of Nisibis, leaves Mesopo- 
tamia, to defend his eastern provinces against the tribes of central Asia. Con- 
ference between Constantius and Vetranio ; the latter abdicates, and is allowed 
to retire into private life. Julian is brought to Constantinople, and studies 
under Nicocles and Ecebolus ; Constantius, jealous of his rising reputation, sends 
him to Nicomedia, where he becomes acquainted with Maximus and other 
philosophers. Jacobus animates the citizens of Nisibis again, during the third 
siege. 



198 



FKOM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



Olym. 



A.U.C. 



351 



282.3 



352 



353 



283.1 



354 



355 



1104 



1105 



1106 



1107 



1108 



356 



357 



284. 1 



1109 



1110 



Consuls of Rome. 



Not known. 



Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. 

V. 
Fl. Constantius Csesar. 



Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. 

VI. 
Fl. Constantius Cses. II. 



Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. 

VIL 
Fl. Constantius Cses. II. 



Arbetio. 
Lollianus. 



Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. 

VIII. 
Fl. Claud. Julianus Cees. 



Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. 

IX. 
Fl. Claud. Julianus Cses. 

II. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



15 Constantius 
II. 



20 



45 



46 



Sassanides 

of 

Persia. 



43 Sapor II. 



44 



49 



Bishops of 
Rome, 



15 Julius I. 



1 Liberius. 



1 Felix II. 



351 TO 357 A.D. 



199 



Events and Eminent Men. 



351 



352 



353 



354 



355 



356 



357 



Gallus created Ceesar, and sent to Antioch to rule the east. Magnentius gives the 
same title to his brother Decentius ; he is defeated by Constantius at Mursa in 
Pannonia, Sep. 28, and escapes with difficulty into Italy. Julian visits Ephesus, 
where the conversations of the Ionian philosophers strengthen his prejudices 
against the religion of his father's murderers, and incline him secretly to favour 
paganism. A synod at Sirmium condemns the anti-trinitarian doctrines of 
Photinus. General education is so neglected, that Magnentius and Vetranio can 
neither read nor write, when they take upon themselves the imperial dignity. 

Gallus suppresses a revolt in Judasa. Italy declares against Magnentius, who 
gains a useless victory at Pavia, and retires into Gaul. Libanius declines an 
invitation to Athens, and visits Antioch. Paul, bishop of Constantinople, ba- 
nished to the deserts of Taurus, and there put to death ; Macedonius seated in 
his place by force. Violent commotions and profuse bloodshed at Constanti- 
nople. Antony, the monk, eet. 100, is called by Athanasius to Alexandria, to 
assist in the conversion of Arians. 

Magnentius totally defeated at Mount Seleucus ; he and his brother Decentius 
put an end to their own lives. Marriage of Constantius and Eusebia. Gallus 
and his wife, Constantina, commit great cruelties in the east. The proconsul, 
Theophilus, massacred in a tumult at Antioch. Fruitless attempt of the Persians 
to invade Osrhoene, The Isaurians plunder Pamphylia. Ursicinus commands 
the Roman armies on the Euphrates, and Ammianus Marcellinus serves under 
him. jEtius instructs Eunomius in his doctrines. Council of Aries ; the 
western bishops are prevailed on to condemn Athanasius. 

The Allemanni, under Gundomad and Vadomar, infest Gaul ; they are driven 
back by Constantius, and agree to a treaty of peace. Domitian and Montius, 
sent to inquire into the conduct of Gallus, are killed by the people at his insti- 
gation: he is called to the imperial court; Constantina dies during the journey; 
he is taken to Pola in Istria and beheaded. Julian is brought to Milan, where 
he is in great danger, but saved by the empress Eusebia, and permitted to go 
to Athens. Ursicinus is recalled from the east, and Ammianus Marcellinus ac- 
companies him to Milan. Victorinus, rhetor, and Donatus, grammat. fl, A statue 
of the former is placed in the forum of Trajan. Birth of Augustine. 

Julian is held in high esteem at Athens ; he visits ^desius at Pergamus, who 
instructs him in the new Platonism. Constantius, unable to contend alone with 
the enemies who on all sides assail the empire, is persuaded by Eusebia to 
recal Julian, who is appointed Csesar, Nov. 6. Sylvanus assumes the purple at 
Agrippina (Cologne), and is assassinated twenty-eight days afterwards by Ur- 
sicinus. Julian proceeds, Dec. 1, to take the command of the army in Gaul, 
where Ammianus Marc, serves under him. The council of Milan deposes Atha- 
nasius and all bishops who hold his opinions. Liberius is banished from Rome, 
and Felix II. takes his place. Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil of Csesarea are 
students at Athens. Death of jEdesius, ast. 80, soon after Julian's visit. Ori- 
basius of Pergamus, med. fl. 

Julian assembles his army at Rheims, but obtains no decisive success in his first 
campaign ; in the winter he is surrounded at Sens by the Allemanni, who at 
the end of thirty days retire discomfited ; Marcellus, having remained with his 
forces an idle spectator of the Caesar's danger, is dismissed from his post. 
Julian maintains a friendly and confidential correspondence with Oribasius. 
Athanasius expelled by violence from Alexandria, retires among the monks of 
Thebais, and Gregory of Cappadocia takes possession of his church. Hilary of 
Poictiers is deposed. Martin, afterwards bishop of Tours, serves in Julian's 
army. 

Constantius visits Rome and presents to the city an obelisk from Egypt ; he 
proceeds thence into Rhtetia. Julian gains a great victory at Strasburg, crosses 
the Rhine and invades Germany ; Chnodomar, chief of the Allemanni, is cap- 
tured. Sallust, Julian's able adviser, is recalled. Synod of Sirmium. Hosius 
subscribes the Arian creed. Contest between Cyril of Jerusalem and Acacius of 
Csesarea. Death of Antony, the first monk, set. 105. Julian's " Encomium" on 
the empress Eusebia. 



200 



FROM THE TEAl 



A.D. 



Olym. 



358 



359 



360 



284.2 



1111 



1112 



4 1113 



361 



285.1 



1114 



Consuls of Rome. 



364 



1116 



1117 



Datianus. 
Neratius Cerealis. 



Fl. Eusebius. 
Fl. Hypatius. 



Fl. Jul. Constant. Aug. X. 
Fl. Claud. Julianus Cass, 
III. 



Taurus. 
Florentius. 



Claud. Mamertinas. 
ISevitta, 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



22 Constantlus 
II. 



23 



1 Julian. 



Sassanides 

OF 

Persia. 



50 Sapor II. 



52 



Fl. Claud. Julianus Aug.i 1 Jovian. 

IV. 
Sallustius. 



53 



54 



Fl. Jovianus Aug. 
Fl. Varronianus. 



Valentinian. 56 
Valens. 1, 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



1 Liberius re- 
stored. 



,58 TO 364 A.D. 201 



Eepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



358 



359 



360 



361 



362 



363 



364 



EVKNTS AND EMINENT MeN. 



Julian, after passing the winter at Paris, commences his third campaign by de- 
feating the Franks, and pursuing them over the Rhine, where he makes the 
German tribes fear his prowess. Constantius crosses the Danube, and again 
conchides a treaty of peace with the Quadi and Sarmatians. Fruitless nego- 
tiations with Sapor, who prepares to resume hostile operations. Fearful earth- 
quakes in Asia; Nicomedia nearly destroyed. Liberius deplores the calamity 
in his " Monodia." Aurelius Victor, fl. Liberius, having conformed to Arian- 
ism, is pennitted to return to Rome. Eudoxius, thirtieth bishop of Antioch. 

Julian crosses the Rhine again, and conquers wherever he is opposed. Sapor invades 
Mesopotamia, and takes Amida. Constantius sends Ursicinus into the east, who 
is attended by Ammianns Marcellinus. The two consuls are brothers of the em- 
press Eusebia. Synods of Ariminum (Rimini) and Seleucia. Continued strife in 
the church, secret intrigues, deceptions, artifices, and open violence. On the 
deposition of Macedonius, Eudoxius is translated to Constantinople, and Ani- 

I anus succeeds him as thirty-first bishop of Antioch. 

jConstantius sets out to take the command against Sapor, and orders a part of the 
army in Gaul to join him. The troops, unwilling to obey this order, proclaim 
Julian emperor. He endeavours to make an amicable arrangement with his 
cousin. During the negotiations, he crosses the Rhine, defeats the Allemanni, 
and takes their chief, Vadomar, prisoner. He sends Lupicinus into Britain, to 
repel the Scots and Picts. Death of his wife, Helena. Sapor takes Singara. 
Constantius is repulsed by him at Bezabde, and winters at Antioch. Aurelius 
Victor completes his " De Csesaribus." The cathedral of St. Sophia is dedi- 
cated at Constantinople. Hilary permitted to return into Gaul. Meletius, 
thirty-second bishop of Antioch. 

Julian's pacific overtures are rejected. After a short, but successful campaign 
against the Germans, he conveys his army down the Danube, to prepare for 
the expected civil war. Constantius, on his march towards Europe, dies at 
Mopsucrene, Nov. 3, set. 45. Julian is peaceably acknowledged by the whole 
empire. His letters to the Athenians and Corinthians are written from Pan- 
nonia, while the issue of the contest was yet doubtful. A synod, held at Anti- 
och, deposes Meletius ; Euzoius is the thirty-third bishop of that city. The 
second Meletian schism begins. Julian openly professes paganism. 

Julian proclaims universal toleration, and reinstates the exiled bishops in their 
sees. George of Cappadocia, having been killed by the people of Alexandria, 
Athanasius is restored to his station ; but his power is found to be so much 
greater than that of the civil governor, that he is almost immediately banished 
again. Titus, bishop of Bostra, accused of fomenting discord between Chris- 
tians and Jews, is expelled from that city. Contest between Paulinus and 
Meletius, at Antioch, and between Cyril and Irenseus, at Jerusalem. Julian 
sets out on his Persian expedition and passes the winter at Antioch, where he 
writes his " Caesars," " Misopogon," and other works. Ammianus Marcellinus 
and Eutropius are with the army, and soon after this time begin to compose 
their histories. Aurelius Victor is proconsul of Pannonia, and honoured by 
Julian with a bronze statue. Many orations of Libanius delivered at Antioch. 
Mamertinus, in a public speech^ returns thanks for his appointment to the con- 
sulship. Himerius, orator, fl. Oribasius dedicates to Julian his " Epitomes of 

j Galens." Eunapius, set. 16, studies at Athens. 

An attempt to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, defeated by the ignition of foul 
air, which alarms the superstitious fears of the workmen. Julian crosses the 
Tigris, burns his ships and invades As-syria, where he is slain in battle, June 26, 
set. 32. Jovian, elected emperor, makes an ignominious peace, and retreats. He 
allows equal freedom to all religions and sects. Athanasius returns to Alexan- 
dria, and Titus to Bostra. Meletius, restored at Antioch, holds a synod there. 
Gregory of Nazianzus composes two orations against Julian. Maximus, Pris- 
cus, and other philosophers accompany the Roman army. Monody of Libanius 
on the death of Julian. 

The orator Themistius advocates religious liberty, in his address on Jovian's con- 
sulship. Death of Jovian on his way to Constantinople, at Dadastana, Feb. 17, 

C C 



202 



FEOM THE TEAE 



n^ 



A.D. 



Olym. 



A.U.C 



365 



286.1 



366 



367 



368 



369 '287.1 



370 



1118 



1119 



1120 



1121 



1122 



1123 



371 



372 



3 1124 



1125 



Consuls of Rome. 



Fl. Valentinianus Aug. 
Fl. Valens Aug. 



Fl. Gratianusj 
Dagalaiphus. 



Lupiciuus. 
Valens, Jovinus. 



Fl. Valentinianus Aug. 

11. 
Fl. Valens Aug. II. 



Fl.Valentinianus Valentis 

Aug. f. 
Victor. 



Fl. Valentinianus Aug. 

III. 
Fl. Valens Aug. III. 



288.1 



1126 



Fl. Gratianus Aug. II. 
Sex. Petronius Probus. 



Modestus. 
Arinthseus. 



Fl. Valentinian. Aug. IV. 
Fl. Valens Aug. IV. 



Roman Empe- 

ROES. 



Valentinian. 
Valens. 



Sassanides 

OF 

Persia.. 



Sapor II. 



57 



58 



59 



9;64 



10 65 



TO 373 A.D. 



203 



Events and Eminent Men. 



366 



367 



370 



371 



372 



373 



set. 34. Elevation of Valentiiiian, who makes his brother, Valens, emperor of 
the East, and takes the West himself. Eutropiiis concludes his history, which he 
dedicates to Valens. RufusFestus writes his " Breviary." Maximus is fined 
and tortured. Priscus and the other philosophers are sent to Greece. Theon, 
math., takes observations at Alexandria, to regulate the calendar. 

Gaul is harassed by the Allemanni, Britain by the Picts, Scots, and Saxons. 
Pannonia by the Quadi and Sarraatje, and Thrace by the Goths. Sapor in- 
vades Armenia. Procopius revolts in the East. A violent earthquake, July 
20, followed by a sudden rise of the sea on the coasts of Greece, Syria, and Egypt. 
Libanius composes his funeral oration on Julian. 

Procopius is overcome by Valens, and beheaded. Jovinus defeats the Allemanni. 
On the death of Liberius, Damasus is appointed bishop of Rome, and violently 
opposed by Ursinus. Apollinarius, bishop of Laodicea, writes against Porphyry, 
and at last deviates into heresy. A Gothic force, marching to assist Procopius, 
is compelled to surrender. Africa is oppressed by the tyranny of Romanus. 

Valentinian raises his son Gratian, set. 9, to be a partner in the empire, with the 
title of Augustus. Valens crosses the Danube with an army, but finds no ene- 
mies. Theodosius is sent to provide for the defence of Britain. Perfect religious 
freedom is allowed by Valentinian. Valens favours the Arians, and is accused 
of persecuting their opponents. Death of Hilary of Poitiers, set. 80. Eunoius 
of Caesarea fl. Death of Proseresius, set. 91 ; his rival, Diophantus, makes his 
funeral oration. 

Rando, chief of the Allemanni, surprises and plunders Moguntiacum(Meutz), but is 
soon repulsed by Valentinian, who crosses the Rhine and defeats him at Soli- 
cinium. Valens is inactive on the Danube. Theodosius waits at Rutupise (Rich- 
borough) for reinforcements, and on their arrival advances to London. Nice 
overthrown by an earthquake, Oct. 11. 

Hermanric, the Gothic chieftain, resigns his power to Athanaric, who concludes a 
treaty of peace with Valens. Valentinian strengthens the fortifications along 
the Rhine. Theodosius, having put down a revolt in Britain, and secured the 
province against invasion, returns to Gaul. Gregory of Nazianzus writes his 
epitaphs on his brother and sister. Chrysostom is taught by Libanius. 

The Saxons infest the coast of Gaul, and are driven back to their ships by Severus. 
Valentinian hires Burgundian mercenaries, who are employed under Theodosius 
to repel the Allemanni. Arinthseus is sent into Armenia to oppose the Persians. 
Maximinus, com-prsefect at Rome, excites great commotion by his cruelties. 
Valentinian issues an edict, to be read in all churches, July 29, prohibiting the 
arts practised by ecclesiastics to obtain wealth. Gregory Nazian. writes against 
the pride and luxury of the hierarchy. Damasus, bishop of Rome, is distin- 
guished for his ostentation and arrogance. On the death of Eudoxius, Demophi- 
lus, an Arian, and Evagrius, a Niceuian, contend for the bishopric of Constanti- 
nople. Basilius, bishop of Csesarea, Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari. Phiygia and 
Cappadocia visited by a severe famine. The poet Ausonius is preceptor of 
Gratian. 

Sapor is kept in check by Count Trajan ; Vadomar, the former Allemannic chief- 
tain (see A.D. 360), serves under him as a Roman general. Valentinian, attended 
by Theodosius and Severus, penetrates into Germany as far as Mattiacse Aqu£e 
(Wisbaden). Optatus Milevitanus fl. Martin, bishop of Tours. Rufinus, the 
diligent translator of Greek writers, leaves Aquileia for the East Birth of Suc- 
coth, afterwards Saint Patrick. 

Cruelty of Valens at Antioch, under the pretence of suppressing magic. The phi- 
losopher Maximus put to death, with Theodorus and many others, and their 
writings destroyed. Revolt of Firmus in Africa ; Theodosius is sent against him. 
Eunomius writes in defence of his doctrines. Basilius, Gregory Nanz., and Gre- 
gory of Nyssa reply to him. 

Theodosius compels Firmus to seek refuge among the wild Moors. Death of Atha- 
nasius, May 2. Peter II., chosen as his successor, is opposed by Lucius, whom 
Valens nominates. Death of Faustinus, bishop of Iconium; Amphilochius is 
recommended as his successor, by Basilius. Ulphilas, bishop among the Goths 
in Mcesia, translates the Scriptures into their language. 



204 



FROM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



Olym. 



374 
375 



376 



288.2 
3 



289.1 



378 



379 



381 



382 



A. U. C. 



1127 
1128 



1129 



1130 



1131 



290.1 



1133 



1134 



1135 



1136 



Consuls of Rome. 



Fl. Gratianus Aug. III. 
Equitius. 

Post. Cons. Grat. III. 
et Equit. 



Fl. Valens Aug. V. 
FL Valentinian. J unior. 
Aug. 



Fl. Gratianus Aug. IV. 3 
Merobaudes. 



Fl. Valens Aug. VI. 
Fl. Valentinian Aug. II. 



Roman Empe- 
rors. 



11 Valentinian. 
Valens. 11 



1 Gratian and 
Valentinian 
II. 



67 



D. Magnus Ausonius. 
Q. Clodius Hermogenes 
Olybrius. 



Fl. Gratianus Aug. V. 
Fl. Theodosius Aug. 



Theodosius. 1 



Fl. Eucherius. 
Fl. Syagrius. 



Antonius. 
Syagrius. 

Merobaudes II. 
Satuminus. 



1 Valentinian 

II. alone. 
Theodosius 5 



Sassanides 

OF 

Persia. 



) Sapor II. 



12 



70 



1 Ardisheer 
II., or Ar- 
taxer. 



1 Sapor III. 



Bishops of 
Rome. 



9 Damasus 
10 



18 



374 TO 383 A.D. 



205 



374 
375 



376 



377 



378 



379 



380 



381 



382 



383 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Quadi and Sarmatse ravage Illyricum, and are repelled by Theodosius the 
Younger. Para, prince of Armenia, is murdered by order of Valens. Firmus, 
pursued in the desert, kills himself to avoid being surrendered by the Moors. 

Valentinian attacks the Quadi in their own lands, and imposes on them terms of 
peace. After this expedition, he dies in his camp at Bergetio, Nov. 17, pet. 55. 
He is succeeded in the empire of the West by Gratian, who associates with him 
his younger brother, Valentinian II. Ambassadors are sent to treat with 
Sapor. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, and Gregory of Nyssa. 

The Visigoths, pressed by the Huns, are allowed by Valens to settle on the southern 
bank of the Danube. The Ostrogoths force a passage for themselves and join 
their countrymen, Athanaric resigns the command to Fritigem. The elder 
Theodosius, unjustly condemned by Gratian, is beheaded at Carthage. His son 
retires from the public service, to his estates in Spain. An imperial edict for- 
bids heretics to have churches. Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, in Cyprus, 
writes against the Manich?eans. Hilarius, bishop of Jerusalem. 

The Goths, oppressed and famished by the officers of Valens, plunder the Eoman 
provinces, to obtain food and defeat the forces sent to restrain them. Gratian 
accords to the clergy more extensive immunities. On the death of Peter, his 
brother, Timothy I., is the twenty-fourth bishop of Alexandria. 

The Allemanni renew their incursions in Gaul, are defeated by Gratian at Argen- 
taria (Colmar), and compelled to make peace. Valens takes the field against 
the Coths, is defeated by them at Hadrianople, and falls in battle, Aug. 9, 
set. 50 ; the conquerors are masters of the whole countiy to the gates of Con- 
stantinople. Massacre of the Gothic hostages in Asia. The History of Ammi- 
anus Marcellinus and Chronicle of Jerome terminate here. Greek' philosophy 
is decried by the church. Disputes begin about the writings of Origen, which the 
orthodox condemn as heretical. Meletius, who had been supplanted at Antioch 
by Dorotheus, is reinstated. Diodorus, bishop of Tarsus, fl. 

Theodosius is called from his retirement in Spain, and appointed emperor of the 
East; by his prudent measures he checks the ravages of the Goths; the Longo- 
bardi appear for the first time on the frontiers of the empire. Death of Sapor II. 
king of Persia. Ausonius is prefect of Gaul, and consul. Congratulatory oration 
of Themistius addressed to Theodosius. The chronicles of Idatius and Mar- 
cellinus begin here. Gregory Naz. preaches the Nicene faith at Constantinople; 
he is deceived by the cynic philosopher, Maximus,who attempts to make himself i 
bishop there. 

Theodosius, taken ill at Thessalonica, is baptized by Acholius, bishop of the 
place; he proceeds, after this, against the Goths, whom he reduces to obe- 
dience ; he opposes the Arians : banishes Demophilus, bishop of CP., and 
appoints Gregory in his place. Death of Basilius of Csesarea. A council held 
at Antioch to depose all Arian bishops, and another at Csesar-Augusta CSarra- 
gossa) to condemn the doctrines of Priscillian, against whom and his adherents 
Gratian pronounces a sentence of banishment. Pappus, geog. fl. 

Athanaric, former chieftain of the Goths, visits Theodosius at CP. Jan. 11, and 
dies there on the 25th. General Council of CP. a scene of turbulence and am- 
bitious strife. Gregory Naz. disgusted by the conduct of his brethren, and un- 
willing to co-operate in their projects, resigns his dignity and retires into 
Cappadocia ; Nectarius is appointed in his place. Death of Meletius, who is 
succeeded by Flavianus, thirty-sixth bishop of Antioch. Cyril for the fourth 
time is reinstated at Jerusalem. Gelasius succeeds Euzoius at Csesarea. A 
synod held at Aquileia by Ambrose of Milan against Palladius and Secundianus 
Chrysostom ordained deacon at Antioch. 

The Visigoths, settled by treaty in Thrace, choose Alaric for their leader. The 
Ostrogoths are planted in Phrygia and Lydia. Ausonius concludes his Fasti. 
Gratian removes the altar of Victory from the senate-house. Jerome at Rome, 
the secretary and eulogist of Damasus; he writes against Ilelvidius, 

Theodosius gives the title of Augustus to his son Arcadius, aet. 6. Kebellion of 
Maximus in Britain ; on his landing in Gaul, he is joined by the legions stationed 
there. Gratian takes refuge in Lyons, where he is murdered by Andragathius, 



206 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



384 



385 



386 
387 



388 



389 



391 



393 



394 



395 



Olym. 


A.U.C. 


290.4 


1137 


291.1 


1138 


2 


1139 


3 


1140 


4 


1141 


292.1 


1142 


2 


1143 


3 


1144 


4 


1145 


293.1 


1146 


2 


1147 


3 


1148 



Consuls of Rome. 



Richomeres. ' 
Clearchus. 



Fl. Arcadius Aug. 
Bauto. 



Fl. Honorius Theodos. f. 
Euodius. 

Fl.Valeuiinian. Aug. III. 
Eutropius. 



Fl. Theodosius Aug. II. 
Cynegius. 



Fl. Timasius. 

Fl. Promotus. 

Fl. Valentinian. Aug. IV. 

Neoterius. 



Tatianus. 

Qu. Aurelius Symmaclius. 

Fl. Arcadius Aug. II. 
Rufinus. 



Fl. Theodosius Aug. III. 
Abundantius. 



Fl. Arcadius Aug. Ill, 
Fl. Honorius Aug, II. 



Sex. Anicius Hermogeni- 

anus Olybrius. 
Sex. Anicius Probinus. 



Roman Emperors. 



Valentinian II. 
Theodosius. 



13 



Usurpa- 
tion of 
Eugenius. 



16 



Western Eastern 
Empire. Empire, 



1 Hono- 
rius. 



1 Arca- 
dius. 



Sassani- 
des of 
Persia. 



Sapor II. 



IVararam 
or Vara- 
nes IV. 



Bishops op 
Rome. 



Damasus. 



1 Siricius, 
2 






384 TO 395 A.D. 



207 



Repe^ 
tition 
Dates. 



384 



385 



386 



390 



391 



394 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Aue, 25, set. 25. Theodosius by treaty gives up to Maximus the provinces 
beyond the Alps. Valentinian II. and his mother Justina govern at Rome. 
Death of Artaxer, king of Persia. Augustine, set. 29, visits Rome. Amphi- 
lochius, bishop of Iconium, presides at the synod of Side in Pamphylia, against 
the Messalians. 

The peace with Persia prolonged by a treaty with the new king, Sapor III. 
Birth of Honorius. Symmachus, prefect of Rome, pleads for the altar of Victory 
to be replaced in the senate-house ; Ambrose of Milan successfully resists the 
application ; Themistius holds the same office at CP. Death of Damasus, the 
ostentatious bishop of Rome, Dec. 10. Death of Agelius, forty years pastor of 
the Novatian church at CP. 

Priscillian and his followers, condemned by the synod of Bordeaux, appeal to 
Maximus, by whose orders they are beheaded at Treves. Jerome leaves Rome 
and retires to Bethlehem, Augustine visits Milan. Ambrose refuses to allow 
the empress Justina one church for Arian worship at Rome, Theophilus, 
twenty-fifth bishop of Alexandria. Stilicho begins to distinguish himself in 
the service of Theodosius. 

A Gothic tribe, miscalled Gruthungi, defeated by Theodosius on the Danube. 
Gildo, the brother of Firmus, oppresses Africa. Jerome visits Egypt. Chry 
sostom is ordained a presbyter. Augustine writes "De beata vita." 

The long contests of rival bishops produce violent tumults at Antioch, where the 
statues of Theodosius are thrown down ; his anger is appeased by the repent- 
ance of the people, who are made sensible of their error by the preaching of 
Chrysostom. Maximus invades Italy. Flight of Valentiriian II. with his 
mother and his sister, Galla, to Thessalonica. Theodosius meets them, marries 
Galla, and prepares war against Maximus. 

Defeat and death of Maximus. Theodosius visits Milan ; Ambrose prevails upon 
him to rescind the order for rebuilding the Jews' synagogue at Callinicum. 
Violent proceedings of the Arians of CP. against Nectarius. Palladius be- 
comes a monk. Death of Sapor III. of Persia. Death of Cyril, bishop of Je- 
rusalem, set. 71 ; John I. succeeds him. 

Theodosius visits Rome; he orders heathen temples to be destroyed, which is 
zealously performed in Gaul, by Martin of Tours. 

Sedition at Thessalonica and massacre of its inhabitants. Penance enjoined on 
Theodosius at Milan by Ambrose. Theophilus instigates the plunder and 
destruction of the Serapeeum at Alexandria and its valuable library. Death of 
Gregory Naz. set. 90, of Libanius and of Ammianus Marcellinus. Monachism is 
encouraged by Jerome, Ambrose and Martin of Tours, and spreads widely. 

Theodosius returns to CP. leaving Arbogastes to assist in the defence of the 
West ; he issues more stringent edicts against heathenism. Tichonius writes a 
History of the Civil Wars. 

Valentinian is killed at Vienne, in Gaul, May 15, set. 21, by Arbogastes, who sets 
^ up Eugenius as emperor. Rufinus, prset. pref. in the East, by his arts procures 
the exile of Tatianus and the death of Proculus. Jerome publishes his Cata- 
logue of Illustrious Men. Patricius (St. Patrick) passes four years with Martin 
of Tours, and is ordained by him. Servius Honoratus, Comment. Virgil, fl. 

Theodosius prepares to attack Eugenius. Alaric is engaged to assist him with a 
Gothic force. Jerome writes against Jovinian. His book De Vir, 111. is trans- 
lated into Greek by Sophronius. Jovinian is scourged and banished. Paulinus, 
the friend of Ausonius, retires from the world and embraces an ecclesiastic life. 

Defeat and death of Eugenius and Arbogastes, Sept. 6. Death of the empress 
Galla. Council of Constantinople, to decide the claims of Agapius and Baga- 
dius to the bishopric of Bostra. Tbeotimus, bishop of Tomi, vindicates Origen. 
Theodorus, bishop of Mopsuesta, fl. Death of Ausonius. 

Death of Theodosius at Milan, Jan. 17, set. 50. Honorius, ast. 11, succeeds to the 
Western empire, with Stilicho as his guardian, and Arcadius, set. 18, to the East- 
ern, with Rufinus, prime minister. Marriage of Arcadius to Eudocia, daughter 
of the Frank, Bauto. Fall aud death of Rufinus, and rise of Eutropius. T he 



208 




• 






FROM THE TEAR; 


A.D. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Consuls of Rome. 


Western 
Empire. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Sassani- 

DES OF 

Persia. 


Bishops 
OF Rome. 










Honorius. 


Arcadius. 


Vararara 
or Vara- 
nes IV. 


Siricius. ' 


396 


293.4 


1149 


Fl. Arcadius Aug. IV. 
Fl. Honorius Aug. III. 


2 


2 


9 


12 


397 


294.1 


1150 


Csesarius. 
Atticus. 


3 


3 


10 


13 


398 


2 


1151 


Fl. Honorius Aug. IV. 
Eutychianus. 


4 


4 


11 


1 Anas- 
tasius I.. 


399 


3 


1152 


Fl. Mallius Theodorus. 
Eutropius. 


5 


5 


1 Yezde- 
jerd I. 


2 i 


400 


4 


1153 


Fl. Stilicho. 
Aurelianus. 


6 


6 


2 




401 


:295.1 


1154 


Vincentius. - 
Franitta. 


7 


7 


3 


4 


402 


2 


1155 


;F1. Arcadius Aug. V. 
Fl. Honorius Aug. V. 


8 


8 


4 


1 Inno- 
cent I. , 


403 


3 


1156 


Fl. Theodosius Aug. 
Fl. Rumoridus. 


9 


9 


5 


2 


404 


4 


1157 


Fl, Honorius Aug. VI. 
Aristaenetus. 


10 


10 


6 


3 


405 


296.1 


1158 


Fl. Stilicho II. 
Anthemius. 


11 


11 ■ 


7 ^ 


4 


406 


2 


1159 


Fl. Arcadius Aug. VI. 
Anicius Probus. 


12 


12 




5 



39G TO 406 A.D. 



209 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Visigoths, under Alaric, plunder Thessaly. Claudian addresses his first poem 
to the consuls of this year. Death of Priscus, set. 90. Eunapius writes the Life 
of Maximus. Augustine ordained bishop of Hippo Regius. Socrates, hist, 
ecc. 11. Violent edits, dated CP. March 13 and 29, against heretics, especially 
Eunomians, who are forbidden to appoint bishops, and declared incapable of 
making wills or inheriting property. Simeon Stylites begins his penance. 

Jealousy begins between the two empires. The Eastern is oppressed by the ava- 
rice of Eutropius. Abundantius and Timasius are banished. Alaric invades 
Greece and takes Athens. Stilicho marches against him. Claudian publishes 
his poem against Rufinus. Orosius begins to be known. 

Alaric, overpowered by Stilicho, retires into Epirus. Revolt of Gildo in Africa; he 
stops the supply of corn, and causes a famine in Rome. Death of Martin of 
Tours, set. 81, and of Ambrose of Milan, who is succeeded by Siraplicianus. Sym- 
raachus represents to Stilicho the distress of Rome. 

Gildo is defeated by his brother Mascezel. Alaric is appointed master-general of 
Eastern Illyricum. Marriage of Honorius to Stilicho's daughter Maria Fes- 
cennina. Claudian's Epithalamium and Gildonic War. Death of Nectarius ; 
Chrysostom, bishop of CP. Macrobius fl. The title of king given to Alaric. 

The Ostrogoths, under Tribigild, revolt, and ravage Phrygia. Fall of Eutropius; 
he is saved by Chrysostom from the fury of the people, and banished to Cyprus. 
Mission of Synesius to CP. Stilicho sends additional forces into Britain, and 
fortifies the coast against the Saxons. Birth of Pulcheria, daughter of Arcadius. 
Death of Varanes IV., king of Persia. Severianus, bishop of Gabala, fl. Chry- 
sostom's discourse on the games of the circus and theatre. 

Gainas, sent with an army against Tribigild, rebels, and is overcome by Fravitta, 
Alaric enters the north-eastern part of Italy. Chrysostom inveighs against the 
vices of the court and the church. Sulpicius Severns writes his Hist. Ecc. As- 
terius, bishop of Amasia, and Palladius, of Helenopolis. 

Gainas slain near the Danube, byUldin, king of the Huns. Birth of Theodosius II*, 
son of Arcadius. The Origenist controversy grows more violent. Theophilus 
seeks to expel Chrysostom from CP. Troilus, soph. fl. 

Alaric advances in Italy with increased forces, and Stilicho prepares to resist him, 
Rufinus (see a. 372) returns to Aquileia, an admirer and defender of Origen. Je- 
rome writes vehemently against him, and he is summoned to answer for his 
heresies at Rome, but refuses to attend. Jerome supports Theophilus in his vio- 
lent measures. The sun eclipsed, Nov. 11. 

Honorius, on the approach of Alaric, flies from Milan. Battle of PoUentia, March 
29. The Romans claim the victory ; but Alaric advances towards Rome. He is 
driven back by Stilicho, and defeated near Verona. He retires from Italy. In- 
trigues against Chrysostom. The empress Eudocia favours his enemies. Synod 
of the Oak at Chalcedon(now Scutari). Chrysostom banished by the arts of Theo- 
philus, and recalled through fear of a popular tumult. Claudian celebrates the 
Gothic war, and Prudentius writes against Symmachus. Death of Epiphanius, 
Synod of Carthage to oppose the Donatists. Paulinus, bishop of Nola. 

Triumph of Honorius and Stilicho at Rome. Combats of gladiators exhibited for 
the last time. The imperial residence fixed at Ravenna. Pamphylia and Cilicia 
ravaged by the Isaurians. Chrysostom, again banished by another synod, finally 
leaves CP. June 20. and his place is taken by Arsacins. He reaches Cucusus, 
the place of his exile, in Sept. Death of the empress Eudocia, Oct. 6. Euna- 
pius ends his History. Jerome writes his Elegy on Paulla, and Prudentius his 
miscellaneous poems. Porphyrias, thirty-seventh bishop of Antioch. 

Radagaisus collects a mixed multitude of adventurers and invades Italy. He he- 
sieges Florence, where he is defeated and slain by Stilicho. Another synod at 
Carthage to oppress the Donatists. 

The Vandals, Burgundians, and Suevi, force a passage over the Rhine, and esta- 
blish themselves in Gaul. Chrysostom is removed to Arabissus, where he is 
exposed to the inroads of the Isaurians. Vigilantius, a presbyter of Barcelona, 
condemns celibacy, the worship of relics, &c. ; for which Jerome attacks him in 
a furious epistle, saying that he ought to be put to death. Atticus succeeds 
Arsacius as bishop of CP. 

E E 



210 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


407 


296.3 


1160 


408 


4 


1161 


409 


297.1 


1162 


410 


2 


1163 


411 


3 


1164 


412 


4 


1165 


413 


298.1 


1166 


414 


2 


1167 


415 


3 


1168 


416 


4 


1169 


417 


299.1 


1170 


418 


2 


1171 


419 


3 


1172 


420 


4 


1173 


421 


300.1 


1 
1174 


422 


2 


1175 


423 


3 


1176 


424 


4 


1177 


425 


301.1 


1178 


426 


2 


1179 


427 


3 


1180 


428 


4 


1181 , 



Consuls op Rome, 



Fl. Honorius Au^. VII. 13 Hono 
FI. Theodosius Aug. II. ~""~ 

Bassiis. 
Philippus. 

Fl. Honorius Aug, VIII. 
Fl. Theodosius Aug. 111. 



Fl. Varanes. 
Tertullus. 



Fl. Theodosius Aug. IV. 



Fl. Honorius Aug. IX. 
Fl. Theodosius Aug. V. 

Lucius, solus, 

Fl. Constantius. 
Fl. Cons tans. 

Fl. Honorius Aug. X. 
Fl. Theodosius Aug. VI. 

Fl. Theodosius Aug. VII, 
Junius QuartusPalladius, 

Fl. Honorius Aug. XI. 
Fl. Constantius II. 

Fl. Honorius Aug. XII. 
Fl. Theodosius Aug.VIII. 

Monaxius. 
Flinta. 

Fl. Theodosius Aug. IX. 
Fl. Constantius III. 
Eustathius. 
Agricola. 

Fl. Honorius Aug. XIII. 

Fl. Theodosius Aug. X. 

Asclepiodotus. 

Marinianus. 

Castinus. 

Victor. 

FL Theodosius Aug. XI. 

Fl. Placidius Valentiuia- 

nns Cass. 
Fl. Theod. Aug. XII. 
Fl. Placid. Valent. Aug. 

II. 
Hierius. 
Ardahurius. 
Felix. 
Taurus. 



Western 
Empire. 



25 



26 

27 

Constan- 
tius 1 

28 

1 Usurpa- 
tion of 
John. 

1 Valen- 
tinianlll. 



Eastern 
Empire. 



13 Arca- 
dius. 



1 Theodo- 
sius II. 



Sassani- 

DES OF 

Persia. 



9 Yesde- 
jerd I. 

10 



15 


12 


16 


13 


17 


U ' 


18 


15 


19 


1 Zosi- 
mus. 


20 


1 Boni- 
face I. 


21 


2 —— 


1 Varanes 
or Vara- 
ram V. 


3 

4 


3 . 


1 CsBles- 
tinus. 


4 


2 


5 


3 


6 


4 



Bishops 
OF Rome, 



6 Inno- 
cent I. 



10 



407 TO 428 A.D. 



211 



Rtpe.- 
tition 
Dates. 


Visigoths 
IN Italy.; 


Vandals. 


SUEYT. 


BURGUNDIANS. 


RiPUARIAN 

Franks. 


Huns. 

i 


407 


25 Alaric. 


2 Gunderic. 










408 
409 


26 

27 


3 

In Spain. 


1 Herman- 
ric. 

In Spain. 

2 








410 


1 Adolphns. 


5 


3 








411 


2 


6 


4 








412 

413 
414 


In Gaul. 
3 

i 4 

In Spain. 
5 


7 

8 


5 

7 


In Alsace and 
Lorraine. 

1 Gundicar. 

2 


On the Lower 
Rhine. Sup- 
posed era of 
Pharamond. 




415 
416 


1 1 Sigeric, 
1 seven days. 
1 1 Wallia. 

i 2 


10 

11 _ 


8 . 


3 






417 
418 


3 

In Aqui- 
taine. 

i 4 


12 

13 


10 

11 


5 

6 






419 


1 Theodo- 
ricl. 


14 


12 


7 






420 


2 


15 


13 


8 






421 
422 
423 
424 


3 

4 

5 

6 


16 

17 

18 

19 


14 

15 

16 

17 


10 

11 

12 


The monarchy 
of the Mero- 
vingian race 
begins about 
this time. 


Roas, or Ru- 
gilas, occu- 
pies the 
banks of 
the Danube. 


425 


7 


20 


18 


13 






426 


8 


21 


19 


14 






427 
428 


9 

10 


22 

1 Genseric. 
In Africa. 


20 

21 


15 

16 


1 Clodion. 


Mundzuk, 
Drother of 
Rugilas, and 
father of At- 
tila and Ble- 
da. 



212 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



,407 



408 



409 



410 



411 



413 

414 
415 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Gothic tribes disperse themselves unresisted over Gaul. The legions in Bri- 
tain choose Marcus and then Gratian for emperor. These are botii killed, and 
Constantine appointed, who is acknowledged in Britain and in those parts of 
Gaul which are not occupied by the invaders from Germany. Chrysostom, un- 
broken by three years of exile, is ordered by his persecutors to be removed to 
Pityus ; he dies on the journey, near Comana, Sept. 14, set. 53. Olympiodorus 
commences his History. Idatius, in his youth, notices events afterwards recorded 
in his Chronicle. Death of Dorotheus, the deposed Arian bishop of Antioch (see 
A.D, 378), and of the Novatian, Sisinnius. Hypatia and her husband, Isidorus, teach 
philosophy at Alexandria. 

Death of Arcadius, May 1, aet. 31. Accession of his son, Theodosius II., jet. 7, in 
whose name Anthemius administers the affairs of the East, with great ability. 
On the death of Maria, Honorius is married to her sister, Thermantia, but soon 
afterwards divorced. Alaric having recniited his forces, Stilicho negotiates ami- 
cably with him, is accused of treason and put to death, at Kavenna, through the 
intrigues of Olympius. His son, Eucherius, also is slain. After this event, Ala- 
ric penetrates into Italy, and besieges Rome. Constantine sends his son, Constans, 
to reduce Spain, who overcomes there the uncles of Honorius. Claudian is dis- 
missed from his offices, and dies soon afterwards. 

Alaric receives a large ransom from the citizens of Rome, and withdraws into Tus- 
cany. Deceived in his negotiations with Honorius, he again lays siege to Rome, 
and takes possession of Ostia. The city is once more spared, on condition of ac- 
cepting Attains as emperor. Gerontius revolts in Spain, and proclaims Maximus ; 
he advances into Gaul to attack Constantine. The passes of the Pyrenees being 
left unguarded, the Vandals, Suevi, and Alani, enter Spain ; they first acknowledge 
Maximus, then give him up to the Romans, and establish kingdoms for them- 
selves. Honorius, unable to protect Britain and Armorica, recognizes their in- 
dependence. Pelagius teaches ; Cselestius is his disciple. 

Alaric deposes Attalus. Unable to make any impression on Ravenna, he, after a 
third siege, takes Rome, Aug. 24, plunders it for five days, and on the 29th, marches 
for the south of Italy. Before the end of the year he dies, near Consentia, and 
is succeeded by Adolphus. Paulinus, bishop of Nola. Synesius unwillingly ac- 
cepts the same dignity at Ptolemais, in the Pentapolis, a district of Cyrene. 
Placidia, sister of Honorius, is carried from Rome, a captive, by the Goths. Zo- 
simus ends his History. 

Gerontius makes Constans prisoner, and kills him ; he besieges Constantine in 
Aries, where he is put to flight by Constantius, general of Honorius, and after 
being deserted by his soldiers, he stabs himself. Constantine surrenders to 
Constantius, is sent to Ravenna, and beheaded. Jovinus revolts at Mentz. An- 
dronicus excommunicated by Synesius, for his oppressive government in Africa ; 
he is recalled and punished. Conference between Catholics and Donatists at 
Carthage, after whicli more severe laws are enacted against the latter. Augus- 
tin begins to write " De Civitate Dei." 

Jovinus makes his brother Sebastian his colleague. Adolphus leaves Italy, and 
fixes himself in the south of Gaul. Cyril succeeds Theophilus, as bishop of 
Alexandria. Jerome's Elegy on Marcella. Olympiodorus is sent ambassador to 
the Huns. Annianus and Panodorus, chronog. fl. 

Heraclian rebels in Africa, is conquered and slain. Adolphus overcomes Jovinus 
and Sebastian, and sends their heads to Honorius. Julian, bishop of Capua, em- 
braces and writes in defence of the doctrines of Pelagius, Alexander, thirty-eighth 
bishop of Antioch. 

Marriage of Adolphus and Placidia. He founds the kingdom of the Goths in 
Spain. Pulcheria is declared Augusta, and governs the East, in the name of 
her brother, Theodosius. 

Adolphus assassinated at Barcelona, by Sigeric, who usurps the throne, but is 
killed seven days afterwards, and Wallia chosen king by the Goths. Brutal 
murder of Hypatia at Alexandria ; connivance of Cyril. The doctrines of Pela- 
gius cause great excitement ; they are discussed in the synods of Jerusalem and 
Diospolis. Augustin, Jerome, and Orosius, write against them. Death of Ma- 
crobius. The llist. Ecc. of Sozonien concludes. 



407 TO 428 A.D. 



213 



416 

417 

418 

419 
420 

421 

422 
423 

424 
425 



Events and Eminknt Men. 



Treaty between Wallia and Honorius. Placidia is restored to her brother, and 
Attains sent prisoner to Uavenna ; he is banished to Lipari. The " Itinera- 
riura " of Rutilius Nnmantianus written. Pelagiiis visits Palestine ; he is con- 
demned by the synods of Carthage and Milevium. Prayllus, bishop of Jeru- 
salem. 

Marriage of Constantius and Placidia. Triumph of Honorius at Rome. Wallia 
attacks the Alani and Suevi, in Spain, Orosius ends his History. 

Wallia relinquishes part of his conquests in Spain to Honorius, and receives the 
province of Aquitaine in Gaul. Honorius attempts to convene an annual assem- 
bly of the seven provinces in Gaul. Repeated synods at Carthage, against 
Pelagius and Cselestius; their followers are expelled from Rome. The sun 
eclipsed, July 19. 

Death of Wallia. Theodoric I. succeeds as king of the Visigoths. The Vandals 
prevail over the Alani and Suevi, in Spain. Birth of Valentiuian III. son of 
Constantius and Placidia. Death of Chrysanthus, the Novatian, 

The persecution of Christians in Persia leads to a war between the new king, 
Varanes, and the Eastern empire ; Ardaburius commands the Roman army. 
Asterius drives the Vandals out of Gallicia, into the south of Spain. Treves 
pillaged by the Franks. The Burgundians rule peacefully and mildly in their 
part of Gaul. Palladius writes his " Historia Lausiaca." Death of Jerome, 
Sept. 30, get. 90. Theodotus, thirty-ninth bishop of Antioch. 

Constantius, joint emperor with Honorius, dies seven months afterwards. Marriage 
of Theodosius II. to Athenais, daughter of the philosopher Leontius ; she takes 
the name of Eudoxia at her baptism. Ardaburius defeats the Persian general, 
Is arses. 

Peace concluded with Persia. Castinus and Bonifacius quarrel in Spain ; the latter 

I passes into Africa ; the former is defeated by the Vandals, who become a formid- 
able power. Incursions of the Huns in Thrace. 

Honorius dismisses Placidia and her two children, who take refuge at Constanti- 
nople. He dies Aug. 15, £et. 39. His secretary, John Primicerius, usurps the 
throne, and is supported by Castinus and Aetius. Eudoxia, after giving birth to 
a daughter, is proclaimed Augusta. Theodoret, bisliop of Cyrrhus. 

Ardaburius and his son, Aspar, are sent by Theodosius with an aniiy against the 
western usurper, Aetius engages a large body of Huns to support him. 

Before the arrival of Aetius with his auxiliaries, Aspar takes Ravenna; John is 
made prisoner and beheaded. The young Valentinian is proclaimed Emperor, 
and his mother Regent. Aetius enters into their service, and the Huns return 
to their cantonments. The empress Eudoxia cultivates literature, writes poeti- 
cal paraphrases of Scripture, and other works of no great merit ; but at her insti- 
gation, Theodosius issues edicts, Feb. 27, for the encouragement of learning, and 
bestows dignities and rewards on professors. Olympiodorus and Philostorgius 
conclude their Histories. Juvenalis, bishop of Jerusalem. A synod at Carthage 
forbids appeals to the bishop of Rome. The revenues of the church are become 
very large. 

Aries, besieged by Theodoric, is relieved by Aetius. The Vandals occupy the south 
of Spain and the Balearic islands. Sisinnius is appointed bishop of Constanti- 
nople, on the death of Atticus, in preference to Philippus of Side, his rival. 
Augustin, set. 72, names Eradius as his coadjutor and successor. 

Rivalry of Bonifacius and Aetius. The former, recalled from Africa, is secretly 
induced by the latter to remain there and defy the imperial orders. He defeats 
the commanders sent to compel him to obedience. Pannonia, after having been 
fifty years occupied by the Huns, is recovered by the generals of Theodosius. 
Idatius, bishop of Lemica, or Gallicia. 

Clodion, king of the Franks, is defeated by Aetius, and driven out of the territories 
on which he had encroached. Genseric, king of the Vandals, succeeds Gunderic. 
He is invited by Bonifacius into Africa, ^estorius, bishop of Constantinople, 
founds the sect of Nestorians. Augustin completes his work " De Civitate Dei." 
(See a. 411.) 



214 



FROM THE TEi.B 



A.D. 


Olym. 


AUG 


Consuls op Rome. 


Western 
Empire. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Sassant- 

DES OF 

Persia. 


Bishops 
OF Rome. 


429 


302.1 


1182 


Florentius. 


5 Valenti- 


22 Theodo- 


10 Varanes 


8 Caeles- 








Dionysius. 


nian III. 


sius II. 


or Vara- 
ram V. 


tinus. 


430 


2 


1183 


FI. Theod. Aug. XII. 
Fl. Placid. Valent. Aug. 
III. 


6 


23 


11 


9 


431 


3 


1184 


Bassus. 
Antiochus. 


7 


24 


12 


10 


432 


4 


1185 


Aetius. 
Valerius. 


8 


25 


13 


1 Sixtus 
III. 


433 


303.1 


1186 


Fl. Theod. Aug. XIV, 
Petronius Maximus. 


9 


26 


14 


2 


434 


2 


1187 


Areobinda. 

Aspar. 

Fl. Theod. Aug. XV. 


10 


27 


15 


3 


435 


3 


1188 


11 


28 


16 


4 








Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. IV. 










436 


4 


1189 


Fl. Anthemius Isidorus. 
Senator. 


12 


29 


17 


5 — - 


437 


304.1 


1190 


Aetius 11. 
Sigisvultus. 


13 


30 


18 


6 


438 


2 


1191 


Fl. Theod. Aug. XVI. 
Anicius Acilius Glabrio 
Faustus. 


14 


31 


19 


7 j 


439 


3 


1192 


Fl. Theod. Aug. XVII. 

Festus. 

Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. V. 


15 


32 


20 


8 


440 


4 


1193 


16 


33 


1 Yesde- 


1 Leo I. 








Anatolius. 






jerd II. 




441 


305.1 


1194 


Cyrus Panopolites, solus. 


17 


34 


2 


2 


442 


2 


1195 


Eudoxius. 
Dioscorus. 


18 


35 


3 


3 


443 


3 


1196 


Maximus II. 
Paterius. 


19 


36 — - 


4 


4 


444 


4 


1197 


Fl. Theod. Aug. XVIII. 
Albinus. 


20 


37 


5 


5 


445 


306.1 


1198 


Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. VI. 
Nomus. 


21 


38 


6 


6 

1 


446 


2 


1199 


Aetius III. 

Qu. Aurelius Symmachus. 


22 


39 


7 


7 ■ t 


447 


3 


1200 


Callepius. 
Ardabures. 


23 


40 


8 


8 — — 


448 


4 


1201 


Rufiis Praetextatus Pos- 

tumianus. 
Fl. Zeno. 


24 ; 


41 


9 


9 


449 


307.1 


1202 


Asturius. 

Fl. Protogenes. 


25 


42 


10 


10 


450 


2 


1203 


Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. VII. 
Gennadius Avienus. 


26 


1 Mar- 
cian. 


11 . 


11 


451 


3 


1204 


Fl. Marcianus Aug. 
Fl. Adelphius. 


27 


2 


12 


12 < 



















429 TO 451 A.D. 



215 



Hepe- 
tition 
Dates. 


ViSlOOTHS 

\ IN Gaul 
AND Spain. 


Vandals in 
Africa. 


SUEVI IN 

Spain. 


BURGUN- 
DIANS IN 

Gaul. 


RlPUA- 
RTAN 

Franks. 


Huns. 


Britain. 


429 


11 Theodoric 

1 '• 


2 Genseric. 


22 Herman- 
ric. 


17 Gundi- 
car. 


2 Clodion. 






AlC 


1 
12 


3 


23 


18 


a — 






431 


13 


4 


24 


19 


4 






432 


14 


5 


25 


20 — 


5 






433 
434 


15 

16 


6 

7 


26 

27 


21 

22 


6 

7 


1 Attila 
& Bleda. 

2 




435 '117 


8 


23 ■■ 


23 


8 


3 




436 18 


9 


29 


1 Gunde- 


9 


4 




437 19 


10 


30 


ric. 
2 


10 


5 




43S 20 


11 


1 Rechil. 


3 


11 


6 




439 


21 


12 


2 


4 


12 


7 




440 


22 


13 


3 


5 


13 


8 




441 


23 


14 — 


4 


6 


14 


9 




442 


24 

1 


15 — 


5 


7 


15 


10 




443 
444 


I 

25 

26 


16 — 

17 


6 

7 


8 

9 


16 . 

17 


11 

Death of 
Bleda. 

12 




445 


27 

i 


18 


8 


10 


18 


13 




446 


i 

28 


19 


9 


11 


19 


14 




447 


!29 


20 . 


10 


12 


20 


15 


Vortigern. 


448 ''30 

1' 

h 


21 


1 PJchia- 
rius. 


13 


1 Mero 
veus. 


16 




|449 

i 

' 450 


31 _ 

32 


23 


2 
3 


14 

15 


2 

3 


17 

18 


Landing of 
Hengist 
and 
Ilorsa. 


|451 

1 
j. 


1 Thoris- 
mond. 


24 


4 


16 


4 


19 




4 

















216 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



429 



430 



431 



432 



433 



434 



435 



436 
437 



439 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Vandals land in Africa, and are joined by some wild Moors. The Donatists 
revenge themselves on their persecutors, by assisting the invaders. John I., 
fortieth bishop of Antioch. Agricola, son of Severian, preaches Pelagianisra in 
Britain. Csslestin sends Germanus of Antisiodorus(Auxerre} to controvert hini. 
Marius Mercator writes against the Pelagians. Death of Theodorus of Mop- 
suesta. Theodoret's History ends. 

The duplicity of Aetius is made known to Bonifacius ; he returns to his allegiance, 
and makes unavailing efforts to dislodge the Vandals from Africa. They besiege 
Hippo Regius. Augustin dies there, in the third month of the siege, Aug. 28, 
set. 76. Some German bands penetrate into Gaul, as far as Aries, where they are 
repulsed by Aetius. Cyril plots the expulsion of Nestorius from CF. Synods of 
Alexandria and Rome. 

Bonifacius, reinforced by troops from CP. under Aspar, is defeated by the Vandals, 
and leaves Africa. Hippo Regius falls. Idatius is sent to implore the assistance 
of Aetius, against the Suevi in Gallicia. Turbulent assemblage of bishops at 
Ephesus, called the third General Council. Nestorius, deposed by the violence 
of Cyril, retires into a monastery at Antioch. Maximianus is appointed in his 
place. Death of Plutarchus, a noted teacher at Athens, and of Paulinus, bishop 
of Nola, June 22. Palladius sent, as bishop, to Scotland. 

Bonifacius is favourably received at Ravenna. Aetius brings his army from Gaul 
to attack him. Bonifacius conquers ; but receives a wound, of which he dies in a 
few days. Aetius takes refuge among the Huns, and protected by them regains 
his power. Zosimus composes his History. 

Peace between the Gallicians and Hermanric, king of the Suevi. Death of Rugi- 
las, chief of the Huns. His nephews, Attila and Bleda, succeed to his power, 
and dictate terms of peace to the Eastern empire. A destructive fire rages three 
days in CP. Patricius (St. Patrick) preaches in Ireland. Joannes Cassianus 
founds monasteries at Marseilles, and teaches Semi-pelagianism. 

Honoria, sister of Valentinian, sent in disgrace from Ravenna, to do penance at CP. 
Reconciliation between Cyril and John of Antioch, the friend of Nestorius. Proclus, 
bishop of CP. Law of Theodosius, Dec. 15, in favour of church property. Vin- 
cent of Lerins, a Semi-pelagian, writes against other heretics. 

The greater part of Africa assigned to Genseric by a treaty of peace. The city of 
Carthage not yet occupied by him. The Burgundians are defeated by Aetius ; 
they make peace with him, and are then invaded by the Huns. Sebastian, son- 
in-law of Bonifacius, is driven into exile by Aetius. Theodosius, who at first 
favoured Nestorius, is moved by the influence of Pulcheria and the arts of 
Cyril, to banish him to the Oasis in the desert of Africa, and to issue a violent 
edict against his followers. Isidore of Pelusiura censures the conduct of Cyril. 

Narbonne, besieged by the Visigoths, is relieved by Littorius. The Burgundians 
repeat their attacks, and are repulsed by Aetius. 

An auxiliary force of Huns is employed by Aetius in various conflicts with the 
Visigoths and Burgundians. Valentinian at CP., marries Eudoxia, daughter of 
Theodosius. Genseric appoints Arian bishops in Africa, and retaliates on the 
Catholics their own laws, which their writers call a persecution. Proclus, phil. 
at Athens, composes commentaries on Plato, and many works on astronomy, phi- 
lology, &c. 

The Theodosian Code published. The Visigoths continue to encroach on Southern 
Gaul, and the coasts are infested by pirates from the north. Hermanric, king of 
the Suevi, in Spain, resigns his power to his son Rechil. Valentinian brings his 
bride to Ravenna. Ammonius, a Greek poet, celebrates the war of Gainas (see 
A.D. 400). The remains of Chrysostora are brought from Comana, and honour- 
ably deposited in CP. Death of Paullus, the Novatian bishop. Pilgrimage of 
the Empress Eudoxia to Jerusalem. Paulinus, master of the offices in the East. 

Battle of Thoulouse. The Romans and Huns defeated by the Visigoths, and Lit- 
torius slain. ,A treaty of peace ensues. Carthage taken by Genseric, Oct. 19. 
Sozomen dedicates his Hist. Ecc. to Theodosius ; the preface not written till 
four years later. Socrates concludes his Hist. Ecc. Merida taken by Rechil. Hi- 
lary, bishop of Aries, fl. 



429 TO 451 A.D. 



217 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Genseric invades Sicily. The exiles and fugitives from Carthage are kindly re 
lieved by Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus; but the greater part of them, being 
Arians and other heretics, are refused hospitality at Rome, by the order of Leo, 
the newly-elected bishop. Salvianus of Marseilles in his writings exposes the 
avarice of the priesthood, and degeneracy of the age. Death of Varanes V. of 
Persia. Sebastian iiceks an asylum among the Vandals in Africa. 

Theodosius sends a fleet and army against the Vandals without success. An in 
vasion of the Persians checked by Aspar and Anatolius. The Huns take Singi- 
dunum (Belgrade) and Naissus. Death of Hennanric. Cassiodorus {prcavv.s) 
defends Sicily against Genseric. 

The forces sent against the Vandals are recalled to defend Thrace from the Huns. 
Valentinian, by a treaty of peace, cedes Africa to Genseric. A comet is seen. 
Domnus II., forty-first bishop of Antioch. 

Merobaudes, soldier and poet, succeeds his father-in-law, A sturius, in the command 
of the Roman troops in Spain. He writes a panegyric on Aetius, and other 
poems (lately discovered by ISiebuhr in the monastery of St. Gall). Valentinian 
issues an edict, Dec. 23, for observing and preparing correct copies of the Theo- 
dosian code. Leo detects the Manichseans in Rome, and burns their books. 

Retirement of Eudoxia to Jerusalem. Paulinus beheaded. Cyrus, dismissed 
from his office of praetorian prefect, becomes bishop of Cotyseius, in Phrygia. 
Sebastian takes refuge among the Visigoths. Attila murders Bleda, and rules 
alone over the Huns. Death of Cyril; he is succeeded at Alexandria by Dios- 
corus. 

Circus-factions at CP. slaughter each other. The Vandals, with their fleet, ravage 
the coast of Gallicia. Sebastian, driven from Barcelona, joins them. Victor be- 
gins his Chronicle. 

The Romans, under Vitus, defeated by the Suevi in Spain. CP, devastated by fire, 
pestilence, and famine. The Britons apply in vain to Aetius, in his third con- 
sulship, for assistance against the Scots and Picts. Leo assumes a tone of high 
authority, and asserts the supremacy of the Roman pontiff over all other bishops. 

Theodosius suspends the ravages of the Huns, by a most humiliating treaty of 
peace. The miseries of CP. aggravated by an earthquake, which throws down 
a part of the wall and towers. Eutyches publishes his heresy. Flavianus, 
bishop of CP. The sun eclipsed, Dec. 24. 

Embassies between Qheodosius ?Ed Attila. Priscus accompanies Maximin on 
one of these, and relates the proceedings in his History, Richiarius, the young 
king of the Spanish Suevi, marries the daughter of Theodoric ; on hisreturn,he 
plunders Saragossa and Lerida. Synod of CP. against Eutyches. The Vandal 
fleets assail Sicily and the coast of Italy, 

Plot to murder Attila, atoned for by a heavy tribute. The Saxons assist the Bri- 
tons to repel the Scots and Picts. Eutyches foimally condemned by a council at 
CP. The " Robber-Synod " held at Ephesus. Violent measures of Dioscorus. 
Domnus II. is set aside, and replaced by Maximus II., forty-second bishop of An- 
tioch. Flavian of CP. is deposed and banished. Anatolius succeeds him. Theo- 
doret of Cyrrhus, Eusebius of Dorylaeum, and other bishops are also deposed. 
Death of Hilary, bishop of Aries. A synod at Rome reverses the acts at Ephesus. 

Death of Theodosius, July 28, set. 50. By a nominal marriage, his sister Pulcheria 
raises Marcian to the throne. Attila demands the princess Honoria in m.arriage 
(see A.D. 434), and determines to support the claim made by a brother of Mero- 
veus to the throne of the Franks. Cassiodorus {avi(s)is sent ambassador to him. 
Death of the Empress Placidia. Eucherius, bishop of Lyons. 

Attila invades Gaul, commits great havoc, and besieges Orleans. Aetius pre- 
pares to oppose him, and forms an alliance with the Visigoths. Battle of Cha- 
lons (sur Marne) ; Attila defeated. Theodoric slain. Attila retires into Pannonia. 
Marcian calls the council of Chalcedon, at which the acts of the "Robber-Synod'' 
are annulled. Dioscorus is deposed and banished. Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Euse- 
bius of Dorylseum, and other bishops are restored. 



r F 



218 










FROM THE TEAB 










Western 


Eastern 


Sassani- 


Bishops 


A.D. 


Olym. 


l.U.C. 


Consuls of Rome. 


Empire. 


Empire. 


DES OF 

Persia. 


OF Rome. 


452 


307.4 


1205 


Herculanus. 


28 Valen- 


3 Mar- 


13 Yezde- 


13 LeoI = 








Asporacius. 


tinianlll. 


clan. 


jerd 11. 




4;3 


308.1 


1206 


Opilio. 
Vincoraalus. 


29 


4 


14 


14 


454 


2 


1207 


Aetius IV. 
Studius. 


30 


5 


15 


15 


455 


3 


1208 


Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. VIII. 
Procopius Anthemius. 


1 Maxi- 

mus. 
lAvitus. 


6 


16 


16 


456 


4 


1209 


Joannes. 
Varanes. 

( Avitus Aug. sec. Idat. et. 
Sidon. Apoll.) 


2 


7 


17 


17 


457 


309.1 


1210 


Fl. Constantinus. 
Rufus. 


1 Majo- 
rian. 


1 Leo I. 


18 


18 


458 


2 


1211 


Fl. Leo. Aug. 

Fl. Jul. Val. Majorianus 

Aug. 
Fl. Ricimeres. 


2 


2 


1 Firoze. 


19 


459 


3 


1212 


3 


3 


2 


20 








Patrlcius. 










460 


4 


1213 


Magnus. 
Apollonius. 


4 


4 


o 


21 ■ 


461 


310.1 


1214 


Severinus. 
Dagalaiphus. 


5 

1 Severus. 


5 ■ 


4 — — . 


imiarus. 


462 


2 


1215 


Fl. Leo Aug. IL 

Fl. Libius Severus Aug. 


2 


6 





2 


463 


3 


1216 


Fl. Csecina Basilius. 
Vivianus. 


3 


7 


6 


o — — 


464 


4 


1217 Fl. Anicius Olybrias. 
Rusticus. 


4 


8 


7 


4 ' 


465 


311.1 


1218 Hermenericus. 
iBasiliscus. 


Ricimer. 


9 


8 


5 


466 


2 


1219 Fl. Leo Aug. III. solus. 




10 


9 


6 


467 


3 


1220 


Puseus. 
Joannes. 


1 Anthe- 
mius. 


U 


10 


7 


468 


4 


1221 


Fl. Procopius Anthemius 
Aug. solus. 


2 


12 


11 


1 Simpli- 
cius. 


469 


312.1 


1222 


Marcianus. 
Zeno. 


3 


13 


12 . 


2 


470 


2 


1223 


Severus. 
Jordanes. 


4 


14 


13 


3 


471 


3 


1224 


Fl. Leo Aug. IV. 
Anicius Probianus. 


5 


15 


14 


4 


472 


4 


1225 


JFestus. 
Marcianus. 


lOly- 

hrius. 


16 


15 


5 — 


473 


313.1 


1226 


Fl. Leo Aug. V. solus. 


1 Gly- 
cerins. 


17 


16 


6 


474 


2 


1227 


Fl. Leo Junior Aug. 

solus. 


1 Julius 
Nepos. 


ILeo, 

junior. 
1 Zeno. 


17 


^ ~~" 


475 


3 


1228 


Fl. Zeno Aug. II. solus. 


1 Romu- 
lus. 
End of th( 
Western 


2 

Basilisc. 1 


18 


8 


476 4 




TT 


Empire. 


, 3 5. 


► 1Q 


9 


1229 ri. J3asiiisi;us Aug. i±. 








iArmatus. 


1 


i 





















452 TO 47G A.D. 



219 



t it ion 
Dates. 


j Visigoths 

IN Gaul AND 

Spain. 


Vanuals 
IN Africa. 


SUEVI IN 

Spain. 


BURGUN- 
DIANS IN 

Gaul. 


RJPUA- 
RIAN 

Franks. 


HUNB. 


Beitaih. 


452 
453 
454 


1 Theodo- 
ric II. 

2 

3 


25 Genseric. 

26 

27 


5 Kechia- 

rius. 

6 


17 Gunde- 
ric. 

18 

19 


5 Mero- 
veus. 

6 


20 Attila, 

1 Ellac. 
IDengezic 

2 


Kingdom 
of Kent. 
IHengist. 


455 


4 


28 


8 


20 


8 


3 


2 


456 


5 


29 


9 


21 


9 


4 


3 


457 


6 


30 


1 Slaldra. 


22 


10 


5 


4 — — 


458 


7 


31 


2 


23 


1 Chil- 
deric I. 


6 


5 


459 


8 


32 


3 


24 


2 


7 


6 -^ 


460 
461, 


9 

10 


33 

34 


1 Fruma- 
rius. 

2 


25 

26 


3 


8 .. . 
9 


8 


462 ! 


11 


35 — - 


3 


27 


5 


10 _ 


9 


463 


12 


36 


4 


28 


6 


11 


10 


46.J 
465 1 


13 -^ 

14 


37 . 

38 


1 Remis- 
muiid. 

2 


29 

30 


:z 


12 

13 


11 

12 


466 ■ 

i 

467 1 


1 Euric. 
2 


39 

40 


3 


1 Chilpe- 
ric. 

2 


9 

10 


14 

15 


13 

14 


4«8| 


3 — r. 


41 


5 


3 


11 


16 


15 


469 

470 
. 471 


4 

5 

6 


42 

43 

44 


Subject to 
the Visi- 
goths. 


4 

5 

6 


12 

13 

14 


End of the 
kingdom of 
the Huns. 


16 

17 

18 




472 


7 . 


45 




7 


15 




19 


473 


8 


46 




8 


16 




20 


474 


9 -^ 


47 




9 


17 




21 


475 


10 — 


48 




10 


18 




22 


476 


11 


49 




11 


19 




23 1 



















220 



FROM THE TEAS 



A.D. 



452 



453 



454 



455 



456 



457 



458 



460 



461 



Events and Eminent Men. 



463 



Having recruited his army, Attila advances into Italy. Siege and destruction of 
Aquileia. Its inhabitants take refuge in the marshes on the shore of the Ha- 
driatic, and the foundation of Venice is (erroneously) ascribed to them. Leo, 
bishop of Rome, and two other ambassadors, by paying a large sum of money, 
induce Attila to withdraw beyond the Danube. Theodoric II. obtains the 
Visigothic throne by murdering his brother Thorlsmund. Proterius succeeds 
Dioscorus as bishop of Alexandria. Priscus visits Egypt and the Thebais. 

Death of Pulcheria. Death of Attila. His son, Ellac, who succeeds him, falls in 
battle against the Ostrogoths ; Dengezic takes the command of the shattered 
forces of the Huns, and leads them farther northward. Hyperechius of Alex- 
andria writes on grammar and orthography. Stobseus fl. 

Leo's influence over Valentinian employed to augment the power of the church, not 
to correct the emperor's bad passions. Aetius murdered, and his friends slaugh- 
tered. The wife of the senator, Maximus, violently dishonoured. The kingdom 
of Kent founded by Hengist. 

Maximus revenges the disgrace of his wife by assassinating Valentinian, March 
16, aet. 36, and usurps the throne. At the end of three months he is killed by 
the people, and Avitus, through the support of the Visigoths, is proclaimed 
emperor. Rome is taken and plundered by the Vandals. Many captives are 
carried away to Carthage, where the bishop Deogratias relieves their dis- 
tress. Birth of Theodoric, son of Theodomir, the Ostrogoth. Battle of Ayles- 
ford ; Horsa slain. Prosper of Aquitaine concludes his Chronicle. 

Avitus sends Count Fronto to negotiate with the Spanish Suevi. Theodoric at- 
tacks them. Defeat and death of Rechiarius, Ricimer destroys a Vandal fleet 
near Corsica. He declares against Avitus, who abdicates, and dies soon after- 
terwards. Some Heruli alarm the northern coast of Spain. Sidonius Apol- 
linaris, son-in-law of Avitus, celebrates his consulship. Basilius, forty-third 
bishop of Antioch. 

Majorian placed on the throne of the West by Ricimer and the senate. Death of 
Marcian, set. 65. Leo, the Thracian, made emperor of the East, by the influence 
of Aspar. Candidus Isaurus begins his History (which is now lost), and Victo- 
rius Aquitanus, his Canon Paschalis. Victory of Hengist over the Britons, at 
Crayford. Timotheus II. bishop of Alexandria. Death of Theodoret. 

The Vandals land in Italy, and are defeated. Majorian prepares a fleet to attack 
them in Africa. He enacts many salutary laws, for improving the condition of 
the people and presei-ving public edifices. Antioch suffers by an earthquake. 
Sidonius ApoU. addresses his panegyric to Majorian. Gennadius, bishop of CP., 
Anastasius of Jerusalem, and Acacius, forty-fourth bishop of Antioch. Death 
of Yezdejerd II. of Persia. 

Treaty of peace between Majorian and Theodoric. The war against the SueA'i 
continues in Spain. Martyrius, forty-fifth bishop of Antioch. 

Genseric destroys Majorian's fleet in the harbour of Carthagena. Peace is con- 
cluded between them. Death of Maldra. His son, Fruraarius, invades Gal- 
licia. Idatius, made prisoner, is released after three months' captivity. Timo- 
theus III., bishop of Alexandria. Death of Eudoxia, Oct. 30, set. 67. 

Majorian is assassinated, Aug. 7, by Ricimer, who places Severus ostensibly on 
the throne, but exercises the imperial power himself. His authority is resisted 
by Marcellinus in Dalmatia, and ^gidius in Gaul. 

Genseric restores Eudoxia, the widow of Valentinian III., who had been carried away 
by him from Rome, a.d. 455, on condition, that a large dowry be given with her 
daughter Eudocia, to his son Hunneric; her other daughter, "Placidia, is married 
to the senator, Olybrius, of the Anician family. The Vandals ravage the coasts 
of Italy and Sicily, and make themselves masters of Sardinia. Marcellinus 
equips a fleet in Dalmatia. The Franks banish Childeric, and make -^gidius 
for a short time their king. Narbonne taken by the Visigoths. 

JEgidius defeats the Visigoths, in a battle near Orleans, in which Frederic, the 
brother of Theodoric, falls. Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, is sent as an hostage to 
Constantinople, where he remains ten years. Moses of Chorene writes his 
Armenian History. Prosper of Aquitaine still fl. 



452 TO 476 A.D. 



221 



Events and Eminent Men, 



464 



Death of ^^diiis. His son, Syagrius, inherits Soissons and a small territory 
around. Death of Frumarius. His brother, Remismund, unites the Spanish 
Suevi under his command. The Visigoths occupy the greater part of Ganl. 
Paris taken by Childeric. Marcellinus arrives in Sicily from Dalmatia, and 
expels the Vandals. The sun eclipsed, July 20. 

Death of Severus. Ricimer governs without the title of emperor. A destructive 
fire at Constantinople, rages six days. Victory of Hengist over the Britons at 
Wippidsfleet. 

The emperor Leo prepares an expedition against the Vandals in Africa. Theo- 
doric II. is murdered by his brother Euric, who succeeds him as king of the 
Visigoths, and conquers a large part of Spain. 

Ricimer solicits Leo to name an emperor of the West. Anthemius is appointed, 
and his daughter married to Ricimer. His intended religious toleration is pre- 
vented by Hilary. Earthquakes at Ravenna and Coimbra. The Vandals 
ravage the Peloponnesus. 

The two empires unite to attack Genseric. Heraclius leads a large army from 
Egypt; Basiliscus commands the sea and land forces that proceed from CP. 
Marcellinus, who is reconciled to the emperors, assists with a numerous fleet 
from Dalmatia and Sicily. This formidable expedition totally fails. Miscon- 
duct of Basiliscus. Marcellinus assassinated. Panegyric of Anthemius, by 
Sidonius ApoUinaris. The Chronicle of Idatius ends. Death of pope Hilary. 

Euric completes the conquest of Spain. The Suevi remain in Gallicia, but sub- 
ject to the Visigoths. Dengezic invades the Danubian provinces, where he is 
defeated and slain ; the Huns cease to be a distinct power. Arvandus, prefect 
of Gaul, is banished for extortion and treachery. Sidonius ApoUinaris becomes 
bishop of Clermont. 

Aries and Marseilles taken by Euric. He defeats Riothamar, who had been hired 
by Anthemius to bring, for the defence of Gaul, 12,000 Bretons from Armorica, 
generally mistaken for an auxiliary force, from the island of Britain. The pro- 
gress of Euric is checked in Auvergne by Ecdicius, son of the late emperor Avitus. 

Aspar and his sons put to death by Leo. Ricimer quarrels with Anthemius, and 
withdraws to Milan. Epiphaniiis, bishop of Ticinum (Pavia), attempts to mediate 
between them. Acacius, bishop of CP., and Julianus forty-sixth of Antioch; 
Death of Orosius. 

Walamir, advancing to support Anthemius with a body of Ostrogoths, is defeated 
and slain by Ricimer, who takes and plunders Rome. Anthemius is killed, July 
11th, and the empire transferred to Olybrius, who dies Oct. 23. Death of Rici- 
mer, Aug. 20. A great eruption of Vesuvius, Nov. 6; the ashes are said to have 
fallen in CP. 

Gundibald, Ricimer's nephew, proclaims Glycerins emperor of the West. Leo as- 
sociates his grandson, Leo the younger, with him in the Eastern empire. Theo- 
doric, the Ostrogoth, is restored to his nation, but after an education of ten 
years at CP. is unable to read or write. His uncle, Widimir, invades Italy, and 
is paid by Glycerins to retire; he joins the Visigoths in Gaul. Malchus begins 
his History, of which only fragments remain. 

Leo appoints Julius Nepos, nephew of Marcellinus, to be emperor of the West. 
Glycerius resigns, and is made bishop of Salona. Epiphanius negotiates be- 
tween Nepos and Euric. Auvergne ceded to the Visigoths ; Ecdicius with- 
draws. Death of Leo, Feb. 3. His grandson dies in Nov., and Zeno becomes 
emperor of the East, Nestorianus concludes his Chronology, 

Orestes transfers the Western empire to his son, Romulus (called in derision 
Augustulus), and deposes Nepos. who retires into Dalmatia, Verina, widow of 
Leo, incites her brother Basiliscus to rebel. Flight of Zeno and his wife Ariadne 
into Isauria. Gelasius of Cyzicus, bishop of Caesarea, writes his History of the 
Council of Nice. 

Odoacer, with a promiscuous army, called Heruli, overthrows theWestern empire, 
and makes himself king of Italy. Orestes defeated and slain at Placentia. 
Romulus is sent into Campania and pensioned. Zeno is besieged in Isauria by 
troops from C P. under Illus and Trachondas. Peter the Fuller, forty-seventh 
bishop of Antioch. 



222 



FROM THE TEAT , 



A.D. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Consuls of Rome. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Kingdom 
OP Italy. 


Sassani- 

DES OF 

Persia. 


Bishops 
OF Rome, 




477 


314.1 


1230 


Post Consulatum Bas. II. 


4 Zeno. 


2 Odoacer 


iOFiroze. 


10 Sirapll- 








et Armati. 








cius. 


478 


2 


1231 


lUus, solus. 


5 


3 


21 


11 


479 


3 


1232 


Fl. Zeno Aug. III., solus. 


6 


4 .^ 


22 — 


12 


480 


4 


1233 


Basilius, junior, solus. 


7 


5 


23 


13 




481 


315.1 


1234 


Placidus, solus. 


8 r- 


6 


24 


14 




482 


2 


1235 


Trocondus. 
Severinus. 


9 


7 


IPalasch. 


15 




483 


3 


1236 


Faustus, solus. 


10 - — 


8 


2 


1 Felix 
111. 




484 


4 


1237 


Theodericus. 
Venantius. 


11 


9 


3 


2 




485 


316.1 


1238 


Qu.Aurelius Symmaclius, 

solus. 


12 


10 


4 


3 




486 


2 


1239 


Decius. 
Longinus. 


13 


11 


ICabades. 


4 




487 


3 


1240 


Fl. Boethius, solus. 


14 


12 — 


2 


5 




488 


4 


1241 


Dynamius. 
Sifidius. 


15 ^^ 


13 


3 


6 




489 


317. 1 


1242 


Anicius Probinus. 
Eusebius. 


16 


14 


4 


7 




490 


2 


1243 


Longiims II. 
Faustus. 


17 — 


15 


5 


8 — r^ 




491 


3 


1244 


Olybrius, solus. 


1 Anasta- 
sius I. 


16 


6 






492 


4 


1245 


Fl. Anastasius Aug. 
Rufus. 


2 


17 


7 -■ — - 


1 Gela, 
sius I. 




493 


318.1 


1246 


Eusebius II. 
Albinus. 


3 -' — - 


1 Theodo- 
ric. 


8 


2 




494 


2 


1247 


Turcius Rufus Apronia- 

nus Asterius. 
Praesidius. 


4 .— 


2 


9 -— 


3 




495 


3 


1248 


Viator, solus. 


5 — 


3 


10 


4 j 




496 


4 


1249 


Paulus, solus. 


6 — - 


4 


11 


1 Anasta 
sius ll.l 




497 


319.1 


1250 


Fl. Anastasius Aug. II. 


7 


5 — 


1 Zamas- 
phes. 


2 




498 


2 


1251 


Joannes Scytha. 
PauUinus. 


8 . 


6 — 


2 — 


1 Sym- 
machus. 




499 


3 


1252 


Joannes Gibbus (Scytba), 
solus. 


9 — 


7 - — 


3 


2 ' 




500 


4 


1253 


Patricius. 
Hypatius. 


10 — - 


8 


4 


3 




501 


320.1 


1254 


Porapeius. 

Rufus Magnus Faustus 
Avienus. 


11 '■ 


9 - 


1 Cabades 

restored. 


4 




502 


2 


1255 


Probus. 

Faustus Avienus, junior. 


12 — 


10 


2 


5 


ji' 


503 


3 


1256 


Dexicrates. 


13 


11 


3 — ^ 


6 


1. 








Volusianus. 








L" 


504 


4 


1257 


Cethegus, solus. 


14 


12 


4 


^ — m 


505 


321.1 


1258 


Sabinianus. 
Theodorus. 


15 


13 


5 


J 



477 TO 505 A.D. 



223 



III 


Visigoths 
IN Gaul and 

Spain. 


Vandals 
IN Africa. 


BURGUN- 
DIANS IN 

Gaul. 


Franks. 


Britain. 
Sussex. Kent, 


477 

1 

1 478 


12 Euric. 

13 


1 Haaneric. 
2 — 


12 Cbilperic. 

13 


20 Childe- 

ric 1. 
21 


Landing of 
^lla and his 
sons. 


24 Hengist. 

25 


1 479 


14 — 


3 


14 


22 




26 


480 


15 


4 


15 


23 . 




27 


481 


16 


5 


16 


1 Clovis I. 




28 


482 


17 


6 


17 


2 




29 


483 


18 


7 


18 — 


3 




30 — 


484 
485 
486 


19 

1 Alaric II. 

2 


1 Gnnda- 

nmnd, 
2 

3 


19 

20 

21 


4 

5 

6 


Battle of 
Mearcra3ds- 
burn. 


31 

32 

33 


: 487 


3 


4 


22 


7 




34 


488 


4 


5 


23 


8 




1 ^sc. 


489 


5 


6 


24 


9 




2 


490 


6 


7 


25 


10 


1 iElla. 


3 


;' 491 
492 


8 


8 

9 


1 Giiridi- 
bald. 

2 


11 — 

12 


2 

3 


4 

5 


jl 493 


9 


10 


3 


13 


4 


6 


' t 494 


10 


11 > 


4 


14 


5 


7 


• 495 


11 


12 


5 


15 


6 


8 


J Us 

- j 497 


12 

13 


1 Thoris- 
muud. 

2 


6 " 

7 


16 

17 


7 

8 — 


9 

10 — 


• 498 

lis. 


14 


3 


8 


18 


9 


11 


- 499 


15 


4 


9 


19 


10 


12 


- 500 


16 


5 


10 


20 


11 


13 


- 501 


17 


6 


11 


21 


12 


14 


- ' 502 


18 


7 


12 


22 


13 


15 


- 503 


19 


8 


13 


23 


14 


16 


- 504 

- 505 


20 

21 


9 

10 


14 

15 


24 

25 


15 

16 


17 

18 



224 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



477 
478 

479 

480 
481 

482 

483 
484 

485 



487 

488 



490 



491 



492 



The army that was besieging Zeno, conducts him hack to CP., and restores him 
to the throne. Basiliscns, iaanished to Cappadocia, dies there. Death of Gen- 
seric. Peter causes discord at Antioch, and is deposed. John II. forty-eighth 
bishop. 

Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, is employed by Zeno against another body of Goths, 
under Theodoric, son of Triarius. When the two armies meet, they make peace 
and coalesce. Odoacer relinquishes to Euric all beyond the Alps, preserves the 
Roman laws in Italy, and governs with prudence and humanity. Martyrius, 
bishop of Jerusalem, and Stephen II. forty-ninth bishop of Antioch. 

Marcian, son of Anthemius, and son-in-law of Leo, is encouraged by Verina to re- 
volt against Zeno. Being defeated and made prisoner, he is allowed to retire 
into a monastery. Theodoric, son of Triarius, ravages the provinces to the 
gates of CP. The Ostrogoths take Epidamnus, and besiege Thessalonica, but 
are defeated by Sabinianus. Eustathius Synis, hist. fl. 

Julius Nepos, the ex-emperor, assassinated in Dalmatia. An earthquake of forty 
days' continuance, does great injury at CP. Stephen III. fiftieth bishop of 
Antioch. 

Death of Theodoric, son of Triarius. All the Ostrogothic forces unite, under 
Theodoric, son of Theodemir. Odoacer conquers Dalmatia. Death of Childeric, 
king of the Franks. Accession of Clovis. Calandio, fifty-first bishop of An- 
tioch. 

Theodoric plunders Macedon and Thessaly. Death of Firoze, king of Persia. 
John Talaia, bishop of Alexandria, is deposed immediately after his election by 
Zeno, who appoints Peter Mongus in his place, and endeavours,;, by his Heno- 
ticon, to unite all sects. 

Zeno invites Theodoric to CP. and confers dignities on him, with many rich gifts. 
Hunneric issues his summons to the bishops of Africa, to meet in the following 
year at Cartliage. 

Verina instigates Leontius to rebel at Tarsus. Illus, sent against him, assumes 
the purple himself. Eugenius, bishop of Carthage, defends the Athanasian faith, 
at the meeting of bishops there. After the conference, Hunneric issues his edict 
in favour of Arianism, and punishes its opponents. The sun eclipsed April 10. 
Felix of Rome, and Acacius of CP. excommunicate each other. 

Death of Euric; his son Alaric, a minor, succeeds. Longinus, brother of Zeno, 
is sent to suppress the rebellion of Illus, who defeats him and takes him pri- 
soner. Peter the Fuller restored to the bishopric of Antioch. Ded,th of Pro- 
clus (see a.d. 437). Marinus writes his Life. 

Battle of Soissons. Clovis conquers the territories of Syagrius, who takes refuge 
among the Visigoths, by whom he is slain. Death of Palasch, king of Persia. 
Salustius, bishop of Jerusalem. 

Odoacer defeats the Rugi in Noricum, and takes their chieftain, Feva, prisoner. 
Theodoric, threatening to attack CP., is diverted to the conquest of Italy. 

Leontius and Illus captured and put to death. March of Theodoric towards Italy. 
Death of Hengist. Palladius, fifty-second bishop of Antioch. Victor Vitensis 
writes his History of the Vandal persecution in Africa. 

Theodoric defeats Odoacer at Aquileia, Aug. 28, and at Verona, Sept. 27, and takes 
Milan. Death of Acacius, bishop of CP. Fravitta, who succeeds him, dies in 
three months, and Euphemius is appointed. 

Odoacer, defeated again, Aug. 11, on the banks of the Adda, retires into Ravenna. 
Zeno exercises great cruelties on those who are suspected of having favoured 
the late rebellion, ^lla having conquered Sussex, makes it a kingdom. Atha- 
nasius II. bishop of Alexandria. Cassiodorus, father of the senator, is Comes 
Sacrarum to Odoacer. 

Death of Zeno, April 9, set. 65. His widow, Ariadne, marries the Silentiary, Anas- 
tasius, and makes him emperor. Odoacer sallies from Ravenna, and sustains 
another defeat. Tumults at CP. ; the Hippodrome burnt. Andreadsceaster taken 
by ^lla. Malchus and Candidus Syrus conclude their histories. 

Rebellion of Zeno's brother, Longinus, in Isauria. Anastasius accords liberty of 
conscience, and remits oppressive taxes. 



477 TO 505 A.D. 



225 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



494 



495 



497 



500 



501 



502 



504 



505 



Surrender and death of Odoacer. Theodoric is master of all Italy, and establishes 
the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. The statues of Anastasius thrown down at 
OP. Johannes Gibbus, or Scytha, conducts the war successfully against Longi- 
nus. Marriage of Clovis to Clotilda, niece of Guudibald, king of the Burgun- 
dians. Gennadius of Marseilles, script, ecc. fl. 

The cities of Laodicea, Hierapolis, and Tripolis, are overthrown by an earthquake, 
Pope Gelasius asserts his divine right, as bishop of Kome, to universal supre- 
macy. Timotheus of Gaza writes on Natural History. The distinction made 
by Gelasius, between the canonical and the apocryphal books of the Scriptures. 
Elias, bishop of Jerusalem. 

Longinus protracts his rebellion in Isauria. Theudegotha, a natural daughter of 
Theodoric, is contracted in marriage to Alaric, the young king of the Visigoths, 
and her sister, Ostrogotha, to Sigismund, son of the Burgundian king. Cerdic 
and his son, Cynric, arrive with five ships, and land at Cerdics-ore (afterwards 
Cernemuth), now Charmouth, in Dorsetshire. Synods at Seleucia and other 
places, favour the marriages of priests. 

Victory of Clovis over the Allemanni, at Tolbiac (Zulpich), followed by his con 
version to Christianity and his baptism, by Remigius, bishop of Rheims. De- 
position and banishment of Euphemius, bishop of CP. : Macedonius II. succeeds 
him. Avitus, bishop of Vienne, noted for his eloquent homilies, letters, and 
poems. John II. bishop of Alexandria. Theodoric marries Audefleda, sister 
of Clovis. 

The war in Isauria is terminated by the capture and death of Athenodorus, the 
chief supporter of Longinus. Cabades expelled from the sovereignty of Persia, 
by Zamasphes, son of Firoze. Cassiodorus, set. 18, secretary to Theodoric. The 
letter to Clovis (Variarum ii. 41) written. The Arabs (Saracens) invade Syria, 
and are repulsed by Eugenius. Thorismund banishes many Athanasian bishops 
from Africa to Sardinia. Fulgentius Ruspensis is eminent among them. 

Longinus made prisoner and killed. Tumults at CP. Violent contest between 
Symmachus and Laurentius, for the episcopal throne at Rome, decided by Theo- 
doric in favour of the former. Flavianus II. fifty-third bishop of Antioch. 
Theodoric sends an expert harper to Clovis at his request. (Cassiod. Var. II. 
39, 40.) 

The Bulgarians invade Thrace, and defeat the forces sent against them ; three 
counts of the empire are slain in battle. A violent earthquake in Pontus. Nes- 
torianism prevails among the Christian^ of Persia and the adjacent provinces. 

Theodoric visits Rome ; he issues edicts to stop the demolition of public edifices 
and works of art, and appoints an officer, with funds to restore and preserve 
them. Clovis defeats the Burgundians near Dijon, through the treachery of 
Godegesil, who is afterwards taken and killed by his brother, Gundibald. Basi- 
lius Cilix begins his controversial writings. 

Strife of the Circus-factions at CP., 3000 slaughtered. Gundibald holds a confer- 
ence of bishops at Lyons, without result. The Burgundian Code {Lay Gambette) 
is framed and issued by him. Cabades restored in Persia by the Nephthalites 
or White Huns. Port and his sons, Bieda and Maegla, bring a band of Saxons 
in two ships, and land at Portsmouth. 

Thrace again ravaged by the Bulgarians, and Syria and Palestine by the Sara- 
cens. Cabades invades Mesopotamia, and takes Amida, which begins the Per- 
sian war. The aqueduct of Ravenna constructed by Theodoi'ic. 

Areobindus, son of Dagalaiphus, is sent against the Persians, with Patricius, 
Hypatius, and Vitalianus. Their campaign is unsuccessful. A council held 
at Rome, declares the pope amenable to no human authority. Death of Eusta- 
thius. Theodoric sends to Gundibald a sun-dial and water-clock, made by 
Boethius. (Cassiod. Var. I. 45, 46.) 

Tranquillity and prosperity of Italy, under the government of Theodoric. Boethius 
and Cassiodorus are his chief ministers. Celer conducts another army against 
Cabades, and lays siege to Amida. Theodoric defeats the Bulgarians, and re- 
takes Sirmium. Tulum, a Goth of the Amali race, is distinguished in this war. 

Amida is recovered, and peace restored between the Eastern empire and Persia. 



F F 



226 



TEOM THE TEAS 



A.D. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Consuls of Rome. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Kingdom 
OF Italy. 


Sassani- 

DES OF 

Persia. 


Bishops 
OF Rome. , 


506 


321.2 


1259 


Areobinda. 


16 Anasta- 


14 Theodo- 


6Cabades 


9 Symma- 








Messala. 


sius I. 


ric. 




chus. 


507 


3 


1260 


Fl. Anastasius Aug. III. 
Venantius. 


17 


15 


7 


10 


508 


4 


1261 


Celer. 
Venantius, junior. 


18 


16 = ' 


8 


11 


509 


322.1 


1262 


Importunus, solus. 


19 - — 


17 ' 


9 . 


12 


510 


2 


1263 


Anicius Manlius Severi- 
nus Boethius, solus. 


20 


18 


10 


13 


511 


3 


1264 


Secundinus. 
Felix. 


21 


19 — — 


11 


14 ■ 


512 


4 


1265 


Paulus. 
Muschianus, 


22 


20 •— 


12 . 


15 


513 


323.1 


1266 


Clementinus. 
Probus. 


23 . 


21 


13 


16 -i— 


514 


2 


1267 


Cassiodorus Senator, 

solus. 


24 


22 


14 


1 Hormis- 
das. 


515 


3 


1268 


Anthemius. 
Florentius. 


25 


23 ■ 


15 


2 


516 


4 


1269 


Petrus, solus. 


26 


24 


16 


3 


517 


324.1 


1270 


Fl. Anastasius. 
Agapetus. 


27 


25 


17 


4 


518 


2 


1271 


Magnus, solus. 


1 Justinl. 


26 


18 


5 


519 


3 


1272 


Fl.Anicius Justinus Aug. 
Eutharicus. 


2 


27 


19 


6 


520 


4 


1273 


Vitalianus. 
Rusticus. 


3 


28 ' 


20 


7^ 


521 


325.1 


1274 


Fl. Anicius Justinianus. 
Valerius. 


4 


29 


21 


8 


522 


2 


1275 


Symmachus. 
Boethius. 


5 


30 


22 . 


9 


523 


3 


1276 


Fl. Anicius Maximus, 

solus. 


6 


31 


23 — 


1 John I. 


524 


4 


1277 


Fl. Anicius Justinus 

Aug. II. 
Opilio. 


7 


32 


24 


2 


525 


326.1 


1278 


Fl. TheodorusPhiloxenus. 
Probus, junior. 


8 


33 


25 


3 


526 


2 


1279 


Fl. Anicius Olybrius, 

solus. 


9 


1 Atha- 
laric. 


26 


IFelixIV. 


527 


3 


1280 


Mavortius, solus. 


1 Justi- 
nian I. ; 


2 


27 


2 


528 


4 


1281 


Fl. Anicius Justinianus 
Aug. IT., solus. 


2 


3 


28 


3 


529 


327. 1 i 1282 1 


Decius, solus. 


3 


4 


29 


4 



















506 TO 529 A.D. 



227 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Visigoths 
IN Gaul 
AND Spain. 


Vandals in 
Africa. 


Burgundi- 
ansinGaul. 


Franks. 


Wessex. 


Britain. 

Sussex. 


Kent. 


506 


22 Alaric II. 


11 Thoris- 
mond. 


16 Gunda- 
bald. 


26 Ciovis. 




17 ^Ua. 


19 ^sc. 


507 


lGiselich& 
Amalarich. 


12 


17 


27 




18 '■ 


20 


508 


2 


13 


18 


28 




19 


21 


509 


3 


14 


19 


29 




20 


22 


510 
511 
512 


4 Amalarich, 

alone. 

5 

6 


15 

16 

17 


20 

21 

22 


30 

(1 Thierry. 
jl Chlotair. 
(1 Childe- 

bert I. 
llGhlodomir 

2 


Battle of 

Mount 
Badon. 
Oxf.Tah. 


21 . 

22 

23 


23 

24 

1 Octa. 


513 


7 


18 


23 


3 




24 


2 


514 
615 
516 


8 

9 

10 


19 

20 

21 


24 

25 

1 Sigis- 
mund. 


5 

6 


StuflFa and 
Witgar ar- 
rive with 
three ships 
at Char- 
mouth. 


1 Cissa. 

2 


3 

5 


517 


11 


22 


2 


7 . 




4 


6 


518 


12 


23 


3 


8 




5 


7 


519 


13 


24 


4 


9 


1 Cerdic. 


6 


8 


520 


14 


25 


5 


10 


2 


7 


9 


521 


15 


26 


6 


11 


3 


8 


10 


522 


16 


27 


7 


12 


4 


9 


11 


523 


17 


1 Hilderic. 


1 Gonde- 


13 


5 


10 


12 


524 
525 


18 . 

19 


2 

3 


mar. 

2 

3 


14 Thierry. 
Chlotair. 
Childe- 
bert I. 

15 


6 

7 


U 

12 


13 

14 


526 


20 


4 


4 


16 


8 


13 


15 


527 


21 


5 


5 


17 


9 


14 


16 


528 


22 


6 


6 


18 


10 


15 


17 


529 


23 


7 


7 


19 


11 


16 


18 — 



228 



FEOM THE TEAR 



' A.D. 



506 



507 



508 



509 
510 



511 



512 
513 



514 
515 



516 
517 



518 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Gepldse occupy part of the former possessions of the Huns, north of the 
Danube. Mundo collects a force of Gothic stragglers, and is aided by Theodoric 
against Sabinianus, the general sent by Anastasius to oppose him. Death of 
Eugenius, bishop of Carthage. Julian resigns his episcopal office at Bostra. 

Alaric legislates for his people, and employs Anianus to adapt the Theodosian 
code to his puirpose. Preparations for war between him and Clovis. Theodoric 
mediates by friendly letters. See Cassiod.Var. III. 1—4. Council of Agde held 
under the sanction of Alaric, to check the growth of monachism and regulate the 
discipline of the clergy. John III. bishop of Alexandria. Anastasius remits 
all taxes to Amida, for seven years. JElla king of Sussex, the first Bretwalda, 
or wielder (chief) of Britain. 

Battle of Vougle, near Poitiers. Alaric defeated and slain, set. 23, by Clovis, who 
conquers a great part of Aquitaine. Amalarich, the infant son of Alaric, and 
Giselich, his natural son, are proclaimed joint kings of the Visigoths, by Theo- 
doric, who preserves for them all Spain and part of Gaul. He appoints Thiodes 
their guardian. Anastasius builds the " long wall," for the protection of CP., and 
fortifies Dara in Mesopotamia. Bloody encounters of the Circus-factions at CP. 
and Antioch. 

Hibba, Theodoric's general, defeats Clovis near Aries. Romanus and Rusticus, 
with a fleet and army from CP., attack Tarentum. Proposals of peace made by 
Theodoric to Anastasius (Cassiod. Var. I. 1), and a treaty is concluded. The 
British prince, Natanleod, defeated and slain in a bloody battle by Cerdic. 

Mammo, with a Gothic force, commits depredations in Gaul. A calamitous and 
extensive fire at CP. Flight of Giselich into Africa. 

Clovis, by force or fraud, sets aside the Ripuarian and other minor Frank 
princes, and adds their lands to his own ; he makes Paris his residence. The 
ensigns of the consulship are sent to him by Anastasius ; but his name appears 
in no list of consuls. Theodoric (Cassiod. Var. II. 1) announces to Anastasius, 
that he had appointed Felix consul for the ensuing year. Boethius, while con- 
sul, writes commentaries on Aristotle. Ennodius, bishop of Pavia, writes the 
Life of his predecessor, Epiphanius. Death of Giselich, 

Death of Clovis at Paris, Nov. 27, set. 45. His kingdom is divided equally among 
his four sons. Theodoric 1. (Thierry) reigns at Metz, Chlodomir at Orleans, 
Childebert I. at Paris, and Chlotair, at Soissons. Theodoric remits a year's 
taxes to the citizens of Aries, for their fidelity (Cassiod. Var. III. 32). Joannes 
Lydus, aet. 21, comes to CP. The poet Christodorus of Coptos, and Agapius, 
the disciple of Proclus, fl. Anastasius expels and banishes Macedonius, and 
appoints Timotheus, bishop of CP. Council of Orleans, July 10. 

A band of Heruli, under Rodolphus, permitted to settle in Thrace. Anastasius 
accused of heresy and persecution, because he checks the violence of the Atha- 
nasians. Flavins deposed, and Severus appointed fifty-fourth bishop of Antioch. 

Anastasius, having relieved his subjects from many taxes, still by his economy 
accumulates a large sum in his treasury. Procopius of Gaza, sophist and scrip- 
tural commentator, writes a panegyric on him. Elias deposed at Jerusalem, 
and John II. made bishop in his place. 

Vitalianus excites a religious war against Anastasius, and blockades CP. Pris- 
cian, the grammarian, fl. 

Treaty between Anastasius and Vitalianus, who obtains the military prefecture 
of Thrace, and a promise to restore the deposed bishops. A body of Huns breaks 
through the Caspian gates and invades Cappadocia. Death of the empress 
Ariadne, set, 60. Theodoric marries his daughter, Amalasontha, to Eutharic, 
of the race of the Amali. The monastery of Agaunum, or St. Maurice, founded 
by Sigismund, son of Gundabald. 

Tumults at Alexandria. Death of Gundabald, king of the Burgundians. 

Troops of Goths ravage the country, from the Danube to Thermopylae. Anastasius 
redeems the captives led away by them. Dioscorus 11. bishop of Alexandria. 

Death of Anastasius, July 9, set. 88. His successor, Justin, puts to death Aman- 
tius for a conspiracy. Vitalianus is in favour. The Henoticon of Zeno revoked. 
John II. bishop of CP. A riotous synod held there, condemns all heretics. 



506 TO 529 A.D. 



229 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The portion of Britain conquered by Cerdic is called Wessex, of which he takes 
the title of king. The Chronicon of Cassiodorus ends. The bishops who were 
banished by Anastasius are recalled. Severus is deposed, and Paulus II. is 
the fifty-fifth of Antioch, and Timotheus IV. replaces Dioscorus at Alexan- 
dria. 

Justin, unable to read or write, yields to the influence of his nephew, Justinian. 
Vitalianus and his friends are assassinated. The Veneti, or blue faction of the 
circus, favoured at court, commit many acts of violence. These disorders cause 
au ordinance, which puts a stop to the Olympic games at Antioch. Basilius 
Cilix writes his Hist. Ecc. from the death of Simplicius (483) to that of Anasta- 
sius (518). Epiphanius, bishop of CP. 

The consulship of Justinian celebrated with unusual pomp. Ineffectual negotiation 
with Cabades. Paul of Antioch abdicates, and Euphrasius succeeds, fifty-sixth 
bishop. 

Sigismund, the Burgundian king, puts to death, unjustly, his son Segericus, and 
quiets his conscience by large donations to his monastery of St. Maurice. Tzathus, 
or Zathus, a chief of the Lazi, a tribe near the river Phasis, comes to CP. and is 
converted to Christianity. 

Sigismund assumes the monastic habit, and is betrayed into the hands of the 
Franks, who throw him, with his wife and children, into a well at Orleans. His 
brother, Gondemar, is elected king by the Burgundians. Death of the Vandal 
king, Thorismund. His successor, Hilderic, grants religious freedom, and allows 
the people of Carthage to have Bonifacius for their bishop. The edicts of Justin 
against Arians, provoke Theodoric to retaliate on the Catholics, and he suspects 
them of holding treasonable correspondence with the Eastern court. The sena- 
tor, Albinus, is put to death, and Boethius arrested, who, while in prison writes 
" De Consoiatione FhilosopMcer Eutharic dies about this time, leaving a son, 
Athalaric 

Chlodomir defeated and slain at Voiron, by Gondemar ; his dominions divided 
among his brothers. War with Persia. Belisarius first employed. Boethius 
strangled at Calvenzano, near Pavia. Theodoric sends the bishop of Rome and 
four senators to intercede for the Arians with Justin. Peter, bishop of Jeru- 
salem. 

The patrician, Symmachus, father-in-law of Boethius, beheaded at Ravenna. 
Theodoric imprisons his ambassadors on their return from CP. Edessa over- 
whelmed by a flood, and Anazarbus in Cilicia, by an earthquake. At Antioch, 
an earthquake begins in October, and continues till the following May. Death 
of Isidore, the philosopher of Alexandria. Damascius writes his Life. 

Death of Theodoric, Aug. 30. Athalaric, son of Eutharic, succeeds, under the 
guardianship of his mother, Amalasontha. Cassiodorus is her chief minister 
and adviser. Belisarius conducts the war in Armenia : Procopius attends him, 
as secretary. Johannes, rhetor, concludes his history. John, bishop of Rome, 
dies in prison, soon after Theodoric. Euphrasius, bishop of Antioch, perishes in 
the earthquake. 

Justinian proclaimed joint Augustus, soon after which, by the death of Justin, 
Aug. 1, set. 77, he becomes sole emperor. Palmyra restored. Ephraimius, fifty- 
seventh bishop of Antioch. The use of the Christian Era, introduced by 
the monk, Dionysius Exiguus. Battle of Cerdicslea, between Cerdic and the 
Britons. 

Unsuccessful campaign against the Persians ; Belisarius is ordered to construct 
a strong fortress at Mindona. Justinian appoints Tribonian, the jurist, with 
eleven assistants, to prepare his code of laws. Another violent earthquake at 
Antioch. Amalarich marries Clotilda, daughter of Clovis, and makes Seville his 
residence. 

The Saracens invade Syria. Julian, leader of a Jewish and Samaritan revolt, is 
made prisoner and beheaded. Cabades refuses to treat for peace. Justinian is- 
sues edicts against philosophers, heretics, and pagans. His code is promulgated, 
April 7, to be in force on the 16th. Benedict founds his new monastic order, the 
principal seat of which is Monte Casino, in Campania. 



230 



FROM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



Olym. 



530 
531 

532 
633 
534 



327.2 
3 

4 
328.1 



535 
536 

537 

538 

539 
540 
541 
542 

543 

544 

545 

546 
547 
548 
549 
550 
551 



A.U.C. 



3 
4 

329.1 

2 

3 

4 

330.1 
2 



331.1 

2 
3 
4 

332.1 
2 
3 



Consuls of Rome. 



1283 
1284 

1285 
1286 

1287 



1288 
1289 

1290 

1291 

1292 
1293 
1294 
1295 

1296 

1297 

1298 

1299 
1300 
1301 
1302 
1303 
1304 



Postumus Lampadius. 
Orestes. 

Post. Cons, 
Lampadii et Orestis. 



Iterum II, 

PI. Anicius Justinianus 

Aug. III., solus, 
Fl. Anicius Just. Aug. IV, 
Fl. Theodorus Paulinus, 

junior. 



Fl. Belisarius, solus. 

Post. Cons, 
Belisarii. 

Post. Cons, 
Belisarii II. 

Fl. Joannes Cappadox, 

solus. 

Apio, solus. 

Fl. Justinus, junior, solw. 

Fl. Basilius, solus* 

Post. Cons. 
Basilii. 

Post. Cons. 
Basilii. II. 

Post. Cons. 
Basilii. III. 

Post. Cons, 
Basilii. IV. 

Post. Cons, 
Basilii. V. 
Post. Cons. 
Basilii. VI. 
Post. Cons. 
Basilii. VU. 
Post. Cons. 
Basilii. VIII. 
Post. Cons, 
Basilii. IX. 
Post. Cons. 
Basilii. X. 



Eastern 
Empire. 



4 Justi- 
nian I. 



10 ■ 

11 ■ 

12 

13 
14 
15 
16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 



Kingdom 
OF Italy. 



5 Athala- 
ric. 



1 Theo- 
datus. 



Sassani- 

DES OF 

Persia. 



30Gabades 



1 Chos- 
roes I. or 
Nusliir- 



2 


5 


1 Vitiges. 

2 

3 


6 

7 

8 


4 


9 


1 Hildi- 

bald. 
1 Totila. 


10 

11 


2 


12 


3 


13 


4 


14 


5 


15 



530 TO 551 A.D. 



231 



Visigoths 
IN Gaul 
AND Spain, 



Vandals 
IN Africa. 



BUBGUN- 
DIANS IN 

Gaul. 



Fbanks, 



North- 



Britain. 

Essex. Wessex. Sussex. Kent. 



24 Amala- 
rich. 

ITbiodes, 

2 

3 

4 



10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

1 Theu- 
disculus. 

1 Agila. 

2 

3 



8 Hilde- 
ric. 



1 Gelimer. 



2 

3 

Conquered 
by Belisa- 



8 Gonde- 
mar. 



10 

11 

Conquer- 
ed by tbe 
Franks. 



hUEvr IN 
Spain. 



1 Caria- 
ric. 



20Tbier- 

Chlo- 

tair. 
Childe- 

bertl. 

22 

23 

1 Theo- 
debertl 

24 Cblo- 
tair. 

Cbilde- 
bert I. 
24. 
2 25 

3 26 

4 27 

5 28 

6 29 

7 30 

8 31 

9 32 

10 33 

11 34 

12 35 

13 — 

4 37 

1 Theo- 
debald, 
2 39 

3 40 

4 41 



llda. 

2 

3 

4 

5 



1 Erch" 

enwin. 



12 Cer- 
die. 



13 - 



14 

15 

ICyn- 
ric. 





13 




14 




15 


— 


16 


— 


17 





18 



17 Cissa, 

18 

19 

20 

21 



19 Octa, 
20 

21 

22 

23 



28 

|29 

,30 

I lEr- 
menric. 



232 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



530 



531 



532 



533 



534 



535 



536 



537 

538 



539 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Belisarius defeats the Persians at Dara. Mimdo expels the Bulgarians from Thrace. 
Thierry conquers the Thuringians, and adds their lands to his own. The 
kingdom of the East Saxons (Essex) founded by Erchenwin. Cerdic conquers 
the Isle of Wight. Jornandes, bishop of Ravenna. A comet appears. 

The Persians and Saracens, under Alamundarus, defeat Belisarius, who main- 
tains his ground against their overwhelming force. Death of Cabades, Sept. 13, 
set. 32. League of Justinian with the Abyssinians and Homerites. The pro- 
gress of the Persians checked. Gelimer deposes and imprisons his brother Hil- 
deric at Carthage. Justinian prepares for war against him, and gives the 
command to Belisarius. Amalarich falls in battle against Childebert ; Thiodes 
is chosen king of the Visigoths. 

A truce of three months with Chosroes, leads to a treaty of peace. The violent 
contestof the circus-factions, called Nike, is quelled by the military forces of 
Belisarius and Mundo. Justinian employs the architect, Anthemius of Tralles, 
and Isidorus of Miletus, to build the new church of St. Sophia. Armenia plun- 
dered by the Huns, who are driven out by Dorotheus. Damascius, Simplicius, 
and other philosophers, expelled by Justinian's edict (see a. 529), seek a refuge 
at the court of Chosroes. 

Justinian ratifies the treaty with Persia. Belisarius lands in Africa and achieves 
his first victories. He is accompanied by his wife, Antonina, and his secretary, 
Procopius. John of Cappadocia, praetorian prefect, oppresses the East by his 
rapacity. The Pandects and Institutes of Justinian published. Cassiodorus 
(Var. IX. 25), describes the twelve books of his Gothic history (afterwards 
abridged by Jornandes), The philosophers, disappointed, return from Persia. 

Final defeat and surrender of Gelimer. Africa becomes a Roman province again. 
Return and triumph of Belisarius. Gelimer lives in retirement on an estate 
given to him in Galatia. Death of Athalaric. Amalasontha associates Theo- 
datus with her in the kingdom of Italy ; through her murder he becomes sole 
sovereign. Missions of Peter of Thessalonica to him from CP. Death of Thierry 
and accession of his son. The three kings of the Franks overpower Gondemar, 
king of the Burgundians, and divide his territories among them. Solomon, left 
by Belisarius to command in Africa, defeats the Moors. Death of Cerdic, king of 
Wessex. Cassiodorus, praetorian prefect ; his official letters, Var. X. XI. XII. 
Marcellinus ends his Chronicle. Liberatus visits Rome. Justinianus, bishop of 
Valentia. 

Belisarius occupies Sicily. Justinian's first Novellce published. Anthimus, bishop 
of CP. through the influence of the empress Theodora. Justinian grants the 
demand of the council of Carthage, for the restitution of the church-property, 
which had been seized by the Vandals. 

Belisarius quells a mutiny in Africa, returns to Sicily, takes Naples and enters 
Rome. Procopius joins him at Syracuse. Incapacity of Theodatus ; he is deposed 
by his people and slain. Vitiges elected king of Italy. Cassiodorus is still the 
official secretary. Mission of Agapetus to CP. A council held there, deposes 
Anthimus, and appoints Menas in his place. Simplicius writes his commenta- 
ries on the Physics of Aristotle. 

Belisarius besieged in Rome by Vitiges. Great distress of the city. The bishop 
Silverius is accused of treachery, deposed, and banished. Gaianus, bishop of 
Alexandria, after a few months succeeded by Theodosius. 

Mission of Antonina and Procopius from Rome to Naples. Retreat of Vitiges. 
After an unsuccessful attack on Rimini, he takes shelter in Ravenna. Belisarius 
advances and makes himself master of Clusium and Urbino. A Gothic and 
Burgundian force besieges Milan. A council, held at Orleans, inflicts indignities 
on Jews. Theodosius banished, and Paulus, a monk of Tabenne, succeeds him 
as bishop of Alexandria. A large comet visible above fort^ days in Sagittarius. 
The sun eclipsed on the morning of Feb. 16. Chron. Sax. 

Milan taken and pillaged. The Franks, under Theodebert, invade Italy and 
plunder Genoa ; they are attacked by disease and return into Gaul. Fsesulae and 
Auximum surrender to Belisarius ; he prepares to besiege Ravenna. Chosroes 
collects his forces for war. Cassiodorus retires from the world to the monastery 
of Squillace. 



551 TO 530 A.D. 



233 



540 



541 



542 



543 



544 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Vitiges surrenders Kavenna, and is sent a prisoner to CP. Belisarius is recalled 
from Italy. The Ostrogoths elect Hildibald for their king. Chosroes invades 
Syria and takes Antioch. Solomon restores peace in Africa. Hesychius of 
Miletus, hist. fl. The parents of Evagrius, flying from Antioch, take their son, 
set. 15, to Apamea. A total eclipse of the sun, June 20. Chron. Sax. 

Belisarius takes the command against the Persians. Hildibald is slain, and Totila 
made king of the Ostrogoths. Basilius the last consul appointed by Justinian 
a series of years follo-^-s, dated from his consulship. Paulus is deposed by the 
council of Gaza, and Zoiliis appointed bishop of Alexandria. John of Cappa- 
docia banished, and becomes a priest. 

Totila recovers a great part of Italy. Belisarius compels the Persians to aban- 
don their conquests and recross the Euphrates. The great plague spreads from 
Egypt and rages for many years in Asia and Europe. Evagrius studies at An 
tioch. 

Naples surrenders to Totila, who then advances against Rome. Belisarius re- 
called from the East, after which the Persians again advance and defeat the 
Romans. The Moors renew the war in Africa ; Solomon is slain in battle against 
them ; incompetence of his successor, Sergius. 

Perplexity of Justinian. Belisarius is sent again to Italy, but without supplies, 
and with very inadequate forces. Chosroes unsuccessful in his attack on Edessa. 
Stotzas, leader of the Moors, defeats the Romans, but falls in the battle. Edict 
of Justinian against the Origenists and the " Three Chapters." Macarius, bishop 
of Jerusalem. 

While Belisarius is awaiting reinforcements, Totila takes A senium and Spoletum, 
and lays siege to Rome. A truce for five years with Chosroes. Gontharis, the 
leader of the Moors, defeats and kills Areobindus ; after which he is slain at a 
banquet by Artasires. The Turks begin their conquests in Asia, Facundus 
writes in defence of the " Three Chapters." Jacobus Baradseus, bishop of Edessa, 
founds the sect of Jacobites. Domnus III. fifty-eighth bishop of Antioch. 

Rome is betrayed to Totila, Dec. 17. Belisarius is joined by fresh troops, but 
arrives too late to prevent the capture. 

Belisarius retakes Rome and repairs the walls ; three attacks of Totila are re- 
pulsed. The Sclavonians enter Illyricum. Ida founds the kingdom of Bemicia, 
in Northumberland, and builds Bamborough. Yigilius is summoned to CP. by 
Justinian, and prevailed upon to join in condemning the '' Three Chapters." 

Belisarius takes Crotona and Tarentum, after which he is recalled to CP. Ruscia 
surrenders to Totila. Death of the empress Theodora, June 28. Thiodes, king 
of the Visigoths, assassinated at Barcelona. Cosmus Indicopleustes writes his 
" Christian Topography,'''' John of Cappadocia returns to CP., but is not re- 
stored to his office. 

Ilauph, who had served under Belisarius, joins Totila, and conquers Dalmatia. 
Second capture of Rome by Totila. Aiiminum, Tarentum, and Rhegium, sub- 
mit to him. The ai-my of the East occupies the country of the Lazi in Colchis. 
First siege of Petra. 

Yigilius, still at CP., urges Justinian to rescue Italy from the dominion of Arians. 
Another army is sent under Germanus, whose maiTiage with Theodoric's 
grand-daughter, Malasuentha, interests the Ostrogothic people in his favour. 
He dies at Sardica, on his march to the seat of war. The Sclavonians are driven 
out of Illyricum Lech the first duke of Poland. Totila prepares to invade 
Sicily. Chorianes leads a Persian expedition into Lazica. Bessus begins the 
second siege of Petra. Peter of Thessalonica sent to treat with Chosroes, for a re- 
newal of the truce. Defeat of the Gepidse by the Longobardi. Synod of Mop- 
suesta. Yigilius binds himself by an oath to oppose the ** Three Chapters." 

Totila restores the senate at Rome. Narses is appointed to command the army 
of the East in Italy. Petra surrenders, after which another tnice for five years 
is concluded between the Romans and Persians. Silk-worms said to have been 
first reared in Europe, from eggs brought from the East. Jomandes writes " de 
Begnorum Successione." The Western Church adheres to the "Three Chap- 
ters." Zoilus is deposed and ApoUinarius succeeds him as bishop of Alexandria. 



234 



FEOM THE YEAE 













Exarchs 


Kingdom 


Bishops 


Sassani- 


A.D. 


Olym. 


A.U.C. 


Consuls of 


Eastern 


OF 


OF LOM- 


OP 


DES OF , 








KOME. 


Empiee. 


Ravenna. 


BARDY. 


Rome. 


Persia, i 


552 


332.4 


1305 


Post. Cons. 
Basil. XI. 


26 Justini- 
an I. 






16Vigilius. 


22Chos- 
roesl.or 
Nushir- ' 
wan. 


553 


333.1 


1306 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XII. 


27 






17 


23 


554 


2 


1307 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XIII. 


28 






18 


24 


555 


8 


1308 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XIV. 


29 






1 Pelagl- 
usl. 


25 


556 


4 


1309 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XV. 


30 






2 


26 


557 


334.1 


1310 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XVI. 


31 






3 


27 


558 


2 


1311 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XVII. 


32 






4 


28 


559 


3 


1312 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XVIII. 


33 






5 


29 


560 4 


1313 


Post Cons, 


34 






IJohnlll. 


30 








Basil. XIX. 












561 


335.1 


1314 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XX. 


35 






2 


31 


562 


2 


1315 


PaBasil.XXI. 


m — 






3 


32 -^ 


563 


3 


1316 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XXII. 


37 






4 


33 


564 


4 


1317 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XXIII. 


38 






5 


34 


565 


336.1 


1318 


Post Cons. 
Basil. XXIV. 


1 Justin. 
II. 






6 


35 


566 


2 


1319 


Fl. Justinus 
August, solus. 


2 






7 


36 


567 


3 


1320 


Post Cons. 
Justini. I. 


3 






8 


37 


568 


4 


1321 


Post Cons. 
Justini. II. 


4 


1 Longi- 
nus. 


1 Alboin. 


9 


38 


569 


337.1 


1322 


Post Cons. 
Justini. III. 


5 


2 


2 


10 


39 


570 


2 


1323 


Post Cons. 
Justini. IV. 


6 


3 - 


3 


11 


40 


571 


3 


1324 


Post Cons. 
Justini. V. 


7 


4 


4 


12 


41 • 


572 


4 


1325 


Post Cons. 
Justini. VI. 


8 


5 


5 


13 


42 


573 


338.1 


1326 


Post Cons. 
Justini. VII. 


9 


6 


1 Cleoph. 


No bishop. 


43 


574 


2 


1327 


Post Cons. 
Justini. VIII. 


10 


7 


2 


1 Bene- 
dictus I. 


44 


575 


3 


1328 


Post Cons. 
Justini. IX. 


11 


8 


1 Autharis. 


2 


45 


576 


4 


1329 


Post Cons. 
Justini. X. 


12 


9 


2 


3 


46 


577 


339.1 


1330 


Post Cons. 
Justini. XI. 


13 


10 


3 


4 


47 


578 


2 


1331 


\Post Cons. 
Justini. XII. 


1 Tiberi- 
us II. 


11 


4 


1 Pelagi- 
us IT. 


48 





















552 TO 578 A.D. 



235 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Visigoths 
IN Spain. 


SUEVI IN 

Spain. 


Feanks. 


North- East 

UMBEB- ANG- 

land. lia. 


Britain. 

Essex. "Wessex Sussex. Kent. 


552 


4 Angila. 


3Cariaric. 


5 Theode- 


6 Ida. 




23 Erch- 


19Cyn- 39Cissa. 


llEr- 








bald. 






enwin. 


ric. 




men- 








Clilotair42 












ric. 








Childe- 














553 


5 


4 


bert I. 42 
6 43 


7 




24 


20 


40 


12 


554 


1 Athana- 
gildus. 


5 


7 44 


8 




25 


21 


41 


13 


555 

556 


2 

3 


6 

7 


45 

46 


9 

10 




26 

27 


22 


42 


11 




23 


43 


15 


557 


4 


8 


47 


11— 




28 


24 


44 


16— 


558 


5 


9 


Clilotair 

alone 48 


12 




29 


25 


45 


17 


559 


6 


1 Theode- 
mir. 


49 


13 




30 


26 


46 


18 


560 


7 


2 


50 

Charibert 


1 Adda 
EUal 




31 


1 Ceaw- 
lin. 


47 


lEthel 
bert. 


561 


8 


3 


I. 1 

Gontran. 1 
Sigeb. I. 1 
Chilper.I.l 


2 2 




32 


2 


48 


2 


562 


9 


4 


2 


3 3 




33 


3 


49 


3 


563 


10 


5 


3 


4 4 




34 


4 


50 


/[ 




564 


11 


6 


4 


5 5 




35 


5 


51 


5 


565 


12 


7 


5 


6 6 




36 


6 


52 


6 


566 


13 


8 


6 


7 7 




37 


7 


53 


7 


567 


1 Liuval. 


9 


Gontran. 7 


IClappa 




38 


8 54 


8 








Sigeb. I. 7 


Ella. 8 


















Chilpe.L 7 














568 


2 


10 


8 


2 9 




39 


9 


55 


9 


569 


3 


1 Mirva. 


9 


3 10 




40 


10 


56 


10 


570 


4 


2 


10 


4 11 




41 


11 


57 — 


11 


671 


5 


3 


11 


5 12 


IL'ffa. 


42 


12 


58 


12 


572 


1 Leovi- 
gild. 


4 


12 


1 Heod- 

wulf. 
Ella. 13 


2 


43 


13 - — 


59 


13 


573 


2 


5 


13 


IFreod- 
wulf. 
Ella. 14 


3 


44 jl4 

: 


60 


14 


574 


3 


6 


14 

Gontran.15 


2 15 


4 


45 


15- — 


61 


15 


\ ^^^ 


4 


7 , 


Chilper. 15 
1 Childe- 


3 16 


5 


46 


16 


62 


16 


1 576 


5 


8 . 


bert II. 


4 17 




47 


17 


63 


17 


' 577 


6 


9 


3 17 


5 18 


7 


48 


18 


64 


18 


678 


7 1 


10 


4 18 


6 19 


iTity- 


49 


19 :65 


19 












lus. 


' 





236 



TEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



552 
553 
554 

-555 
556 

557 

558 

559 

560 
561 
562 

563 
564 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Totila defeated and slain by Narses, to whom the greater part of Italy submits. 
The Ostrogoths make Telas their king. Battle of Searobyrig (Sarum), in which 
the Britons are put to flight by Cynric. Jornandes abridges the History of the 
Goths by Cassiodorus (see a.d. 533), and continues it to the death of Vitiges. 
Vigilius addresses his "Encyclic Letters "to the church. Eutychius, bishop 
of CP., and Eustathius of Jerusalem. 

The kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy is terminated, by the defeat and death 
of Teias. Narses restores and administers the government of Justinian. The 
Persian general, Mermeroes, conquers a great part of the country of the Lazi. 
Procopius ends, and Agathias begins, his History. Joannes Lydus writes " De 
Magist. Rom." The second council of CP. (fifth general; condemns Origen and 
the " Three Chapters." 

The Franks and Allemanni invade Italy, and are defeated by Narses. Gubazes, 
king of the Lazi, is treacherously slain by the Romans, who, after this, sustain 
another defeat. Death of Mermeroes. Earthquakes at CP., Nicomedia, and An- 
tioch. Theodebald dies of the plague ; his dominions are added to those of his 
uncle, Chlotair. Death of Agila. Athanagild makes Toledo the capital of 
the Visigothic kingdom. Vigilius, released from CP.,is stopped in Sicily by dis- 
ease. 

Tzathes declared king of the Lazi. Nachoragan, the Persian general, defeated by 
the Romans at Phasis. War between Chlotair and the Saxons. Vigilius 
dies at Syracuse. Liberatus writes his " Breviarium." Victor Tununensis is 
banished and imprisoned for his defence of the " Three Chapters." 

The Persians again invade Colchis, without effect, and retire into Iberia. Justi- 
nian punishes the assassin of Gubazes. Chlotair defeated by the Saxons. His 
natural son, Chramnus, rebels against him. Victory of Cynric and Ceawlin at 
Beranbyrig (Banbury). 

Justin is appointed to command the Roman army in Colchis. Nachoragan is re- 
called, and put to death by Chosroes. The truce renewed between the Romans 
and Persians. Embassy of the Avars to Justinian. Another earthquake at CP. 

The pestilence still rages. Pontus and Armenia are plundered by the Tzani. 
Death of Childebert ; his daughters being excluded by the Salic law, his domi- 
nions are inherited by his brother Chlotair, who thus becomes sole king of the 
Franks. The restoration of the church of St. Sophia, by the architect Isodorus, 
is celebrated in hexameter verse by Paulus Silentiarius. 

The Bulgarians advance to the river Atyras, within twenty miles of CP. The last 
achievement of Belisarius is the victory by which he expels these barbarians. 
Procopius writes his " Anecdota," and Agathias the fifth book of his History. 
Anastasius I. fifty-ninth bishop of Antioch. 

Chramnus, in his rebellion, applies to the Bretons of Armorica for aid. He is 
made prisoner, and, with all his family, burnt alive by his father, Chlotair. 
Northumberland divided into two kingdoms ; Bernicia, under Adda, and Deira, 
under JEUa. Chosroes obtains the Fables of Pilpay from India. 

The services of Belisarius excite the jealousy of Justinian and his courtiers. 
Death of Chlotair. His dominions are divided among his sons ; Charibert has 
Paris, Gontran Orleans, Sigebert Metz, and Chilperic Soissons. Tumults of the 
blue and green factions at CP. Martin bishop of Braga. 

Conspiracy of Marcellus and Sergius against Justinian ; Belisarius falsely accused 
of having joined in the plot. Peter of Thessalonica negotiates a peace for fifty 
years, between the Romans and Persians. Cassiodorus prepares his " Computus 
Paschalis." The History of Agathias ends, and that of Menander begins. The 
Suevi, in Spain, renounce Arianism. 

Belisarius is acquitted of the charge brought against him, and restored to his ho- 
nours. Joannes Malalas of Antioch writes his History. Macarius is restored 
as bishop of Jerusalem. 

Peter of Thessalonica, Master of the Offices ; he dies soon after. Justinian is ac- 
cused of heresy. Gildas Badonicus " De Excidio Britannise." 

Death of Belisarius, March 13. Death of Justinian, November 13, set. 83. He 
is succeeded by his nephew Justin, who receives an embassy from the Avars, 



552 TO 578 A.D. 



237 



Events and Eminent Men. 



567 



570 



571 



572 



573 



574 



575 



576 
577 

578 



seven days after hiis accession. Eutychius is deposed, and John III. appointed 
bishop of CP. The monastery of lona founded by Columba. 

Justin restores the office of consul for one year, from which another series of dates 
begins. He refuses to assist the Gepidse in their wars with the Longobardi. 
Victor Tununensis ends his Chronicle and dies, still imprisoned in a monastery 
at CP. Corippus celebrates the praises and the consulship of Justin. Marriage 
of Sigebert to Brunehild, daughter of Athanagild, the Visigothic king. 

Narses is deprived of his command, and retires to Naples. The Longobardi, imder 
Alboin, overcome the Gepidae ; their king, Cunimund, falls, and his daughter, 
Rosamund, is married to the conqueror. Death of Charibert ; his dominions are 
divided by his three brothers. 

Alboin invades Italy, and founds the kingdom of Lombardy. The Avars succeed 
the Longobardi and Gepidse in Pannonia. A Turkish envoy arrives at CP. 
Longinus, the successor of Narses, is styled Exarch of Ravenna. War in Bri- 
tain, between the kings of Kent. and Wessex. Battle of Wibbandune (sup- 
posed to be Wimbledon). Liuva associates his brother Leovigild with him, 
in the Visigothic kingdom of Spain. Joannes Philoponus writes against Jo- 
annes, CP. 

Alboin takes Milan and conquers Liguria. Mission of Zemarchus to the Turks of 
Mount Altai. Joannes Gerundensis, or Biclarensis, writes his chronicle. John 
III. bishop of Alexandria. Birth of Mohammed at Mecca. 

The Avars invade Thrace, and are driven back by Tiberius, Justin's general. 
Ticinum (Pavia) still resists Alboin. Anastasius I. is banished, and Gi^egorius, 
the friend of Evagrius, is appointed sixtieth bishop of Antioch. Venantius 
Fortunatus, now a presbyter, addresses poems to Justin, to the empress Sophia, 
and to Childebert. Death of Narses (between 568 and 573). 

The Armenians, persecuted by Chosroes, place themselves under the protection of 
Justin, which leads to a war between the Romans and Persians. Pavia is sur- 
rendered to Alboin. Ceawlin, king of Wessex, is the second Bretwalda. Uffa 
founds the kingdom of East Anglia. (Ost Engeland, the Eastern Narrow-land, 
between the fens of the Wash and the sea.) Theophanes Byzantinus writes his 
History. 

Marcianus is sent to conduct the war against the Persians. By the death of 
Liuva, Leovigild becomes sole king of the Visigoths. Alboin grants to his chief 
captains, with the titles of princes or dukes, allotments of territory, for which 
they are bound to render military service. 

The Persians take Dara and plunder Syria ; Marcianus is recalled from the com- 
mand against them. Alboin is murdered by Rosamund ; she flies to Ravenna 
with her lover, Helmichis, where she poisons him ; before he dies, he compels 
her to drain the cup. Cleoph is elected king of Lombardy. Cassiodorus, set. 
93, writes " De Orthographia." After the death of Joannes III., Rome is nearly 
a year without a bishop. Another Joannes III. is bishop of Jerusalem. 

Tiberius is appointed Caesar, and concludes a truce with Chosroes. He sustains a 
defeat from the Avars on the Danube. Cleoph, king of Lombardy, is assassi- 
nated : his son, Autharis, being a child, many of the dukes assume royal power, 
and great anarchy prevails. Gregory of Tours enters on his episcopate. Bene- 
dictus Lis elected bishop of Rome. 

Justinian, the son of Germanus, defeats the Persians, and advances to the Araxes. 
Chosroes agrees to a truce for three years. War between Sigebert and Chilpe- 
ric : the former is slain, and succeeded by his son Childebert. Death of Cassio- 
dorus, set. 95. (The kingdom of E. Anglia dates from this year, in Ox. Tables 
and Univ. Hist.) 

Mission of Valentine to Dilzibulus, ruler of the Turks. The Persians occupy Ar- 
menia, which Justinian is too late to prevent. 

Maurice is sent to command the Roman army in the East. Ceawlin extends the 
kingdom of Wessex, by taking Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath. On the death 
of John III. Eutychius is restored to the bishopric of CP. 

Death of Justin, Oct. 5. Negotiations between Tiberius and Chosroes. Colum- 
banus founds his monastery of Luxovium. 



238 



FROM THE TEAB 











Exarchs 


Kingdom 


Bishops Sassani-) | 


A "n r*'- ""^ 


A.U.C. 


Consuls of 


Eastern 


OF 


OF Lom- 


OF 


DBS OP 


A..Lf. i 




Rome. 


Empire. Ravenna. 


BARDY. 


Rome. 


Persia. 


579 i 


539.3 


1332 ' 


riherius Aug. 

solus. 


2 Tibe- 12 Longi- SAutharis. 
rius II. nus. 


2 Pelagi- 
usll. 


IHor- 

misdas, 


















or Hor- 


















mouzll. 


580 


4 


1333 


Post Cms. Ti- 
berii. I. 


3 


13 


6 


3 


2 


581 


340.1 


1334 


Post Cons. Ti- 
berii.II. 


4 


14 


7 


4 


3 


582 


2 


1335 


Post Cons. Ti- 
berii. III. 


1 Maurice 


15 


8 


5 


4 


583 


3 


1336 


Sine. Cons, or Post 
Cons, Tib. IV. 


2 


16 


9 


6 


5 


584 


4 


1337 


Mauricius Aug. 
solus. 


3 


1 Sma- 
ragdus. 


10 


7 


6 ^ 


585 


341.1 


1338 


Post Cans. Mau- 
ricii. I. 


4 


2 


11 


8 


7 


586 


The Olympi- 


Post Cons. Mau- 


5 . 


3 


12 


9 


8 


587 


ads, and year.s 
ofRome,being 
now seldom 


ricii. 11. 
Post Cons. Mau- 
ricii. III. 


6 


4 7 


13 


10 

11 


9 


588 


used, are from 


Post Cons. Mau- 


7 


5 


14 


10 


589 


this time 
omitted. 


ricli. IV. 
Post Cons. Mau- 


8 


6 


15 


12 


11 


590 




ricii. V. 
Post Cons. Mau' 


9 


1 Roma- 


16 


1 Grego- 


1 Chos- 




ricii. VI. 




nus. 




ry I. 


roes 
















Purvis. 


591 




Post Cons. Mau- 
ricii. VII. 


10 


2 


lAgilulph. 


2 

3 


2 


592 




Post Cons. Mau- 


11 


3 


2 


3 






ricii.VIII. 








4 




593 




Post Cons. Mau- 


12 


4 


3 


4 






ricii. IX. 








5 




594 




Post Cons. Mau- 


13 


5 


4 


5 •"""" 






ricii. X. 








6 




595 




Post Cons. Mau- 


14 


6 


5 


6 — — 






ricii. XI. 












596 




Post Cons. Mau- 
ricii. XII. 


15 


^ 


6 


7 


7 — 


597 




Post Cons. Mau- 
ricii. XIII. 


16 


1 Callini- 

cus. 


7 


8 


8 

9 


598 




Post Cons. Mau- 


17 


2 


8 


9 


599 




ricii. XIV. 
Post Cons. Mau- 


18 


3 


9 


10 


lo- 


600 




ricii. XV. 
Post Cons. Mau- 


19 


4 


10 


11 


ll 


601 




ricii. XVI. 

Post Cons. Mau- 

ricii. XVII. 


20 


5 


11 


12 


12 

13 ! 


602 




Post Cons. Mau- 


1 Phocas 


1 Smarag 


-12 


13 






ricii. XVIII. 




dus rein 






14 


603 




Post Cons. Mau- 


2 


stated. 


13 


14 






ricii.XIX. 































579 TO 603 A.D. 



239 



Repe- 








North- Britain. 


tition 
Dates 


Visigoths 
IN Spain. 


SUEVI IN 

Spain. 


Franks. 


TaX AnglL Essex. Wessex. Sussex. Kent. 


579 


8 Leovi- 


llMirva. 


Gontranl9 


7Freod- 


2 Tity- 


50 Erch- 


20Ceaw- 


66Cissa 


20E- 




'gild. 




Chliper. 19 
5 Childe- 
bert 11. 


wulf. 
Ella. 20 


lus. 


enwin 


lin. 




thel- 
bert. 


580 


9 


12 


20 

6 


1 Theo- 
doric. 
Ella. 21 


3 


51 


21 


67 


21 


581 


10 


13 


21 

7 


2 22 


4 


52 


22 


68 


oo 




582 


11 


1 Eburic. 


22 

8 


3 23 


5 


53 


23 


69 


23 


583 


12 


1 Andica. 


— 23 
9 


4 24 


6 


54 


24 


70 


24 

1 


584 


13 


2 


Gontran 24 


5 25 


rj 


55 


25 


1 






Subdued 


lOChild. 11 










ed by 




585 


14 


by Leovi- 
gild. 


Chlot.ll. 1 
25 


6 26 


s 


53 


26 


Ceawlin 


26 










11 2 










Me EC I A 




686 


1 Reca- 
red I. 




26 

12 3 


7 27 


9 


57 


27 


ICridda. 


27 


587 


2 




27 

13 4 


8 28 


10 


1 Sled- 
da. 


28 


2 


28 


588 


3 




28 

14 5 


lEthel- 
ric. 


11 


2 — 


29 


3 


29 


589 


4 




29 

15 6 


2 


12 


3 


30 


4 


30 


590 


5 




30 

16 7 


3 


13 


4 


31 


5 


31 


591 


6 




31 

17 8 


4 


14 


5 


32 


6 


32 


592 


7 




32 

18 9 


5 


15 


6 


33 


7 


33 


593 


8 




33 

19 10 


lEthel- 
frid. 


16 


7 


1 Ceol- 
ric. 


Cridda 
slain ; 


31- 




694 


9 




20 11 


2 


17 


8 


2 


usurpa- 
tion of 


35 


'695 


10 




21 12 


3 


18 


9 


3 


Ceolric. 


36 


596 


11 




13 

ITheod.II. 
Thier.Il.l 


4 


19 


10 


4 




37 


697 


12 




14 

2 2 


5 


20 


ISabert 


1 Ceol- 
wulf. 


1 Wibba 


38 


698 


13 




15 

3 3 


6 


21 


2 


2 


2 


39 


599 

1 


14 




16 

4 4 


7 


IRed- 
wald. 


3 


3 


3 


40 


600 


15 




17 

5 5 

18 


8 


2 


4 


4 


4 


41 


601 


ILiuvall. 




9 


3 


5 


5 


5 


42 








6 6 














602 


2 




19 

7 7 


10 


4 


6 


6 


6 


43 


603 


1 Witte- 




20 11 


5 


7 


7 


7 


44 




ric. 1 


8 8 


; ! 









240 



TKOM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



579 

580 



581 

582 



583 

584 



585 



587 



588 



590 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Victories of Maurice over the Persians. Death of Chosroes. Marriage of Her- 
menegild, son of Leovigild, with Ingundis, daughter of Sigehert and Brune- 
hild. 

Maurice obtains farther successes in Mesopotamia and Assyria. Death of Aus- 
tregildis, Gontran's queen. Buzurg Mihir, the tutor and friend of Hormisdas, 
introduces into Persia from India, thfe game of chess. Eulogius, bishop of 
Alexandria. 

Maurice concludes his fourth campaign, and returns to CP., where he is honourably 
welcomed. 

Death of Tiberius, Aug. 14, having previously given his daughter Constantina in 
marriage to Maurice, and proclaimed him heir to the throne. Hermenegild, 
converted by his wife Ingundis, and by Leander, the bishop of Seville, renounces 
Arianism, and endeavours, by rebelling against his father, to establish the 
Nicene faith in Spain. John IV. succeeds Eutychius as bishop of CP, The five 
extant books of Agathias written. 

The retirement of Buzurg Mihir leaves Hormisdas under the influence of evil 
counsellors. Menander writes his History. 

Maurice appoints Philippicus, the Husband of his sister Gordia, to command the 
army in the East. The Dukes of Lombardy, distressed by ten years of anarchy, 
unite in recognizing Autharis as their king, and order is restored among them. 
Fredegonda kills her husband, Chilperic, and reigns in the name of her son, 
Chlotalr. The Suevi of Spain are finally overcome, and their territories oc- 
cupied, by Leovigild. He also puts an end to the rebellion of his son Her- 
menegild, who is put to death by him, and receives from the catholic church 
the honours of a martyr and saint. Longinus is recalled, and Smaragdus ap- 
pointed exarch of Ravenna. The Latin language is modified in Italy, Gaul, 
and Spain, by admixture with Gothic dialects. Many native Gauls retire into 
Armorica, where they preserve their Celtic tongue. Ceawlin defeats the Britons 
at Fethanlea. 

Philippicus harasses the Persians, while on another side, their country is invaded 
by the Turks. 

The Persian general, Bahram, repels the Turks. Death of Leovigild. Cridda 
founds the last Saxon kingdom of Mercia. The British warriors retire to the 
western side of the island, from Cornwall to the Clyde, and uniting in a general 
league, call themselves Cymri. 

The Avars, under their chagan (khan) Baian, harass Thrace, and threaten the 
empire ; Comentiolus is appointed to resist them. John of CP. assumes the 
title of " CEcumenical bishop," which leads to angry discussions between him 
and Pelagius of Rome. Gregory of Antioch tried and acquitted by a synod 
atCP. 

Philippicus is superseded by Prisons. War between Recared and Gontran ; the 
Franks are defeated near Carcassone. A destructive fire at Paris. Ethelric, a 
son of Ida, succeeds in Bemicia ; by the marriage of his son, Ethelfrid, with 
Acca, daughter of Ella, king of Deira, the two kingdoms are united, and form 
that of I>jorthumberland. Death of Ella. 

Comentiolus is placed at the head of the Roman army in the East, and Bahram at 
that of the Persians. The latter receives a total defeat, after which he revolts, 
in consequence of having been reproved and insulted by Hormouz. Council of 
Toledo ; Recared and the Visigoths conform to the Nicene creed. Priests are 
forbidden to accuse each other before a civil magistrate. 

Maurice crowns his son, Theodosius, set. 9. Hormouz is deposed and slain, with 
many of his family. His eldest son, Chosroes, is saved and proclaimed king. 
He flies to Circesium, and places himself under the protection of Maurice. 
Bahram for a time usurps the regal power. Joannes Gerundensis, or Biclaren- 
sis (see a.d. 569), ends his Chronicle. 

A Roman army under N arses restores Chosroes, who makes peace with Maurice. 
Bahram retires among the Turks, and dies soon afterwards. Agilulph, duke of 
Turin, marries Theudelinda, widow of Autharis, and is acknowledged king of 
the Lombards. 



79 TO 6i)3 A.D. 



241 



Events and Eminent Men. 



592 

593 
594 

595 
596 

597 



600 
601 



603 



Maurice recalls his forces from the East, to strengthen his army in Thrace against 
the Avars. He marches with them as far as Anchialus, whence he retires to 
CP., and leaves Priscus to command. An eclipse of the sun, March 19. Gregory 
claims authority over foreign bishops and churches. 

Priscus drives the Avars across the Danube, and compels Baian to make peace, 
Peter, the brother of Maurice, is sent to take the command. Evagrius concludes 
and publishes his history. Anastasius I. restored at Antioch (see a.d. 559, 570). 

Peter breaks the peace with the Avars, and is defeated by them. Priscus is re- 
instated in the command. Maurice attempts to reduce the pay of the soldiers ; 
their mutiny appeased by revoking the edict. Death of Gontran ; his territo- 
ries descend to Childebert. Amos, bishop of Jerusalem. Mohammed enters 
into the service of Cadijah, and soon afterwards marries her. Ethelbert is the 
third Bretwalda. 

Conference between Priscus and Baian, after which hostilities are resumed; the 
Avars are defeated, and remain inactive for many months. The Lombards lay 
waste the country round Rome, and cause great distress in the city. Gregory 
prevails on them to withdraw. Cyriacus, bishop of CP. Venantius Fortunatus, 
bishop of Poictiers. 

Gregory sends Augustin and a train of monks to preach Christianity in Britain 
(see his Ep. VI. 57, addressed to them, July 23) ; they are favourably received 
by Ethelbert, king of Kent, and his queen. Bertha, daughter of the late Frank 
king, Charibert (she being already a Christian). Dwellings are assigned to 
them in Canterbury. Death of Childebert ; his dominions are divided between 
his two sons, under the tutelage of their grandmother, Brunehild. Cyriacus 
claims the title of " (Ecumenical bishop," and is opposed by Gregory, who in 
his letters styles himself " Servant of the servants of God." Isidore appointed 
bishop of Seville. 

Ceolwulf, great grandson of Cerdic, regains the throne of Wessex, and Wibbathat 
of Mercia. The missionaries make many converts in Kent and Essex. Augustin 
goes to Aries, and is ordained bishop of the English. 

Baian attacks Tomi, which is defended by Priscus. Death of Fredegonda, Co- 
lumbanus, expelled from Luxovium by Theodoric, takes refuge with Chlotair. 

Comentiolus is defeated by the Avars. The Chagan offers to release twelve thou- 
sand prisoners for a ransom. Maurice refuses to pay this, on which they are 
massacred by their captors. Through the degeneracy of the Frank monarchs. 
the mayors of the palace gradually encroach on the royal authority. The 
Gregorian chant introduced. Anastasius II. sixty-first, and last bishop of 
Antioch. 

Priscus defeats the Avars, but is again superseded in the command by Comentio- 
lus. Marriage of the Csesar, Theodosius, set. 19. Death of Venantius Fortu- 
natus. 

Peter is again appointed to the command of the army on the Danube. Death of 
Recared. Paulinus, Mellitus, and others, are sent to assist in the conversion of 
Britain. Greg. Epist. xi. 76, June 17, to Mellitus, orders heathen temples not to 
be destroyed, but used as Christian churches; xi. 65, June 22, to Augustin (episc. 
Anglorum); xi. 66, same date, to Ethelbert; and xi. 68, same date, to Virgilius, 
bishop of Aries. Isacius, bishop of Jerusalem. 

Revolt of Phocas ; he is proclaimed emperor. Flight of Maurice with his family ; 
they are taken and put to death ; as also, are Peter, Comentiolus, Germanus, and 
others, Nov. 22. Maurice, set. 63. Augustin founds the cathedral and abbey of 
Canterbury. Peter, the first abbot, is drowned on a voyage to France. Agilulph 
and the Lombards renounce Arianism. 

Chosroes declares war against Phocas, to revenge the death of his benefactor, 
Maurice. Liuva, a promising young prince, is assassinated, ?et. 22, by Witteric, 
who usurps the Visigothic throne. Ethelfrid defeats the Scots at Degsastan^ 
(Egesanstane, Chron. Sax.) and the Cymri, near Caerlegion (Chester). Gregory 
places the statues of Phocas and his empress, Leontia, in the Lateran, and con- 
gratulates him on his elevation, Epist. xiii. 31. " PhoccB Augusto. Gloria in E9;- 
celsis»^ 



H H 



242 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


Hegi- 

EA. 


Consuls of 
Rome. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Exarchs 

OF 

Ravenna. 


Kingdom 

OF 
LOMBARDY 


Bishops 

OP 

Rome. 


Arabia. 


Sassani- 
des of 
Persia. 


604 




Phocas Aug. 


3 Phocas. 


3 Smarag- 
dus (2nd 
time). 


14 Agi- 
lulph. 


1 Sabi- 
uianus. 




15 Chos- 
roes 
Purvis. 


605 




Post Cons. 
Phocae I. 


4 


4 


15 


2 




16 


606 


o 
a 


Post Cons. 
Phocae II. 


5 


5 


16 


3 




17 


607 


1 


Post Cons. 
Phocae III. 


6 


6 


17 


1 Boni- 
facelll. 




18 


608 


ai 
1 


Posf Cons. 
Phocae IV. 


7 


7 


18 


1 Boni- 
face IV. 




19 


609 




Posi Cows. 
Phocae V. 


8 


8 


19 


2 




20 


610 




Post Cons. 
Phocae VI. 


1 Hera- 
clius. 


9 


20 


3 




21 


611 


Is 


HeracliusAug. 


2 


1 Joannes 
Lemigius. 


21 


4 




22 


612 


lU'S 


Post Cons. 
Heraclii I. 


3 


2 


22 


5 




23 


613 




Post Cons. 
Heraclii II. 


4 . 


3 


23 


6 




24 


614 


+3 -*^ 


Post Cons. 
Heraclii III. 


5 


4 


24 


7 




25 


615 




Post Cons. 
Heraclii IV. 


6 


5 


lAdal- 
wald. 


1 Deus- 
dedit. 




26 


616 


ll 


Post Cons. 
Heraclii V. 


7 


lEleuthe- 

rius. 


2 


2 




27 


617 


p.§ 

CS (p 


Post Cons. He- 
raclii VI. sec. 
Chron. Pasch 

Constantinus 


8 


2 


3 


3 




28 




Caes. sec, Epi- 


















phan. 














618 


* 


Post Cons. 
Heraclii VII. 


9 


3 


4 


4 




29 


619 




Post Cons. 
HeracliiVIII 


10 


1 Isaac. 


5 


1 Boni- 
faceV. 




30 


620 




Post Cons. 
Heraclii IX. 


11 — 


2 


6 


2 




31 


621 




Post Cons. 
Heraclii X. 


12 


3 


7 


3 




32 


622 


1 


Post Cons. 
Heraclii XL 


13 


4 


8 


4 


1 Mo- 
hammed 


33 


623 


2 


Post Cons, 
Heraclii XII 


14 


5 


9 


5 


2 


34 


624 


3 


Post Cons. He 
radii XIII. 


-15 


6 


10 


6 


3 


35 


625 


4 


Post Cons. He- 
raclii XIV. 


16 


7 


lAriwald. 


1 Hono- 
rius I. 


4 


36 


626 


5 


Post Cons. He- 
raclii XV. 


17 


8 


2 


2 


5 


37 


627 


6 


Post Cons. He- 
raclii XVL 


18 


9 


3 


3 


6 — — 


38 



604 TO 627 A.D. 



243 



VlSTGOTHt: 

IN Spain. 



Franks. 



North- Britain. 

^iTvn" Anglia. Essex. Wessex. Mercia. 



Kent. 



604 



607 



610 

611 

612 
613 
614 
615 
616 
617 



618 
619 
620 
621 



627 



2 Witte- 
ric. 

3 - — 

4 

5 



1 Gunde- 
mar. 



1 Sise- 
bert. 

2 

3 

4 

5 



1 Reca- 
red II. 

1 Suin- 
tilla. 

2 

3 

4 

5 



Chlotairll. 21 

9TheodebertII. 

Thierry II. 9 
22 

10 

• 10 

23 

11 

11 

24 

12 

12 

25 

13 

13 

26 

14 

14 

27 

15 

15 

28 

16 

16 

29 

Thierry II. 17 
Chlotairll. 30 
alone. 

31 



12Ethel- 
frid 



6 Red- 
wald. 



14- 

15 - 

16 ■ 

17 - 
18- 
19 . 

20- 

21 - 

22 - 

23 - 

24 . 
1 Edwin. 



8 Sabert. 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

TlSaxred, 
■< Sigebert 
( Seward. 

2 

3 



8Ceol- 
wulf. 



10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

1 Cyne- 
gils. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 



8Wibba. 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

1 Ceorl. 

2 

3 



1 Eorp- 
wald, 

2 



1 Rich- 
bert. 



1 Sigebert 

the Little. 

2 

3 

4 



10 

11 

IPenda, 
2 



45Ethel- 
bert. 



47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

lEad- 

bald. 

2 



244 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



605 



608 



609 



612 



613 



615 



616 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Cliosroes invades the Roman provinces. Phocas gives his daughter in marriage 
to Priscus. Sahert and his subjects embrace Christianity. Mellitus, first bishop 
of London, and Justus of Rochester. The church of St. Paul, in London, built 
by Ethelbert. Augustin dies, May 26, and is succeeded by Laurentius. Death 
of Gregory I. 

Phocas begins his cruelties. Constantina, the widow of Maurice, is tortured, and 
afterwards beheaded with her daughters. Narses is decoyed to CP. and burnt 
alive. The hippodrome is defaced by the heads and mangled bodies of the ty- 
rant's numerous victims. 

Chosroes conquers Mesopotamia. Columbanus visits Theodebert, and is protected 
by him. Ethelbert gives his people a code of laws. 

Chosroes crosses the Euphrates and overruns Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia. 
Phocas concedes to Boniface III. the supremacy of Rome over all Christian 
churchesi Death of Cyriacus; Thomas, bishop of CP., and Theodoras succeeds 
Eulogius at Alexandria, 

The atrocities of Phocas cause his son-in-law Priscus to invite Heraclius, the 
younger, from Africa, for the purpose of putting a stop to them. The Pantheon 
(built by Agrippa, B.C. 25) is consecrated by Boniface IV. as the church of Sta. 
Maria ad Martyres (o della Rotonda). 

The Persians are masters of Asia Minor, and penetrate to the Bosphorus. The Avars 
occupy Thrace. The mal-administration and tyranny of Phocas produce uni- 
versal misery. John TV. bishop of Alexandria, and Zacharias, of Jerusalem. 

Heraclius proceeds to CP. with the African navy, and a part of the army ; Nice- 
tas marches with the remaining forces by land. On the arrival of the former, 
Phocas is given up to him and beheaded, Oct. 5. Heraclius is proclaimed Em- 
peror. Priscus, at first entrusted with the command in Cappadocia, retires into 
a monastery. Nicetas is married to a daughter of Heraclius. Witteric is slain, 
and Grundemar succeeds him as king of the Visigoths. On the approach of the 
Persians, the Jews of Antioch attack the Christians, and kill the bishop, Anas- 
tasius; the see remains vacant nineteen years. Sergius succeeds Thomas, as 
bishop of CP. Theophylactus Simocatta writes his History ; after the fall of 
Phocas, he recites a Monody on the death of Maurice, " interrupted by the tears 
of his audience." Mohammed announces himself as a prophet, and begins to 
teach Islamism. 

The Persians take Apamea and Edessa. Birth of Epiphania, daughter of Hera- 
clius and Eudocia. Joannes Philoponus (see a.d. 568) still writes on philosophy, 
astronomy, grammar, and theology. 

Birth of Constantine, son of Heraclius. Death of the empress Eudocia. Corona- 
tion of the infant princess Epiphania. Csesarea, in Cappadocia, taken by the 
Persians. Theodebert murdered at the instigation of Brunehild; his domi- 
nions seized by his brother Thierry. Columbanus, having reproved them 
for the bloody deed, saves his life by flight. Agilulf gives him the valley, in 
which he founds the monastery of Bobium. Isidore, bishop of Seville, writes 
his History. 

Heraclius crowns his son Constantine. Syria is invaded by the Saracens. Death 
of Thierry. Chlotair unites under his government all the territories of the 
Franks ; he puts to death the guilty Brunehild. The youthful Ali (set. 14) be- 
comes Mohammed's vizir. The Koreish begin their opposition to the prophet. 

Damascus and Jerusalem taken by the Persians. Distressed state of the Eastern 
empire. Heraclius makes an ineffectual attempt to negotiate with Chosroes. 
He marries his niece, Martina, Defeat of the Cymri at Beandune, by Cynegils 
and Cuichelm. On the death of Sabert, his three sons reign conjointly in Es- 
sex, and relapse into heathenism. Death of Columbanus in his retreat at 
Bobium. 

Birth of another prince, to whom the name of Constantine is given. Death of 
Agilulph ; his widow, Theudelinda, governs Lombardy in the name of their son 
Adalwald, 
The Persians conquer Alexandria and Egypt, while another ."army encamps at 
Chalcedon. Their general, Saen, introduces to Chosroes an embassy from He- 
raclius, for which he is flayed alive, and the ambassador imprisoned. Death of 



TO 627 A.D. 



245 



Events and Eminent Men. 



617 

618 
619 



621 

622 



625 



627 



Ethelbert. His son, Eadbald, restores the Pagan worship. Redwald is the 
fourth Bretwalda. The bishops Mellitus and Justus leave England, but are 
recalled by Laurentius, who succeeds in converting Eadbald to Christianity. 
On the approach of the Persians, the bishop John flies from Alexandria to Cy- 
prus, and George is appointed in his place. 

The Persians take Chalcedon. Ethelfrid is defeated and slain by Redwald, who 
places Edwin on the throne of Northumberland. Joannes Philoponus writes 
his Commentary on Aristotle, set. 92. 

Heraclius, still inactive at CP., makes another vain effort to conclude a treaty of 
peace with Chosroes. 

Heraclius, while holding a conference with Baian, is treacherously attacked by the 
Avars, and escapes with difficulty. The exarch Eleutherius fails in an attempt 
to make himself emperor, and is killed. On the death of Laurentius, Mellitus 
is the third archbishop of Canterbury. 

Ancyra taken by the Persians. Peace concluded with the Avars. Death of 
Sisebert ; he is succeeded on the throne of the Visigoths by his son Recared, 
yet a child. 

Heraclius is roused from his inactivity by the danger of the empire, and makes 
vigorous efforts to contend with the Persians. Re cared survives his father only 
seven months ; the Visigoths elect Suintilla in his place. 

Heraclius departs from CP. April 5, and lands at Alexandria on the Issus (Scan- 
deroon), . recovers Cilicia, defeats the Persians, places his army in secure winter 
quarters, on the banks of the Halys, and returns to CP. Flight of Moham- 
med from Mecca to Yathreb, afterwards called Medina, where he is received 
as a prophet and prince. The Era of the Hegira commences July 16. George 
of Pisidia, who was present in this year's campaign, celebrates the success of 
Heraclius. 

Heraclius, accompanied by the empress Martina, leaves CP. in March, crosses the 
Euxine, lands at Trebizond, occupies Armenia, takes Thebarma (Ooramiah), 
the birth-place of Zoroaster, reconquers Colchis and Iberia, and winters in Alba- 
nia, having released 50,000 captives. Chosroes declines either to fight or treat 
for peace. Mohammed achieves his first victory over the Koreish, in the vale 
of Beder ; is afterwards defeated by them on Mount Ohud. He overcomes and 
expels the Jews of Medina. Suintilla takes the few remaining places in Spain, 
that were still held by the Greek empire. Edwin is the fifth Bretwalda. 

Heraclius penetrates into Persia, and takes Ispahan ; he surprizes and defeats Sar- 
baraza, at Salban, where he rests during the winter. On the death of Mellitus, 
Justus is translated to Canterbury from Rochester, where Romanus succeeds 
him. 

In the spring, Heraclius carries away an immense booty from Persia, crosses the 
Tigris and Euphrates, recovers Amida and Samosata, and returns to the banks 
of the Halys, The Koreish are foiled by Mohammed, in their third expedition 
of " the Nations," or " the Ditch." Paulinus, bishop of the Northumbrians. 
Letters of Boniface V. before his death, to Edwin and his queen Ethelberga. 
Isidore of Seville is still employed in writing his History. 

Chosroes raises three armies, one of which, under Sarbar, encamps at Chalcedon, 
to besiege CP. On the other side, the Avars break through the long wall and 
advance to the gates of the city. After many unsuccessful assaults, the siege 
is abandoned, Aug. 8. Heraclius also divides his army into three parts, one of 
which, under his brother Theodoras, gains an important victory. He contracts 
an alliance with the Turks, who pass through the Caspian gates, and invade 
Persia. Eumer, a West Saxon, fails in his attempt to assassinate Edwin, king of 
Northumberland. George of Pisidia addresses to the patriarch Sergius his 
poem on the siege of CP. 

Heraclius, with his Turkish allies, penetrates into Assyria, defeats and kills the 
Persian general, Rhazates, near the site of Nineveh, and occupies the palace of 
Dastagerd. Consternation and flight of Chosroes. Rebellion of his son, Siroes. 
Edwin, king of Northumberland, embraces Christianity, and builds the first 
minster of wood, at York. His example is followed by Eorpwald, of East An- 
glia, who is soon afterwards slain, and his throne usurped by the pagan, Richbert. 



246 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



Hegi- 



630 
631 
632 
633 
634 
635 
636 
637 
638 
639 
640 

641 



642 
643 

644 

645 



647 
648 



650 



9-10 
10—11 
11—12 
12—13 
13—14 
14—15 
15-16 
16-17 
17—18 
18-19 
19—20 

20—21 



21—22 
22—23 

23—24 

24—25 



Consuls of 
Rome. 



Post Cons. He- 
raclii XVII. 

Post Cons. He- 

raclii XVIII. 
Post Cons. He- 

raclii XIX. 
Post Cons. He- 

raclii XX. 
Post Cons. He- 

raclii XXI. 
Post Cons. He- 

raclii XXII. 
Post Cons. He- 

raclii XXIII. 
Post Cons. He- 

raclii XXIV. 
Post Cons. He- 

raclii XXV. 
Post Cons. He- 

raclii XXVI. 
Post Cons. He- 

racliiXXVII. 
Post Cons. He- 

lac. XXVIII. 
Post Cons. He- 

raclii XXIX. 



Post Cons. He- 
raclii XXX. 



Constans Aug. 

The dating 
of years by 
Consulships 
ceases. Muror 
tori. 



Eastern 
Empire. 



5 Hera- 
clius. 



31 



Constan- 
tineIII.(or 
HeracUus 
IL)\OMays 
Heracleo- 
n2iS^Smthi 
1 Constans 
II. 

2 — 

3 — 

4 — 



Exarchs 

OF 

Ravenna 



10 Isaac. 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

1 Plato. 

2 

3 



Kingdom 

OF 
LOMBARDY 

4Ariwald. 



Bishops 

OF 

Rome. 



9 

10 

11 

IRotharis. 

2 

3 

5 



10 — 

ITheodo- 
rus. 

1 Olym- 
pius. 

2 



4 Hono- 
riusl. 



9 ■ 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 - — 

No bish- 
op. 

Severi- 
nus, 2 
months. 

1 John 
IV. 

2 



1 Theo- 
dorus. 

2 - 



7 Mo- 
ham- 
med. 

8 



lAbu- 
beker. 
2 

1 Omarl 

2 

5 



Arabia 



Sassani- 

DES OF 

Persia. 



1 Siroes. 
1 Ard- 

shir. 
ITooran- 

dokht. 

2 

ICesra. 

lYezde- 
jerdlll. 

2 

3 



10- 



10th- 
man. 



1 Mar- 
tin I. 



10 ■ 



B28 TO 650 A.D. 



247 



Hepe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Visigoths 
IN Spain. 


Franks. 


North- ^^^^ Britain. 

LAND?" ^N^^i-*- Essex. Wessex Sussex. Mercta. Kent. 


628 

629 
630 


8 Suin- 
tilla. 

9 

10 


IDago- 
bert I. 

2 

3 


12 Ed- 
win. 

13 

14 


2 Rich- 
bert. 

1 Sige- 
bert. 

2 


6 Sige- 
bert the 
Little, 

7 


18 Cyne- 
gils. 

19 

20 




3 Penda. 

4 

5 ^ 


13 Ead- 
bald. 

14 

15 


631 
632 


1 Sise- 
nand. 

2 


4 


15 

16 — 


3 

1 Ecgric. 


9 

10 


21 

22 




6 

7 


16 

17 


633 


3 


6 


17 


2 


11 


23 




8 


18 


634 
635 


5 


8 


1 Os- 
wald. 

2 


3 

1 Anna. 


12 

13 


24 

25 




9 

10 


19 

20 


636 
637 
638 
639 


1 Chin- 
tilla. 
2 


9 

10 

1 Sige- 
bertll. 

ClovisII 
2 2 


3 

4 

5 

6 


2 

3 

4 

5 


14 

15 

16 

17 


26 

27 

28 

29 




11 

12 

13 

14 


21 

22 

23 

24 


640 


1 Tulga. 


3 -3 


7 ^— — 


6 


18 


30 




15 


lEareon- 
bert. 


641 


1 Chinta- 
suinthus. 


4 4 


8 


7 


19 


31 




16 


2 


642 


2 


5 5 


1 Oswy. 


8 


20 


32 




17 


3 


643 


3 


6 6 


2 


9 


21 


1 Ken- 
walk. 




18 


4 


644 


4 


7 7 


3 


10 


22 


2 




19 


5 


645 

j 


5 


8 8 


4 


11 


23 


3 




20 


6 


646 


6 


9 ^9 


5 


12 


24 


4 




21 


7 


i 647 

1 


7 


10 10 


6 


13 


25 


5 




22 


8 


1 648 

i 649 


8 


11 11 

12 12 


8 


14 

15 


26 

27 


6 


lEthel- 
walch. 
2 


23 

24 

■ 


9— - 
10 


650 


10 

1 


13 13 


9 


16 


28 


8 


S 


25 


11 



248 FROM THE YEAB 



A.D. 



630 



631 



633 



636 



637 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Chosroes deposed and slain, Feb. 28. Siroes, by a treaty of peace, restores to the 
Romans all that had been taken from them. Heraclius returns in triumph to 
CP. George of Pisidia writes his Heracliad. Siroes, after a reign of seven 
months, is murdered, and Ardshir placed on the throne of Persia. Death ol 
Chlotair; his son Dagobert refuses to divide the kingdom with his brothers. 
Battle of Cirencester, between the West Saxons and Mercians, followed by a 
treaty of peace. 

Heraclius visits Jerusalem. Ardshir is slain by Shakriah, who in a few days 
meets the same fate, and Toorandokht, a daughter of Chosroes, is made queen of 
Persia. Mohammed conquers Mecca ; many Arabian tribes submit to him : he 
invades Palestine ; his first war against the Romans ; battle of Muta. Sige- 
bert, son of Redwald, recovers the throne of East Anglia; he introduces Chris- 
tianity, and founds schools. Modestus succeeds Zacharias, bishop of Jerusalem. 

Heraclius, in a conference at Hierapolis, originates the Monothelite controversy. 
Mohammed makes peace with Heraclius, and is acknowledged in all the coun- 
try between the Euphrates and the Red Sea. Cyrus, the last bishop of Alex- 
andria. 

After many revolutions in Persia, Cesra is made king. Felix, bishop of East 
Anglia, fixes his see at Dummoc (Dunwich). Fursey builds a monastery at Cno- 
bersburg (Burgh Castle, in Sufl"olk). 

Death of Mohammed, June 7, set. 63. His successor, Abu Beker, sends an army 
into Syria, under Abu Obeidah and Caled. They reduce Anbar and Hira. Siege 
and capture of Bosra. The Persians depose Cesra and elect Yezdejerd for king. 
The Era of Yezdejerd commences, June 17, 3624 days after the Hegira. Sige- 
bert, king of East Anglia, retires into a monastery, and is succeeded by Ecgric. 

The Mohammedans besiege Damascus, and defeat the army of Heraclius at Ajna- 
din. Penda the Mercian, and Cadwalla the Briton, make war on Edwin, king 
of Northumberland, who is defeated and slain, Oct. 12, in the battle of Heath- 
field (Hatfield Chase). His widow, Ethelberga, flies to her brother Eadbald in 
Kent, accompanied by Paulinus, who is appointed bishop of Rochester. So- 
phronius, the last bishop of Jerusalem. 

Damascus taken by the Saracens. Death of Abu Beker, Aug. 23, S3t. 63. On the 
death of Edwin, his nephew Osric, and Eanfrid, son of Ethelfrid, divide the 
kingdom of Northumberland, but are soon overcome and slain by Cadwalla. 
He, too, then falls in battle against Oswald, who, having rallied the Northum- 
brians, is, after his victory, made their king and the sixth Bretwalda. Birinus 
preaches Christianity to the West Saxons. 

Abu Obeidah and Caled lay siege to Emesa. Their operations are stopped by a 
truce for a year, concluded with Heraclius. Penda attacks East Anglia ; Sige- 
bert is dragged from his monastery to take the field against him, and is slain in 
battle, together with Ecgric. Anna succeeds to the throne. Oswald builds the 
first minster of stone in York. Cynegils, king of Wessex, is baptized, and makes 
Birinus bishop of Dorcic (Dorchester, near Oxford). Oswald gives Lindisfame, 
or Holy Island, to be the see of bishop Aidan. 

The Roman army destroyed by the Saracens in a battle of several days, near the 
river Hieromax, or Yei-muk. The greatest part of Syria subdued. Another 
Moslem army defeats the Persians at Cadesia. Bassorah founded. The coun- 
cil of Toledo recognizes Chintilla king of the Visigoths, and fixes the succession 
in his family. On the death of Ariwald, his widow, Gundeberga, marries Rotha- 
ris, duke of Brescia, and raises him to the throne of Lombardy. Baptism and 
death of Cuichelm, son of Cynegils. Death of Isidore of Seville, April 4. 

Emesa, Balbec, and Jerusalem taken by the Saracens. Said crosses the Tigris, 
and plunders Ctesiphon, or Modain, which is deserted for the new city of Cufa. 
The Persians are defeated near Jaloulah, and Yezdejerd retires to Ferganah. 

Heraclius, unable to resist the Mohammedans, retires to CP. Antioch, Csesarea, 
and Bersea (Aleppo) surrender ; the conquest of Syria is completed. Heraclius j 
occupies himself with the Monothelite controversy, and publishes his Ecthesis, i 
or Exposition of Faith. Rotharis takes Perusia, and in a bloody battle defeats 
the Exarch Isaac, who is replaced by Plato. Death of Dagobert ; his two sons 



628 TO 650 A.D. 



249 



Events and Eminent Men. 



644 



645 



646 
647 



649 



650 



succeed, Clovis to Neustria and Burgundy, Sigebert to Austrasia. Death of 
Honorius, Oct. 16, after which Rome had no bishop for 19 months. 

The plague rages in Syria ; death of Abu Obeidah, set. 58. Amrou invades Egypt ; 
his progress is aided by the Jacobite or Monophysite Copts. The mayors of 
the palace are all-powerful in France. Anna enlarges and endows the monas- 
tery of Fursey at Cnobersburg. Pyrrhus, bishop of CP. 

Alexandria taken by the Saracens, Dec. 22. (The reported interview between 
Amrou and Joannes Philoponus, and the destruction of the great library. Very 
doubtful.) Death of Eadbald, king of Kent. His son, Earconbert, destroys all 
idols in his dominions. Severinus, consecrated bishop of Rome, May 28, resists 
the Ecthesis of Heraclius ; he dies after a short pontificate, and is succeeded, 
with an interval of five months, by John IV. Omar forbids Mohammedans to 
navigate the sea. 

Death of Heraclius, Feb. 10. His joint successors are Constantine III. (his son 
by Eudocia), and Heracleonas (his son by Martina). The former dies, May 24, 
supposed to have been poisoned : the latter is banished, with his mother, Oct. 5, 
and Constans II., son of Constantine III., is declared emperor, set. 12. Con- 
quests of Rotharis in the north-western parts of Italy. Death of Arechis or 
Arigisus, who, during a reign of fifty years, had much enlarged the duchy of 
Beneventum. Pyrrhus deposed, and Paul appointed bishop of CP. 

The Mohammedans continue their conquests in Persia, and defeat Yezdejerd at 
Nehavend. Istria and Dalmatia are invaded by the Sclavonians. Ajo, duke of 
Beneventum, is slain by them, and succeeded by Radoaldo, who repulses the in- 
vaders. Oswald, king of Northumberland, falls in battle against Penda; his 
brother, Oswy, succeeds him, and is the seventh Bretwalda. 

Rotharis publishes his code of laws for the Lombards. Death of Cynegils, king of 
Wessex. His son, Kenwalk, succeeds him. 

The Persian Mohammedans venerate Ali, and form the sect of Shiites, in opposition 
to the Sonnites, or orthodox Moslem. The caliph Omar assassinated by a Per- 
sian. Egypt flourishes under the administration of Amrou ; he is recalled by 
the new caliph, Othman, and Abdallah appointed in his place. Oswin, son of 
Osric (see a.d. 634), claims the kingdom of Deiri; but finding himself unable 
to contend with Oswy, he disbands his forces and takes refuge with Earl Hun- 
wald. Death of Paulinus ; Ithamar succeeds him as bishop of Rochester. 

Constans and Paul favour the Monothelites. Pyrrhus, the deposed bishop of CP., 
recants his heresy at Rome. The reputation of Rotharis keeps the Avars and 
Slavonians quiet, and preserves peace in Italy. Penda conquers Wessex ; Ken- 
walk takes refuge in East Anglia. Chintasuinthus wishes to encourage learn- 
ing in Spain, and deputes the bishop of Saragossa to obtain from Pope Theodorus 
the works of Gregory the G-reat : he reforms the Visigothic code. 

Gregory, the praetorian prefect of Africa, assumes the purple. Theodorus excom- 
municates Paul of CP., and Cyrus, the expelled bishop of Alexandria. 

Abdallah advances from Egypt into Roman Africa. Defeat and death of Gregory. 
Grimoald succeeds his brother Radoaldo, as duke of Beneventum. 

Moawiyah conquers Cyprus. The Saracens advance into Khorasan. Constans 
issues his " Type," or model of faith. Kenwalk recovers Wessex, and builds 
Winchester cathedral. Sussex again independent under Ethelwalch. On the 
death of Felix, Thomas, from the provinee of the Gervii, is appointed bishop of 
the East Angles. 

The island of Aradus,on the coast of Phoenicia, is taken by Moawiyah. Constans 
orders the new Exarch Olympius, to enforce the adoption of his " Type," by the 
W^estem Church. It is rejected by the First liateran Council, at which the 
celibacy of the clergy is also more strictly ordained. 

Isauria subdued by the Saracens. Constans plunders many orthodox churches in 
Italy ; his attempt on that of St. Michael, on Mount Garganus, in Apulia, is re- 
pelled by Grimoaldo, duke of Beneventum. Oswin, the titular king of Deiri, 
is murdered by Oswy, at Ingethlingum (Gilling). Death of Aidan, bishop of 
Lindisfarne; Finan succeeds' him, Agilbert made bishop of Dorcic, on the 
death of Birinus. 



I I 



250 



PEOM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



Hegi- 



651 

652 

653 

654 
655 
656 
657 
658 
659 
660 
661 

662 
663 
664 

665 



32 

33 

34 
35 

36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 

42—43 
43—44 
44—45 
45—46 
46—4^ 
47—48 
48—49 



Eastern 
Empire. 



11 Con- 
stans II. 



IConstan- 
tine IV. 
or Pogo- 
natus. 



Exarchs 

OF 

Ravenna. 



3 Olym- 
pius. 

1 Theodo- 
rus, re- 
instated. 



10 

11 
12 
13 
14 

1 Gregory. 
2 
3 



Kingdom 

OP 
LOMBARDY 


BisHors 

OF 

Rome. 


16 Rotha- 
ris. 


3 Martin I. 


IRodoald. 


4 


1 Aribert 
I. 

2 

3 


6 

1 Enge- 
nius I. 


4 


2 


5 


1 Vitalia- 
nus. 


6 


2 


7 


3 


8 


4 


1 Bertari- 
dus and 
Gondi- 
l)ert. 

IGrimoald 

2 


5 

6 

7 


3 


8 — 

9 


5 


10 


6 


11 


7 


12 



Arabia. 



Sassani- 

DES OF 

Persia. 



8 Othman, 



10 — 

11 — 

1 Ali. 

2 — 

3 — 

4 — 



Finally 
subdued 
by the 
Sara- 



1 Hasan. 

1 Moawi- 
yahl. 

2 

3 

4 

5 



651 TO 668 A.D. 



251 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


France. 


NoRTHUM- East 

BERLAND. AnGLIA. 


B 

Essex. Wessex. 


aiTAIN. 

Sussex. Mercta. Kent. 
1 1 


651 

652 


14 Sige- 
bert 11. 

Clovis 
II. 14 

15 15 


10 Oswy. 

11 


17 Anna. 

18 


29Sigebert 

the Little. 

30 


9 Ken- 
walk. 

10 


4Ethel- 
walch. 

5 


26 Pen- 
da. 

27 


12 Ear- 
conbert. 

13 


653 


16 16 


12 


19 — 


31 


11 


6 


28 


14 


654 


17 17 


13 


1 Ethel- 
here. 


32 


12 


7 


29 


15 


655 


18 18 


14 


1 Ethel- 
wald. 


ISigebert 
tJie Good. 


13 _ 


8 


IPeada. 


16 


656 


Chlotair 
III. 1 


15 


2 


2 


14 


9 


2 


17 


657 


2 


16 


3 


3 


15 


10 


IWulf- 
here. 


18 


658 


3 


17 


4 


4 


16 


11 - — 


2 


19 


659 


4 


18 


5 


5 


17 


12 


3 


20 


660 
661 


5 

1 Ghilde- 
ricll. 

2 6 


19 

20 


6 

7 


6 

1 Suid- 
helm. 


18 

19 


13 

14 


4 

5 


21 

22 


662 


3 7 


21 


8 


2 


20 


15 


6 


23 


663 


4 8 


22 


9 


1 Sighere 
and Sebbi. 


21 


16 


7 


24 


664 


5 9 


23 


1 Ald- 
wulf. 


2 


22 


17 


8 


lEgbert. 


665 


6 10 


24 


2 


3 


23 


18 


9 


2 


ODD 


7 11 


25 


3 


4 


24 


19 


10 


3 


667 


8 12 


26 


4 


5 


25 


20 


11 


4 


668 


9 13 


27 


5 


6 


26 


21 


12 


5 



252 



FEOM THE YEAB 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



651 



652 



653 



654 



655 



656 



657 



658 



659 



Death of Yezdejerd, and end of the Persian kingdom. Grasolfo, duke of Frinli, 
is succeeded hy Ago ; and Deodelapio, duke of Spoleto, by Azzo. Oswy sends 
to Kent for Eanfleda, daughter of his predecessor, Edwin, and marries her. 
Penda invades Northumberland, and retires, after a vain attempt to burn Bam- 
borough. Emmeran preaches Christianity to the Bavarians. Origin of the 
Paulician sect at Samosata. 

Death of Rotharis, king of the Lombards. Kenwalk defeats the Britons at Brad- 
ford on the Avon. Olympius, having failed in his attempt to introduce the 
" Type," is recalled by Constaus, and Theodorus re-appointed Exarch of Ra- 
venna. 

Rhodes taken by the Mohammedans ; the remains of the Colossus (erected b.c. 
288, and thrown down b.c. 227) are broken up and carried away. Death of Chin- 
tasuinthus, king of Spain. Rodoald, son and successor of Rotharis, is assas- 
sinated by one of his subjects, whose wife he had violated; the Lombards elect 
Aribert, a Bavarian, for their king. The Exarch with an armed force seizes 
Martin, and conveys him to the island of Naxos. Peada, the eldest son of 
Penda, is converted to Christianity, with many of the Middle Saxons or Mer- 
cians ; he marries Elfleda, daughter of Oswy. Honorius dies and is succeeded by 
Deus-dedit, sixth Archbishop of Canterbury. On the death of Thomas, Bertgils, 
or Boniface, is appointed bishop of the East Angles. The eighth council of 
Toledo, composed of bishops and nobles, enacts, with the concurrence of the 
new king. Rechesuinthus, many laws both for Church and State. 

Martin is conducted to CP., publicly stripped of his pontifical robes, and imprisoned. 
After long hesitation, the Roman clergy elect Eugenius in his place. The Sa- 
racens begin to be generally discontented with their caliph, Othman, many 
letters and orders having been forged in his name by his secretary Mei*wan. 
Anna, king of the East Angles, falls in battle against Penda. Botolph builds 
the church of Yceanho (Boston). 

Constans is defeated by Moawiyah in a naval battle off the coast of Syria. The 
caliph, Othman, is assassinated June 18. set. 82. Ali is elected to succeed him. 
Martin is banished to Chersonesus, where he soon afterwards dies. Victory of 
Oswy at Winwidfield, near Leeds ; Penda, king of Mercia, and Ethelhere of 
East Anglia, are slain. Peada succeeds to the throne of Mercia, and introduces 
Christianity there. He appoints Diuma bishop of Repington, and founds the 
monastery of Medeshamstede (Peterborough). Ninth council of Toledo. Pyrr- 
hus, restored as bishop of CP., dies in five months, and is succeeded by Peter. 

Moawiyah revolts against Ali, and is supported by Ayesha, the widow of Mo- 
hammed, Amrou, Telha, and Zobeir. These dissensions suspend the conquests 
of the Saracens. Victory of Ali on " the day of the Camel." Telha and Zo- 
beir slain. Ayesha, made prisoner, is sent to Medina. Grimoald, mayor of the 
palace, endeavours to raise his sou to the throne of Austrasia, on the death of 
Sigebert. This attempt involves him in destruction. Clovis II. dies soon 
after, and his son Chlotair III. is for a time sole king of France. The new pa- 
triarch of CP. sends to Eugenius an unsatisfactory exposition of his faith, 
which causes great commotions at Rome among priests and people. 

Campaign of Ali and Moawiyah on the plain of Seffein. Vain efforts to settle 
their quarrel by single combat or arbitration. Insurrection of the Karegites 
against Ali. Peada treacherously murdered ; his brother Wulphere becomes 
king of Mercia. Ildefonso appointed bishop of Toledo. 

Constans takes the field against the Slavonians and repulses them. Amrou is 
sent by Moawiyah into Egypt, and expels All's partizans. Kenwalk defeats 
the Britons at Peonna (Pen). The abbot Maximus, a zealous opponent of the 
Monothelites, is condemned by Constans to amputation of his tongue, and 
banishment. 
Ali subdues the Karegites. Moawiyah fails in his attempt to take Bassorah ; he 
offers tenns of peace to the emperor Constans, which are rejected. The two 
rival caliphs publicly pray for each other, while they are waging fierce war. 
Cedd appointed bishop of the East Saxons by Sigebert; he builds churches at 
Tilsbury (Tilbury), and Ythanceaster (probably Witham). 



651 TO 6G8 A.D. 



253 



Events and Eminent Men. 



661 



662 



664 



665 



667 



Constans, having first compelled his brother Theodosius to be ordained a deacon, 
puts him to death, and is ever after tormented by the keenest remorse. Ali, set. 
63, is assassinated by a Karegite ; another attempts the life of Moawiyah, but 
fails. Hasan the eldest son of Ali, is elected caliph. Aribert finishes and 
endows the church of S. Salvatore at Pavia. Agilbert goes to France, and is 
made bishop of Paris. Wini succeeds him at Winchester ; Colman is made 
bishop of Lindisfarne, on the death of Finan. 

Hasan resigns the caliphate, and Moawiyah becomes the undisputed sovereign 
of the Saracenic empire. Another rebellion of the Karegites is quelled. Amrou 
governor of Egypt. Death of Aribert, and division of Lombardy between his 
two sons. Wulphere takes the Isle of Wight, and gives it to Ethelwalch, king 
of Sussex ; Eappa is sent to preach Christianity there. 

Constans, detested by all classes, leaves CP. and goes to Italy. The Senate and 
people detain the empress and his sons. Strife between the two young kings 
of Lombardy. Gondibert applies to Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, for assist- 
ance, and is murdered by him. Bertaridus seeks the protection of the Avars 
in Pannonia. Grimoald, left master of Lombardy, is chosen king. 

Constans collects an army and invades Beneventum. On the approach of Gri- 
moald, he abandons the enterprise, but during his retreat, is attacked and de- 
feated by Micola, Count of Capua. He after this visits Rome, and carries away 
whatever he can seize, among other things the brazen tiles of the Pantheon. 
With this booty he retires to Syracuse. Death of Amrou. Vitalianus enjoins 
the services of the church to be read in Latin, throughout all Christendom. 

Bertaridus surrenders himself to Grimoald and is kindly received ; but afterwards, 
fearing for his life, he withdraws secretly into France. The attendants, who 
had assisted his escape, are pardoned and rewarded by Grimoald, and allowed to 
follow their master. Moawiyah appoints as his lieutenant in Persia, India, 
and the East, his half-brother, Ziyad, *' the greatest man of the age." Hilda, 
abbess of Streaneshalch (Sinus Pari, Bede. Littoris Angulus. Somner : now 
Whitby). A Synod held in this abbey to fix the proper time for celebrating 
Easter. Colman's opinion being over-ruled there, he retires into Scotland. 
Tuda, who succeeds him as bishop of Lindisfarne, dies of the pestilence now 
raging in Britain. The kings Earconbert and Ethelwald, and Deus-dedit, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, are carried off by it. The sun eclipsed, May 1st. 

Chlotair attempting to restore Bertaridus is defeated near Asti, by Grimoald. Con- 
stans distresses Sicily and southern Italy by heavy taxes. Okbah or Akbah, 
sent by Moawiyah to conquer Africa. Wilfrid, abbot of Rhypum (Ripon), is or- 
dained bishop of Lindisfarne, afterwards archbishop of York ; Chad, abbot of Les- 
tingau fLastingham), bishop of Repton, and then removes the see to Lichfield. 

Grimoald, having invited the Avars to repress the rebellion of Lupus, duke of 
Friuli, is obliged to expel these allies from his kingdom. During an alterca- 
tion between Vitalianus and Maurus, bishop of Ravenna, Constans declares the 
latter exempt from the authority of Rome, and instructs the new Exarcti, Gre- 
gory, to enforce his edict. Abdarrhaman, the sou of Caled, is poisoned in Syria, 
and Hejer, a noted follower of Ali, beheaded. Council of Emerita (Merida), 
held by Ildefonso. Thomas II. patriarch of CP. 

The Exarch Gregory fails, in an effort to arrest the progress of the Mohamme- 
dans in Africa ; they conquer Numidia, and advance into Mauritania. Reche- 
suinthus reduces the Basque provinces in Spain, and revises the laws of his 
kingdom. Wighard is sent to Rome, to be consecrated archbishop of Canter- 
bury, and dies there of the plague. 
Moawiyah revokes Omar's interdict against navigation, and sends his son Yezib, 
by sea, with a powerful army to besiege CP. In fruitless attacks, the Mohamme- 
dans lose many men, and among them Abu Jyub. On the approach of winter, 
they retire to Cyzicus. Constans assassinated in a bath at Syracuse, July 15, 
set. 56. The Sicilians set up a handsome youth, named Mecezius, as emperor. 
Grimoald revises and extends the code of Rotharis ; his son, Romoald, adds Ta- 
rentum and Enindusium, to the duchy of Beneventum. Theodore, of Tarsus, 
consecrated at Rome, archbishop of Canterbury. John V. patriarch of CP. 



254 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 


Hegt- 

RA. 


Eastern 

Empire. 


Exarchs 

of 
Ravenna. 


Kingdom 

OF 

Lombards 


Bishops 

OF 

Rome. 


Arabia. 


Visigoths 
IN Spain. 


France. 


669 


49-50 


2Constan- 


4 Gregory 


8 Grimo- 


13 Vitali- 


9Moawi- 


17 Reche- 


Chlotair 






tine IV. 




ald. 


anus. 


yah I. 


suinthus. 


III. 14 






or Poga- 












lOChilde- 






natus. 












ric 11, 


670 


50—51 


3 


5 


9 


14 


10 


18 


11 

Thierry 
III.' 1 


671 


51—52 


4 


6 


1 Berta- 
ridus re- 
stored. 


15 


11 


19 


12 2 


672 


52—53 


5 


7 


2 


1 Adeo- 
datus. 


12 . 


IWamba 


13 3 


673 


53-54 


6 


8 


3 


2 


13 


2 


14 4 


674 


54—55 


7 


9 


4 


3 


14 


3 


5 

1 Dago- 
beri II. 


675 


55—56 


8 


10 — - 


5 


4 


15 


4 


2 6 


676 


56—57 


9 


11 


6 


1 Dom- 
nusl. 


16 


5 


3 7 


677 


57—58 


10 


12 


7 


2 


17 . 


6 


4 8 


678 


59 


11 


1 Theodo- 
rus 11. 


8 

Cunibert 1 


1 Agatho. 


18 


7 


5 9 


679 


60 


12 


2 


9—2 


2 


19 


8 


6 10 

.Thier- 
rylll.ll 


680 


61 


13 


3 — 


10 3 


3 


lYezidl. 


1 Ervi- 
gius. 


{ 1 Martin 
& Pepin 
^Dukes. 


681 


62 


14 


4 


11 4 


4 


2 


2 


12 

1 Pepin 
alone. 


682 


63 


15 


5 


12 -5 


1 Leo II. 


3 


3 


2 13 


683 


64 


16 


6 


13 6 


None. 


IMoawi- 
yah II. 


4 


3 14 


684 


65 


17 


7 


14 7 


1 Bene- 
dict 11. 


1 Mer- 
wanl. 


5 


4 15 


685 


66 


1 Justi- 
nian II. 


8 


15 8 


1 John V. 


lAbdal- 
melik. 


6 - — 


5 16 


686 


67 


2 


9 


16 — - 9 


1 Conon. 


2 ' 


7 • 


6 17 


687 


68 


3 


1 Joannes 
Plato. 


17 10 


I Sergi- 
us I. 


3 


1 Egica. 


7 18 


688 


69 


4 


2 


11 Cuni- 
bert. 


2 


4 


2 


8 ^ 19 


689 


70 


5 


3 


12 


3 


5 


3 


9 20 



669 TO 089 A.D. 



255 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 

669 


Northum- 
berland. 


East 
Anqlia. 


Britain or England. 
Essex. Wessex. Sussex. Mercja. 


Kent. 


28 Oswy. 


6 Aldwulf. 


7 Sighere 
and Sebbi. 


27 Ken- 
walk. 


22 Ethel- 
walch. 


13 Wulf- 
here. 


6 Egbert. 


670 


1 Egfrid. 


7 


8 


28 


23 


14 


7 


671 


2 


8 


9 


29 


24 


15 


8 


672 


3 


9 


10 . 


ISex- 
burga. 


25 


16 


9 


673 


4 


10 


11 


2 


26 


17 


1 Lothere. 


674 


5 


11 


12 


1 Escwin. 


27 


18 


2 


675 


6 


12 


13 


2 


28 


1 Ethel- 
red. 




676 


7 


13 


14 


1 Kent- 
win. 


29 


2 


4 


677 


8 


14 . 


15 


2 


30 


3 


5 


678 


9 


15 




3 


31 


4 


6 


679 


10 


16 


17 


4 


32 


5 


7 


680 


11 


17 


18 


5 


33 


6 


8 


681 


12 


18 


19 


6 


34 


7 


9 


682 


13 . 


19 


20 


7 


35 


8 


10 


683 


14 


20 


21 


8 


36 


9 


11 


684 


15 


21 


22 


9 


37 


10 


12 


685 
686 

687 i 


1 Alfrid. 
3 


22 

23 

24 _ 


23 

24 

25 


ICffid- 

walla. 

2 

n — 


38 

iBerthun 
and Aud- 
him. 
2 


11 

12 

13 


1 Edric. 
2 

3 


688 


4 


25 


26 


1 Ina. 


3 


14 


4 


■ 689 


5 


26 


27 — • 


2 


Subject to 
Wessex, 


15 


5 



















256 FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 
669 

670 

671 
672 
673 

674 

675 

676 

677 
678 

679 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Constantine arrives in Sicily with a fleet and anny, subdues and kills Mecezius, 
From the growth of his beard during this expedition he is called Pogonatus. 
The Saracens invade Sicily and take Syracuse. Putta bishop of Kochester. 
The church of Reculver built. 

Death of Chlotair III. The mayor of the palace, Ebroin, proclaims as king of 
Neustria and Burgundy, Theodoric, or Thierry III., a younger brother of Chil- 
deric II. Eertaridus leaves France and seeks protection in Britain. Grimoald 
plants a colony of Bulgarians in Beneventum. Akbah founds Cairoan, near 
Carthage. Death of Oswy, the last Bretwalda, Feb. 15, set. 58. Eleutherius, 
or Hlothere, succeeds Wini, as bishop of Winchester. Hadrian appointed abbot 
of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, encourages learning among his monks. 

Death of Grimoald ; his son Garibald set aside by the Lombards, who recal Ber- 
taridus, and place him on the throne. The Franks compel Ebroin and Thierry 
to retire into a monastery, and Childeric for a time reigns alone. 

Death of Rechesuinthus. Death of Ziyad ; his son Obeidollah, appointed by 
Moawiyah lieutenant of Khorassan, penetrates into Bockhara, and defeats the 
Turks. On the decease of Kenwalk, his widow Sexburga governs Wessex. 

The Saracens year after year repeat their attacks on CP. ; the Greek fire invented 
by Callinicus, is used successfully in its defence. Assassination of Childeric II. 
and his queen Bilichilda. Thierry III. and Ebroin leave their monastery and 
resume the government of Neustria. Death of Egbert, king .of Kent. Synod 
held at Hertford. Etheldrida, Egfrid's queen, founds the minster of Ely. Birth 
of Bede at Weaimouth. 

Revolts of the Gascons and duke Paulus repressed by Wamba ; Narbonne and 
Nismes taken by him. Dagobert, son of Sigebert II., who had been sent to 
Ireland on his father's death, is brought back and placed on the throne of Aus- 
trasia, by Wulfoald. Sexburga retires into a monastery, and Escwin, of the 
race of Kerdic, ascends the throne of Wessex. The Bavarians, Thuringians, 
and some other German subjects of Austrasia regain their independence. Con- 
stantine patriarch of CP. 

The Saracens, attempting to invade Spain, are defeated by Wamba in a naval 
battle. Moawiyah appoints his son Yezid to be his succcessor, and makes the 
caliphate hereditary in his family. Wulfhere defeated at Beadan-head by Esc- 
win. Death of Wulfhere. Pilgrimage to Rome becomes very prevalent. The 
siege of CP. finally abandoned by the Mohammedans. 

Hosein, son of Ali, and three of his friends, protest against the succession of 
Yezid. Italy peaceful and prosperous under Bertaridus. Ethelred, king of 
Mercia, ravages Kent, and destroys Rochester. Hedda succeeds Eleutherius as 
bishop of Winchester. Death of Escwin. Kentwin, son of Cynegils, king of 
Wessex. Theodore I. patriarch of CP. Benedict Biscop, abbot of Wear- 
mouth. 

Revolt of the Mardaites of Mount Libanon, against the Saracens ; the latter con- 
clude a treaty of peace for thirty years with the Romans, and agree to pay an 
annual tribute. Death of Ayesha. Death of Romoaldo, duke of Beneventum, 
and accession of his son, Grimoald II. Domnus restores the authority of Rome 
over the church of Ravenna. 

The Bulgarians establish themselves in the north of Thrace, between the Danube 
and Mount Hsemas. Bertaridus makes his son Cunibert joint king with himself. 
Egfrid expels Wilfrid from York, and divides his diocese. Wilfrid retires to 
Rome, and obtains from pope Agatho an order for his restoration. Egfrid re- 
sists the papal interference, Theodorus I. deposed and George I. appointed 
patriarch of CP. A large comet visible for three months, from August to 
October. 

A. council held at Rome for the reunion of the Greek and Latin churches. The 
clergy of Ravenna quarrel with their archbishop and secede to Classe ; they are 
reconciled by the Exarch Theodorus. War between Egfrid and Ethelred. Eg- 
frid's brother Elfwin slain in a battle nearthe Trent; death of his queen Ethel- 
drida. Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, mediates a peace between them. 
The monastery of Coldingham burnt. 



669 TO 689 A.D- 



257 



A.D.I 



Events and Eminent Men. 



680 



681 



682 



685 



Death of Moawiyah. Mecca and Medina refuse to acknowledge Yezid. Hosein, 
son of Ali, slain. Abdallah proclaimed caliph at Medina. Dagobert II. mur- 
dered ; after which, Pepin of Heristal, and Martin, nile Austrasia, with the title 
of dukes. Attempt to poison Wamha ; he resigns his crown and retires into a 
monastery; Ervigius succeeds him as king of the Yisigoths. The sixth general 
council held at CP. confinns all previous decisions against the Monothelites, and 
for a time reconciles the Eastern and Western churches. An English synod 
held at Heathfeld (Bishop's Hatfield, Herts), concurs in this exposition of faith 
Ceedmon, the Anglo-Saxon poet, is a monk at Whitby. Death of the abbess 
Hilda. Bede educated by Benedict Biscop. 

'Cruelty of Constantine to his brothers. He gives the title of Augustus to his son 
Justinian, and obtains the favour of the church by remitting the payment made 
on the election of a new pope. Ervigius recognized by the council of Toledo, 
Medina taken by Yezid's lieutenant, Meslem, who dies on his way to attack 
Abdallah, in Mecca. The mayor of the palace, Ebroin, assassinated. Pepin 
becomes all powerful in France. The council of CP. deposes Macarius, titular 
bishop of Antioch, and condemns the former pope Honorius, and other deceased 
prelates, who had favoured Monothelite opinions. Wilfrid returns to England 
and completes the conversion of the South Saxons. 

Hosein presses the siege of Mecca. Kentwin extends his kingdom into many 
lands still held by the Cymri. 

Death of Yezid, set. 39. His son Moawiyah 11. set. 21, succeeds him, but after a 
reign of six weeks, wishes to resign. Hosein abandons the siege of Mecca. 
Theodore I. restored to be patriarch of CP. The papacy vacant twelve months 
after the death of Leo II. 

Constantine sends to Rome locks of hair of his two sons, in token of their adoption 
by the church. On the resignation of Moawiyah, Merwan is elected caliph by 
the Ommiyahs, but dies at the end of two hundred and ninety-eight days. Ab- 
dallah still supported by a powerful party. Egfrid sends Beort with an army 
into Ireland, and lays waste the country. 

Death of Constantine Pogonatus. Accession of Merwan's son, Abdalmelik. Egfrid 
attacks the Cymri of Strath-cluyd,by whom he is slain in battle, May 20, set. 40 ; 
he is succeeded by his brother Alfrid. Csedwalla obtains the kingdom of 
Wessex. Edric, son of Egbert, assisted by the South Saxons, overcomes Lo- 
there, and makes himself king of Kent. Cuthbert appointed bishop of Lindis- 
fame and Hexham. 

Abdalmelik, by a treaty with Justinian, continues his tribute to the empire, but 
stipulates, that the Romans shall repress the revolt of the Mardaites. Con- 
tinued civil war among the Saracens, Deaths of Obeidollah and Al Moktar. 
Abdallah taken prisoner. Csed walla conquers the Isle of Wight, and invades 
Sussex. Ethelwalch slain ; his generals, Berthun and Andhun, expel the in- 
vaders and rule the kingdom. Paul III. patriarch of CP. Contention of the 
clergy and soldiers of Rome, for the appointment of a pope, after the death of 
John Y. Wilfrid restored by Alfrid. 

Justinian removes a large part of the Mardaites into Armenia. Syria and Spain 
suffer by a great famine. Pepin confirms his power by the defeat of Thierry III. 
at Testry. Death of Ervigius, IS'ov. 15 ; his son-in-law, Egica, succeeds to the 
throne of Spain. Caedwalla makes an attempt on Kent; his brother, Mul, is 
taken prisoner and burnt alive, with twelve others. Intrigues and struggles 
again for the papal chair. The new exarch demands a hundred pounds in gold, 
as the price for confirming the election of Sergius. 

Unsuccessful expedition of Justinian against the Bulgarians. Revolt of Amrou, 
son of Said; he is overcome and killed by Abdalmelik. Death of Bertaridus. 
Cuuibert sole king of Lombardy ; his queen, Ermelinda, is daughter of one of 
the Anglo-Saxon kings, probably C'gedwalla. Egica punishes the conspirators, 
who had deposed Wamba, and holds the fifteenth council of Toledo. Csedwalla 
resigns the crown of Wessex to Ina and goes to HBme. 

Campaign of Justinian in Syria. Death of Caedwalla, at Rome, John, called St. 
John of Inderawood (Deirwald or Beverley), bishop of York. Ceolfrid, abbot 
of Weannouth, one of Bede's instructors. 

K K 



258 



FEOM THE TEAJS 







Eastern 
Empire. 


Exarchs Kingdom 


Bishops 




Visigoths 




A.D. 


Hegi- 


OF OP 


OF 


A.RABIA. 


IN 


Fbance. 




BA. 


Ravenna. 1 


[iOMBARDY 


Rome. 




Spain. 




690 


71 


6 Justi- 


4 Joannes 


13 Cuni- 


4 Sergi- 


6Abdal- 


4 Egica. 


Thierry 






niau II. 


Plato. 


bert. 


us I. 


melik. 




III. 21 

10 Pepin. 


691 


72 


7 


5 


14 


5 


7 


5 


11 

Clovis III. 

1 
12 2 


692 


73 


8 


6 


15 


6 


8 


6 


693 


74-75 


9 


7 


16 


7 • 


9 


7 


13 3 


694 


75—76 


10 


8 


17 


8 


10 


8 


14 4 


695 


76—77 


I Leon- 
tius. 


9 


18 


9 


11 


9 


15 

Childebert 
III. 1 


696 


77—78 


2 


10 


19 


10 


12 


10 


16 2 


697 


78—79 


3 


11 


20 


11 


13 


11 


17 3 


698 


79—80 


1 Tiberius 
III., or 
Absimar. 


12 


21 


12 


14 


12 


18 4 


699 


80-81 


2 


13 


22 


13 


15 


13 


19 5 


700 


81-82 


3 — 


14 


1 Liut- 
bert. 


14 


16 


14 


20 6 


701 


82—83 


4 


15 


1 Ragim- 
bert. 
1 Aribert 
II. 


1 JohnVI. 


17 


1 Witiza. 


21 7 


702 


83-84 


5 


1 Theo- 
phylactus. 


2 


2 


18 


2 


22 8 


703 


84-85 


6 


2 


3 


3 


19 


3 


23 9 


704 


85—86 


7 


3 


4 ^, 


4 


20 


4 


24 10 


705 


86—87 


1 Justini- 
an II. 

restored. 


4 


5 


I John 
VII. 


1 Walid 
I. 


5 


25 11 


706 


87-88 


2 


5 


6 


2 


2 


6 


26 12 


707 


88-89 


3 


6 


7 


3 


3 


7 


27 13 


708 


89—90 


4 


7 


8 . 


1 Sisinni- 
us. 

1 Con- 
Stan tine 


4 


8 


28 14 


709 


90—91 


5 


8 


9 


2 


5 


9 — — 


29 15 


710 


91—92 


6 


1 Joannes 
Rizocopns 


10 


3 


6 


10 


30 16 


711 


92-93 


1 Philip- 
picus 
Bardanes. 


1 Euty- 
chius. 


U 


4 


"~ 


1 Roderic 
The Visi- 
gothic 


31 

Dagobert 
III. 1 


T12 


93-94 


2 


2 


lAn- 

sprando 
1 Liut- 
prand. 


5 


8 


kingdom 
is over- 
thrown. 
Years of 


32 2 


713 


94— 9£ 


) lAnasta 
sius II. 


- 1 Scholas- 
ticus. 


2 


6 


9 


confusion 
ensue. 


33 3 



690 TO 713 A.D. 



259 



Eepe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Doges of 
Venice. 


NORTHUM- 
BEBLAND. 


East 
Anglia. 


Britain or England. 

Essex. Wessex. Mercia, 


Kent. 


690 




6 Alfrid. 


27 Aldwulf. 


28 Sighere 
and Sebbi. 


3Ina. 


16 Ethel- 
red. 


6 Edric. 


691 




7 


28 


29 


4 


17 


7 


692 
693 

694 
695 




8 

9 

10 

11 


29 

30 

31 

32 


30 

i Sighard 
and Sue- 
fred. 

2 

3 


5 

6 

7 

8 


18 

19 

20 

21 


8 

IWictred. 

2 

3 


696 




12 


33 


4 


9 


22 


4 


697 
698 


1 Anafes- 
tus. 
2 


13 

14 


34 

35 


5 

6 


10 

11 — 


23 

24 


5 . 

6 


699 


3 


15 


36 


7 


12 


25 


7 


700 


4 


16 


37 


lOffa. 


13 


26 


8 


701 


5 


17 


38 


2 


14 


27 


9 


702 


6 


18 


39 


3 


15 


28 


10 


703 


7 


19 


40 


4 . 


16 


29 


11 


704 


8 


20 


41 


5 


17 


1 Caenred. 


12 


705 


9 


1 Osred. 


42 . 


6 


18 


2 


13 


706 


10 


2 


43 


7 


19 


3 


14 


707 


11 


3 


44 


8 


20 


4 


15 


708 


12 


4 


45 


9 


21 


5 


16 


709 
710 


13 

14 


5 

6 


46 

47 


1 Sueb- 
richt. 

2 


22 

23 


1 Ceolred. 

2 


17 

18 


711 


15 


7 


48 


3 


24 


3 


19 


! 712 


16 — 


8 


49 


4 


25 


4 


20 


713 


17 — 


9 


1 Selred. 


5 


26 


5 


21 



















260 



TEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



692 



697 



700 
701 
702 

703 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Alachis, duke of Trent and Brescia, rebels against Cunibert, and falls in battle. 
Abdallah's brother, Musab, defeated and slain at Masken, by Abdalmelik ; all 
Irak submits to him. Death of Theodore ; he is succeeded by Berthwald, the 
first Saxon archbishop of Canterbury. Two Anglo-Saxon missionaries, Kilian 
and Wilbrord, of Ripon, preach in Germany. First appearance of the Obo- 
trites in Northern Germany. 

Justinian attempts to transplant the whole population of Cyprus. Abdalmelik 
recovers Persia. Pepin allows Clovis III. to succeed Thierry III. as nominal 
king of Neustria. Council of CP. called " Quinisextum in Trullo ;" not acknow- 
ledged by the Western church. Wilfrid again expelled. 

The Mohammedans defeat the army collected by Justinian at Sebastopolis. Cap- 
ture of Mecca, and death of Abdallah. Abdalmelik undisputed caliph. Sergius 
resists Jastinian's summons to CP. Ina gives a code of laws to the West 
Saxons. Bede receives deacon's orders from John, bishop of York. 

The Mohammedans conquer Armenia. Hassan, governor of Egypt, renews the 
war in Africa. Sisbertus, archbishop of Toledo, deposed by Egica, and the six- 
teenth council held there. Felix, bishop of Seville, appointed primate in his 
place. A form of prayer, for the sovereign and his family, first ordained by this 
council. Callinicus 1, patriarch of CP. Tobias succeeds Gebmund, bishop of 
Rochester. 

Justinian's two ministers, Stephen and Theodotus, provoke his subjects by their 
oppressions; Leontius imprisoned. The Kentish-men pay a legal compensa- 
tion in money to Ina, for the death of Mul. Wictred holds a council, at Bac- 
cancelde (Beckenham). 

Leontius, released from prison, is proclaimed emperor. Justinian, with his nose 
cut off (Rhinotmetus), is banished to Cherson, in the Crimea. Abdalmelik coins 
the first Arabian money ; Somyor, a Jew, is his mint-master. 

The seventeenth and last council of Toledo. Continued persecution of the Jews 
in Spain. Revolt of Shebib suppressed by Hejaj. Pepin favours the preaching 
of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries among the Franks and Frisians. He appoints 
Wilbrord, under the name of Clemens, bishop of Utrecht. Rupert bishop of 
Worms. 

Carthage taken by Hassan ; recovered by an army sent from CP. by Leontius, 
under the prefect John, assisted by Visigothic forces from Spain. Commerce 
flourishes in the Venetian isles ; they unite for self-government, and elect their 
first Doge, with a council of tribunes and judges. 

Hassan storms and destroys Carthage. The Greeks retire to Candia, where they 
make Absimar emperor, under the name of Tiberius. On their return to CP. 
Leontius is deposed, deprived of his nose, and sent to a monastery in Dalmatia. 

The Berbers, or wild shepherds of Mount Atlas, resist successfully the progress 
of the Mohammedans. Beort, the ealdorman of Northumberland, defeated and 
slain by the Britons of Strathcluyd. 

Death of Cunibert ; his young son, Liutbert, succeeds him, under the guardian- 
ship of Ansprando. The Mohammedans, repulsed from Antaradus, retire to 
Mopsuestia. 

Rebellion and death''of Abdarrhaman. Ragimbert, son of Gondibert (see a.d. 662), 
expels Liutbert and seizes the throne of Lombardy ; dying a few months after 
this, he is succeeded by his son Aribert. 

Ansprando defeated in an attempt to expel Aribert ; Liutbert made prisoner and 
put to death. Witiza renders himself unpopular by his vices. Gisolfo II., 
duke of Beneventum, invades Campania. 

Aribert drives Ansprando from an island in the Lake of Como, to which he had 
fled ; he is received, with his young son Liutprand, by the Bavarians and pro- 
tected by them. Alfrid encourages learning. Adamnan, abbot of lona, presents 
to him his book " On the Holy Places." On the death of Hedda his diocese is 
divided; Daniel succeeds him as Bishop of Winchester, and the new see of 
Sherborne is given to Aldhelm, abbot of Malmesbury, a noted scholar. Bede 
ordained priest. 



690 TO 713 A.D. 



261 




704 



705 



706 
707 



708 
709 



710 



711 



712 



713 



Justinian having escaped from Cherson, and passed through many adventures 
among the Chozars, takes refuge with the Bulgarians. Ethelred retires into a 
monastery, and leaves the crown of Mercia to Csenred. Alfrid resists the papal 
mandate to restore Wilfrid. 

Terbelis, with an army of Bulgarians, restores Justinian to his throne ; he inflicts 
bloody vengeance for his expulsion; Leontius and Absimar are beheaded. 
Death of Abdalmelik, aet. 60. Death of Alfrid, king of Northumberland. Cal- 
linicus deposed and banished by Justinian. Cyrus patriarch of CP. Wilfrid 
restored by Osred. 

The pope John VII. refuses to accept, or even revise, the acts of the council of 
CP. (a.d. 691), which Justinian requires him to adopt. Ferdulfo, duke of 
Friuli, slain in an encounter with a band of Slavonians, 

The Mohammedans, under Musa, overcome the Berbers, and are masters of all 
Northern Africa ; they establish themselves in the valley of the Indus under 
Catibah, conquer Karisme, Bokhara and Samarcand, whence they introduce the 
manufacture of paper. Aribert gives (or restores) the patrimony of the Cottian 
Alps to the church of Rome. 

Justinian, unmindful of his obligations to Terbelis, attacks the Bulgarians, and is 
defeated by them at Anchialus. Sisinnius, elected pope on the death of John 
VII., dies, after holding the pontificate twenty days. 

Theodorus, by order of Justinian, plunders Ravenna, and sends the principal 
citizens prisoners to CP., where they are cruelly murdered. Tyana taken by 
the Mohammedans. Offa, king of Essex, and Csenred of Mercia, abdicate and 
retire to Rome. Ina compiles his code of laws. Death of Aldhelm ; Forthere 
bishop of Sherborne. Death of Wilfrid at Undalum (Oundle). Albinus, abbot 
of St. Augustin's, Canterbury, a friend of Bede. 

First landing of the Mohammedans in Spain at Tarifa ; after an inroad as far as 
Algeziras, they return to Ceuta. Pope Constantine, by order of Justinian, sets 
out for CP. Ina defeats the British chieftain, Geraint. Acca succeeds Wilfrid 
as bishop of Hagulstad, or Hexham. Naitan, a king of the North Britons, 
applies to Ceolfrid, abbot of Wearmouth, for spiritual advice and architects to 
build churches. 

Tarik, with a larger force, lands at Calpe, now called Gibraltar {Gebel al Tank — 
the mountain of Tarik). Roderic, " the last of the Goths," succeeds Witiza, 
whose two sons, with their uncle, the archbishop of Toledo, and Count Julian, 
conspire against the new king and assist the invaders. Battle of Xeres, 
July 19 — 26. Death of Roderic and end of the Visigothic kingdom in Spain. 
The cruelties of Justinian provoke a revolt at Ravenna; he dispatches a fleet 
and army to destroy Cherson and massacre its inhabitants. Constantine, ho- 
nourably received by the emperor, is dismissed back to Rome, without any 
apparent cause for his journey. The people of Cherson proclaim Bardanes em- 
peror, under the name of Philippicus ; the fleet and army espouse his cause, and 
conduct him to CP., where he is universally acknowledged, and J stinian put 
to death. 

Aided by the oppressed and disaffected Jews, Tarik subdues Spain; Musa, 
jealous of his lieutenant's success, takes the command himself. Ansprando, 
with a Bavarian army, overcomes Aribert, who is drowned in his flight ; after a 
reign of three months, the conqueror dies, and is succeeded by his son Liut- 
prand. The emperor Philippicus causes great discontent, by attempting to 
annul the acts of the sixth general council. Cyrus ejected from CP., and 
John VI. made patriarch. 

Thrace plundered by the Bulgarians, andPisidia conquered by the Mohammedans. 
Philippicus assassinated ; his secretary Artemius raised to the throne with the 
name of Anastasius II. Musa crosses the Pyrenees and conquers as far as 
Narbonne ; his son Abdelaziz obtains, by treaty with Theodemir of Murcia, full 
possession of Valencia, Alicant, and other neighbouring cities. The Gothic 
fugitives begin to collect and defend themselves in the mountains of the As- 
turias, Liutprand adds new laws to those of Rotharis and Grimoald. Abdelaziz 
marries Egilona, widow of Roderic. 



262 



FEOM THE TEAR 









Exarchs 


Kingdom 


Bishops 








A.D. 


Hegira. 


Eastern 


OF 


OP LOM- 


OP 


Spain. 


France. 






Empire. 


Ravenna. 


BARDY. 


Rome. 


Goths. 


Saracens. 




714 


95— 96 


2 Anasta- 


2 Scholas- 


3 Liut- 


7 Con- 






34 Pepin. 






sius II. 


ticus. 


prand. 


stantine. 






Dagobert 
III. 4 


715 


96— 97 


3 


3 . 


4 


1 Gre- 
gory II. 






1 Charles 
Martel. 

Chilperic 
II. 1 


716 


97—98 


1 Theodo- 
sius III. 


4 


5 


2 


1 Pelayo. 


Ahdelaziz. 


2 2 


717 


99 


1 Leo III. 
the Isau- 
rian. 


5 _ 


6 — 


3 


2 


Ayoub. 


3 3 


718 


100 


2 


6 • 


7 


4 


3 


Alhafir or 
Alchame. 


4 4 


719 


101 


3 ■- 


7 


8 


5 


4 




5 5 


720 


101—102 


4 


8 


9 


6 


5 


Zaiiia or 
Alsama. 


6 

Thierry 
IV. 1 


721 


102-103 


5 


9 


10 


7 


6 


Ahderah- 
man. 


7 2 


722 


103—104 


6 


10 


11 


8 


7 


Ambisa. 


8 3 


723 


104—105 


7 


11 


12 


9 


8 — 




9 4 


724 


105—106 


8 


12 


13 


10 


9 




10 5 


725 


106—107 


9 


13 


14 


11 


10 


Hodelra. 


11 6 


726 


107—108 


10 


14 


15 


12 


11 


Yahia. 


12 7 


727 


108—109 


11 


1 Paul. 


16 


13 


12 


Othman, 
Hodaifa. 


13 8 


728 


109—110 


12 


1 Euty- 

chius, 

reinstated. 


17 


14 


13 


Alhaitan. 


14 ^—9 


729 


110—111 


13 


2 


18 


15 


14 


Muham- 
med, Ben 
Abdallah. 


15 10 


730 


112 


14 


3 


19 


16 


15 


Abderah- 
man. 


16 11 


731 


113 


15 


4 


20 


1 Grego- 
ry III. 


16 




17 12 


732 


114 


16 


5 


21 


2 


17 


Abdelme- 
lic. 


18 13 


733 


115 


17 


6 


22 


3 


18 




19 14 


734 


116-117 


18 


7 


23 


4 


19 




20 15 


735 


117—118 


19 


8 


24 


5 


20 




21 16 


736 


118—119 


20 


9 


25 


6 


21 


Okbah, or 
Ocba. 


22 17 



714 TO 736 A.D. 



263 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Arabia. 


Doges of 
Venice. 


umbI?: east Britain or England. 

LAND. Anglia. Essex, Wessex. Mercia. 
1 


Kent. 


714 


10 Walid 
I. 


18 Anafes- 
tus. 


lOOsred. 


2Selred. 


6 Sueb- 
richt. 


27 Ina. 


6 Ceolred. 


22 Wic- 
tred. 


715 


1 Soli- 
man. 


19 


11 


3 


7 


28 


7 


23 


716 
717 


2 

lOmar 
II. 


20 

1 Marco 
Tegliano. 


1 Kenric. 


5 


9 


29 

30 


1 Ethel- 
bald. 

2 


24 

25 


718 


2 


2 


1 Osric. 


6 


10 


31 


3 


26 


719 


3 


3 


2 


7 


11 


32 


4 


27 


720 


1 Yezld 
11. 


4 


3 


8 


12 


33 


5 


28 


721 


2 


5 


4 


9 ' 


13 


34 


6 


29 


722 


3 


6 


5 


10 


14 


35 


7 


30 


723 


4 


7 


6 


11 


15 


36 


8 


31 


724 

725 

726 


IHa- 

shem, or 

Hixem. 

2 

3 


8 

9 

1 Orso. 


7 

8 

9 


12 

13 

14 


16 

17 

18 


37 

38 

39 


9 

10 

11 


lEad- 

bert. 


727 


4 


2 


10 


15 — 


19 


40 


12 


3 


728 


5 


3 


11 


16 


20 


1 Etbel- 
ard. 


13 


4 


729 


6 


4 


1 Ceol- 
wulf. 


17 


21 


2 


14 


5 


730 


7 


5 


2 


18 


22 


3 


15 . 


6 


731 


8 


6 


3 


19 


23 


4 


16 


7 


732 


9 


7 


4 


20 


24 


5 


17 


8 


733 


10 


8 


5 


21 


25 


6 


18 


9 


734 


11 


9 


6 


22 — 


26 


7 


19 


10 


735 


12 


10 


7 


23 


27 


8 


20 


11 


736 


13 


11 


8 


24 


28 


9 


21 


12 





















264 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



715 



716 



717 

718 

719 

720 

721 
722 



723 
724 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Anastasius prepares an armament against the Saracens. Tarik and Musa recalled 
from Spain and disgraced ; the command is given to Ahdallah and Abdelaziz, 
sons of the latter. Death of Pepin of Heristal and Grimoald, the mayor of Neus- 
tria ; strife and confusion prevail for some time in France. A conspiracy against 
Liutprand detected and foiled. 

Death of Walid I. Charles Martel gains the ascendancy in Austrasia, and con- 
tends against Childeric II., the successor of Dagobert in Neustria. Treaty 
between Liutprand and the doge of Venice. Winifred, a monk of Wessex, 
under the name of Boniface, proceeds on his first mission in Germany. Battle 
of Wanburg between Ina and Ceolred. Germanus I. patriarch of CP. 

The fleet and army, sent by Anastasius against the Saracens, revolt at Rhodes, 
and proclaim Theodosius emperor; Anastasius resigns. Soliman sends his 
brother Mosleimah with a powerful army to besiege CP. First passage of the 
Hellespont by the Mohammedans. A new Nilometer erected by Asama. Ab- 
delaziz assassinated at Cordova. The Asturian refugees choose Pelagius 
(Pelayo) of the royal Visigothic race, for their leader. Faroaldus, duke of 
Spoleto, seizes Classis, the port of Ravenna ; the remonstrances of Liutprand 
make him relinquish his prize. Death of Ceolred, king of Mercia; Osred of 
Northumberland falls in battle. Radbod achieves the independence of the 
Prisons. Charles Martel defeats Raginfried, mayor of Neustria, at Amblef. 

Theodosius retires into a monastery, and Leo the Isaurian becomes emperor. He 
defends CP. vigorously. A powerful fleet, sent to assist in the siege, is totally 
destroyed by the Greek fire-ships. Death of Soliman. Liutprand submits 
further improvements in the laws for the approbation of his subjects ; the hap- 
piness of his people contrasts strikingly with the wretched condition of the 
Roman empire. Charles Martel, by his victory at Vincy, establishes his au- 
thority over Neustria. Aquitain an independent duchy under Eudes. 

After suffering from a severe winter, and losing another fleet, the Mohammedans 
abandon the siege of CP. The empire of the caliphs extends two hundred days' 
journey, from Tartary and India in the East, to the shores of the Atlantic, 
Birth of the emperor Leo's son, Constantine, afterwards surnamed Copronymus. 
Pelayo begins a regular system of government, and receives the title of king. 
Gregory II. restores the original Benedictine monastery of Monte Casino. Cuth- 
burga, Ina's sister, founds that of Wimbum, and Ina the minster of Glaston- 
bury. 

Anastasius, attempting, by the aid of the Bulgarians, to regain his throne, is given 
up by them to Leo and put to death. Alchama and archbishop Oppas (Witiza's 
brother) proceed against Pelayo, who obtains his first victory and takes Gijon ; 
Alchama is slain, and Oppas made prisoner. Zama has the command of the 
Saracenic or Moorish forces in Spain. Boniface preaches in Hesse and Thu- 
ringia. 

Leo crowns his young son Constantine. Omar II, poisoned by his own family, for 
favouring the descendants and sect of Ali. Zama invades Southern Gaul. 
Death of Chilperic II. Thierry IV. is allowed by Charles Martel to assume the 
title of King of Neustria. 

Zama defeated and slain in the battle of Toulouse by Eudes, duke of Aquitain. 
Pelayo recovers parts of Gallicia and Leon. Egbert, abbot of lona, translates 
the four Gospels into Anglo-Saxon. Wilfrid II. archbishop of York. 

Pelayo takes the city of Leon. Alfonso, a descendant of king Recared, brings a 
band from Cantabria (Biscay) to join the Asturians, and marries Pelayo's 
daughter, Ormisinda. In this and the preceding year, Liutprand adds thirty- 
five new laws to his code. Ina defeats an attempt of Ealdbert to restore the 
kingdom of Sussex. Iva Vidfame, a petty Scandinavian prince, conquers Upsal, 
and founds a kingdom, which afterwards becomes Sweden. Yezid prohibits 
images in Christian churches. 

The Slavonians defeated by Pemmone, duke of Friuli. Boniface created arch- 
bishop by the pope, and supported in his mission by Charles Martel. 

Death of the caliph Yezid II. Liutprand promulgates the sixth book of his 
laws. 



714 TO 736 AD. 265 



A.D. 



725 
726 

727 

728 

729 
730 

731 

732 
733 



734 
735 



736 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Expedition of Charles M artel against the Bavarians. The Saracens renew their 
attacks on Gaul, and reduce Autun ; Eudes prevents their passing the Rhone : 
their leader, Ambisa, is slain; Hodeira succeeds him. Death of Wictrid, king of 
Kent, April 23. Ealdbert loses his life in again attempting to recover Sussex 
from Ina. 

Leo issues his edict against the worship of images ; he is suspected also of dis- 
crediting the virtue of relics and the intercession of saints. Great agitation in 
the church, followed by commotions of the superstitious people. The islands of 
the Cyclades rebel and set up an emperor; their fleet is destroyed by the Greek 
fire, and their mock Augustus beheaded. Death of Marcello, or Marco Teg- 
liano, doge of Venice ; he is succeeded by Orso Ipato, a courageous and prudent 
ruler. A submarine volcano throws up a small island near Thera, in the 
Archipelago. A rapid succession of Arab governors in Spain, through their 
own and the caliph's jealousies. 

Germanus, patriarch of CP., and pope Gregory resist the edict of Leo ; he attempts 
to enforce the observance of it, and sends a new exarch to depose the pope. The 
Mohammedans besiege Nice in Bithynia. Death of Tobias, bishop of Rochester ; 
Aldwulf succeeds him. 

Continued tumults in Italy against the Iconoclasts. The exarch Paul is killed at 
Ravenna, and Esilarato, duke of Naples, at Rome. Liutprand takes Ravenna 
and most part of the Exarchate. Ina resigns the crown of Wessex and goes to 
Rome, where he endows an Anglo-Saxon school. 

Liutprand restores Ravenna to the exarch Eutychius ; they unite their forces to 
attack Rome, but are persuaded by Gregory to abandon their design. Death of 
Osric, king of Northumberland, and Egbert, abbot of lona. A comet appears. 

Leo confiscates the patrimony of the church of Rome, wherever his power extends, 
deposes Germauus, and appoints Anastasius I. patriarch of CP. Eudes gives 
his daughter in marriage to Munusa, a Saracen chief in the Pyrenees, and enters 
into a league with him for the protection of their mutual independence. John 
of Damascus, surnamed Chrysorrhoas, writes against Leo and the Iconoclasts, 
and cultivates the philosophy of Aristotle. Felix writes a history of Croyland 
Abbey. Corbinian, bishop of Utrecht. 

Munusa overcome and slain by Abderahman at Cerdagne. Eudes sustains 
great defeat at Aries, and having collected another army near Bordeaux, is 
again routed. The Saracens occupy Angoul^me, Perigord, Saintonges, and Poitou. 
Bede concludes his Hist. Ecc. Death of Berthwald, archbishop of Canterbury 
Tatwine succeeds him. Fredegarius continues the History left by Gregory of 
Tours. 

Charles Martel and Eudes unite their forces, and give battle to the Saracens be- 
tween Tours and Poictiers. Abderahman signally defeated and killed . The 
Mohammedans are arrested in their course of conquest and driven out of Aqui- 
taine. Gregory III. assembles a council at Rome, in which all Iconoclasts are 
excommunicated. Death of the Abbot Albinus, Bede's friend. 

Leo marries his son Constantine to a Tartar, or Turkish, princess, who at her 
baptism takes the name of Irene. A fleet, dispatched by him against the Pope 
and the refractory Italians, is destroyed by a storm in the Hadriatic. Abdelrae- 
lik, the successor of Abderahman, remains inactive in Spain. Acca expelled 
from his bishopric of Hexham. The sun eclipsed, Aug. 15. Aldwich, bishop 
of Sidnaceaster and Sigfiid of Selsey. 

Death of Tatwine, archbishop of Canterbury ; Nothelm is appointed in his place. 
Egbert succeeds Wilfrid II. at York. 

Death of Eudes; his sons make an ineffectual resistance to the occupation of 
Aquitaine and Gascony by Charles Martel. Pepin visits Pavia, and is adopted 
by Liutprand. Death of Bede in the monastery of Jarrow, May 26, set. 62. 
Birth of Alcuin. Frithwald, bishop of Whitherne. 

Liutprand being attacked by a dangerous illness, his nephew, Hildebrand, is elected 
for his colleague by the Lombard diet. Hunald, son of Eudes, is allowed the 
title of Duke of Aquitaine, on his doing homage to Charles Martel and his 
sons. 






L L 



266 



TEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


HEaiRA. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Exarchs 

OF 


Kingdom 

OF LOM- 


Popes. 


Spain. 


France. 






Ravenna. 


BARDY. 




Goths. 


Saracens. 




737 


119—120 ' 


21 Leo III. 


10 Euty- 


26 Liut- 


7G-rego- 


1 Favi- 




23 Charles 






the I sau- 


cliius. 


prand. 


ry III. 


la. 




M artel. 






rian. 














738 


120-121 


22 


11 


27 


8 


2 




24 


739 


121—122 


23 


12 


28 


9 


lAlfonso 

I. 
2 




25 


740 


122—123 


24 


13 


29 


10 




26 


741 


123-124 


1 Constan- 
tine V. 
Goprony- 
mus. 


14 


30 


1 Zacha- 


3 


Abdelme- 
lic. 


1 Carlo- 
man and 
Pepin. 


742 


124—125 


2 


15 


31 


2 


4 


Baleg, 

6 months. 
Thaalaba, 

5 months. 


2 

Chilperic 
IIL 1 


743 


125—126 


3 


16 


32 - — 


3 


5 


Husam, or 
Abulkatur 


3 -2 


744 


126-127 


4 


17 


1 Hilde- 
brand. 
1 Rachis. 


4 


6 




4 3 


745 


127—128 


5 


18 


2 


5 


7 


Thueba, or 
Toba. 


5 4 


746 


129 


6 


19 


3 


6 


8 


Yussef, or 
Jusuf. 


6 5 


747 


130 


7 


20 


4 


7 


9 




7 Pepin, 

alone. 

Chilperic 

in. 6 


748 


131 


8 


21 


5 


8 


10 




8 -7 


749 


132 


9 


22 


1 Astolfo. 


9 


11 




9 8 


750 


132—133 


10 


23 


2 


10 


12 




10 9 


751 


133—134 


11 


24 


3 


11 


13 




11 10 


752 


134—135 


12 


Conquered 
by the 
Lombards 


4 


1 Ste- 
phen II. 

3 days. 

1 Ste- 
phenlll 


14 




1 Pepin, 
king of 
France. 


















753 


135—136 


13 




5 


2 


15 




2 


754 


136-137 


14 




6 


3 


16 




3 


755 


138 


15 




7 


4 


17 


1 Abde- 
rahman 
Ben Mo- 
awiyah. 


4 





















737 TO 755 A.D. 



267 



Repe- 






North- 


Britain or England. 




tition 


Arabia. 


Venice. 


umber- 


East _ 






Dates. 






land. 


Anglia. Essex. 


Wessex. Mercia. 


Kent. 


737 


14 Ha- 


Maestri di 


1 Ead- 


25 Sel- 


29 Sueb- 


10 Ethel- 22 Ethel- 


13 Ead- 




shem, or 


3Iiliti. 


bert. 


red. 


richt. 


ard. 


bald. 


bert. 




Hixem. 


Domenico 
Leone. 














738 


15 


Felice Cor- 
nicola. 


2 


26 


1 Swith- 
red. 


11 


23 


14 


739 


16 


Diodato. 


3 


27 


2 


12 


24 


15 


740 


17 


Giuiliano. 

Ipato. 


4 


28 


3 


13 


25 


16 


741 


18 


jriovanni 
Fabriciato- 

Doges 
restored. 


5 


29 


4 


ICuthred. 


26 


17 


742 


19 


1 Diodato, 
Ipato. 


6 


30 


5 


2 


27 


18 


743 


1 Walid 
II. 


2 


7 


31 


6 


3 


28 


19 


744 


2 

1 Yezid 
III. 

5 months. 
1 Ibrahim 

3 months. 
1 Mer- 

wan II. 


3 


8 


32 


7 


4 


29 


20 


745 


2 


4 


9. 


33 


8 


5 


30 


21 


746 


3 


5 


10 


1 Alf- 
wuld. 


9 


6 


31 


22 


747 


4 ' 


6 


11 


2 


10 


7 


32 


23 


748 


5 


7 


12 


3 


11 


8 


33 


1 Ethel- 
bert II. 


749 


6 


8 


13 


IBeoma 
and E- 
thelred. 


12 


9 


34 


2 


750 


1 Abul- 
Abbas. 


9 


14 


2 


13 


10 


35 


3 


751 


2 


10 


15 


3 


14 


11 


36 


4 


752 


3 


11 


16 


4 


15 


12 


37 


5 


753 


4 


12 — 


17 


5 


16 


13 


38 


6 


754 


1 Alman- 
sor. 


13 


18 


6 


17 


1 Sige- 
bert. 


39 


7 


755 




2 


1 Galla ol 
Malamoc- 
co. 


19 


7 


18 


1 Cyne- 
wulf. 


1 Bern- 
red. 
lOflfa. 


8 



268 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



737 



738 



739 



740 



741 



742 



743 



744 



745 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of Pelayo ; his son, Favila, succeeds him. Aznar, a son of Eudes, drives out 
the Saracens, and erects an independent power in Arragon. Death of Thierry 
IV. Charles Martel rules France without any nominal king. Okbah makes an 
effort to retrieve the late disasters of the Saracens, and gains possession of 
Avignon, hut is expelled by Charles Martel, who defeats him in a great battle in 
Languedoc, takes 'Nismes, and lays siege to Narbonne. Popular tumults at 
Venice. The doge Orso killed. The republic is thenceforth governed for several 
years by an annually elected " Master of the military." Ceolwulf retires into 
a monastery, and leaves the kingdom of Northumberland to his nephew Eadbert. 
Death of Ethelwald, bishop of Lindisfarne ; Conwulf consecrated in his place. 
Death of Acca, late bishop of Hexham. 

Boniface visits Rome for the third time, and is honourably entertained by Liut- 
prand at Pavia. Deusdedit, or Diodato, son of the murdered doge, is recalled 
from exile, and returns to Venice. Charles Martel exacts a tribute from the 
Saxons of the Lippe. 

Favila, a weak prince, is killed by a bear while hunting. Alfonso is elected chief 
of the Asturians. Charles Martel and Liutprand unite their forces against the 
Saracens, and expel them from the greatest part of France. Rachis, duke of 
Friuli, successfully attacks the Slavonians in Camiola. Abbo, a private citizen, 
founds and richly endows the monastery of Novalesa, at the foot of Mount Cenis. 
Death of Wilbrord, the apostle of the Frisians. 

Disturbed state of Italy, through the rebellion of Trasmund, duke of Spoleto, 
against Liutprand. The Saracens in Spain are weakened by intestine factions. 
Alfonso extends his little kingdom in Gallicia and Castile. 

Death of the Emperor Leo, June 18. His son and successor, Constantine, is 
troubled by the rebellion of Artavasdus. The dukes of Spoleto and Beneventum 
being supported by the pope, Liutprand invades the Roman State. Gregory in- 
vites the protection of Charles Martel, but dying at this crisis, his successor, 
Zachary, assists the Lombard king in reducing his two rebellious vassals, and 
peace is restored in Italy. Death of Charles Martel, Oct. 22. His sons. Carlo- 
man and Pepin, divide between them the government of France, leaving only a 
few small domains to their half-brother, Gripho. Death of Ethelard, king' of 
Wessex. War between his successor Cuthred and Ethelbald, king of Mercia. 
Death of Nothelm ; Cuthbert is consecrated archbishop of Canterbury, and Dun, 
bishop of Rochester. York burnt. 

Interview between Liutprand and pope Zachary at Temi. Godescalc, duke of Be- 
neventum, murdered by his people. Chilperic III. made nominal king of France. 
Birth of Charles, son of Pepin and Bertha, afterwards called Charlemagne. 
Synod of Cloveshoo. The office of doge restored at Venice, with the title at- 
tached to it of Ipato or Consul. 

Final defeat of Artavasdus. Zachary prevails on Liutprand to abandon his design 
of annexing Ravenna and the Exarchate to his kingdom. Constantine forbids 
the worship of images ; but Rome still maintains allegiance to him in civil 
matters. Continued discord among the Saracens in Spain ; Abdelmelic put to 
death at Cordova. A council held by Boniface at Leptines (now Estines, in 
Hainault). The kings of Mercia and Wessex unite their arms against the Cymri 
of Wales. 

The caliph Walid II. slain by conspirators. His successor, Yezid III., dies in five 
months of the plague. Then, Ibrahim, after a reign of three months, is deposed, 
and Merwan II. occupies his throne. Death of Liutprand. His nephew, Hil- 
debrand, after holding the government seven months, is set aside, and Rachis, 
duke of Friuli, elected by the Lombard nobles. The History of Paul Warne- 
frid (Paulus Diaconus) closes. Council of Soissons presided over by Pepin. The 
abbey of Fulda built by Sturmio. Daniel resigns the see of Winchester, and is 
succeeded by Hunferth. 

Victories of Carloman in Saxony, and of Pepin in Southern Germany. The arch- 
bishopric of Mentz founded by Boniface. Death of Daniel, ex-bishop of Win- 
chester. 



TO 755 A.D. 



269 



Events and Eminent Men. 



746 



747 



748 
749 



750 



751 



752 



753 



754 



755 



Italy tranquil. Kachis legislates for his people. Ansprando, duke of Spoleto, 
succeeded by Lupo, whom the Lombards call Welfo ; probable origin of the family 
of the Guelphs. Ibrahim and Abiil-Abbas (descendants of Mohammed's uncle, 
Abbas) emerge from obscurity, and claim the caliphate ; black adopted as the 
colour of the Abbassides. Selred, king of East Anglia, slain. Apestilence de- 
populates the East. 

Carloman resigns his share of power to his brother Pepin, and builds a monasteiy 
for himself on Mount Soracte, near Rome, from which he retires to that of 
Monte Casino. Ibrahim, made prisoner on his pilgrimage to Mecca, dies in 
captivity. His brother, Abul-Abbas (afterwards called Saffah, or the bloody), 
remains leader of the Abbassides. Yussef restores order among the Saracens of 
Spain, divides it into six provinces, and constructs public works. A council held 
at Cloveshoo, decrees that portions of the liturgy should be taught to the 
people in English (Anglo Saxon). 

Venetian merchants having purchased slaves to be sold in Africa to the Saracens, 
Zachary forbids the traffic. Death of Eadbert, king of Kent. Virgilius, a 
priest, convicted of heresy for believing in the existence of antipodes. 

Battle of the Zab. Merwan, defeated by the Abbassides, flies into Egypt. Rachis 
invades the Exarchate and lays siege to Perugia, He is induced by Zachary to 
withdraw his forces, after which he gives up the crown of Lombardy to his 
brother, Astolfo, and retires to Monte Casino. Christianity supplanted in Africa 
by the Mohammedan faith. 

Final defeat and death of Merwan, in a battle on the banks of the Nile. The 
dynasty of the Abbassides begins with Abul-Abbas. All the family of the 
Ommiades are put to death, except Abderahman, who escapes into the valleys 
of Mount Atlas. Yussef aims at making himself independent in Spain. Con- 
stantine defeated by the Bulgarians at Batagaba. Birth of his son, afterwards 
Leo IV. 

Constantine gives the title of Augustus to his infant son. Pepin overcomes a 
rebellion of Gripho, and defeats the Saxons and Bavarians. He prepares to 
make himself king of France, and by an embassy invites the concurrence of 
the pope. Alfonso extends his conquests over the north-west of Spain, along 
the Douro, from Sentica (Zamora) to Calle (Oporto). 

The reign of the Merovingian race terminates by the deposition of Chilperic III., 
who is shut up for the rest of his days in the monastery of St. Bertin. Pepin 
crowned king of France at Soissons by Boniface ; he crosses the Pyrenees and 
recovers part of Catalonia from the Saracens. Astolfo makes himself master of 
the whole Exarchate of Ravenna, and threatens Rome. On the death of Pope 
Zachary, his first successor, Stephen, dies three days after his election, of a fit 
of apoplexy ; another Stephen is chosen in his place, who is called Stephen III. 
by Onuphrius Panvinius and Cardinal Baronius, and Stephen II. by Sigonius, 
Muratori and others. Constantine makes new efforts to abolish image-worship, 
and check the increase of monasteries. Cuthbert, king of Wessex, defeats 
Ethelbald of Mercia, at Burford. 

Journey of pope Stephen to France, and interview with Pepin. Civil war in Spain 
between Yussef, Samail, Ben Amru, and other generals. War between Cuth- 
bert and the Britons. Boniface resigns the archbishopric of Mentz, and is 
succeeded by Lull. 

Pepin crowned by Stephen. He marches an army into Italy. Astolfo surrenders 
the Exarchate of Ravenna, which Pepin gives to the church, and the papacy 
becomes a temporal sovereignty. Eighty of the Xeques, or principal Saracens, 
decide on making Spain an independent State, and choose Abderahman Ben Moa- 
wiyah, still a fugitive in Africa, to be their ruler. Death of Abul Abbas. Al- 
mansor introduces learning among the Arabians. Council of CP. ordains the 
removal of images from churches. Constantine II. patriarch of CP. 

Astolfo breaks his engagements and attacks Rome. On the approach of Pepin, he 
withdraws his forces and is besieged in Pavia ; he is compelled to execute the 
former treaty, and also to give up Commachio. Fruitless embassy of Constan- 
tine to claim the Exarchate. Abderahman lands in Spain, defeats Yussef and 



270 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


Hegiea. 


Easteen 
Empiee. 


Kingdom 

OF LOM- 
BAEDY. 


Popes. 


Spain. 
Goths. Saeacens. 


Feance. 


Aeabia. 


756 


139 


16 Con- 
stantine V. 

Goprony- 
mus. 


8 Astolfo. 


5 Ste- 
phen 
III. 


ISAlfon- 
so I. 


2 Abde- 
rahman 
Ben Moa- 
wiyab. 


5 Pepin. 


3 Alman- 
sor. 


757 


140—141 


17 


1 Deside- 
rius. 


IPaulI. 


1 Froi- 
la. 


3 


6 


4 


758 


141-142 


18 


2 


2 


2 


4 




5 


759 


142—143 


19 


3 


3 


3 


5 


8 


6 


760 


143—144 


20 


4 


4 


4 


6 


9 


7 


761 


144—145 


21 


5 


5 


5 


7 


10 


8 


762 


145—146 


22 


6 


6 


6 


8 


11 


9 


763 


146—147 


23 


7 


7 


7 


9 


12 


10 


764 


147—148 


24 


8 


8 


8 


10 


13 


11 


765 


148—149 


25 


9 


9 


9 


11 


14 


12 


766 


149—150 


26 


10 


10 


10 


12 


15 


13 


767 


150-151 


27 


11 


1 Con- 
stantine. 


11 


13 


16 


14 


768 


151—152 


28 


12 


1 Ste- 
phen IV. 
(or III. 
Murat.) 


1 Aure- 
lius. 


14 


1 Charle- 
magne and 
Carloman. 


15 


769 


152-153 


29 


13 


2 


2 


15 


2 


16 


770 


153-154 


30 


14 


3 


3 


16 


3 


17 


771 


154—155 


31 


15 


4 


4 


17 


4 Charle- 
magne, 
alone. 


18 


772 
773 


155—156 
156—157 


32 

33 


16 

17 


1 Hadri- 
an I. 

2 


5 

6 


18 

19 


5 

6 


19 

20 


774 


157—158 


34 


Subject to 
Charle- 
magne. 


3 


1 Silo. 


20 


7 


21 



756 TO 774 A.D. 



271 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates, 


Doges op 

Venice. 


Northum- 
berland. 


East 
Anglia. 


Britain or England. 

Essex. Wessex. Mercia. Kent. 


756 


1 Domenico 
Monegario. 


20 Eadbert. 


8 Beoma 
and Ethel- 
red. 


19 Swith- 
red. 


2 Cyne- 
wulf. 


2 0flfa. 


9 Ethel- 
bert 11. 


737 


2 


1 Oswnlf. 


9 


20 


3 


3 


10 


758 


3 

i 




10 Beoraa, 
alone. 


21 


4 


4 


11 


759 


i 


1 xMoll E- 
thelwald. 


11 


22 


5 


5 


12 


760 


Is 

! 


2 


12 — 


23 


6 




1 Alric. 


761 


i 

t 


3 


1 Ethel- 
red. 


24 


7 




2 


762 


7 


4 


2 


25 


8 


8 


3 


763 


8 


5 


3 


26 


9 


9 


4 


764 


1 Maurizio 
! of Eraclea. 


6 


4 


27 


10 


10 


5 


765 


' 2 

1 


1 Alcred. 


5 


28 


11 


11 


6 


766 


3 


2 


6 


29 


12 


12 


7 


767 


4 


3 


7 


30 


13 


13 


8 


768 


5 


4 


8 


31 


14 


14 ■ 


9 


769 


6 


5 


9 


32 


15 


15 


10 


770 


7 


6 


10 


33 


16 


16 


11 


771 


8 


7 


11 


34 


17 


17 


12 


i 
772 


9 


8 


1*2 


35 


18 


18 


13 


773 


10 


9 


13 


36 


19 


19 


14 


774 


11 


1 Ethelred. 


14 


37 


20 


20 


15 



272 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



756 



757 



758 



759 



761 



762 



763 



764 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Samail at Musara, takes Cordova, and is acknowledged as king. Sigebert, king 
of Wessex, for Ms cruelty, is slain by Cynewulf, who succeeds him. Ethelbald, 
king of Mercia, killed by Bernred, who, after a short usurpation of the throne, is 
put to death by Offa. Boniface murdered by the pagans among whom he was 
preaching. Galla of Malamocco obtains for a year the office of doge at Venice, 
by the assassination of Diodato. The deposed Chilperic, the last of the Mero- 
vingians, dies in his monastery. 

Yussef and Samail, again defeated by Abderahman, agree to a treaty of peace, 
which is soon broken by the former. Birth of Abderahman's son Hixem. A 
Saracen army under Suleiman Ben Xihab, endeavouring to enter France, is cut 
to pieces in the passes of the Pyrenees. Astolfo killed by a wild boar ; Rachis 
leaves his monastery and claims the crown of Lombardy again ; he is opposed by 
Desiderius, who obtains the support of the pope by giving up Ancona. The 
Venetians depose G-alla, and limit the power of succeeding doges, by the 
appointment of two annual tribunes. 

The emperor Constantine courts the favour of Pepin, and among other presents 
sends him the first organ known in France, Pope Stephen and his successor, 
Paul, establish Desiderius on the throne of Lombardy. Death of Alfonso ; his 
son Froila founds Oviedo. Abderahman invites many of his former friends 
from Syria and Egypt, and gives them honourable appointments ; he makes 
Cordova the capital of his kingdom. Samail enters into his service, but Yussef 
persists in rebellion. Eadbert retires into a monastery ; his son Oswulf king of 
Northumberland. 

Abderahman gives a letter of protection to the Christians in Spain, and fixes the 
annual tribute to be paid by them. Yussef defeated and slain at Loxa. Samail 
retires to live privately at Siguenza, soon afterwards arrested and put to death. 
Pepin conquers Narbonne and expels the last of the Saracens from France. Os- 
wuld slain ; the throne of Northumberland vacant for a year. Death of Cuth- 
bert, archbishop of Canterbury. Bagdad built by Almansor. 

Toledo and Seville are surprised by the sons of Yussef, but soon recovered by 
Abderahman; the eldest son falls in battle ; the two younger are made prisoners 
and kept in confinement. Paul takes advantage of the favourable disposition 
of Pepin to extend both the secular and ecclesiastical immunities of the Roman 
see. Bregowin archbishop of Canterbury. 

Pepin causes the dukes of Naples and Gaeta to submit to the demands made on 
them by the pope. Hixem Ben Adra rebels in Toledo, and sets Casim, the son 
of Yussef, at liberty ; Abderahman subdues and pardons them, replacing Casim 
in his prison. Death of Ethelbert II. king of Kent. Alcuin studies at York. 

Constantine threatens to recover by force his lost Italian provinces. Ali, governor 
of Africa, lands with an army in Spain and proclaims Almansor. Froila re- 
pulses the Saracens, while besieging Pax Julia (Beja); he marries Menina, sister 
of Aznar the Arragonese. A severe winter. 

Failure of the African expedition against Abderahman; Ali, its leader, is killed, 
and his head sent to Cairoan. Hunald, duke of Aquitaine, having retired into 
a monastery, his son Waifar carries on an obstinate war against Pepin. Pope 
Paul protests vainly against Constantine' s persecution of image-worshippers. 
Death of Bregowin, archbishop of Canterbury. 

The Roman Senate and people address a letter of thanks to Pepin, patrician of 
Rome. Hixem Ben Adra again collects bands of insurgents, and is besieged with 
them in Medina Sidonia. Lambert archbishop of Canterbury. Petwin succeeds 
Frithweld, bishop of Whitherne. 

Embassy of Constantine to Pepin, relative to image-worship. Thassilo, duke of 
Bavaria, having revolted against Pepin, solicits the mediation of the pope. 
Surrender of Medina Sidonia ; Hixem Ben Adra beheaded. The Venetians de- 
pose Domenico Monegario ; the inhabitants of Malamocco elect Maurice, a noble- 
man of Heraclea, for doge, who restores concord among the citizens. The Turks 
invade Armenia. A severe frost in Jam and Feb., and the Bosphorus at CP. 
crossed on the ice. 



75G TO 77 i A.D. 



273 



Events and Eminent Men. 



768 



770 



Pepin still occupied by his wars against the duke of Aquitaine and the Saxons. 
Toledo again recovered by Abderahman from the insurgents, who had seized it; 
Casim, the son of Yussef, escapes. 

Constantine loses by shipwreck a large fleet conveying troops to oppose the Bul- 
garians. Death of Egbert, thirty-two years archbishop of York, and of Frith- 
bert, bishop of Hexham ; the first succeeded by Ethelbert, and the last by 
Alhmund. Nicetas I. patriarch of CP. 

Death of Paul I. Constantine surreptitiously occupies the papal throne ; some 
exclude him from the list of popes. Many disaffected Saracens assemble in the 
Sierras of Ronda under El Meknesi ; being reinforced by others who land at 
Tortosa from Africa, they seize the city of Seville. Froila renders himself un- 
popular in the Asturias by the murder of his brother, Bimaranus, a virtuous 
young prince. Paul Warnefrid (Diaconus) employed and patronized by De- 
siderius. 

Conquest of Aquitaine by Pepin, and death of Waifar. Pepin dies Sept. 24 ; his 
two sons divide his dominions. Froila assassinated by Aurelius, who succeeds 
him on the throne. Pope Constantine deposed and Stephen elected, generally 
styled the fourth of that name, but by some the third. (See a.d. 752.) The 
sons of Pepin crowned Oct. 9 ; Charles (Charlemagne) at Noyon, and Carloman 
at Soissons. Eadbert, ex-king of Northumberland, dies in his monastery. Alcuin 
teaches theology in England. 

Hunald leaves his monastery and claims the duchy of Aquitaine ; defeated and 
made prisoner by Charlemagne. Carloman refusing to assist his brother, dis- 
cord is engendered between them; The Saracen rebels maintain a tedious 
partizan warfare. Aurelius, too weak to control the intestine divisions of his 
subjects, and awed by the power of Abderahman, obtains peace by paying him 
tribute. Council of Rome annuls all the acts of the deposed pope, who, though 
blinded by the people, is led into the assembly, insulted, and beaten. Laymen 
are declared incapable of being made bishops. The council of CP. (a.d. 754) is 
anathematized, and all who condemn the worship of images are excommunicated. 
Among the Gallican prelates at this council are Lull, archbishop of Mentz, and 
Tilpin (more known as Turpin), bishop of Rheims. Marriage of Constantine's 
son, Leo, to Irene. 

The two kings of France are reconciled by their mother, Bertha; she visits Ba- 
varia and Lombardy, for the maintenance of peace with those powers, and 
proposes the marriage of her sons to two daughters of Desiderius, and that of 
his son Adelgisus to her daughter. The pope interferes to prevent these al- 
liances ; none of them take place but that of Charlemagne. 

Charlemagne divorces Desiderata, whom he sends back to her father, and marries 
Ildegard. Death of Carloman, Dec. 3, set. 20 ; his brother seizes his dominions 
and becomes sole monarch of all France and great part of Germany. Gilberga, 
the widow of Carloman, and her two infant sons, seek the protection of Desi- 
derius. Eginhard secretary to Charlemagne. Aurelius gives his sister Ado- 
sinda in marriage to Silo, and makes him heir to the throne. 

Charlemagne begins his long war against the Saxons. Contest betAveen the arch- 
bishops of Grado and Ravenna, for ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Istria. Desi- 
derius invades the Roman States. The rebellious Saracens in Spain totally 
defeated near Ecija ; death of El Meknesi. Abderahman fits out a fleet to guard 
his coasts, and appoints an admiral to command it. Death of Milred, bishop 
of Worcester. 

The pope invites the protection of Charlemagne, who marches a large army into 
Lombardy, and besieges Desiderius in Pavia. Abderahman provides for the 
education of his tAvo sons, Hixem and Suleiman, and institutes academies of 
learned men. Battle of Otford, between the kings of Kent and Mercia. 

Charlemagne visits Rome. SuiTender of Pavia, after a siege of eight months. 
Desiderius and his queen sent prisoners to Frarce, and shut np in monasteries, 
where they end their days. Adelgisus escapes to CP. The widow and sons of 
Carloman are sent to France, and never more heard of. Beneventum remains 
an independent duchy under Arigisus. Charlemagne takes the title of king of 



M M 



274 



TEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 


Hegira. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Popes. 


Spain. 
Goths. Saracens. 


France. 


Arabia. 


775 
776 


158-159 
159-160 


1 Leo IV. 

2 


4 Hadrian 
I. 

5 


2 Silo. 

3 


21 Abde- 
rahman 
Ben Moa- 
wiyah. 

22 


8 Charle- 
magne. 

9 


1 Al Mahdi. 

2 


777 


160—161 


3 


6 


4 


23 


10 


3 


778 


162 


4 


7 


5 


24 


11 


4 


779 


163 


5 


8 


6 


25 


12 


5 


780 

781 


164 
165 


1 Constan- 
tine VI. 
and Irene. 

2 


9 

10 


7 

8 


26 

27 


13 

14 


6 

7 


782 


166 


3 


11 


9 


28 


15 


8 


783 


167 


4 


12 


1 Maure- 
gatus. 


29 


16 


9 


784 


168 


5 


13 


2 


30 


17 


10 


785 


169 


6 


14 


3 


31 


18 


1 Al Hadi. 


786 


170 


7 


15 


4 


32 


19 


1 Haronn Al 
Raschid. 


787 


171 


8 


16 


5 


1 Hixem, 
or Hasliem. 


20 


2 


788 
789 


172 
173 


9 

10 


17 

18 


1 Vere- 
mundus, 
or Ber- 
mudo. 

2 


2 

3 


21 

22 


3 

4 


790 


174 


11 Constan- 
tine VI. 

alone. 


19 


3 


4 


23 


5 


791 


175 


12 


20 


1 Alfonso 
II. 


5 


24 





792 


176 


13 


21 


2 


6 


25 


7 



775 TO 792 A.D. 



275 



tition 
Dates. 


1 Doges of 
Venice. 

1 


Britain or England. 
NoRTHUM- East 

BERLAND. AnGLIA. EsSEX. WeSSEX. MERCIA. KeNT. 


775 


jl2 Manrizio 
1 of Eraclea. 

j 


2 Ethelred. 


15 Ethel- 
red. 


38 Swith- 
red. 


21 Cyne- 
wulf. 


21 Ofifa. 


16 Alric. 


776 


|.3 _ 


3 


16 


39 


22 


22 


17 


777 


1 

14 


4 


17 


40 


23 


23 


18 


778 


15 


1 Alfvrold. 


18 — • 


41 . 


24 


24 


19 


779 


16 


2 


19 


42 


25 


25 


20 


780 


17 


3 


20 


43 


26 


26 


21 


781 


18 


4 


21 


44 


27 


27 


22 


782 


19 


5 


22 


45 


28 


28 


23 


783 


20 


6 


23 


46 


29 


29 


24 


784 


;21 


7 


24 


47 


1 Bertric. 


30 


25 


785 


22 


8 


25 


48 . 


2 


31 


26 


786 


23 


9 


26 


49 


3 


32 


27 


787 


1 Giovanni 
Galbajo. 


10 


27 


50 . 


4 


33 


28 


788 


i 2 


11 


28 


51 




34 


29 


789 


3 


1 Osred, 


29 


52 


6 


35 


30 


790 


4 

1 


1 Ethelred, 
o-estared. 


1 Ethel- 
hert. 


53 


7 


36 


31 


791 


5 


2 


2 




8 


37 


32 


792 


6 


3 


Conquered 
by Offa. 


1 Sigeric. 


9 


38 


33 



276 



TROM THE TEAE 




775 



777 



778 



779 



780 



781 



782 



783 



Lombardy; during his absence the Saxons advance into his northern provinces. 
Death of Aurelius ; Silo and Adosinda inaugurated at Oviedo. The people of 
Northumberland expel Alcred, and choose for their king Ethelred, son of Moll 
Ethelwald. Death of Moawiyah Ben Salehi. 

Death of Constantine Copronymus, Sep. 14. Adelgisus gains no support in his 
claims on the Lombard crown. Silo takes Alfonso, son of Froila, for his col- 
league. Death of Almansor. The empress Irene favours the image-worshippers. 
Offa extends the kingdom of Mercia and constructs his " Dyke." 

Charlemagne defeats the Saxons, and conquers Rodgausus, duke of Friuli. Ha- 
drian asserts the pretended " donation of Constantine," as a plea for urging 
Charlemagne still more to aggrandize the see of Rome. The merchants of 
Venice supply Italy and the West with the produce of the East. Amalfi begins 
to flourish by cultivating the same commerce. The Slavonians who occupy the 
north of G ermany. pursue agriculture and trade ; Julin at the mouth of the 
Oder prospers. Conspiracy of Nicephorus and his brothers against Leo IV. The 
abbey-church of St. Denis, at Paris, completed by Charlemagne. Death of 
Petwin, bishop of Whitheme. 

Dispute between the pope and Leo, archbishop of Ravenna, settled by the inter- 
vention of Charlemagne. Council and diet of Paderborn, to promote Christianity 
among the Saxons, and regulate their government. The Venetians, in return 
for the good government of their doge, appoint his son to be his colleague and 
successor. Offa defeats Cynewulf at Bensington, and takes the town. Ethel- 
bert consecrated bishop of Whitherne. 

Charlemagne conquers the northern part of Spain, between the Pyrenees and the 
Ebro, and establishes the " Spanish llarch:^' recalled thence by a revolt of the 
Saxons, on his return through the Pyrenees, his rear-guard is surprised by the 
Gascons at Roncesvalles ; many of his bravest officers fall there, and among 
them his nephew Roland (Orlando), governor of Eretagne. The Franks begin to 
fight on horseback, and the age of chivalry commences. Hadrian's letters con 
tinually importune Charlemagne for new concessions of land, or jurisdiction, to 
the church. Alfwold dethrones Ethelred in Northumberland. 

The Saxons defend themselves bravely under Witikind. Muhamad, son of Yussef, 
escapes from his prison in Toledo. The council of Duren, on the Roer, decrees 
the payment of tithes throughout Charlemagne's dominions. 

Death of Leo IV. Irene rules the East in the name of his son, Constantine VI. 
(set. 10) ; she restores the worship of images. Paul IV. patriarch of CP. Char 
lemagne reduces the Saxons to obedience, and creates among them the bishopric: 
of Paderborn, Verden, Munster, Halberstadt and Minden. Muhamad joins hi; 
brother Casim in another rebellion among the Sierras of Ronda and Segovia 
Death of Ethelbert, archbishop of York; Eanbald succeeds him. Alhmund 
dies, and Tilbert is appointed to the bishopric of Hexham. Cynewolf resigns 
the bishopric of Lindisfarne, and Higbald is consecrated in his place. 

Charlemagne visits Rome ; his two young sons are crowned by the pope, ci 
king of Italy, and the other of Aquitain ; Thassilon, duke of Bavaria, dc 
homage to him. Haroun al Raschid, the caliph's son, extends his conques 
to the Bosphorus. Irene purchases peace by an annual tribute. 

Irene sends an army against the Slavonians, who are dispossessed of Salonic 
and other places in Greece. The Saxons again totally defeated. Flight 
Witikind into Denmark. Charlemagne holds a diet at Cologne. The Saracei: 
rebels, though often routed, still make head against Abderahman. Chari 
magne endeavours to revive learning ; he studies grammar under Peter ui 
Pisa, and invites Alcuin to France, Eginhard compiles his memoirs. Paul 
Warnefrid resides in the court of Arigisus at Beneventum, where he writes his 
History of the Lombards. Death of Cynewolf, late bishop of Lindisfarne. 

The Saxons make another struggle for independence, and are defeated in two 
bloody battles by Charlemagne. Death of his mother, Bertha, and of his queen, 
Ildegard, April 30, set. 26; he marries Fastrada. On the death of Silo, Alfonso 
is excluded by intrigue from the Asturian throne, and Mauregatus placed on 
it. Offa raises the kingdom of Mercia to a preponderating influence; he builds 
the abbey of Bath, and corresponds with Charlemagne. 



775 TO 792 A.D. 



277 



Events and Eminent Men. 



785 
786 

787 



789 
790 

791 I 
792 



The Saxons, again defeated, are still unsubdued. Charlemagne excludes Venetian 
merchants from his Italian and the Papal States. The mosaics and marbles 
of Ravenna sent to Aix-la-Chapelle. The bishops of France forbidden by the 
pope to take the field in war. The Spanish rebels dispersed by Abderahman's 
victory at Castalona. Muhamad dies in great distress at Alarcon,near Toledo. 
Cynewulf slain in battle ; Egbert, his rightful heir, retires into Mercia. The 
caliph Al Mahdi expends 666,000 gold crowns in a pilgrimage to Mecca. Tara- 
siiis patriarch of CP. 

Irene proposes a general council, to establish the worship of images. The Saxon 
chiefs, Witikind and Alboin, submit to Charlemagne, and profess Christianity ; 
three more bishoprics created at Bremen, Osnaburg, and Hildesheim. Sur- 
render of Girona to Charlemagne. Abderahman, in a progress through Spain, 
builds and endows mosques. Etheltruda, daughter of Ethelbald (king of Mer- 
cia, slain A.D. 755), an abbess at Lucca. Death of the caliph Al Mahdi. Synod 
of Cealchyth ; Lichfield made an archbishopric. 

The council of CP. violently dispersed by the citizens and military. Charle- 
magne represses a revolt in Bretagne ; three days of public thanksgiving for his 
victories ordered by the pope. Abderahman builds the great mosque, and the 
aljama, or court of justice, at Cordova; Casim, brought before him in chains, 
is pardoned, and becomes a faithful subject. Arigisius, duke of Beneventum, 
attacks Amalfi and is repelled by the citizens. Accession of Haroun Al 
Raschid, on the death of Al Hadi. 

The seventh general council, held at Nice, decrees the worship of images. The 
dukes of Beneventum and Bavaria do homage to Charlemagne, and give their 
sons as hostages ; Arigisus dies soon afterwards. Charlemagne invites from 
Italy teachers of grammar and arithmetic, and singers who introduce into 
France the Gregorian chant. Death of Abderahman, set. 60, his youngest son 
his successor. Bertric marries Offa's daughter, Eadburga. Egbert received in 
France by Charlemagne. A band of Danes, from three ships, attack England 
for the first time. Edris Ben Abdallah founds the kingdom of Fez. 

Grimoaldo, son of Arigisus, released and made duke of Beneventum, on condition 
of acknowledging Charlemagne as his sovereign lord. Thassilon, preparing 
for another contest, is deposed ; he and his son are condemned to become monks. 
The Huns, or Avars, who occupy Pannonia, invade Bavaria and Friuli, and 
are repulsed. Bavaria, Friuli, and Liburnia added to the kingdom of France. 
Charlemagne refuses to give his daughter Rotruda in marriage to the young 
Greek emperor. Irene sends an army under Adelgisus to attack Italy ; he is totally 
defeated. Suleiman and Abdallah, the elder brothers of Hixem, conspire to raise 
independent principalities in Spain. Death of Mauregatus. 

Suleiman defeated at Bulche ; Abdallah surrenders Toledo, and is reconciled to 

I Hixem. Alfwold, king of Northumberland, slain. 

Constantine divests Irene of all power, and puts his minister, Stauracius, to 
death. Suleiman, again defeated, retires to Tangier in Africa. Osred expelled 
from Northimiberland, and Ethelred restored to the throne. Death of Lambert, 
archbishop of Canterbury, who is succeeded by Athelard. 

Campaign of Charlemagne against the Huns or Avars ; they are defeated by the 
duke of Friuli. Hixem proclaims the Algineb, or holy war, in Spain ; his ge- 
nerals retake Barcelona and Saragossa. (Asserted victory of Veremundus near 
Burgos ; very^ douUfuL) Veremundus resigns his crown to Alfonso. An inunda- 
tion of the Tiber destroys the Flaminian gate and the bridge of Antoninus. 
Baldulf, bishop of Whitherne. 

The progress of Charlemagne against the Huns stopped by a revolt of the 
Saxons ; his natural son, Pepin, engages in a conspiracy, for which he is con- 
fined in a monastery. Heresy of the Adoptians. Felix of Urgel, condemned by 
the council of Ratisbon, recants his opinions. Oflfa murders Ethelbert, and 
annexes East Anglia to Mercia ; in atonement for his crime, he levies a tax on 
his subjects, to support the school founded by Ina at Rome ; this is afterwards 
converted into " Peter's Pence." Charlemagne projects a canal, to unite the 
Maine with the Danube. Osred returns from exile and is put to death. Mar- 
riage of Ethelred and Elfleda. 



278 












FROM THE TEAR 


A.D. 


Hegira. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Popes. 


Sp 
Goths. 


AIN. 

SARACEN3. 


France. 


Arabia. 


793 


177 


14 Constan- 
tineVI. 


22 Hadrian 
I. 


3 Alfonso 
II. 


7 Hixem, 
or Hashem. 


26 Charle- 
magne. 


8 Haroim Al 
Raschid. 


794 


178 


15 


23 


4 


8 


27 


9 


795 


179—180 


16 


1 Leo III. 


5 


1 Al Ha- 
kern I. 


28 


10 


796 


180—181 


17 


2 


6 


2 


29 


11 


797 


181—182 


1 Irene. 


3 


7 


3 


30 


12 


798 


182—183 


2 


4 


8 


4 


31 


13 


799 


183—184 


3 


5 


9 


5 


32 


14 


800 


184-185 


4 


6 


10 


6 


33 

Now empe- 
ror of the 
West. 


15 


801 


185—186 


5 


7 — 


11 


7 


34 


16 


802 


186-187 


1 Nicepho- 
rus I. 


8 


12 


8 


35 


17 


803 


187—188 


._ 


9 


13 


9 


36 


18 


804 


188-189 


3 


10 ' 


14 


10 


37 


19 


805 


189—190 


4 


11 


15 


11 


38 


20 


806 


190—191 


5 


12 


16 


12 


39 


21 ' 


807 


191—192 


6 


13 


17 


13 


40 


22 


808 


192—193 


7 


14 


18 


14 


41 


23 


809 


193—194 


8 


15 


19 


15 


42 


1 Al Amin. 


810 


194—195 


9 

J 


16 


20 


16 


43 


2 



793 TO 810 A.D. 



279 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Doges of 
Venice. 


Denmark. 


NoHTHUM- Britain or En 

BERLAND. EggEX. WesSEX. 


GLAND. 

Mercta. 


Kent. 


793 


7 Giovanni 
Galbajo. 




4 Ethel- 
red. 


2 Sigeric. 


10 Bertric. 


39 Offa. 


34 Alric. 


794 


8 


1 Sigurd II. 
or SnogOye. 


1 Erdulf. 


3 


11 


40 


1 Eadbert 
Pren. 


795 


9 


2 


2 


4 


12 


41 


2 


796 


10 


3 


3 


5 


13 


1 Egbert. 
1 Cen- 
wulf. 


1 Cutbred. 


797 


11 


4 


4 


6 


14 


o 


2 


798 


12 


6 


5 




15 


3 


3 


799 


13 


6 




1 Sigerid. 


16 — 


4 


4 


800 


14 


7 


7 


2 


1 Egbert. 


5 


5 


801 


15 


8 


8 


3 


2 


6 


6 


802 


16 


9 


9 


4 


3 


7 


7 


803 


17 


10 


10 


5 


4 


8 


8 


804 


1 Obelerio. 


11 


11 


6 


5 


9 


9 


805 


2 


12 


12 


7 


6 


10 


1 Baldred. 


806 


3 


13 


1 Amyold. 


8 


7 


11 


2 


807 


4 


14 


2 


9 


8 


12 


3 


808 


5 


15 


Erdulf, re- 
stored. 


10 


9 


13 


4 


809 


6 


16 


1 Eanred. 


11 


10 


14 


5 


810 


' 


17 


2 


12 


11 


15 


6 



280 



FEOM THE TEAE 



AD. 



793 



794 



795 



801 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Saracens recover Girona, cross the Pyrenees, and capture Narbonne. Alfonso 
refuses to pay them the stipulated tribute, and defeats them at Ledos. Fruitless 
attack on G-rimoaldo, duke of Beneventum, by Louis and Pepin, sons of Char- 
lemagne. Hixem decorates Cordova with fountains, bridges, and palaces. 
Charlemagne abandons his projected canal. Lindisfarne pillaged by the Danes, 
under Ragnar Lodbrok. Offa founds the abbey of St. Alban's. 

On the approach of Charlemagne, the Saxons submit without a battle. The 
Saracens driven from Oranges by the count of Toulouse. Felix disavows his 
recantation, and is supported by Eliprand, archbishop of Toledo ; they are 
condemned by a council at Francfort-on-the-Maine ; Alcuin writes against 
them. Hixem endeavours to abolish the Latin language, and establishes schools 
for teaching Arabic. Death of Assan Ben AM Giafar, the Arabian poet. 
Charlemagne founds the university of Paris. Ethelred, king of Northumber- 
land, slain by his subjects. The Danes defeated at Wearmouth, and Ragnar 
Lodbrok slain. Death of Charlemagne's queen, Fastrada; among the learned 
whom he patronizes, are Ermoldus Nigellus and Theodolfus, abbot of Fleury, 
afterwards bishop of Orleans. 

Charlemagne ravages the country of the Saxons, to avenge the death of his ally, 
Wilza,kingof theObottites; he adorns Aix-la-Chapelle, and makes it the capital 
of his dominions. Tudin, a chief of the Huns, sues for peace. Another of their 
chiefs defeated by Eric, duke of Friuli. Hixem dies, set. 38. Death of the Ara- 
bian traveller, El Godei. The Danes infest Ireland. The emperor Constan tine 
divorces his consort Maria, and marries Theodoca, one of her waiting-maids. 
The moon eclipsed, March 28. 

The Saracens driven out of France ; Girona recovered from them. Charlemagne 
transplants many thousand Saxons into France ; Alcuin obtains their release 
from slavery. Pepin defeats the Huns and extends his father's empire to the 
confluence of the Drave and Danube. A council at Friuli. Kenulph invades 
Kent, and kills Eadbert Pren. Eanbald I. archbishop of York, succeeded by 
Eanbald II. Death of Ceolwulf, bishop of Lindsey. Death of Offa, July 29, and 
of his son Egbert a few months afterwards. 

Constantine having made himself unpopular by his marriage, Irene deposes him, 
puts out his eyes, and usui-ps the throne. Suleiman and Abdallah raise a 
civil war against their nephew, Al Hakem ; Toledo declares in their favour. 
The Franks take Barcelona, Saragossa, and Huesca. Sigeric, king of Essex, 
goes to Rome. Paulus Diaconus becomes a monk at Monte Casino. 

Al Hakem recovers Huesca and Lerida. Adalard, abbot of Corvey, a grandson 
of Charles Martel, is the counsellor and vicegerent of Pepin in the government of 
Italy. Felix of Urgel writes a Defence of his heresy; Paulinus of Aquileia replies. 

Final conquest of the Avars or Huns ; the accumulated spoil of many years falls 
into the hands of Charlemagne. Insun'ection against Leo III. ; he takes refuge 
in France, and is conducted back to Rome by a French anny. Al Hakem defeats 
his uncles, and drives them into Tadmir (Murcia) and Valencia. The Balearic 
isles under the protection of Charlemagne. Felix of Urgel again recants. 

Charlemagne crowned emperor of the West by pope Leo, at Rome, December 
25; his generals conquer Girona. Victory of Al Hakem in Tadmir; Suleiman 
slain ; Abdallah capitulates and retires to Tangier. Eadburga poisons Worr, 
the friend of her husband, Bertric, who accidentally partakes the cup and dies ; 
she takes flight to the court of Charlemagne, but ends her days soon afterwards 
in great misery at Pavia. The West Saxons recal Egbert from France and 
make him their king. In a Witenagemot at Winchester, the name of England 
is given to his dominions. Haroun al Rascliid sends to Charlemagne the 
keys of Jerusalem, and many valuable presents. The dynasty of the Agla- 
bites founded at Cairoan and Tunis. 

Charlemagne adds his capitularies to the laws of Lombardy; the Vulgar Era is 
used in dating them ; he receives at Pavia an embassy from Haroun al Easchid ; 
among the presents brought to him is an elephant. Barcelona surrenders to 
Louis of Aquitain. A violent earthquake in Italy. Denmark becomes a settled 
State under Sigurd II. Death of Paul Warnefrid. 



793 TO SIO A.D. 



281 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Proposal to unite the two empires fey the marriage of Charlemagne and Irene ; 
conspiracy against her at CP. She is dethroned, Oct. 31, and banished to 
Lesbos ; Nicephoriis assumes the purple. Orimoald, duke of Beneventum, 
asserts his independence. Alfonso adorns Oviedo with palaces and churches. 
Al Hakem recovers Saragossa, Pampeluna, and Huesca ; his general, Jusuf Ben 
A mru, defeated and made prisoner. Haroun al Raschid murders the Barme- 
cides. Death of Paulinus, patriarch of Aquileia. Beommod bishop of Rochester. 
The moon eclipsed, Dec. 20. 

Treaty between Charlemagne and Nicephorus, to decide the limits of the two 
empires. The independence of Venice recognized ; disputes between the doge 
and the tribunes; flight of the latter. Final submission and pacification of the 
■r Saxons at Salz in Franconia. Irene dies at Lesbos. Nicephorus refuses the 
^tribute to the Saracens. Haroun al Raschid invades Phrygia. Death of Athel- 
ard, archbishop of Canterbury ; Wulfred succeeds him. The archbishopric of 
Lichfield suppressed by the synod of Cloveshoo. 

Large colonies of Saxons transplanted by Charlemagne into distant parts of 
his empire. Leo III. visits Aix-la-Chapelle. Godfrey, king of South Jutland, 
attacks the Obotrites and burns Rerich. The Venetians expel their doge and 
instal Obelerio in his place ; Malamocco the most important seat of their go- 
vernment and commerce. Al Hakem returns to Cordova ; treaty of alliance 
letween him and Edris Ben Edris, the young king of Fez. Death of Alcuin. 

Heraclea in Pontus reduced by Haroun al Raschid. Nicephorus, defeated and 
wounded, agrees to an ignominious treaty of peace. Charlemagne attacks the 
Bohemians ; their duke, Lecko, falls in battle. Massacre of Toledo, by order 
of the Wall Amru. Treaty between Alfonso and Al Hakem. Defeat of the 
Saracens in Catalonia. Death of Cuthred, king of Kent. Wineta, at the mouth 
of the Oder, destroyed ; its people and trade removed to Julin (now Wollin). 

Diet of Thionville : Charlemagne fixes the division to be made of his empire 
at his death, among his three sons. Death of Griraoald, duke of Beneventum. 
The Franks recover Pampeluna, and as far as Tortosa. The Northumbrians 
expel Erdulf, who flies to Charlemagne at Nimeguen; Alfwolf usurps the 
throne. Edris Ben Edris builds the city of Fez, Many citizens of Cordova put 
to death for a plot against Al Hakem. Nicephorus patriarch of CF. 

Haroun al Raschid founds public schools ; he sends another embassy to Charle- 
magne with rich presents, among which is a curious clock of brass. The Sara- 
cens of Spain repulsed, in their attempt on Sardinia and Corsica. Tortosa 
besieged by the Franks. Cenwulf suspends Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury. 
The Danes infest Ireland. The designs of Pepin on Venice and Dalmatia lead 
to war with Nicephorus. Occultation of Jupiter by the moon, Jan. 31. 

Charlemagne assists Trasicon, king of the Obotrites, against Godfrey and the 
Jutlanders. Godfrey constructs the first Danawerk on the Eyder. Normans 
infest the coasts of the French empire ; large naval armaments prepared 
against them. Al Hakem's son, Abderahman, delivers Tortosa. Alfonso 
founds Santiago de Compostella. Charlemagne institutes " missi regii," iti- 
nerant commissioners, to watch the administration of justice; through his 
intervention and that of the pope, Erdulf is restored to the throne of Nor- 
thumberland. George Syncellus writes his chronology. 

Nicephorus oppresses his empire by taxes, and makes war, at first successfully, 
against Chunnus, king of the Bulgarians. Victory of the Obotrites and death 
of their king, Trasicon. To check the inroads of Godfrey. Charlemagne 
fortifies Hamburg. A Greek fleet repulsed at Comacchio. The Saracens attack 
Corsica. Death of Haroun al Raschid ; contest between his sons for the throne. 
Council of Aix-la-Chapelle. The sun eclipsed, July 16. Death of Erdulf, king 
of Northumberland ; his son Eanred begins his troubled reign. 

Pepin attacks Venice ; the citizens defend themselves ; soon after this he dies at 
Ravenna, July 8, set. 33. After a victory gained by Alfonso, Al Hakem makes 
peace with him and Charlemagne. Ambassadors from Nicephorus conclude at 
Aix-la-Chapelle a treaty of peace between the two empires. Godfrey of Jutland 
slain by his own people during a maritime expedition against Frisia. 



N N" 



282 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



811 

812 
813 
814 
815 
816 
817 
818 
819 
820 
821 
822 



Hegtra. 
195—196 

196—197 
198 
199 
200 
201 
102 
203 
204 
205 
206 

207 

i 



823 1 208 

824 ;209 

1 

825 210 



826 
827 



Eastern 
Empire. 



1 Stauraci- 

us. 
1 Michael I. 

Rhangabe. 
2 



1 Leo V. the 
Armenian, 

2 

5 



1 Michael 
II. the 
Stammerer. 

2 



Popes. 



17 Leo III. 

18 

19 — 

20 — 

21 



Spain. 
Goths. Saracens 



21 Alfonso. 
II. 



211 
212—213 

213—214 
214—215 



1 Theophi- 
lus. 



1 Stephen 

V.(orIV.) 

1 Pascal I 
3 



1 Eugeni- 
us II. 



1 Valen- 
tine. 

1 Grego- 
ry IV. 



17 Al Ha- 
kem I. 



1 Abderah- 
man II. 



44 Charle- 
magne. 



45 



1 Louis I. le 
Debonnaire. 



Empire of 
the West. 



Arabia. 



3 Al Amin. 



1 Al Ma- 
mun. 

2 

3 



10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 

|16 

I 

117 



811 TO 829 A.D. 



283 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Doges of 
Venice. 


Denmabk. 


Tr.^^. i North- 

1 


England. 
Wessex. 


Mercia. Kent. 


811 


1 Angelo 
Partici- 
aco. 


18 Sigurd 
II. or 
SnogOye. 




3Ean- 
red. 


13 Sigerid 


12 Egbert. 


16 Cen- 
wulf. 


7 Baldred. 


812 


2 


19 




4 


14 


13 


17 


8 


813 


3 


20 




5 


15 


14 


18 


9 


814 


4 


21 




6 


16 


15 


19 


10 


815 


5 


22 




7 


17 


16 


20 


11 


816 


6 


23 




8 


18 


17 


21 


12 


817 


7 


24 




9 


19 


18 


22 


13 


818 


8 


25 




10 


20 


19 


23 

ri Ce- 


14 


819 


9 


26 




11 


21 


20 


j nelm. 
\ ICeol- 
L wulf. 


15 


820 


10 


27 




12 


22 


21 


2 


16 


821 


11 _ 


28 




13 


23 


22 


IBer- 

nulf. 


17 


822 
823 


12 

13 


29 

30 


1 Boni- 
face II. 


14 

15 


24 

Conquered 
by Eg- 
bert. 


23 

24 


2 

1 Lude- 
can. 


18 

Conquered 
by Eg- 
bert. 


824 


14 


IHardica- 
nute I. 


2 


16 




25 


2 




825 


15 


2 


3 il7 

1 




26 


1 With- 
laf. 




826 


16 


3 


4 18 




27 


2 




827 


IGiustini- 
ano Parti- 
ciaco. 


4 


5 


19 




28 


3 




828 


2 


5 


6 


20 




29 


4 




829 


1 Giovan- 
ni Parti- 
ciaco. 


6 


7 


21 




30 


5 





284 



FROM THE TEAH 



A.D. 



811 



812 



813 



814 



815 



816 



817 



818 
819 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Nicepliorus defeated and slain by the Bulgarians, July 25 ; his son Stauracius 
dies after a reign of six months ; Michael is appointed his colleague and suc- 
cessor, Oct. 2. Peace between Charlemagne and Godfrey's son, Hemming ; the 
river Eyder made the boundary of their respective dominions. Revolt of the 
Armorican Bretons repressed. The Venetians depose Obelerio and his brothers ; 
the new doge transfers the seat of government to the island of Rivo Alto 
(Rialto). Death of Charles, the eldest son of Charlemagne, Dec. 4. 
Pepin's illegitimate son, Bernhard, created titular king of Italy ; Walla, a grand- 
son of Charles Martel, is his minister. Charlemagne effects a general peace 
by treaties with the Greek emperor, with Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, with 
Al Hakem in Spain, and with Harold and Reginfried, the sons of Hemming, 
in South Jutland. He calls upon his prelates for their opinions on the rite 
of baptism, and adopts the treatise of Odelbert, archbishop of Milan. Wulfred 
goes to Rome and pleads his cause before the pope, who orders him to be restored 
to the archbishopric of Canterbury. Banchor, in Ireland, plundered by the 
Danes. 
Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle; Louis crowned as colleague and successor to Charlemagne. 
The emperor Michael, defeated by the Bulgarians, retires into a monastery 
and is succeeded by Leo, the Armenian. Cruunus ravages Thrace and takes 
Adrianople. Al Amin dethroned by his brother Al Maraun. Egbert defeats 
the Britons of Cornwall and South Wales ; St. David's burnt. African and Spanish 
corsairs infest the islands and coasts of Italy ; the citizens of Amalphi and 
Gaeta arm against them. Charlemagne calls the five councils (of Aries, 
Chalons, Rheims, Mentz and Tours) to regulate the discipline of the church. 
Wulfred returns to England. Cenwulph refuses to obey the papal mandate, 
but at last allows Wulfred to resume his functions, with some limitations, on 
his surrendering certain lands and paying a sum of money. 
Death of Charlemagne, Jan. 28, set. 71. Louis restores to the Saxons some of their 
lost privileges ; deprives Bernard of his able advisers, and grants an asylum 
to Harold, after his expulsion from Jutland. The emperor Leo revives the edicts 
against image-worship. Al Mamun protects the Shiites (sect of Ali) from 
persecution, and patronizes literature. Death of Crunnus the Bulgarian. 
Louis exacts an apology from pope Leo, for having exercised civil judicial power 
in Rome; gives his son Lothaire the title of king of Bavaria, and to Pepin that 
of Aquitain, and sends an army of Saxons and Obotrites to restore Harold in 
Jutland. Al Hakem proclaims his son Abderahman, as his vicegerent and 
successor; disaffection begins to prevail at Cordova. Theodoras patriarch of 
CP. holds a council, which annuls all decrees against Iconoclasts. 
Death of pope Leo ; his successor Stephen crowns Louis and Ermengard at 
Rheims. The emperor Leo invades Bulgaria, and concludes peace with Omortag. 
A council at Aix-la-Chapelle, regulates the Benedictine priories, and canonries 
attached to cathedral churches. Louis sends commissioners to inspect monas- 
teries. The Anglo Saxon college at Rome destroyed by fire. Agobard, arch- 
bishop of Lyons protests against image worship. Al Mamun employs astrono- 
mers to observe the sun's greatest declination, which is found to be 23 — 34. 
Death of pope Stephen; he and his successor Pascal having been consecrated, 
without first obtaining the imperial consent, Louis asserts his prerogative, but 
confirms the elections. Lothaire associated with his father in the empire. 
Bernard plots to defeat this ; he and the other conspirators are imprisoned. 
Al Hakem's cruelty drives many thousand Andalusians into Africa ; some settle 
at Fez ; others emigrate to Egypt, Benedict of Aniane introduces stricter rules 
of monastic discipline. Ermoldus Nigellus Avrites a poetical chronicle of 
his times. Al Mamun's liberality to the sect of Ali causes a revolt of his 
subjects. Death of the historian Theophanes. 
Bernard cruelly put to death, ?et. 19. Remorse of Louis. Death of the empress 
Ermengard. A rebellion in Armorica suppressed. Turpin (or Tilpin, see a.d, 
769), archbishop of Rheims, writes his romances. 
Marriage of Louis to Judith, daughter of Guelph, a Bavarian nobleman, the 
founder of that illustrious German family. (See a.d. 746.) Commotions in Pan- 



TO 829 A.B. 



285 



I Events and Eminent Men. 



823 



824 



825 



827 



nonia and Gascony appeased. Death of Cenwulpli, king of Mercia ; his son 
Cenelm, set 7, murdered. Ceolwulph succeeds. The power of Mercia declines. 
Leo banishes the monk Theodore Studites, for his defence of image-worship. 

Leo assassinated, Dec. 25. Michael of Amorium usurps the throne. Abderah- 
man wars against the Franks on the Ebro, he is recalled to Cordova by the 
melancholy madness of his father Al Hakem. Louis gives to his son Lothaire 
the title of king of Italy. Dynasty of the Taherites founded in Khorasan. 

Diet of Nimeguen. Louis, youngest son of the emperor, created king of Bavaria 
and Bohemia. Marriage of Lothaire to Ermengarda. Adalard restored to 
his abbey of Corvey. Death of Al Hakem. Abdallah leaves Tangier to raise 
a rebellion, submits to the new caliph Abderahman, and is again pardoned. 
Bemulph usurps the throne of Mercia. Antonius I, patriarch of CP. 

Diet of Attigni in Ardennes. Public Penance of Louis for his acts of injustice. 
Walla re-appointed chief minister in Italy. Thomas, a Cappadocian slave, be- 
besieges CP. Abderahman takes Barcelona and Urgel. The expatriated An- 
dalusians (See a.d. 817) leave Egypt and settle in Crete, where they build 
Candia. Kabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda. Synod of Cloveshoo. 

The Emperor Michael sends an embassy to Abderahman, and proposes a treaty of 
alliance. Charles, afterwards called " the Bald," born at Francfort. Voluntary 
submission of the East Anglians to Egbert. Bernulf, king of Mercia, defeated 
and slain in an attempt to regain his authority over them. Egbert subdues 
Essex and Kent. Lothaire crowned at Rome. 

Louis proceeds, with two of his sons, to tranquillize Armorica. He receives at 
Rouen ambassadors from CP. Revival of discussions on image-worship. The 
" Constitutions " of Lothaire regulate the various laws in Italy. Conflicts in 
the Pyrenees between the Franks and Saracens ; the former defeated in the 
Bort Xezar, or, Pass of Roncesvalles. A great Synod at Cloveshoo. 

Bulgarian embassy to Louis. Ludecan, the successor of Beniulf, attacks the East 
Anglians, is defeated and killed ; Withlaf or Wiglaf, called to the throne of 
Mercia, but driven out by Egbert. Council of Paris on image-worship. Claude, 
bishop of Turin, writes against, Jonas of Orleans defends, it. 

Harold of South Jutland baptized at Ingelheim ; receives from Louis a grant of 
land at Rustringen in Friesland. On a visit to his country, Ansgar a monk of 
Corvey attends him to preach Christianity in the North. Complaints made to 
the council of Rome, that Charlemagne's institutions for the promotion of learn- 
ing were neglected, and many places had no teachers. Abderahman provides 
for the careful education of his sons, and establishes public schools throughout 
Spain ; he repairs roads, embanks rivers, and constructs aqueducts, reservoirs 
and baths. Among the learned whom he patronises are the poet Abdallah 
Aben Xamin, and the traveller Yahye Ben Hakem. Dicuil, an Irish monk, 
settled in France, writes " De Mensura Orbis Terrse." 

The Saracens of Africa introduced by Euphemius into Sicily. Revolt of Merida 
against Abderahman. Egbert subdues Mercia and Northumberland. 

The insurrection of Merida quelled ; Toledo revolts. The Saracens conquer a 
great part of Catalonia. Syracuse taken by them. Boniface, marquis of Tus- 
cany, defends Corsica and invades Africa. Egbert allows the kings of Northum- 
berland and Mercia to retain their titles, on their paying him tribute and 
acknowledging his authority as BretAvalda. North Wales submits to him. 
Death of Ethelwald, bishop of Lichfield. The moon eclipsed, Dec. 25. 

Death of the emperor Michael, Oct. 3. Louis makes another division of his states, 
giving a portion to his younger son Charles, and naming as his guardian Bernard, 
duke of Languedoc. Lothaire, in an edict, reproves the clergy for their total 
neglect of education and establishes masters in Florence, Turin, Verona, and 
other places. The monk Dungallo, who had written a book in defence of image- 
worship, is placed over the school of Pavia. The Saracens land in Calabria. 
The doge of Venice, Giustiniani Particiaco, at his death bequeaths funds for 
building the church of St. Mark. Death of Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury ; 
his successor, Theologild, dies soon after his appointment. Swithun, afterwards 
bishop of Winchester, is Egbert's chief adviser and preceptor of his sons. 



286 



FROM THE YEAB, 



A.D. 



Hegira. 



830 

831 

832 

833 

834 

835 

836 

837 

838 

839 

840 

841 

842 

843 

844 

845 

846 

847 

848 
849 
850 



215—216, 
216—217 
217—218 
218—219 
219—220 
220—221 
221—222 

i 

222—223 

223—224 

224—225 

226 

227 

228 

229 

230 

231 

232 

233 

234 
235 
236 



Eastern 
Empire. 

2 Theo- 
pliilus. 

3 



Popes. 



4 Gregory 
IV. 

5 — 

6 — 

7 



10 — 

11 

12 

13 

1 Michael 
III. 

2 

3 

4 

5 



Arabia. 



Spain. 
Goths. Saracens, 



9 — 

10 — 

11 — 

12 — 

13 — 

14 — 

15 — 

16 — 

17 — 

1 Sergius 
II. 

2 — 

3 — 

1 Leo IV. 

2 — 

3 — 

4 ~ 



18 Al Ma- 
in im. 

19 

20 

1 Al Mo- 

tassem. 

2 

3 

4 

5 



1 Al Wa- 

thek. 

2 — 

3 ^ 

4 — 

5 — 



1 Al Mo- 
tawakkel 

2 — 

3 — 

4 — 



40 Alfon- 
so II. 

41 

42 

43 . 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

1 Rami- 
rol. 

2 

3 

4 

5 



1 Ordo- 
nio I. 



10 Abder- 
ahman II 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 



Doges of 
Venice. 



2 Giovan- 
ni Parti- 
ciaco. 

3 

4 



1 Pietro 
Tradonico, 



17 Louis , 
LleDeb- 

onnaire. 

18 — 

19 — 

20 — 

21 — 

22 — 

23 — 

24 — 

25 — 



Empire 

OF THE 

West. 



Italv. 
1 Lo- 
thaire I. 



830 TO 850 A.D. 



287 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


1 
France. 


Germa- 
ny. 


Den- 
mark. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


Scotland 


NORTHUM- 

■ berland. 


England. 
Wessex. Mercja. 


830 
831 
S32 






7 Hardi 
Canute I 

8 

9 


- 8Boni- 
. face 11. 

9 

10 


Union of 22 Eanred 
the Picts 
and Scots 

by the 23 

marriage 
of Aycha 

and Un- 24 

garia. 


. 31 Egbert 

32 

33 


eWithlaf. 

7 

1 


833 






10 


11 


1 Alpine. 


25 

1 


34 


9 


834 






11 


12 


2 


j^a- 


Zb 


10 — 


835 






12 


13 


3 


1 

27 


36 


11 


833 ; 

1 
837 






13 

14 


14 

15 


1 Ken. 
neth M' 
Alpine. 


28 

29 


1 Ethel- 
wulf. 

2 


12 

13 


838 

1 






15 


16 


3 


30 


3 


1 Beort- 
wulf. 


839 1 

i 






16 — 


17 


4 


31 


4 


2 


840 


1 Charles 
the Bald. 


1 Louis. 


17 


18 




32 


5 


3 


841 

842 

^i3 


2 

3 


2 , 

3 

i 


18 

19 

20 


19 

20 

21 


6 

8 


33 

Annexed 
to the 
kingdom 
of Eng- 
land. 


6 

8 


4 

5 

6 


\ 


5 


5 ; 


21 


22 


9 




9 


7 


«. 


6 


6 ': 


22 


23 


10 




10 


8 


846 


7 


! 


23 


24 — 


11 




11 


9 


847 


8 


i 


24 


1 Adal- 
bert. 


12 




12 


10 


848 


9 


9 


25 


2 


13 




13 


11 


849 


10 


10 


26 


3 


14 




14 


12 


850 ! 


11 


11 


27 


4 : 


15 




15 


13 



288 



FROM THE TEA'S 



A.D. 



831 



832 



833 



834 



835 



837 



838 



840 



841 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Louis deposed by his three eldest sons, and restored ;by the diet of Nimeguen. 
Bernard retires into Spain. Ansgar preaches Christianity in Sweden. Ceolnoth 
archbishop of Canterbury. The emperor Theophilus hostile to image-worship. 
Obelerio, the former doge of Venice, loses his life in an attempt to regain his 
power. 
Clemency of Louis to his sons and their abettors. Diets of Aix-la-Chapelle and 
Thionville. Merida and Alisbona join the insurrection in Spain. Messina 
taken by the Saracens ; Theodotus falls in battle against them. Paschasius 
Radbert, abbot of Corvey, introduces the doctrine of Transubstantiation, and is 
opposed by Rabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda. 
Renewed discord between Louis and his sons. Palermo and the greater part of 
Sicily subdued by the Saracens. Omeya, the son of Abderahman, defeats the 
insurgents near the river Alberche. The Danes land in the Isle of Sheppey. 
John VII. patriarch of CP. 
Louis a prisoner in the hands of his son Lothaire, who assumes full imperial 
power. Defeat of the Spanish rebels at Maghazul. The Danes land in Wessex 
from thirty-five ships, and defeat Egbert. The regular succession of Scottish 
kings begins with Alpine. Death of the caliph Al Mamun. 
Lothaire compelled by his brother to restore their father to his throne, Merida 
submits to Abderahman. Ansgar appointed archbishop of Hamburg. Ber- 
nard independent in Catalonia, under the title of count or marquis of Barcelona. 
Diet of Thionville, degradation of Agobard, archbishop of Lyons, Ebbo of Rheims 
and others, who had joined in the rebellion. Egbert defeats at Hengston a com- 
bined army of Danes and Cornish Britons. 
Death of Egbert. His successor Ethelwulf places his son Athelstan over Kent, 
Essex, and Sussex. Baldimer, the Bulgarian king, releases his Greek prisoners. 
Death of Walla, after being made abbot of Bobbio by Lothaire. Paschasius 
Radbert writes his Life. 
Theophilus invades Syria and destroys Sozopetra, the birth-place of Al Motassem. 
Louis allots Neustria to his youngest son Charles. The Danes harass the 
countries about the Meuse and Waal ; they are repulsed by the West Saxons at 
Southampton, and defeat them on the isle of Portland. The Venetians compel 
their doge to retire into a monastery ; they elect his successor. Pope Gregory, 
during the distracted state of Europe, extends the power of the church, and uses 
the forged " Decretals" for that purpose. A comet is seen at Easter-time. 
Al Motassem defeats Theophilus and retaliates the fate of Sozopetra on Amorium. 
Louis forms a league between his sons Lothaire and Charles ; death of his son 
Pepin. The rebellion in Spain ended by the surrender of Toledo. The Danes 
sail up the Loire and ravage the country as far as Tours ; they invade Kent, 
and infest the marshlands of Lindsey and East Anglia. 
Louis of Bavaria rebels ; deserted by his army, he submits to his father. Death 
of Bernard, count of Barcelona. The Saracens of Spain fit out a fleet and 
plunder Marseilles. The Venetians repress the piracy of the Dalmatians : but lose 
their ships in an attack on the Saracens at Tarento. Theophilus sends ambas- 
sadors to invite the assistanceof Abderahman and Lothaire against Al Motassem. 
Death of Louis le Debonnaire, at Ingelheim, June 20, set. 64; his three sons divide 
his empire into three independent States, Charles taking France, Lothaire Italy, 
with the title of emperor, and Louis Bavaria or Germany ; but they quarrel 
about the limits of their respective teiTitories, and the sons of Pepin claim Aqui- 
tain. Louis seizes the German States allotted to Lothaire, who brings an army 
across the Alps, to assert his rights ; negotiations and truces betAveen the three 
brothers. The kingdom of Poland founded by Piast. Ethelwulf defeated by 
the Danes at Carrum (Carhamton, in Somersetshire). Death of Claude, bishop 
of Turin; and of Agobard, former archbishop of Lyons. 
Louis and Charles unite to resist the pretensions of Lothaire, and defeat him at 
Fontenat, in Auxerre, June 25 ; both parties, weakened by this battle, continue 
ineffectual hostilities. Rouen plundered by the Danes, under Hasting. Nomenoi 
revolts in Bretagne and takes Rennes and Nantes. Southern Italy distracted 
by the rival claims of Siconolfo and Radelgiso to the duchy of Beneventum. 
Death of Al Motassem; the splendour of the Arabian Caliphate declines. 



830 TO 850 A.D. 



289 



842 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Theophobus rejects the purple offered him by his soldiers, and is beheaded for their 
crime. Death of Theophilus, Jan. 20 ; his empress, Theodora, reigns in the 
name of their son, Michael, set. 5 ; she punishes, by whipping and degradation, 
John VII., and appoints in his place Methodius I. patriarch of CP.; a council 
held there, Feb. 19, under her auspices, restores the worship of images. Inter- 
view between Louis and Charles at Strasburg ; they bind themselves by oath to 
maintain their league, the former using the Gennan, and the latter the Komauce, 
language. Lothaire agrees to hold a congress at Metz, for settlement of their 
disputes. The Saracens, invited by Radelgiso to support his cause in Beneven- 
tum, establish themselves at Bari. Kenneth completes the subjection of the 
Picts, whose last chieftain, Wead, is slain in battle. Death of Eginhard, the 
former secretary of Charlemagne. Death of Eanred, the last nominal king of 
Northumberland. 

Treaty of Verdun ; the three brothers fix the limits of their ten'itories. Italy, 
France, and Germany become distinct States. A portion of Germany assigned 
to Lothaire, between the Rhine and the Meuse. The Danes (called by Arabian 
writers Magioges, ^^ people of Gog and 3Iagog,'') land at LislDon from fifty-four 
ships, and carry off a rich booty. Continued strife in Southern Italy ; siege of 
Beneventum by Siconolfo. Alfonso dies at Oviedo, set. 85. 

The diet of Thionville confirms the territorial settlement made in the preceding 
year at Verdun. Lothaire gives the title of king of Italy to his son Louis, who 
is crowned at Rome. On the death of Pope Gregory, his successor, Buccaporci 
(Pig's cheek), takes the name of Sergius II. Ramiro defeats the Saracens at 
Clavigo, near Calagurris (Calahorra). The Danes infest the neighbourhood of 
Cadiz and Seville ; Abderahman fits out a fleet to resist them. 

The Paulicians, persecuted by Theodora, defend themselves, and fortify Tephrice. 
Bogoris, king of the Bulgarians, negotiates with her and with Louis of 
Germany. Pepin establishes his authority in the greater part of Aquitain, and 
Nomenoi defeats Charles in Bretagne. Misenum taken by the Saracens. The 
Danes repulsed at the mouth of the Parret. Ratramn or Bertram writes against 
Transubstantiation. John Scotus Erigena the founder of scholastic theology. 

The Saracens advance to the walls of Rome, and after plundering the country, 
return and lay siege to Gaeta. The Danes, repulsed in Gallicia by Ramiro, take 
the island of Noirmoutier, on the coast of Vendee. Spain atflicted by a great 
drought and swarms of locusts, Ignatius, patriarch of CP. 

The three brothers repress some growing jealousies by a conference at Mersen, 
near Maestrecht. The Saracens driven from the siege of Gaeta by a violent 
storm. Death of the caliph Al Wathek. Abderahman relieves the distress in 
Spain by a remission of taxes and the construction of aqueducts and fountains. 
Rabanus Maunis, abbot of Fulda, made archbishop of Mentz. The monk Gott- 
schalk raises the Predestinarian controversy. Earthquake in Italy. 

Louis, king of Italy, drives the Saracens out of Beneventum, and divides the 
duchy between the two rivals. Pope Leo adds a new quarter to the city of 
Rome, by surrounding the Vatican with walls. Bretagne independent under 
Nomenoi. A council at Mentz condemns the doctrines of Gottschalk, and sends 
him to Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims. 

The Saracen pirates range at will through the Mediterranean ; they are defeated 
at the mouth of the Tiber by the combined fleets of Naples, Gaeta, and Amalplii. 
Leo fortifies Porto at the entrance of the river. Birth of Ethelwulf's youngest 
son, Alfred. Gottschalk sentenced by the council of Quiercy to be flogged and 
to perpetual imprisonment. 

Pepin strengthens himself in Aquitain by leagues with Saracens and Normans. 
Roric, a nephew of Harold (see a.d. 826), collects a piratical armament in Friesland, 
with which he attacks other coasts ; Lothaire purchases security for his own 
lands, by granting Durstadt to him. The Saracens land in Provence and phmder 
Aries. Abderalmian paves Cordova and builds new palaces there ; he punishes 
severely his Christian subjects who speak against Mahomet. Death of Ramiro. i 
Prudentius, bishop of Troyes, writes his annals and epistles. Druthmar, a dis-| 
ciple of Ratramn, writes a grammatical commentary on Matthew's Gospel. 



O O 



290 



TEOM THE XEAB 



A.D. ] 


Eegira. 


Eastern 
Empieb, 


Popes. 


Aeabta. 


Spain. 
GrOTHS. Saracens. 


Doges of 
Venice. 


TUSCA- 1 

NY. >! 


851 


237 


10 Michael 


5 Leo IV. 


5AlMota- 


2 Ordo- 


31 Abder- 


15 Pietro 


5 Adal- 






III. 




wakkel. 


nio I. 


ahman II. 


Trado- 
nico. 


hert. 


852 


238 


11 


6 


6 


3 


1 Muha- 
mad. 


16 


6 


853 


239 


12 


7 


7 


4 


2 


17 


7 


854 


240 


13 


8 


8 


5 


3 


18 


8 


855 


241—242! 


14 


1 Bene- 
dict III. 


9 


6 


4 


19 


9 


856 


242—243 


15 


2 


10 


7 


5 . 


20 


10 


857 


243—244 


16 


3 


11 


8 


6 


21 


11 


858 


244—245 


17 


1 Nicliolas 
I. 


12 


9 


7 


22 


12 


859 


245—246 


18 


2 


13 


10 


8 


23 


13 


860 


246—247 


19 


3 


14 


11 


9 


24 


14 — - i 


861 


247—248 


20 


4 — - 


1 Al Mo- 

stanser. 


12 


10 


25 


15 


862 


248—249 


21 1 


5 


1 Al Mo- 
stain. 


1 Alfon- 
so HI. 
the 
Great. 


11 


26 


16 ' 


863 


249-250 


22 


6 


2 


2 


12 


27 


17 


864 


250—251 


23 


7 


3 


3 


13 


1 Orso 
Particiaco. 


18 


865 


251-252 


24 


8 


4 


4 


14 


2 • 


19 


866 


252—253 


25 


9 


1 Al Mo- 
taz. 


5 


15 


3 


20 



851 TO 866 A.D. 



291 



liepe- 
tition 
Daces. 


France. 


Italy. 


Germany. 


Denmark. 


Scotland. 


Eng 
Wessex. 


land. 
Mercia. 

14Beortwulf. 


851 


12 Charles 
the Bald. 


12 Lo- 
thaire I. 


12 Louis. 


28 Hardi- 
canute I . 


16 Ken- 
neth M' 
Alpine. 


16 Ethel- 
wulf. 


852 


13 


13 


13 


29 


17 


17 


1 Burhred. 


853 


14 


14 


14 


30 . 


18 


18 


2 


854 


15 


15 


15 


31 


19 


19 


3 


855 


16 


1 Louis 
II. 


16 


1 Gorm. 


20 


20 


4 


856 


17 


2 


17 


2 


21 


1 Ethel- 
bald. 


5 


857 


18 


3 


18 


3 


22 


2 


6 


858 


19 


4 


19 


4 


23 


3 


7 


859 


20 


5 


20 


5 


24 


4 


8 


860 


21 

1 


6 


21 


6 


1 Donald 
III. 


1 Ethel- 
hert. 


9 


861 


22 


7 


22 


7 


2 


2 


10 


862 


23 


8 


23 


8 


ICon- 
stantine. 


3 


11 


863 


24 


9 


24 —*- 


9 


2 




12 


864 


25 


10 


25 


10 


3 




13 


865 


26 


11 


26 


11 


4 


6 


14 


866 


27 


12 


27 


12 


5 


1 Ethelred 
1. 


15 



292 



FEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



851 



852 



853 



855 



857 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Charles recovers Aquitain, and imprisons Pepin at Soissons. The Danes ascend 
the Rhine with 252 ships, and plunder Ghent, Cologne, Treves, and Aix-la- 
Chapelle. A band of the same people defeated by ealdorman Ceorl, at Wiegan- 
beorh (Wemburg, near Plymouth). Another band, repulsed by Athelstan at 
Sandwich, afterwards take the island of Thanet and winter there. Roric, with 
350 sail, arrives in the Thames, puts to flight Beortwulf, king of Mercia. pillages 
Canterbury and London, but is at last defeated by Ethelwulf, with great 
slaughter, at Ockley, in Surrey. Herispoe succeeds his father, Nomenoi, in 
Bretagne. 

Unsuccessful siege of Bari, by Louis. The pope completes and consecrates his 
new town, which he names the Leonine City. He plants Corsican refugees in 
the deserted town of Porto. Death of Abderahman, set. 65, leaving forty-five 
sons and forty-two daughters by his numerous wives. His son and successor, 
Muhamad, sends his general Musa to invade France, with whom Charles con- 
cludes an ignominious peace. The same general is defeated and wounded at Al- 
baida, by Ordonio, who then assists a revolt raised by the people of Toledo. 

Muhamad defeats his rebellious subjects and their Christian allies, near Toledo, 
and lays siege to the city. Revolt of Musa and his son, Lobia, at Saragossa. 
The Danes seize Nantes and Tours. They maintain their ground in Thanet, 
against the men of Kent and Surrey. Ethelwulf defeats Rotri Mawr (Roderic 
the Great), king of the Welsh Cymri, and penetrates to the isle of Anglesea. 
He gives his daughter Ethelswith in marriage to Burhred, king of Mercia, and 
sends his son Alfred to Rome, who is anointed king by the pope. Ansgar re- 
turns to Sweden, and converts king Olof. Fabulous period of pope Joan. 

The people of Aquitain offer their duchy to a son of Louis of Germany ; but Pepin, 
having escaped from prison, places himself once more at their head. Muhamad 
leaves his son Almondhir to blockade Toledo, and returns to Cordova. The pre- 
destinarian controversy produces violent altercations. Gottschalk's tenets are 
attacked by Hincmar and Scotus Erigena, and defended by Prudentius, Florus 
Magister, and Remigius, archbishop of Lyons. With the exception of a few 
leading ecclesiastics, universal ignorance now prevails in Christendom. 

Death of Lothaire, Sept. 28. His eldest son, Louis, is king of Italy and emperor 
of the West ; the second, Lothaire, has the countries between the Rhine and 
Meuse, which take from him the name of Lotharingen (now Lorraine), and the 
youngest, Charles, has Provence. The Toledans drive their besiegers back to 
Talavera, whence they, in their turn, are compelled to retire within their own 
walls. Ethelwulf visits Rome, with his son Alfred; he remains there a year, 
restores the Anglo-Saxon school, and confirms the Rome-scot (afterwards Peter's 
pence). On the death of Leo, the papacy is contested by Benedict and Anas- 
tasius ; the former prevails. A band of Danes keep the isle of Sheppey through 
the winter. 

Ethelwulf visits Charles the Bald, and marries his daughter, Judith, set. 12, at 
Verberie-sur-Oise ; on his return to England, Alstan, bishop of Sherbourne, and 
Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, force him to resign the crown of Wessex to 
his son Ethelbald. The emperor Louis and his wife, Angilberga, visit Venice. 
The Normans, under Hasting, cany their depredations as far as Paris. Un- 
successful siege of Bari by the Beneventines. Ado, archbishop of Vienna. 
Death of Rabanus Maurus. Inundation and pestilence at Rome. 

The emperor Michael takes the government into his own hands, shuts his mother 
up in a convent, appoints his uncle, Bardas, Cpesar, and indulges intemperate 
habits, which acquire for him the surname of " the drunkard ;" he deposes Ig- 
natius, and appoints Photius patriarch of CP. The Venetians take Comacchio, 
to revenge an insult to a relative of their doge. 

On the death of Herispoe, the Bretons continue to assert their independence, 
under Solomon. The Normans establish themselves on the Oise. While 
Charles is unsuccessfully employed against these two enemies, his brother 
Louis invades France, but is persuaded to withdraw his forces, by their nephew 
Lothaire. Toledo submits to Muhamad. Garcias, a descendant of Aznar, 
count of Arragon ; Sancho, surnamed Arista, founds an independent state in 
Navarre. Death of Ethelwulf. Ethelbald marries his step-mother, Judith. 



B51 TO 866 A.D. 



293 



859 



861 



864 



866 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Louis sends Teuton, abbot of Fulda, to the emperor and the pope, with an expla- 
nation of his late proceedin^^s, which his brother Charles still resents. Vanilon, 
archbishop of Sens, censured for his treason. Pope Nicholas asserts the genu- 
ineness of the forged Decretals, and imposes them on the ignorance of the age. 
The Normans despoil many inland districts of France. Ethelbald compelled 
by his people to divorce Judith, who is allowed to sell her ^' morgengift" Siud 
return to her father. The Magioges (see a.d. 843), with a fleet of sixty ships, 
again devastate the coasts of Spain. 

Ordonio strengthens his kingdom. Muhamad, unable to make any impression 
in that quarter, turns his arms against Navarre and Arragon, where he gains 
some fortresses. Death of Ethelbald ; his brother Ethelbert succeeds. A large 
body of Danes, led by Weland from the banks of the Somme, land at Southamp- 
ton and ravage Winchester ; they are repulsed by the ealdormen Osric and 
Ethelwulf. Ignatius appeals to the pope, who sends legates to CP. to inquire 
into the appointment of Photius. Bogoris, king of the Bulgarians, converted 
to Christianity. A severe winter ; the Hadriatic frozen. Iceland discovered 
by the Northmen. 

Al Mostanser instigates the Turkish guards to murder his father, Al Mota- 
wakkel, and is raised by them to the caliphate. A band of sea-rovers, called 
Warager, under Ruric (Roric ? see a.d. 850), land near Lake Ladoga, and esta- 
blish themselves there. Death of Swithun, bishop of Winchester. Ordonio 
takes Salamanca and Coria. 

Charles the Bald disturbed by the short rebellions of his sons Louis and Charles ; 
his daughter, Judith, widow of Ethelwulf, is carried off by Baldwin, who obtains 
her father's pardon, and is created count of Flanders. Carloman revolts against 
his father, Louis of Germany. Lothaire divorces Teutberga, and marries his 
concubine Waldrada; the archbishops of Cologne and Treves support him 
in the council of Aix-la-Chapelle against the condemnation of pope Nicholas and 
Hincmar of Rheims. The pope's legates at CP., without his sanction, confirm 
the appointment of Photius. Ruric conquers Novogorod and Kiow, and becomes 
grand duke of Russia. The Ungri (Hungarians) obtain a permanent settlement 
in Pannonia. Death of Ordonio, Dec. 27. Accession of Alfonso the Great. 
The rebellion of Omar Ben Hafsun enables the Navarrese and Arragonese to 
regain their lost ground. Al Mostanser killed by the Turkish guards, who place 
Al Mostain on the throne. 

Death of Charles of Provence ; his brothers divide his kingdom. Gorm conquers 
Jutland. Nicholas annuls Lothaire's marriage, excommunicates the archbishops 
of Cologne and Treves, deposes Photius, and declares Ignatius to be the patriarch 
of CP. Harold Harfagr, king of Norway. 

An edict of Charles the Bald, for the destruction of fortified castles, disregarded by 
his nobles. Nicholas asserts his exclusive right to appoint and depose bishops. 
The sovereigns and prelates of France and Germany resist his claim. The 
emperor Louis occupies Rome with an ai-med force, but fails in his object. The 
doge of Venice assassinated. Christianity, first introduced into Russia, makes 
little progress. 

Charles takes Pepin and reduces Aquitain. Lothaire submits to the papal 
decree, and is for a time reconciled to Teutberga, but soon recalls Waldrada. 
The Saracens of Bari commit great depredations in Italy. A naval armament 
of the Russians against CP. dispersed by a storm. Zeid, the grandson of Mu 
hamad, and his anny, treacherously massacred by Omar Ben Hafsun. A great 
drought in Spain. The Danes occupy Thanet, and ravage East Kent. Bertario, 
abbot of Monte Casino, poet and grammarian. Death of Ansgar, archbishop of 
Hamburg and Bremen, and of Paschasius Radbert, abbot of Corvey. 

The emperor Michael causes his uncle Bardas to be assassinated by Basil the 
Macedonian, to whom he gives the title of Csesar. Almondhir, son of Muhamad, 
storms Rosas and disperses the army of Omar, who escapes and conceals himself 
in the mountains. The emperor Louis assembles a large force in Southern 
Italy against the Saracens. Invasion of East Anglia by a numerous body of 
Danes. Al Mostain murdered by the Turkish guard. 



294 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


Hegira. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Popes. 


Arabia. 


Spain. 
Goths. Saracens. 


Doges of 
Venice. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


867 


253—254 


1 Basil I. 
the Mace- 
donian. 


1 Hadrian 
11. 


2 Al Mo- 
taz. 


6 Alfon- 
so III. 
the 
Great. 


16 Muha- 
mad. 


4 0rso 
Partici- 
aco. 


21 Adal- 
bert. 


868 


254—255 


2 


2 


3 


7 — 


17 


5 " 


22 


869 


255—256 


3 


3 


1 Al Moh- 
tadi. 


8 


18 


6 


23 


870 


256—257 


4 


4 


1 Al Mo- 
tamed. 


9 


19 


7 


24 


871 


258 


5 


5 


2 


10 


20 


8 


25 


872 


259 


6 


1 John 
VIII. 


3 


11 


21 


9 


26 


873 


260 


7 


2 


4 


12 


22 


10 


27 


874 


261 


8 


3 


5 


13 


23 


11 


28 


875 


262 


9 


4 


6 


14 


24 


12 


29 


876 


263 


10 


5 


7 


15 


25 


13 


30 


877 


264 


11 


B 


8 


16 


26 


14 


31 


878 


265 


12 

I 


7 


9 


17 


27 


15 


32 , 



867 TO 878 A.D. 



295 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 


France. 


Italy. 


Germany. 


Denmark. 


Scot- 
land. 


Flanders. 


England. 
Wessex. Mekcia. 


867 


28 Charles 
the Bald. 


13 Louis 
II. 


28 Louis. 


13 Gorm. 


6 Con- 
stantine. 


6 Baldwin 
I. 


2 Ethel- 
red I. 


16Burh- 
red. 


868 


29 


14 


29 


14 


7 


7 


3 


17 


869 


30 


15 


30 


15 


8 


8 


4 


18 


870 


31 


16 


31 


16 


9 


9 


5 


19 


871 


32 


17 


32 _ 


17 — 


10 


10 


1 Alfred 
the 
Great. 


20 


872 


33 


18 


33 


18 


11 


11 . 


2 


21 


873 


34 


19 


34 


19 


12 


12 


3 


22 


874 


35 


20 


35 


20 


13 


13 


4 


1 Ceol- 
wulf. 


873 


36 


lCharle.s 
the 
Bald. 


36 


21 


14 


14 


5 


2 


876 


37 


2 


1 Louis II. 
of Saxony. 


22 


15 


15 


6 


3 


877 


1 Louis II. 
the Stam- 
merer. 


1 Car- 
loman. 


2 


23 


16 


16 


7 


4 

Deposed 
by the 
Danes. 


878 


2 


2 


3 24 

1 


17 17 


8 





296 



FROM TKE TEAK 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Mkn. 



867 



869 



870 



871 



872 



Michael III. assassinated, Sep. 24, by Basil, who ascends the throne of the East. 
Photius assembles a council and excommunicates pope Nicholas ; he is after- 
wards himself deposed by Basil, and Ignatius restored to the patriarchate. 
Lothaire assists Louis with an army against the Saracens. Charles sends his 
son, Louis the Stammerer, to govern Aquitain. Eberhard bequeaths the duchy 
of Friuli to his son Unroco, by whose early death it passes to his brother Be- 
renger. Muhamad sends an army by sea to attack Gallicia ; his fleet is wrecked 
at the mouth of the Minho ; Alfonso pushes his conquests beyond Salamanca. 
Death of pope Nicholas, who leaves the church of Rome more powerful than 
ever before. The Danes, after wintering in East Anglia, go beyond the Humber 
and take York. Death of Alstan, bishop of Sherbourne. 

Louis commences the siege of Bari* Basil defends Ragnsa and Dalmatia against 
the Saracens. Chrysocheir, leader of the Paulicians, overruns Asia Minor and 
pillages Nicomedia, Ancyra, and Ephesus. The Toulunides possess Egypt. 
The Spanish Mohammedans defeated in an attempt to take Pampeluna. Notting- 
ham taken by the Danes ; they are besieged there by Burhred, Ethelred, and 
his brother Alfred, who allow them to return to York with all their booty. 
Death of Ratramn. Anastasius the Librarian writes the life of Nicholas I. 

Basil sends a fleet to assist in the siege of Bari, and offers terms to the Paulicians, 
which they reject. Lothaire visits Rome to conciliate the pope ; on his return, 
he dies at Piacenza, Aug. 10. Charles the Bald occcupies Lorraine. Louis of 
Germany and the emperor Louis both assert their right of succession to the 
vacant throne. Al Motaz, endeavouring to remove his Turkish guards, is de- 
posed and slain by them. Alfred, set. 19 — 20, is " secondary," or assistant regent 
to his brother. The Danes destroy Bardney in Lindsey ; are defeated in Kes- 
teven, on St. Maurice's day, Sept. 22, by ealdorman Algar ; are reinforced by 
Guntrum; Algar slain in a second battle ; Croyland and Medehamstede (Peter- 
borough) plundered. The eighth general council, held at CP., confirms the de- 
position of Photius, and anathematizes all Iconoclasts. Gottschalk (see a.d. 
849) dies in his prison; 

Treaty between Charles the Bald and Louis of Germany for the division of Lo- 
thaire's kingdom ; pope Hadrian makes vain efforts to secure a share for the 
emperor Louis. The Saracens repulsed in an attempt to relieve Bari ; they take 
the island of Malta. Death of the rebel Musa, and surrender of Saragossa to 
Muhamad. Basil drives the Paulicians out of Asia Minor, and besieges Teph- 
rice. The Bulgarians reject the supremacy of the pope, and accept an arch- 
bishop from Ignatius. The Danes enter East Anglia under Ingwar and Ubba, 
descendants of Ragnar Lodbrok (see a.d. 794), and take Thetford ; Edmund, 
titular king of the country, slain by them : is afterwards canonized. The 
Turkish guards again create a new caliph, and kill Al Mohtadi. Death of 
Ceolnoth, archbishop of Canterbury ; Athelred succeeds him. Emigration of 
Ingulf to Iceland. 
Capture of Bari. Many revolts and disorders follow in Southern Italy. The 
emperor Louis and empress Angilberga are treacherously surprised in Bene- 
ventum by Adelgiso, and detained several days in captivity. Hincmar encou- 
rages Charles the Bald to resist tiie authority assumed by tiie pope over the 
bishops of France. Fall of Tephrice and death of Chrysocheir ; the Paulicians, 
dispersed, cany their tenets into Europe. Lobia, son of Muza, persists in re- 
bellion. The Danes proceed to the south of the Thames, where nine great 
battles are fought against them at Reading, Englefield, Wilton, and other 
places. Bagsac, one of their kings, is slain, and nine of their jarls ; a treaty of 
peace for Wessex is made with them. Death of Ethelred, April 23, and acces- 
sion of Alfred the Great. 
Louis of Germany relinquishes to the emperor Louis his portion of Lorraine. The 
Saracens bring a large force into Italy and besiege Salerno, Almondhir carries 
on an active warfare against Alfonso, but is successfully resisted. The Danes, 
under Healfdene, take London ; Burhred makes peace with them for Mercia, 
and pays them tribute. Yacoub Ebn Seis, the brazier, supplants the Taherites 
in Persia, and founds the Softarian dynasty. Basil disciplines the army, im- 
proves the finances, and reforms the empire. 



8G7 TO 878 A.D. 



297 



873 



874 



875 



876 



877 



878 



Events and Eminent Men. 



On the approach of the emperor Louis with an array, the Saracens raise the siege 
of Salerno ; they land in Calabria, and commit great depredations. Basil and 
the pope divert Louis from his intention of revenging himself on Adelgiso. 
Italy, France, and Germany laid waste by locusts. A terrible drought suspends 
all warlike operations in Spain. The Danes, after am incursion into Northum- 
berland, winter at Torksey, in Lindsey. Organs introduced into the churches 
of Germany. 

Almondhir defeated by Alfonso, near the river Urbicus. The Danes conquer 
Mercia, and set up Ceolwulf as their tributary king. Burhred dies at Rome, 
and his queen Ethelswith at Pavia. Basil recovers many provinces of Asia 
Minor from the Saracens. 

Death of the emperor Louis, Aug, 12 ; Charles the Bald and Louis of Germany contend 
for the succession ; the former, by granting new privileges to the church of 
Rome, obtains the support of the pope, and is acknowledged as the king of Italy 
and emperor of the West. The Saracens besiege Tarentum, ravage Cannge, and 
defeat Adelgiso, duke of Beneventum. Healfdene leads his men into Northum- 
berland, sets up Ricsig as nominal king, destroys Coldiugham, Tynemouth, 
and Lindisfarne, and makes inroads into Strathclyde. Guthrum, Oskytil, and 
Amund, with another division of Danes, station themselves at Cambridge. 
Alfred fits out a fleet and conquers in a sea-fight. Harold Harfagr overcomes 
the Vikingr in Hasunfiord, and subdues the southern part of Norway. RoUo, 
son of Rognwald, goes to England. Death of Ado, archbishop of Vienne. 

Louis of Germany dies at Francfort-on-the-Maine, Aug. 28 ; division of his king- 
dom among his three sons ; Bavaria to Carloman ; Saxony to Louis II. ''the 
Stammerer," and East France (Franconia and Swabia) to Charles " the Fat ;" 
their uncle. Charles the Bald, attempting to dispossess them, is defeated at 
Andernach, by Louis, Oct. 8. The troops of Basil, called by the citizens of Bari 
to defend them against the Saracens, retain possession of the place, and found 
a new province of the eastern empire. Almondhir again attacks Gallicia, and is 
foiled by Alfonso. Omar Ben Hafsun comes out of his retreat, and recovers all 
the strong places on the river Segre. The Danes take Wareham and Exeter. 
Rollo's first settlement in Normandy. Ignatius sends a Greek patriarch to the 
Christians in Russia. Successful campaign of Basil in Cappadocia and Syria. 

Basil revises the laws of Justinian, and puts them into the Greek form of the 
Basilika. The pope and Italian princes call on Charles the Bald to protect them 
from the Saracens ; by creating hereditary benefices and titles, at the diet of 
Quiercy-sur Oise, he raises a large army, with which he marches into Italy ; at 
Pavia, hearing that Carloman was advancing with a strong force to claim the 
kingdom, he retreats into Savoy, and, while crossing Mount Cenis, dies sud- 
denly, Oct. 13, set. 54 ; his death attributed by some to a fever, by others to 
poison. No emperor of the West for three years. Carloman acquires the crown 
of Italy; the pope, who opposes him, is driven from Rome by Lambert, duke 
of Spoleto, and takes refuge in France. Boso, duke of Lombardy and Provence, 
brother of the empress Richilda, marries Ermengarda, only child of the late 
emperor Louis II. The Saracens repulsed in an attack on the island of Grado. 
A large trafiic in slaves carried on by the Venetians. Sergius II., duke of Naples, 
leagues with the Saracens. Fresh swarms of Danes arrive at Wareham and 
Exeter ; others take London and Essex ; Alfred defeats their fleet of 120 ships 
at Swanewic (Swansea). Ubba winters in Dimetia (South Wales). Rollo visits 
his countrymen in Eugland. Alfred concludes a treaty of peace with the 
sea-kings at Exeter. Ceolwulf is deposed, and the Danes occupy all Northum- 
berland. Death of Ignatius; Photius again patriarch of CP. 

Carloman, detained by sickness in Bavaria, deputes Lambert, duke of Spoleto, and 
Adalbert, of Tuscany, to act for him in Italy. The Saracens take Syracuse again, 
and complete the conquest of Sicily. Almondhir besieges Zamora, but is driven 
away by Alfonso. The Danes defeated at Cynwith : lose their war-flag of the 
Raven ; numerous hosts arrive, and Alfred withdraws into the isle of Athelney ; 
after some months he collects his forces, and defeats the enemy at Ethandun 
(Eddington), Peace concluded, and Guthrum embraces Christianity, taking the 
name of Ethelstan. Rollo returns to France. 



P P 



298 



FEOM THE TEAK 



A.D. 


Hegira. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Popes. 


Arabia. 


Spain. 


France. 


Germany. 










Goths. Saracen?. 






879 


266 


13 Basil I. 


8 John 


10 Al 


18 Al- 


28 Muha- 


1 Louis 


4 Louis II. 






the Mace- 


VIII. 


Mo ta- 


fonso 


mad. 


III. 


of Saxony. 






donian. 




med. 


111. the 
Great. 




Carlo- 
man 1 




880 


267 


14 « 


9 


11 


19 


29 


2 2 


5 ■ 


881 


268 


15 


10 


12 


20 


30 


3 3 


6 


882 


269 


16 


IMarinns, 
or Martin 
II. 


13 


21 


31 


Carlo- 
man 4 
alone. 


1 Charles 
the Fat. 


883 


270 


17 


2 


14 


22 


32 


5 


2 


884 


1 
271 


18 


1 Hadri- 
an III. 


15 


23 


33 


1 Charles 
the Fat. 


3 


885 


272 


19 


1 Stephen 
VI. (or V. 

Murat.) 


16 


24 


34 


2 


4 


886 


273—274 


1 Leo VI. 

the philo- 
sopher. 


2 


17 


25 


1 Almond- 
hir. 


3 


5 


887 


274—275 


2 


3 — — 


18 


26 


2 


4 


1 Arnulf. 


888 


275—276 


3 


4 . 


19 


27 


1 Abdal- 
lah. 


1 Elides 
count of 
Paris. 


2 


889 


276-277 


4 


5 


20 


28 


2 


2 


3 


890 


277—278 


5 


6 


21 


29 


3 


3 


4 


891 


278—279 


6 


1 Formo-. 
sus. 


22 


30 


4 - 


4 


5 


892 


279—280 


7 


2 


1 Al Mo- 
tadhed. 


31 


5 


5 


6 


893 


280-281 


8 


3 


2 


32 — 


6 


6 


7 


894 


281—282 


9 


4 


3 


33 


7 


7 


8 


895 


282-283 

i 


10 


5 

r IBoni- 
1 face VI, 

1 l^daijs. 


4 


34 


8 


8 


9 


896 


283—284 


11 


'{I Stephen 5 

VU. (or 


35 


9 


9 - — 
Cliaiies 


10 








VI. Mu- 








IV., the 










l rat.) 








Simple 1 




897 


284—285 


12 


1 Koma- 
nus. 


6 


36 


10 


10 2 


11 


898 


285-286 


13 


1 Theodo- 
ras II. 
20 days. 

1 John 
IX. 




37 


11 


Charles 
alone, 3 


12 





















879 TO 89S A.D. 



299 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Italy. 


Doges of 
Venice. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


Provence. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


Flan- 
ders. 


Den- 
mark. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


879 


ICharles 
the Fat. 


16 Orso 
Particiaco. 


33 Adal- 
bert. 


1 Boso. 




1 Bald- 
win IL 


25 

Gorm. 


18 Con- 
s tan- 
tine. 


9 Alfred 
the 
Great. 


880 
881 

862 


2 

3 

4 


17 

1 Giovan- 
ni Parti- 
ciaco II 

2 


34 

35 

36 


2 

4 




2 

3 


26 

27 

28 


Aodh, 
Eocha, 
Grig, 
thdr 
years 
uncer- 
tain. 


10 

11 

12 


883 


5 


3 


37 


5 




5 


29 




13 


884 


6 


4 


38 







6 


.30 




14 


885 


7 


5 


39 


7 




7 


31 




15 


886 


8 


6 


40 


8 




8 


32 




16 


887 
888 

as9 

890 
891 


9 

1 Beren- 

gerL 
duke of 
Friuli. 


1 Pietro 
Candiano. 

1 Pietro 
Tribuno. 


41 

42 

43 

1 Adal- 
bert II. 

2 


Teansju- 
RANE Bur- 
gundy. 


1 Borzi- 

voi. 
2 


9 

10 

11 
12 
13 


33— 
31 




17 

18 

19 

20 

21 ' 


1 Rudolf I. 
Louis, in 
Lower 
Burgun- 
dy. 1 

2 2 

3 3 

4 4 


35 


Guy 1 


36 


4 3 


4 


37 


892 
893 


5 4 

6 5 


5 

6 


3 


5 5 

6 6 


3 


14 

15 


38 

39 


1 Don- 
ald IV. 
2 


22 

23 


894 
895 


7 

Lambert 1 

8 2 


7 

8 


5 

6 


7 7 

8 8 


5 

6 


16 

17 


40 

41 


3 

4 


24 

25 


896 


9 3 


9 


7 


9 9 


7 


18 


42 


5 


26 


897 
898 


10 4 

11 5 


10 

11 


8 

9 


10 10 

U 11 


8 

9 


19 

20 


13 


g 


OT 


11 


7 OQ 









300 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



880 



881 



882 



Events and Eminent Men. 



884 



885 



Death of Louis the Stammerer, April 11 ; his two sons reign conjointly. Carloman of 
Bavaria disabled by paralysis, his brother, Charles the Fat, takes his place as 
king of Italy. Boso assumes the title of king of Provence, Aries, and Bur- 
gundy. The Danes occupy Chippenham and Fulham. Methodius forbidden by 
the pope to perform the service of the church for the Slavonians in their own 
language. The pope and Photius quarrel. Death of Constantine VIII., Ba- 
sil's eldest son. Death of Ruric ; his son, Igor I., set. 14 ; wardship of Oleg. 

Death of Carloman of Bavaria ; his States are seized by his brother Louis, except 
Carinthia, which is left to his natural son, Arnulf. The German and French 
kings make war on Boso and besiege Vieune, which is defended by Ermengarda, 
Guthrum-Ethelstan divides East Anglia among his followers. Hasting con- 
ducts his band from Fulham into Belgium. Alfred, by treaty, gives the Danes 
in England equal rights, and they acknowledge his supremacy. Methodius ob- 
tains leave to use the Slavonic tongue in churches, if he first reads the gospel in 
Latin or Greek. The sun eclipsed, March 14. 

Charles the Fat, emperor of the West. Alfonso's victories followed by the em- 
bassy of Dulcidius, and a truce of three years. A great earthquake in Spain. 
Isembard, lord of La Fertfe, persuades Guntrum to invade France, where he is 
defeated by Louis III., at Jaucourt, on the Somme. 

Death of Louis of Saxony, Jan. 20 ; his brother, Charles the Fat, king of all Ger- 
many. Hasting, defeated by Louis III. on the Loire, attempts to land in 
Wessex, but is repulsed by Alfred's complete naval victory. Death of Louis 
III., Aug. 3. Carloman sole king of France. Hasting, worsted at Norden, in 
East Friesland, joins his countrymen, who had occupied Treves and Cologne. 
Battle of Haslo. Charles gives up Friesland to the Danes. Vienne capitulates 
to Carloman. Ennengarda permitted to return to Autun. Victory of Mahamad 
at Aybar. Garcias, king of Navarre, and Omar Ben Hafsun, slain. Death of 
Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims. Albategni, the Arabian astronomer, observes 
the autumnal equinox, Sept. 19, Oleg takes Smolensko. 

A year of peace for England. Guthred rules the Danes in Northumberland. 
Alfred sends Sighelm and Athelstan on missions to Rome and the Christian church 
in India. Calib, son of Ben Hafsun, leagues with the Franks. The Saracens 
destroy the abbey of Monte Casino, and murder the abbot, Bertario. 

Carloman dies of a'wound received from a wild boar; his brother (Charles the Sim- 
ple) being only four years old, Charles the Fat unites France under his sceptre, 
with Germany and Italy. The Danes go up the Scheldt to Louvain ; others land 
in Kent, and besiege Rochester ; Alfred drives them back to their ships. 

The emperor Charles protests against the consecration of the new pope, without 
his consent. Godfrey, chieftain of the Danes in Friesland, is invited to a 
conference, and treacherously slain. Battle of Hisna Xariz in the Pyrenees ; 
Abdelhamid, general of the Saracens, taken, and his army cut to pieces, Al- 
fred's ships defeated by the Danes at the mouth of the Stoiir, in East Anglia. 

Death of Basil, March 1 ; his son and successor, Leo, banishes Photius, and ap- 
points Stephen I. patriarch of CP. Long siege of Paris by the Danes ; Eudes 
and Robert defend the city ; the emperor Charles pays a large sum of money, 
and the besiegers retire to Sens. Muhamad dies, set. 65. Calib Hafsun takes 
Saragossa and Toledo. Alfred repairs London, and is said to have founded the 
university of Oxford ; he improves the laws and government of England, The 
Ungri give the name of Hungary to Pannonia. Death of John Scotus Erigena, 
after having been invited to England by Alfred. 

The German nobles depose Charles and elect Arnulf, natural son of Carloman 
of Bavaria. Death of Boso ; great confusion in France and Italy. The doge of 
Venice resigns ; his successor. Pietro, falls in a battle with the Slavonians. 
Death of Charles the Fat, Jan. 12. Eudes, king of France. Louis, son of Boso, suc- 
ceeds to Aries, or Lower Burgundy, under the tutelage of his mother, Ermengarda. 
Rudolf founds, in Switzerland and Savoy, the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy. 
Berenger, duke of Frinli, and Guy, duke of Spoleto, contend for the throne of 
Italy. Almondhir slain in battle against Calib. Alfred begins his translations 
from Latin into Anglo Saxon. 



879 TO 89S A.D. 301 



A.D. 



Events and Emikent Men. 



890 



891 



892 



894 



896 



The sous of Abdallah rebel, and defeat his anny near Jaen. Guy, after two 
victories over Berenger, is elected king by a diet at Pavia ; they both exercise 
royal power. The Ungri are joined by the Magyars, under Arfrad and other 
tribes ; they become powerful, and defeat Simeon, king of the Bulgarians. 

Southern Italy constituted a province of the Greek empire (see a.d. 876;, and called 
Lombardia. Bohemia, first organized by its duke, Borzivoi, is given by Amulf 
to his natural son, Zwentibold, duke of Moravia. Ermengarda obtains the pro- 
tection of Amulf for her son. who is crowned at Aries. Death of Adalbert I., 
duke of Tuscany. Revolt of the Carmathians in Eastern Arabia. Death of 
Guthnim Ethelstan in East Anglia ; Eric succeeds him as chief of the Danes in 
that province. Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, supposed to have com- 
piled the early part of the Saxon Chronicle. England tranquil; Alfred's wise 
measures produce security and order. 

Guy of Spoleto cro-wTied emperor of the West, Feb. 21. Amulf defeats the Nor- 
mans near Louvain. The Bohemians assert their independence, and expel 
Zwentibold. Leo's general, Simbaticius, coi^quers Beneventnm. Death of 
Photius. Alfred's daughter, Elfrith, married to Baldwin II., count of Flanders. 

Fulke, bishop of Rheims, proclaims Charles IV., the Simple, king of France. 
Eudes drives his young competitor into Germany. The principal towns in Italy 
are fortified and "defended by the citizens. George, the Patrician, succeeds 
Simbaticius, and fails in his attempt on Capua. Abderahman, son of Abdallah, 
leads the royal army against his brother, Muhamad. The tribe of Hamadan 
acquires independence in Mesopotamia. Ismail Samini, sultan of Turkestan. 
Guthred originates the palatine privileges of Durham. A comet is seen. 

Arnulf employs Hungarian mercenaries to suppress the violence of Zwentibold ; 
after which" they harass Italy. Berenger applies to Amulf for assistance. The 
Greeks foiled at Salemo. Hasting and Biorn Jsemside bring large bodies of 
Danes into Kent, and fortify Milton. Antonius II. patriarch of CP. 

Amulf "s successful campaign in Northern Italy. Death of Guy : his son, Lam- 
bert, emperor and king. Abderahman overcomes his rebellious brothers ; Mu- 
hamad dies of his wounds, and Almutaraf is assassinated. Borzovoi, duke of 
Bohemia, converted to Christianity. Alfred defeats the Danes at Famham and 
Bemfleet, and compels them to raise the siege of Exeter ; he restores to Hasting 
his wife and sons, who were made prisoners. 

Amulf extends his conquests in Italy to Lucca. The Danes avoid an encounter 
with Alfred ; some of them retire into the isle of Mersey, others up the river 
Lea. Arnulf gives Lotharingen to Zwentibold. Nicholas I. patriarch of CP. 

Amulf takes possession of Rome, and is crowned emperor of the West ; he 
besieges Spoleto, which is vigorously defended by Agetruda, Lambert's 
mother ; Berenger, and Adalbert, duke' of Tuscany, conspire against him ; 
on his retireinent into Bavaria, the Italian princes recover their States. 
Berenger and Lambert divide Lombardy. Beneventum regains independence 
under its duke, Radelgiso. Eudes relinquishes the eastern province of 
France to Charles the Simple, and recognizes his title. The Danes, having 
lost all their ships in the river Lea, march to Bridgenorth, on the Severn. The 
Bulgarians defeated by the Hungarians in three bloody battles. Pope Stephen 
declares the election of his predecessor, Formosus, invalid, disinters his body, 
and throws it into the Tiber. 

The congress of Pavia ratifies the treaty between Berenger and Lambert. Pope 
Stephen imprisoned and strangled. Alfred constracts a powerful navy, defeats 
the Danes near the Isle of Wight, and puts a final stop to their incursions. 
; Death of Eudes. Charles the Simple, sole king of France. Adalbert, duke of 
Tuscany, rebels against Lambert, is surprized, and made prisoner. Lambert 
dies suddenly at the end of the vear. Berenger adds Spoleto to his former pos- 
sessions, and is undisputed king of Italy; he releases Adalbert, and restores 
Tuscany to him. Contest for the papal chair between John IX. and Sergius; 
the former, after his consecration, calls a council, which annuls all the proceed- 
ings of Stephen against Formosus. Sergius is banished. Death of Elstan, 
bishop of London. 



302 



FEOM THE TEA» i 



A.D. Hegira. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Popes. Arabia. 


S^^i^- France. 
G-OTHS. Saracens. 


Ger- 
many. 


Italy. 


899 5 


J86— 287 


14 Leo VI. 


2 John 8A1 Mo- 38A.lfon-!l2 Abdal- |4Charles| 


I Lou- 


L2Be- 






the phi- 


IX. 


tadhed. solllthe 


lah. 


IV. the 


is III. 


renger 






losopher. 




Great. 




Simple. 




I. 


900 ' 


287—288 


15 


1 Bene- 


9 39 13 1 


5 


2 


13 








dict IV. 












Louis of 
Arlesl 


901 


288-289 


16 


2 


to 


40 


14 


6 


3 


14 2 


902 


289—290 


17 


3 


1 Al 

Moktafi. 


41 


15 


7 


4 


15 3 


903 


291 


18 


ILeoV. 

^months. 
1 Chris- 
topher. 


2 


42 


16 


8 


5 


16 4 


904 


292 


19 


1 Sergi- 
us III. 


3 


43 


17 


9 

10 


6 


17 5 


905 


293 


20 


2 


4 


44 


18 


11 


7 


18 


906 


294 


21 


3 


5 


45 


19 


12 


8 


19 


907 


295 


22 


4 


6 


46 


20 


13 


9 


20 


908 


296 


23 


5 


lAlMo- 
ktadir. 

2 


47 


21 




10 


21 


909 


297 


24 


6 


48 


22 


14 


11 


22 


910 


298 


25 


7 


3 


IGarcias 


23 


15 


12 


23 


911 


299 


1 Alexan- 
der. 

1 Constan- 
tine X. 

Porphyro- 
qenitus. 


1 Anas- 

tasius 

III. 


4 


2 


24 


16 


1 Con- 
rad, 
duke 
of 

Fran- 
conia. 


24 


912 


300 


2 


2 


5 


3 


1 Abde- 
rahman 
III. 


17- — 


2 


25 


913 


301 


3 


1 Lando!" 


6 


1 Ordo- 
nio 11. 


2 


18 


3 


26 


914 


302 


4 


1 John 
X. 

2 


7 


2 


3 


19 


4 


27 


915 


303 


5 


8 


3 


4 


20 


5 


28 


916 


304 


6 


3 


9 


4 


5 


21 


6 


29 


917 


305 


7 


4 


10 


5 


6 


22 


7 


30 


918 


306—307 


8 


5 


11 


6 


7 


23 


I Hen- 
ry the 
Fow- 
ler. 


31 


919 


307—308 


9 

RomanusI 

Lecapenus 

and his 

sons 1 


6 


12 


7 


8 


24 


2 


32 


920 


308—309 


10 5 


, 7 


13 


8 


9 


25 ■ 


3 


33 


921 


309—310 


11 i 


J 8 


14 


9 


10 


26 


4 


34 

Rudolf 
of Bur- 
gundy 1 


922 


310—311 


12 ^ 


1 9 


15 


10 


11 


IRobertl 




35 2 


923 


311—312 


13 ( 


)10 


16 


IFro- 
ila II. 


12 


1 Rudolf 
duke of 


6 


36 3 








1 






Burgun- 






1 




' 


' 


^7'-, 







899 TO 923 A.D. 



303 



919 



920 
921 



922 



Doges of 
Venice. 



12 Pietro 
Tribuno. 



13 



1 Orso 
Partici- 
aco II. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 



10 — - 



10 Adal- 
bert II. 



Tuscany. 



1 Gnido. 
2 



2 Rudolf 
I. 
Louis. 12 
13 13 



14 14 

15 15 

16 16 



Burgun- 
dy AND 

Arles. 



2 22 

3 23 

24 

1 Rudolf 
II. 



10 Borzi- 
vol. 



1 Spitig- 
neus I. 
2 



4 

5 

1 Wra- 
tislausl. 
2 

3 

4 

5 



2 

3 

4 
5 



25 

26 

2' 

28 



32 



Bohe- 
mia. 



21 Bald- 
win II. 



1 Wen- 
ceslausl 

2 

3 



4 



Flan- 
ders, 



45Gonn 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 



35 - 



1 Bald 
win III. 
Arnull 

I. 
2 2 



Den- 
mark. 



Scotland, 



8 Donald 
IV. 



1 Constan- 
tine III. 

2 

3 

4 

5 



65 ■ 



5 68 ■ 

6 69 ■ 



|10 

ill 



England. 



29 Alfred 
the 
Great. 

30 



1 Edward 
the Elder 

2 



19 



S04 



FEOM THE TEAR 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Louis, king of Lower Bargundy, or Aries, enters Italy to claim the crown ; retires 
on the approach of Berenger. Death of the emperor Arnulf; his son, Louis 
III. (called IV. by some) is proclaimed his successor, set. 7. The Hungarians 
invade Italy, defeat Berenger near the Brenta, and penetrate to Modena. 
Louis, again invited into Italy, is acknowledged king by some nobles. Zwenti- 
bold killed in a revolt of the people of Lotharingen, who join the German king- 
dom. Abdallah maintains peace with Alfonso ; but a large irregular force of 
Saracens, having attacked the Christians, is defeated at Zamora. 
Berenger retires into Germany, Louis of Aries emperor of the West. Embassy of 
Abdallah, to renew his treaty with Alfonso. Death of Alfred the Great, Oct. 28, 
set. 53. Ethelwold, son of Ethelbald, retires among the Danes of Northumber- 
land. Werfrith, bishop of Worcester. John of Corvey, abbot of Athelney. 
Grimbald, provost of St. Omer's. 
Louis, surprized by Berenger, is allowed to go into Provence, on taking an oath 
not to return into Italy. Abdallah, unpopular for not making war on the 
Christians of Spain, arrests and puts to death his son, Alcasim. Ismail Samani 
conquers Persia. Leo's commander, Himerus, defeats the Saracens in a naval 
action. The men of Kent repel an attempt of the Danes to land at Holm. 
Leo V. elected pope, is deposed at the end of two months, and supplanted by his 
chaplain, Christopher. Emiengarda, abbess of St. Sixtus, in Piacenza. The 
Carmathians plunder a rich caravan, and slay many thousand pilgrims. 
Winchester cathedral consecrated. Death of Grimbald. 
The Russians, with a large naval force, attack CP., and the Saracens Thessa- 

lonica. Ethelwold conducts a Danish fleet to Essex. 
Louis breaks his oath and advances into Italy ; he is made prisoner by Berenger, 
at Verona, and his eyes put out, after which he renounces the kingdom of Italy, 
and is permitted to return to Aries. The emperor Leo, excommunicated by 
Nicholas for having married a fourth wife, deposes the patriarch, and appoints 
Euthymius I. in his place. Egypt recovered from the Toulunides by Mohtafi's 
general, Mohammed. Defeat of the Danes ; Ethelwold, and their king, Eohric, 
slain. A comet is seen, Oct. 20. Death of Alfred's widow, Elswith. 
The Hungarians defeated at Venice ; Berenger procures their departure from Italy 
by a payment of money. The Saracens ravage Beueventam and Capua. The 
Normans overrun the northern provinces of France. Peace concluded at Itch- 
ingford with the Danes of East Anglia and Northumberland. 
Bavaria desolated by the Hungarians. Pope Sergius restores the Basilica of the , 
Lateran. Rebellion of Garcias against his father, Alfonso ; he is defeated at 
Zamora, and imprisoned. The city of Chester rebuilt. 
Mohammed al Mahdi founds the Fatimite empire in Egypt. Ineffectual league 
of Beneventum, Capua, and Amalfi, against the Saracens of the Liris. Calib 
Hafsun defeated, keeps Toledo. Death of Denewulf, bishop of Winchester. 
The Beneventines apply to the emperor Leo for aid against the Saracens. Thu- 
ringia invaded by the Hungarians ; the Landgrave Burchardt is slain ; he leaves 
no issue, and his lands are given by the emperor to Otho, duke of Saxony. 
Death of Suleiman, or Abu Ayub, the Arabian historian. 
Alfonso resigns his crown to his sons ; Garcias takes the title of King of Leon ; 
Ordonio has Gallicia. The Hungarians defeat Louis of Germany. The Nor- 
thumbrian Danes break the peace, and are defeated at Tettenhall. Death of 
Asser, bishop of Sherburn, the friend and biographer of Alfred. Frithstan, 
bishop of Winchester. The Benedictine Abbey of Clugny,in Burgundy, founded. 
Death of Louis, the last of the German Carlovingians ; Otho, duke of Saxony, 
refuses the crown, and recommends Conrad, duke of Franconia. Rollo consoli- 
dates his conquests in the North of France. The Danes of Northumberland 
sustain a great defeat at Wodnesfeld, in Staffordshire ; their kings, EoAvils and 
Halfdene, with many of their nobles, are slain. Edward equips a numerous 
fleet; his daughter, Eadgift, is married to Charles the Simple. Death of the 
emperor Leo ; he is succeeded by his son, Constantine X. {see Eckhel) set. 6, 
called Porphyrogenitus, with his uncle Alexander for his colleague and acting 
regent. Nicholas restored patriarch of CP. Hatto, archbishop of Mentz. 



899 TO 923 A.D. 



305 




Death of the Greek emperor, Alexander; Zoe assumes the regency. Alfonso 
takes the field again to assist his sons, and gains his last victory, soon after 
which, he dies at Zamora. Death of Abdallah, set. 72 ; he is succeeded by his 
grandson, Abderahman III., son of Muhamad (see a.d. 894). Defeat of Calib 
Hafsun. Berenger grants licenses for the fortifications of monasteries and 
castles. Rollo, on his conversion to Christianity, takes the name of Robert, 
and receives by treaty from Cliarles the Simple, the province afterwards called 
Normandy, of which he is the first duke. Death of Ethered, ealdorman 
of Mercia ; his widow, Ethelfled, daughter of Alfred, assists her brother Edward 
in governing and fortifying Mercia, which is now incorporated with Wessex. 
The sun totally eclipsed. 

On the death of G-arcias, Ordonio reunites Gallicia and Leon; he invades central 
Spain, and takes Talavera. Hertford, Witham, Tamworth, and Stafford, for- 
tified. Mathuedoi, regent of Brittany, and his son, Alan, expelled bv Rollo, 
take refuge in England. Igor, son of Kuric, by the death of his guardian, Oleg, 
is invested with the government of Russia. 

Adrianople taken by the Bulgarians. Warwick and Edinburgh fortified. John X. 
elected pope, through the intrigues of Theodora, a Roman courtezan. 

Berenger declared emperor of the West, Louis still retaining the title. Edward 
promotes the resort of students to Cambridge. Runcorn fortified. 

Coronation of Berenger, March 24. The Saracens driven from their station on the 
Liris. Wales invaded by the Mercians, and Brecknock taken. 

Abderahman equips fleets to defend the coasts of Spain against the piratical 
Saracens of Africa. The Danes of the Five-burghs break the peace and invade 
Mercia ; Ethelfled repels them, and takes Derby. Haco, abbot of Fulda. Sara- 
gossa submits to Abderahman. Death of Calib Hafsun, at Huesca. Invasion 
of Fez by Musa Ben Abi Alifia. 

Ordonio defeats the Saracens at St. Stephen's of Gomaat, pursues them as far as 
Badajos and Merida, and makes peace on his own terms. Ethelfled takes 
Leicester; York submits to her. A fleet of Normans from Brittany repulsed by 
Edward in the Severn. Death of Conrad ; Henry the Fowler, son of Otho, duke 
of Saxony, elected king of Germany. Thurcytel submits to Edward. 

Romanus Lecapenus confines Zoe in a convent, and makes himself joint emperor 
with Const. Porphyr., to whom he gives his daughter, Helena, in marriage, and 
the title of Augustus to his three sons ; being seniors in age, they take pre- 
cedence of the legitimate emperor, and one of them is styled Constantine IX. 
{see Eckhel.) Edward takes Bedford from the Five-burghe'rs. 

Robert, count of Paris, Herbert of Vermandois, and other nobles of France, con- 
spire against Charles the Simple. Edward fortifies Maldon. Thurcytel passes 
over to join the Normans in France. 

Abderahman overcomes the Christians of Leon and Castille in the valley of 
Junquera. Ordonio recruits his army and retrieves this disaster by a victory 
at Rivobrig£B (Rioja). Rudolf of Transjurane Burgundy, invited into Italy by 
some discontented nobles, is elected king, in opposition to Berenger, who calls 
to his assistance some Hungarians. The Danes, endeavouring to destroy Ed- 
ward's new fortifications, are repulsed at Towcester. 

Charles the Simple deposed; Robert, count of Paris, elected king of France. 
Rudolf maintains his ground at Verona. Death of Ethelfled at Tamworth. 
Mercia and North Wales submit to Edward. Adrianople again taken hy the 
Bulgarians. 

Robert defeated by Charles at Soissons, and slain. Rudolf, duke of Burgundy, 
is created king of France. Charles, put to flight, is confined at Peronne by the' 
duke of Vermandois ; his queen, Eadgift, and their son, Louis d'Outremery'take 
refuge with her father in England. Lotharingen is given up to Henry, king of 
Germany. The Bulgarians besiege CP. Interview between Romanus and 
Simeon; peace concluded. Berenger defeated at Fiorenzuola, near Piacenza, 
by Rudolf and the Italian nobles. Elfwina, Ethelfled's daughter, conspires' 
against her uncle in Mercia, is removed into Wessex. Edward takes Manches- 
ter. Death of Plegmund, archbisliop of Canterbury; Ethelm succeeds him, 
On the decease of Ordonio, his brother, Froila, nsui-ps'the throne of Leon. 



Q Q 



306 



mOM THE TEAR 









1 


Spain. 








A.D. 


Hegtra. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


Popes. 


Arabia. 


«--• cr.t: 


France. 


Germa- 
ny. 


Italy. 


924 


312—313 


14Constan- 


11 John X. 


17 Al 


1 Al- 


13Ah- 


2 Rudolf 


7 Henry 


4 Ru- 






tine X. 1 


Mokta- 


fonso 


derah- 


duke of 


the 


dolf of 






Porphyro- 




der. 


IV. 


man 


Bur- 


Fowler. 


Burgun- 






genitus. 








III. 


gundy. 




dy. 






Rom anus I. 




















Lecapenus 




















and hia 




















sons. 6 
















925 


313—314 


15 7 


J2 


18 


2 


14 


3 


8 


5 


926 


314—315 


16 8 


13 — 


19 


3 


15 


4 


9 


1 Hugh 
Count 
of Pro- 
vence. 


927 


315—316 


17 9 


14 


20 


4 


16 


5 


10 


2 


928 


316—317 


18 10 


1 Leo VI. 


21 


5— - 


17 — 


6 


11 


3 


929 


317—318 


19 11 


1 Stephen 
VIII. (or 
VII. Mu- 

rat.) 


22 


6 


18 


7 


12 


4 


930 


318-319 


20 12 


2 


23 


7 


19 


8 


13 


, 5 


931 


319—320 


21 13 


IJohnXI. 


24 


1 Rami- 
ro 11. 


20 


9 


14 


6 


932 


320-321 


22 14 


2 


1 Al 

Kaher. 


2 


21 


10 


15 


7 


933 


321—322 


23 15 


3 


2 


3 


22 


11 


16 . 


8 


934 


322—323 


24 16 


4 . . 


1 Al 

Radhi . 


4 


23 


12 


17 


9 


935 


323—324 


25 17 


5 


2 


5 


24 


13 


18 — - 


10 


938 


325 


26 16 


ILeo 
VII. 


3 


6 


25 


1 Louis 
IV.d'Ou- 
tremer. 


lOthoI. 
the 
Great. 


11 


937 


326 


27 19 


2 


4 


7 


26 


2 


2 


12 


938 


327 


28 20 


3 


5 — — 


8 27 


3 


3 


13 


939 


328 


29 21 


1 Stephen 
IX. (or 
Vlil.ifw- 

rat.) 


6 


9 128 


4 _ 


4 -^ 


14 


940 


329 


30 22 


2 


1 Al 

Motaki. 


10 29 


5 


5 


15 


941 


330 


31 22 


3 


2 


11 


30 


6 


e 


16 — - 


942 


331 


32 2^ 


1 Mari- 
nas II- 


3 


12 


31 


7 


7 


17 


943 


332 


33 21 


2 


4 


13 


32 


8 


8_ 


18 


944 


333 


34 — 


3 


lAIMo- 
stakfi. 


14 


33 


9 


9 — 


19 


945 


334 


35 


4 


1 Al 
Moti. 


15 


34 


10 10 


20 


946 


335 


36 


I Agape- 
tus 11. 


2 


16 


35 


11 11 


21 


947 


336 


37 


2 


3 


17 


36 


12 12 

i 


1 Lo- 
thaire. 























921 TO 947 A.D, 



307 



Repe- 
tition 
Datts. 

924 


Doges of 

Venice. 


Tuscany:. 


Burgundy 

AND 

Akles. 


Bohemia. 


Flanders. 


Den- 
mark. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


13 Orso 

Particiaco 

11. 


8 Guido. 


14 Rudolf 

II. 
Louis. 37 


9 Wences- 
laus I. 


7 Baldwin 
III., and 
Arnulf. 


70Gonn. 


21.Con- 
s tan- 
tine 
III. 


1 Atbel- 
staa 


925 

926 


14 

15 


9 

10 


15 3S 

16 39 


10 

11 


8 

9 


71 

72 


22 

23 


2 

3 


927 

928 


16 

17 


11 

12 


17 40 

IS 


12 

13 


10 

11 ' 


73 

74 


24 

25 


4 

5 


929 


18 


1 Lambert. 


19 


14 


12 


75 


26 — 


6 


930 
931 


19 

20 


2 

1 Boson. 


20 

21 - 


15 

16 


13 

14 


?? = 


2S~ 
.8 


7 

8 


932 

933 


1 Pietro 
Candiano 
II. 

2 


2 

3 


22 

23 


17 

18 


15 

16 


78 

79 


29 

30 


9 

10 


934 


3 


4 


24 


19 


17 


SO 


31 


11 


935 


4 


5 


25 


20 


18 


81 


32 


12 — 


936 
S37 


5 

6 


1 Hubert. 

2 


26 

1 Conrad. 


1 Boleslas 
I. 

2 


19 

20 


1 Harold 
II., Blue- 
tooth. 


33 

34 


13 

14 


938 
939 


7 

1 Pietro 
Badoero. 


3 

4 


2 

3 


3 

4 


22 


4 


35 

36 


15 

16 


940 
941 


2 

3 


5 

6 


4 


5 _ 

6 


23 

24 


5 — 

6 


37 

38 


1 Ed- 
mund I. 
2 


942 ! 
943 


1 Pietro 
Candiano 

III. 
2 


7 


6 

7 


7 

8 


25 

26 


8_ 


39 

40 


o — •^ 


944 
945 


3 

4 


9 

10 


8 


9 

10 


27 

28 


9_{ 
10 


1 iAfal- 
colm I. 

2 


5 

6 


946 


5 


11 


10 ill 


29 


11 — 


3 


1 Edred. 


947 


6 


12 


11 |i2 

i 


30 ' 


12 


4 


2 



308 



FROM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



924 



925 



Events and Eminent Men, 



927 

928 

929 
930 
931 

932 
933 

934 
935 



Berenger assassinated in Verona. Rudolf sole king of Italy. The Hungarian 
mercenaries plunder and burn Pavia, wlience they proceed into the south of 
France, and are overcome. The Danes of Northumberland, and Britons of 
Strathcluyd, submit to Edward, soon after which he dies, at Farringdon, and is 
succeeded by his son, Athelstan. After an ignoble reign of fourteen months, 
Froila dies of the leprosy, and Alfonso, the rightful heir, obtains the throne. Muza 
takes the city of Fez ; Alhasan Ben Edris continues to struggle against him. 

The kingdom of Italy offered to Hugh, count of Provence. Guido, duke of Tus- 
cany, marries Marozia, widow of the marquis Alberico. Athelstan gives his 
sister in marriage to Sihtric, with a part of Northumberland. Wulfhelm arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. Birth of Dunstan. 

Burchardt, duke of Swabia, enters Italy to support Rudolf; is defeated and slain. 
Hugh expels Rudolf, and is acknowledged king of Italy. Henry the Fowler con- 
quers the Slavonians and establishes the margraviate of Brandenburg. Death 
of Sihtric ; his lands revert to Athelstan, whose supremacy is recognized by Con- 
stantine king of Scotland, Howel of the West Welsh, and Owen of Monmouth. 
Hugh the Great, count of Paris, marries Eadhild, sister of Athelstan. 

The father of the historian, Liutprand, goes to CP. as ambassador from Hugh, 
king of Italy. Death of Simeon, king of Bulgaria ; his son Peter makes peace 
with the Greeks, and marries Maria, granddaughter of the emperor Romanus. 
Tarentum taken by the Saracens. Toledo submits to Abderahman. Giafar 
Ben Hafsun escapes, and forms a league with the Christians of Leon. Rollo 
retires into a monastery ; William I. Longuespee, duke of Normandy. Odo, 
abbot of Clugny. 

Guido and Marozia usui-p supreme temporal power in Rome, and confine the pope 
in a prison, where he dies. Giafar and his allies plunder Talavera. Tryphon 
patriarch of CP. Death of Louis of Aries, emperor of the West. Union of the 
Lower and Transjurane Burgundy. 

Charles the Simple dies in his captivity at Peronne, Oct. 7, set. 50. Abderahman 
assists the Edrisites in Fez. The Carmathian leader, Abu Taher, plunders 
Mecca, and massacres the pilgrims. Death of Guido, duke of Tuscany. 

Henry the Fowler besieges Prague, and is acknowledged superior lord of Bohe- 
mia ; his son, Otho, marries Eadgith, sister of Athelstan. The forces of Abder- 
ahman occuny Ceuta and Taugiers. 

Hugh, king of Italy, takes his son Lothaire as his colleague. Alfonso retires 
from the throne of Leon, and is succeeded by his brother Ramiro. Abderahman 
proclaimed king at Fez. Alan of Brittany (see a.d. 913) returns from England 
to his own country. Lambert, duke of Tuscany, supplanted by his brother 
Boson. Death of Christopher, son of Romanus. Death of Frithstan, bishop of 
Winchester ; Brinstan succeeds him. Marozia still rules in Rome, and makes 
her son pope. „ ^ , , * ,^ . , 

Hugh marries Marozia, and is expelled from Rome by her son Alberic, who con- 
fines his mother, and his brother, the pope, in St. Angelo, and governs the city. 
Ramiro takes Madrid. The Saracens invade Castile, and are defeated at Uxama 
(Osma). The caliph Al Moktader deposed and blinded. The Fatimites regain 
Fez. Death of Rollo. Orso resigns the dogeship of Venice. 

Romanus makes his son, Theophylact, set. 16, patriarch of CP, Hugh besieges 
Rome. The nobles of Italy propose to call Rudolf back to the throne ; Hugh 
purchases his friendship by ceding to him a part of Provence. Tmad al Doulah 
establishes the Bowides in Persia. Edwin the Etheling perishes at sea. 
Athelstan victorious in Scotland. Death of Brinstan, bishop of Winchester; 
Elphege succeeds. Death of Harold Harfagr ; Erik king of Norway. 

Arnulf duke of Bavaria, is invited into Italy, and retires defeated. Overthrow 
of the Hungarians at Merseburg, by Henry the Fowler. Victory of Ramiro 
and Ferdinand, count of Castile, over the Saracens near Auca (Occa) on the 
Ebro. The caliph Al Kaher deposed. 

The Venetians annex Comacchio to their territories. Aben Ishac Ben Omeya, 
governor of Santarem, leagues with Ramiro ; their forces advance to Badajos 
and Lisbon. 



924 TO 947 A.D. 



309 



Events and Eminent Men. 



936 



937 



938 



939 



940 



941 



942 



943 



944 



945 



946 
947 



Death of Henry the Fowler. Hugh lays siege to Rome again. Odo, abbot of 
Clugny, negotiates between him and Alberic, who marries Alda, the daughter 
of Hugh, Death of Rudolf (Raoul) king of France ; Louis, sumamed d' Outremer, 
is called from his asylum in England (see a.d. 923), and placed on the throne. 
Death of Gorm, king of Denmark, after a reign of 81 years. Erik, king of 
Norway, dethroned for his cruelty, is succeeded by Haco the Good. Struggles 
between Christians and idolaters in Bohemia ; the latter set aside Wenceslaus 
and put Boleslas in his place. Hugh ejects Boson, and makes his own natural 
son, Hubert, duke of Tuscany. Abderahman builds his magnificent palace of 
Azahra. The African Saracens despoil Sicily; The caliphs of Bagdad sink 
into insignificance. Liutprand writes his history. 
Death of Rudolf II. of Burgundy, ex-king of Italy. Athelstan assists in esta- 
blishing Louis on the throne of France, and Alan in Brittany. Montreuil taken 
by Arnulf, count of Flanders. Confederation of Scots and Irish with the 
Danes of Northumberland under Anlaf, totally defeated by Athelstan and his 
brother Edmund, at Brunanburh (Bamborough ?), where the chancellor, Thur- 
cytel, distinguishes himself. 
Marriage of Hugh to Bertha, and affiancement of his son Lothaire to Adelaide, 
the one widow, and the other daughter, of the deceased Rudolf. The Agrigen- 
tines revolt against the Saracens in Sicily. Louis claims Lorraine, and is de- 
feated by Otho. Arabian writers assert a victory gained by Abderahman at 
Alhandic, and the capture of Zamora ; this is supposed to be the battle dated 
by Mariana in 934, with a different result. War between Otho and Boleslas. 
Winter, marquis of Istria, levies imposts on Venetian merchants, the repeal of 
which the doge enforces by suspending all intercourse between the two States. 
Zamora recovered by Ramiro, according to Arabian history. Odo of Clugny 
mediates again between Hugh and Alberic, 
Berenger, marquis of Ivrea, escapes the hostile designs of Hugh, and takes refuge 
in Germany. Strife begins between Louis and his nobles. Death of Athelstan, 
Oct. 22 ; his brother Edmund succeeds, set. 18. 
Louis defeated by Hugh, count of Paris, and Hubert of Vermandois. Treaty of peace 
for five years between Ramiro and Abderahman. The Russians, under Igor, 
attack CP., and are repelled by Romanus. The Northumbrian Danes break the 
peace, and choose Anlaf for their king. Odo Severus archbishop of Canterbury. 
Assisted by a Greek fleet, Hugh expels the Saracens from Fraxinet in Provence. 
Death of Anlaf the Elder ; Anlaf, the son of Sihtric, governs Northumberland ; 
Wulfstan, archbishop of York, supports him. 
Marriage of Romanus, son of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, to Bertha, illegitimate 
daughter of Hugh, king of Italy. William, duke of Normandy, assassinated ; 
Louis endeavours to take the duchy from his son Richard. Edmund defeated 
at Tamworth, afterwards overcomes Anlaf, and takes the Five Burghs. Dun- 
stan appointed abbot of Glastonbury. 
Romanus Lecapenus and his two sons deposed and banished; Constantine X. 
Porphyrogenitus assumes the imperial power which he had lost, and appoints 
his own son, Romanus, to be his colleague. Ahmed establishes the office of 
Emir al Omra, which overrules the caliph of Bagdad. Abderahman improves 
the harbour of Tortosa. Edmund reduces Northumberland to entire subjection. 
Constantine of Scotland retires into a monastery. 
Berenger arrives from Germany, and is welcomed by all the nobles of Italy ; he 
leaves to Hugh and his son Lothaire the title of King. Louis compelled to 
restore Normandy to Richard. Death of Igor ; his widow, Olga, governs the 
Russians during the minority of their son Swatoslaus. Edmund conquers Dun- 
wallon, king of Strathcluyd ; Cumberland and Westmoreland granted as a fief 
to Malcolm, king of Scotland. Crowland abbey restored, and a peal of bells in- 
troduced there by Thurcytel. 
JHugh withdraws into Provence. Edmund assassinated by Leofa at Pucklechurch, 

in Gloucestershire, May 26, £et. 24 ; his brother Edred succeeds. 
Death of Hugh ; Lothaire marries Adelaide, and remains nominal king of Italy. 
Edred marches an army into Northumberland and Scotland, and receives oaths 
of submission in both countries. 



310 



FEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 1 


^EGIRA. 


Eastern 
Empire. 


POFES. ARABIA. ^PAm. 

Goths. Saracens. 


France. 


Germa- 
ny. 


Italy. 


948 c 

949 i 


537 
538 


BSConstan- 
tine X. ] 
PorpJiyro- 
genitus. 


3 Aga- 
Detus II. 

4 


4AlMo- 
ti. 

5 


L8Ra- 37Abder- 
miro ahman 
II. III. 

L9 38 


13 Louis 
IV. d' 
Oatre- 
mer. 

14 


13 Otho 
I. the 
Great. 

14 


2Lo- 
thaire. 

3 


950 
951 


339 
340 


40 

41 




6 


lOr- 
donio 
III. 

2 


39 

40 


15 

16^ 


15 

16 


4 

1 Beren- 
ger II. 
Adal- 
bert. 1 
2 2 


952 


341—342 


42 


7 


8 


3 


41 


17 


17 


3 3 


953 


342—343 


43 


8^ 


9 


4 


42 


18 


18 


4 4 


954 
955 

956 
957 


343—344 
344—345 

345—346 
346-347 


44 

45 

46 

47 


9 

10 

1 John 

xir. 

2 


10 

11 

12 

13 


5 

1 San- 
chol. 
the Fat. 

2 


43 

44 

45 

46 


1 Lo- 
thaire. 

2 

3 

4 


19 

20 

21 

22 


5 5 

6 6 

7 7 

8 8 


958 


347—348 


48 


3 


14 


4 


47 


5^ 


23 


9 9 


959 


348—349 


1 Roma- 
nus 11. 


4 


15 


5 


48 


6 


24 


10 10 


960 


349—350 


2 


5 


16 


6 


49 


7 


25 


11 11 


961 


350-551 


3 


6 


17 


7 


1 Alha- 
kem II. 


8 


26 


12 12 

Con- 


962 


351—352 


4 


7 


18 


8 


2 


9 


27 


quered 
by Otho. 


963 


352—353 


1 Nice- 
phorus I. 
Phocas. 


8 

ILeo 
VIII. 


19 


9 


3 


10 


28 




964 


353—354 


2 


1 Bene- 
dict V. 


20 


10 


4 


11 


29 




965 
966 


354—355 
355—356 


4 


1 John 
XIII. 

2 


21 

22 


11 

12 


5 

6 


12 

13 


30 

31 




967 
968 


356—357 
357—358 


6 


3 


23 

24 


IRa- 

miro 
III. 
2 


8 


14 

15 


32 

33 




969 
970 


359 
360 


1 John 
Zimisces 
2 


5 

6 


25 

26 


3 

4 


10 


16 

17 


34 

35 




971 


361 


3 


7 


27 


5 


11 


18 


36 





918 TO 971 A.D< 



311 



Doges op 

Venice. 



Tuscany. 



Arles or 
Burgun- 
dy. 



Bohemia. 



Flanders, 



Den- Scot- 
mark, land. 



Eng- 
land. 



948 

949 
950 

951 
952 
953 
954 
955 

956 
957 
958 
959 

960 

961 



964 

965 
966 
967 



970 
971 



7 Pietro 

Caudiano 

III. 



10 

U 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

1 Pietro 
Candiano 
IV. 

2 



13 Hubert, 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

1 Hugh. 

2 



12 Conrad. 

13 
14 

15 
16 
17 
18 
19 

20 
21 
22 

23 . 

24 . 

25 ■ 

26 . 

27 • 

28 ■ 



29 
30 
31 

32 
33 
34 
35 



13 Boles- 
las I. 



1 Boles- 
las II. 



31 Baldwin 
III., and 
Arnulf. 



34 
35 
36 
37 
38 

39 
40 
41 
42 

43 

44 

45 
46 

47 



1 Arnulf 
II. 

2 



13 Ha- 
rold II 

Blue- 
tooth. 

14 

15 



5 Mal- 
colm I, 



SEdred. 



9 ~ 
1 Indulf. 
2 — 



9 - 

lEdwy, 



4 2 

5 13 

4 

7 



IDuff. 

2 

3 



1 Culen. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

1 Ken- 
neth III. 

2 



1 Edgar. 

2 - 

3 - 

4 _ 

5 - 



312 



PEOM THE TEAR 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Lothaire applies to the emperor Constantine for protection. Liutprand sent by 
Berenger on an embassy to CP. Eric, son of the Danish king Harold, is set 
up as king of Northumberland, and expelled by Edred. Thurcytel resigns his 
office of chancellor, endows the abbey of Crowland, and is appointed its abbot, 
Dunstan is Edred's chief counsellor, and the royal treasures are committed to 
his care in Glastonbury abbey. I 

Abdallah, son of Abderahman, and his friend, Abdilban, put to death for con- 
spiracy. The aqueduct of Ecija completed. Eric, with his son Henry and his 
brother Regnald, slain in the wilds of Stanmore, by Osulf, who is created earl 
of Northumberland. Landing of Anlaf Cwiran in the north of England. Em- 
bassy from CP. arrives at Cordova. Abderahman renews his attempt to- 
conquer Fez. 
Death of Lothaire, Nov, 22 ; his widow, Adelaide, continues in Pavia. Berenger 
and his son, Adalbert, crowned kings of Italy, Dec. 15. Otho victorious over 
the Slavonians and Bohemians ; Boleslas tributary to him. Death of Rami- 
ro 11. Ordonio makes inroads into Lusitania as far as Lisbon ; he is repelled, . 
and the Saracens pursue him over the Douro at Setmanica (Simancas). Hac?} 
the Good slain by Erik's son, Harold, who becomes king of Norway. 
Adelaide, ill-treated and imprisoned by Berenger, escapes to Albert Azzo of Ca- 
nossa, and solicits the protection of Otho, who marches an army into Italy, 
rescues and marries her. Death of Elphege, bishop of Winchester. 
Otho restores Italy to Berenger and his son ; they do homage to him at the diet 
of Augsburg, and cede to him the marches of Verona and Aquileia. Wulfsta ' 
imprisoned by Edred at Jedburgh ; Thetford punished for the murder of its 
abbot, Edelm. 
On the birth of Otho's son by his second marriage, his eldest sou, Ludolf, 
kindles a civil war in Germany ; Berenger takes advantage of this, to besiege 
Albert Azzo in Canossa, for the assistance which he had afforded to Adelaide. 
Louis d'Outremer killed by a fall from his horse, Sep. 10, set. 33 ; his eldest son, 
Lothaire, set. 15, succeeds him, under the protection of Hugh, count of Paris. 
Ludolf invites Hungarians to assist him in his war against his father. Death 
of Alberic ; his son Octavian inherits his authority in Rome, Wulfstan, re- 
leased from prison, is made bishop of Dorchester. 
Battle of Augsburg. Otho drives the Hungarians out of Germany, and soon after- 
wards conquers the Slavonians ; peace restored between him and his sou. Hugh, 
count of Paris, receives from Lothaire Aquitain and other accessions of terri- 
tory. Ordonio III. dies soon after a victory obtained by him over the Saracens 
at San Estavan. The Russian princess, Olga, baptized at CP. ; she carries | 
back into her own country some beginnings of civilization. Death of Edred. 
The marriage of Edwy, son of Edmund, to Elgiva, is opposed by the clergy. I 
Flight of Dunstan into Flanders. 
Death of Hugh, count of Paris ; his eldest son, Hugh Capet, inherits his titles I 
and power. Octavian, son of Alberic, elected pope, under the name of John XII. 
Many provinces, including Armenia, recovered from the Saracens by the Greek, 
empire. Sancho takes refuge in Navarre from his discontented people, who for 
a time place on the throne Ordonio, a son of Alfonso IV. Berenger raises the 
siege of Canossa, on the approach of Ludolf at the head of an army sent by 
Otho. Polyeuchus patriarch of CP. 
Ludolf dies in Italy. Sancho, wishing to consult the physicians of Cordova, is 
kindly received there by Abderahmau, who assists his restoration to the throne 
of Leon. Edgar Etheling governs Mercia under the supremacy of his brother. 
Edred places the new Benedictine monasteries under sequestration. Death of 
Wulfstan. 

Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, separates Edwy and Elgiva ; her face is seared 
with hot irons, and she is banished to Ireland. Mercia, East Anglia, and Nor- 
thumberland revolt, and make Edgar king. 
Death of Constantine (imputed to poison), Nov. 15, set. 54. Elgiva returns from 
Ireland, is barbarously mutilated by her persecutors, and dies at Gloucester ; 
Edwy soon afterwards dies there also ; his brother Edgar recals Dunstan, and 
makes him bishop of Worcester and London. 



[)i8 TO 971 A.D. 



313 



EvErTTs AND Emijtent Men. 



961 ! 

962 I 



966 

967 
968 

969 

97C 
971 



Many nobles and prelates of Italy repair to the court of Otho for protection 
against Berenger. Nicephoms Phocas, general of the East, recovers the isle of 
Crete from the Saracens. The traffic in slaves again prohibited in Venice. 

Otho. master of Italy, is elected and crowned king. Death of Abderahman, set. 72 
On the death of Odo, Dunstan is appointed archbishop of Canterbury. 

Otho and Adelaide crowned emperor and empress of the West, at Kome, by the 
pope; their son, Otho II., titular king of Italy. Albert Azzo created count of 
Keggio and Modena ; Oberto, founder of the house of D'Este, appointed count of 
the palace. JSicephorus Phocas defeats the Saracens and recovers the former 
provinces of the empire as far as the Euphrates. Al Plakem employs agents in 
Africa and Arabia to purchase or copy MSS.; the catalogue of his library fills 
44 vols. A great pestilence and fire in London; St. Paul's Minster burnt. 
Silver discovered in the Hartz mountains. Norway tributary to Denmark. 

Death of the emperor Romanus, March 15, set. 24; his widow, Theophano, ap- 
pointed regent-guardian of their two young sons, marries Nicephoms Phocas, 
who had been previously proclaimed emperor by the ai-my. The vices of 
John XII. and his plots against Otho, cause him to be deposed by a council, 
and Leo YIII. is appointed pope. Al Hakem attacks the frontiers of the king- 
dom of Leon, on the Douro. Edgar invades North Wales ; defeat and death of 
Idwal, son of Eotri Mawr ; an annual tribute of 300 wolves' heads exacted from 
the Welsh. Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, promotes the Benedictine rule in 
England ; the monasteries and minsters of Ely and Medehamstede are repaired ; 
the name of the latter changed to Peterborough. Pairs established in Elanders,, 
and manufactures promoted. 

Berenger and his queen surrender to Otho, and are sent prisoners to Bamberg. 
Adalbert escapes to Corsica. Revolt of Rome ; the election of Leo YIII. is set 
aside, and Benedict V. chosen pope. Death of John XII. Otho besieges and 
takes Rome. Edgar displaces all married priests, and fills the church withj 
monks. John Zimisces expels the Saracens from Cilicia and Cyprus. Erik IV.; 
king of Sweden. I 

Adalbert returns to Lombardy, is defeated, and conceals himself In the mountains. 
The two rival popes die, and John XIII. is elected. Al Hakem destroys the' 
vine-grounds in Spain, to check the drinking of wine; he concludes a treaty oi; 
peace with Sancho. Nicephorus and Zimisces carry their arms into Syria. , 
Disastrous attempts of the Greeks in Sicily. ; 

John XIII., driven from Rome, is restored by Otho. Berenger dies at Bamberg ; ; 
his widow, Willa, takes the veil. Antioch recovered, after 328 years' subjection i 
to the Saracens. Swatoslaus extends the dominions of the Russians to the! 
Black Sea, and invades Bulgaria, j 

Otho establishes his supremacy over Beneventum and Capua. The bishopric oli 
Prague founded by Boleslas II. Death of Abulfaragi Ali, historian of thei 

! Omeyan Caliphs. Sancho, king of Leon, poisoned by Count Gonsalvo. i 

I Embassy of Liutprand, bii^^hop of Cremona, to propose a" treaty of marriage between; 
Otho's son and the daughter of the late emperor Romanus ; the haughty refusal of j 
Nicephorus causes Otho to attack the Greek provinces in Southeni Italy. The, 
archbishopric of Magdeburg founded. The men of Thanet punished for having 1 
plundered seme traders who arrived from York. Fez conquered by the Fatimites.l 

Victory of Otho over the Greeks in Calabiia. Assassination of Nicephorus. j 
John Zimisces emperor ; he takes for his colleagues Basil 11. and Constantine 
XI., sons of Romi'-nus II. and Theophano. The Fatimite, Maiz Ad Din, esta- 
blishes an independent caliphate in Egypt, and builds Cairo. Witikind, abbot 
of Corvey, writes his Histoiy. 

Zimisces begins his successful war against the Russians, and brings a large 
colony of Paulicians from Armenia into Thrace ; treaty of peace between him 

I and Otho. After many struggles and vicissitudes, Navarre, under Sancho II.. 

! establishes independence. Basil I. patriarch of CP. 

Defeat of the Bulgarians by Bardas Sclerus. Zimisces assents to the treaty of 

I marriage proposed again by Otho. The Venetians forbid the sale of arms and 

I all munitions of war by their merchants to the Saracens. Death of Oskytel, 

I archbishop of York. 



R R 



314 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 

972 

973 
974 

975 

976 

977 

978 

979 



981 
982 



Hegira. 



983 



984 

985 



362 



363 
364 



365 



366 



368 



370 
371 
372 



373 



Eastern 
Empire, 



4 John 
Zimisces, 



1 Basil II. 2 
and Con- 
stantine XI. 

2 — 



Popes. 



1 Bene- 
dict VI. 



28 Al 
Moti. 



1 Boni- 
face y II 
1 month. 

1 Dom- 
nus II. 

1 Bene- 
dict VII. 



lAlTai. 8 



Leon. 



Spain. 
Navar- Sara- 



cens. 



6Ra- 
miroIII 



3 Sancho 
II. 



990 
991 



992 



995 



374—375 9 
375—376 10 



376—377 



377—378 

378—379 

379—380 

380—381 
381—382 



382—383 
383—384 
384—385 

385-386 



1 John 
XIV. 

2 

1 John 
XV. 



12 Al 
Ha- 
kem 
II. 

13 





9 

10 

11 

12 


— 


— 


13 — 

14 

15 

1 Vere- 
mund or 
Bermu- 
doll. 

2 

3 

4 


— 


5 

6 

7 




8 

9 



14- 



1 Fix- 23 
em II. 



France. 



19 Lo- 
thaire. 



37 Otho 
I. the 
Great. 

lOtho 
II. 
2 



1 Al 

Kader. 

4 



23 ■ 

24 ■ 



1 Garci- 
asll. 



Germa- 
ny. 



30 



1 Louis V. 
le Faine- 
ant. 

1 Hugh 
Capet. 
2 

3 

4 

5 



20- 



10 - 



1 Otho 
IIL 

2 

3 



972 TO 995 A.D. 



315 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Doges of 
Venice. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


Arles 
OR Bur- 
gundy. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


Flan- 
ders. 


Den- 
mark. 


Poland 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


972 


14 Pietro 


12 Hugh. 


36 Con- 


6 Boles- 


8 Ar- 


37 Ha- 


9 Mise- 


3 Ken- 


14 Ed- 




Candiano 




rad. 


las II. 


nulf 11. 


rold II. 


co or 


neth 


gar. 




IV. 










Blue- 
tooth. 


Miecis- 
lasl. 


III. 




973 


15 


13 


37 


7 . 


9 


38 


10 


4 


15 


974 


16 


14 


38 


8 


10 


39 


11 


5 


16 


975 


17 


15 


39 


9 


11 


40 


12 


6 


1 Ed- 
ward II. 
the Mar- 
tyr. 


976 


1 Pietro 
Orseolo I. 


16 


40 


10 


12 


41 


13 


7 


2 


977 


2 


17 


41 


11 


13 


42 


14 


8 


3 


978 


1 Vitale 
Candiano. 


18 


42 


12 


14 


43 


15 — 


9 


I.Ethel- 
red II. 

the Un- 
ready. 
2 


979 


1 Tribiino 


19 


43 


13 


15 


44 


16 


10 




Memmo. 


















980 


2 V 


20 


44 


14 


16 


45 


17 


11 


3 


981 


3 


21 


45 


15 


17 


46 


18 


12 


4 


982 


4 


22 


46 


16 


18 


47 


19 


13 


5 


983 


5 


23 


47 


17 


19 


48 


20 


14 


6 


984 


6 


24 


48 


18 


20 


49 


21 


15 


7 


985 




25 


49 


19 


21 


1 Swein 
I., the 

Double 
Beard- 
ed. 


22 


16 


8 


9SG 


h ~ 


26 


50 


20 


22 


2 


23 


17 


9 


987 


9 


27 


51 


21 


23 


3 


24 


18 


10 


988 


10 


28 


52 


22 


24 


4 


25 


19 


11 


989 


11 


29 


53 


23 


1 Bald- 
win IV. 


5 


26 


20 


12 


990 


!l2 


30 


54 


24 


2 


6 


27 


21 


13 


991 


1 1 Pietro 
Orseolo II. 


31 


55 


25 


3 


7 


28 


22 


14 


992 


2 


32 


56 


26 


4 


8 


1 Boles- 
las I. 


23 


15 


993 


3 


33 


1 Rudolf 
HI. 


27 


5 


9 


2 


24 


16 


994 


4 


34 


2 


28 


6 — 


10 


3 


1 Con- 
stan- 
tinelV. 


17 


995 


5 


35 


3 


29 


7 — _ 


11 


4 


1 Ken- 


18 
















neth IV. 

























316 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



973 

974 

975 
976 

977 



979 



981 



982 



963 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The emperor Otho defeats Harold, king of Denmark, who embraces Christianity. 
Marriage of Otho II. at Rome, to Theophania, daughter of the late emperor 
Romanus. William, count of Provence, expels the Saracens from Fraxinet. 
Edgar anointed at Bath by the archbishops Dunstan and Oswald ; during his 
annual review of his fleet (scip-fyrd), eight tributary kings do homage to him 
at Chester : among whom are Kenneth of Scotland, and Howell of Wales. The 
Saracens of Spain, attempting to recover Fez, are defeated at Tangier. Death 
of Swatoslaus, and division of his territories among his sons. Jaropolk I. in- 
herits Kiow. 

Death of Otho I. at Mansleben, May 7, set. 61. Al Hakem sends a powerful 
army into Africa under Galib. The empress Theophania introduces Greek 
manners in Germany. 

Influence of Crescentius in Rome. Benedict VI. imprisoned and strangled. 
Boniface VII., pope for one month, deposed and driven away to CP. Galib 
restores the authority of Al Hakem in Fez and Western Africa. Antonius III, 
patriarch of CP. 

Otho destroys the Danawerk on the Eyder. Norway again independent. Henry II., 
duke of Bavaria, leagues with the Bohemians and Poles against Otho. Death of 
Edgar ; his brother Edward elected by the chief ealdormen. A comet is seen. 

Death of John Zimisces. Henry, duke of Bavaria, defeated by Otho and deposed, 
takes refuge in Bohemia. Death of Al Hakem ; his reign is the most glorious 
portion of the Saracenic dominion in Spain. Commotion in Venice , the doge 
attempts to introduce mercenary troops, and is slain ; his palace burnt, with 
St. Mark's and other churches. 

Capture of Fassau by Otho, and submission of Henry. The invasion of Lorraine 
by Lothaire involves him in war with Otho. Muhamad Abdallah, afterwards 
called Almansor, or "the Illustrious," governs Spain during the minority of 
Hixem. Dunstan supports the Benedictines in their contest with the secular clergy. 

Edward assassinated, March 18, set 17, by order of his mother-in-law, Elfrida, at 
the gate of Corfe Castle. During a council held at Calne, many of those present 
are maimed or killed by the floor of the room giving way ; Dunstan and his 
friends escape unhurt. Bardas Sclerus revolts, and takes Nice. Pietro Orseolo, 
doge of Venice, retires into a monastery. Samuel, king of the Bulgarians, con- 
quers Macedon and Thessaly. 

Almansor collects a formidable army against the Christians of Leon. Galib falls 
in single combat with Abdelmelic, governor of Toledo. Jaropolk, after having 
slain his brother Oleg, drives Wladimir, or Wolodimir, from his heritage. The 
northern pirates renew their depredations. 

Treaty of peace, by which Lothaire leaves Lorraine in Otho's possession. Theo- 
phania urges her husband to claim the Greek provinces in Italy ; he advances 
with his army to Ravenna. Chester, Southampton and Thanet ravaged by the 
Danes. Birth of Otho III. Defeat and flight of Bardas Sclerus. Wladimir 
obtains the assistance of the sea-kings, returns, defeats his brother Jaropolk, 
puts him to death, and becomes sole prince of Russia. 

Otho visits Rome, with the empresses Adelaide and Theophania, advances into 
southern Italy, and takes Salerno. Almansor defeats the Christian forces, and 
captures Zamora. The Danes attack Padstow, and lay waste the coasts of 
Devonshire and Wales. (The invitation of the Roman nobles to a feast and 
their massacre by Otho, which many chronologies record this year, are called 
by MwvaitoTi fandonie (lies). 

The Greek emperors invite the Saracens of Africa to oppose Otho. Battle of 
Basientello, July 13, total defeat of the Germans and Italians; Otho, taken pri- 
soner, escapes by swimming. Great danger of the Christians in Spain; divided 
by civil strife, and hard-pressed by the Saracens. Death of Ramiro III. The 
isle of Portland ravaged and London burnt by the Danes. Erik the Icelander 
discovers Greenland. Revolt of the Obotrites and Wenden. 

Otho, while raising another army, dies at Rome, Dec. 6. Theophania governs in 
the name of their young son, Otho III. Almansor takes Leon and Astorga. 
Nicholas II. patriarch of CP. 



TO 995 A.D. . 317 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Henry, duke of Bavaria, claims the Avardship of young Otho, and seizes his person ; 
he is compelled to abandon his pretensions. Gerhert of Aiir iliac, tutor of Hugh 
Capet's son, Robert, is appointed Otho's preceptor. Pope John XIV. murdered. 
Almansor defeats Borel, count of Barcelona, and takes the city. Al Hassan, 
the last Edrisite king of Fez, surrenders, and is treacherously beheaded by order 
of Almansor. Death of Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester; Elphege II., or 
Godwin, succeeds him. Death of Roswitha, the nun-poetess. 

jThe kingdom of Fez a dependency of Spain. The death of the pretended pope, 
Boniface, leaves the papal chair to be quietly filled by John XY. Harold driven 

I from the throne of Denmark by his son Swein. 

peath of Lothaire. Almansor invades Navarre. Miseco, or Miecislas, duke of 

I Poland, converted to Christianity. Ethelred besieges Rochester. 

iDeath of Louis V., May 21 : the last of the Carlovingian line. Charles, duke of 
Lorraine, claims the crown of France ; the nobles give it to Hugh Capet. 
John XV. driven from Rome by Cresceutius, is protected by Hugh, duke of Tus- 

i cany, and restored. Almansor takes Osma and Alcobriga, in Castile. 

Charles invades France and takes Laon. Robert, son of Hugh Capet, crowned as 
his father's colleague. Defeat of the Bulgarians by the emperor Basil. Co- 
imbra and Santiago taken by Almansor. Cosenza destroyed by the Saracens. 
The factions of the Caloprini and Morosini distract Venice. Wolodomir, of 
Russia, married at Cherson, to Anna, sister of the Greek emperor, and con- 
verted to Christianity. Watchet, in Somersetshire, plundered by the Danes. 
Death of Duns tan; Ethelgar, archbishop of Canterbury. Rome contains forty 
monasteries and twenty nunneries of the Benedictine rule, and sixty colleges of 
canons. 

The empress Theophania arrives at Rome and suppresses the seditions there. 
Rural counts and barons begin in Germany and Italy, from their castles, to 
make depredations on their neighbours. Almansor sets apart a fund to promote 
literature ; learned men, from all parts of the East, resort to Cordova. Defeat 
and death of Bardas Phocas ; submission of Sclerus. 

Theophania, having restored the authority of her son in Italy, returns to Germany. 
Ethelred sends an army to attack Normandy. Death of Ethelgar, archbishop 
of Canterbury ; Sigric succeeds him. A comet is seen in the north, which dis- 
appears and afterwards returns in the west. 

Hugh Capet recovers Laon ; Charles of Lorraine is taken prisoner and dies. 
Miseco, duke of Poland, and Hugh, duke of Tuscany, attend the court of Otho 
and Theophania, during Easter, at Quedlinburg. Death of Theophania at Ni- 
meguen, June 16. Amulf, archbishop of Rheims, deposed, and Gerbert ap- 
pointed in his place. Death of the caliph Al Tai ; his successor, Al Kader, 
restores the power and dignity of his of&ce. Gerbert introduces the use of the 
Arabian numerals, which he had learned at Cordova. A poetical tournament 
held in Almansors palace. Monthly roses first cultivated in Spain by the poet, 
Muhamad Ben Alisei. The Anglian army defeated in Normandy ; a treaty of 
peace under the mediation of the pope. The Danes ravage Ipswich and Maldon ; 
a tribute raised for them by means of the "Danegild" tax. 

Ethelred collects a fleet against the Danes and defeats them. Pietro Orseolo 
concludes treaties, which promote the interests of Venice. 

Almansor invades Gallicia, and carries away the bells from the church of San- 
tiago as trophies. The Danes take Bamborough and ravage Lindsey. 

Hugh Capet maintains Gerbert in the see of Rheims against the opposition of the 
pope. Almansor invades Navarre. Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway, and 
Swein, king of Denmark, with a fleet of 94 ships, attack London, and are beaten 
back by the citizens ; Ethelred concludes a treaty of peace with them. 

Gerbert, deserted by Hugh Capet and deposed by the council of Mouson, is re- 
ceived in Germany by Otho. After two victories, Almansor concludes a treaty 
of peace with Bermudo. Death of Henry II. duke of Bavaria ; his son, Henry 
III., succeeds him. Sisinnius II. patriarch of CP. Death of Sigric, archbishop 
of Canterbury ; Alfric, the learned grammarian, is appointed in his place. A 
comet is seen. 



318 



FROM THE YEAI 







East- 




Ara- 
bia. Leon, 


Spain. 






A.D. 


Hegira. 


ern Em- 


Popes. 


Navar- Sara- 


France. 


Germany. 






pire. 
21 Basil 






re. CENS. 






996 


386—387 


1 Grego- 


6 Al 


15 Vere- 


3 Garci- 


21 Hix- 


1 Robert 


14 Otho 






II. and 


ry V. 


Ka- 


mund 


asIL 


em II. 


II. 


IIL 






Constan- 




der. 


or Ber- 














tine XL 






mudo 
II. 










997 


387—388 


22 


2 

(John 
XVI., 10 

months.) 


7 


16 


4 


22 




15 r 


998 


388—389 


23 


3 


8 


17 


5 


23 


3 


16 


999 


389—390 


24 


1 Silves- 
ter II. 


9 


1 Alfon- 
so V. 


6 


24 — - 


4 


17 —— 


1000 


390—391 


25 


2 


10 


2 


1 San- 
cho III. 


25 


5 


18 1 


1001 


392 


26 


3 


11 


3 


2 


26 


6 


19 


1002 


393 


27 


4 


12 


4 


3 


27 


7 


1 Henry 
II. 


1003 


394 


28 


1 John 
XVII. 

6 months. 
1 John 
XVIII. 


13 


5 


4 


28 


8 


2 


1004 


395 


29 


2 


14 


6 


5 


29 


9 


3 


1005 


396 


30 


3 


15 


7 


6 


30 


10 


4 


1006 


397 


31 — 


4 


16 


8 


7 


31 


11 


5 


1007 


898 


32 

i 


5 


17 


9 


8 


32 


12 . 


6 


1008 


399 


38 — 


6 


18 


10 


9 


33 


13 


7 


1009 


400 


34 


1 Sergi- 
usIV. 


19 


11 


10 


IMuha- 
mad II. 

1 Sulei- 
man Al- 
mostain. 


14 


.- 


1010 


401 


35 


2 


20 


12 


11 


2 


15 


9 


1011 


402 


36 


3 


21 — 


13 


12 


3 


16 


10 


1012 


403 


37 


1 Bene- 
dict 
VIII. 


22 


14 


13 


4 


17 


11 


1013 


404 


38 


2 


23 


15 


14 


5 


18 


12 


1014 


405 


39 


3 


24 


16 


15 


6 


19 


13 


1015 


406 


40 


4 


25 


17 


16 


7 


20 


14 


1016 


407 


41 


5 


26 


18 


17 


1 Ali 
Ben Ma- 
raud. 


21 


15 



396 TO 1016 A.D, 



319 



Rtpe- 
tition 
Dates. 



997 



1000 
1001 

1002 

1003 

1004 
1005 
1006 
1007 
1008 
1009 

1010 
1011 
1012 

1013 
1014 

1015 

1016 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



6 Pietro 
Orseo- 
loll. 



BOHE- 
MIA. 



Tus- 
cany. 



Arles 

OK BUR- 



30 Boles- 
las II. 



8 - 

9 - 

10 ' 

11 - 

12 . 

13 - 

14 . 

15 - 

16 ■ 

17 ■ 

18 • 

1 Ottone 
Orseolo. 

2 

3 

5 

6 



36 
Hugh 



37- 



32 — 

1 Boles- 
las III 

2 



1 Jaro- 
mir. 



40- 

1 Adal- 
bert 
III. 
2 — 



1 Udal- 
ric. 



4 Ru- 
dolf 
III. 



10- 



IPJ- 

naldo, 



-jl3 - 
-14 - 
-15 ■ 
-16 ■ 



Flan- 



Bald- 
win 
IV, 



Den- 
mark. 



Po- 
land. 



12 Swein 
I., tlie 
Double 
Bearded. 

13 



25- 

|26- 

27- 

;28 — 



5Bo- 
leslas 
I. 



Russia. 



17 Wla- 

dimir or 
Wolodo- 
mir the 
Great, 
18 



2 Ken- 
neth IV 



29 

1 Ha- 
rold 
III. 

2 



1 Ca- 
nute. 



11- 

12- 

13- 
14- 
15- 
16- 
17- 
18- 

19- 

20 

21- 

22- 

23- 

24- 



23 - 

24 . 

25 . 

26. 

27 . 

28 . 

29 . 

30 . 

31 ■ 

32 . 

33 ■ 

34 . 

35 . 

1 Swato- 
polk I 



Scot- 
land, 



Eng- 
land. 



1 Mal- 
colm II. 



19 Ethel- 
red II. 
the Un- 
ready. 



1 Ed- 
mund 
Ironside 
1 Canute.! 



320 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



9^7 



998 



1000 



1001 



1002 



1003 



1004 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of Hugh Capet ; his son Robert succeeds, and marries his relation, Bertha, 
Otho crowned emperor of the West and king of Italy. Crescentius banished 
from Rome. Otho obtains the papal chair for Bi-uno, under the designation of 
Gregory V. The emperor Basil defeats the Saracens in Syria. Revolt of Zeir 
Ben Atia in Fez, Geisa, duke of Hungary, converted to Christianity ; his son. 
Walk, baptized by the name of Stephen. The Vikingr attack Stade. Wulfstan 
bishop of London. Richard II. duke of Normandy. Suidas writes his Lexicon. 

Crescentius returns to Rome, and is excommunicated by Gregory, who takes 
flight to Pavia. The bishop of Piacenza is set up as pope, with the title of 
John XVI. Otho subdues the Slavonians of Brandenburg. Stephen succeeds 
his father as duke of Hungary. The Venetians conquer the coast and islands of 
the Hadriatic as far as Ragusa, and their doge styles himself duke of Dalmatia. 
Abdelmelic, son of Almausor, defeats Zeir Ben Atia. The Danes bum the 
abbey of Tavistock. Adalbert, bish op ofPrague, killed Awhile preaching in Prussia. 

Otho conducts Gregory back to Rome ; Crescentius is beheaded, and the anti-pope 
John imprisoned. Gerbert is appointed archbishop of Ravenna. Robert resists 
the papal annulment of his marriage, for which he is excommunicated, and his 
kingdom laid under interdict : he resigns Bertha, and is married to Constance, 
daughter of William, count of Aries. The authority of the Spanish caliph 
fully restored in Fez ; Zeir Ben Atia retires among the Moors. The cities of 
northern Italy begin to be independent. Dorsetshire invaded by the Danes. 

Death of Otho's aunt, Mathilda, abbess of Quedlinburg, and regent during his 
absence. Ardouin, marquis of Ivrea, declared a public enemy by the emperor, 
and deprived of his States. Gerbert elected pope, as Silvester II. Mahmoud 
of Ghizni takes the title of sultan, and extends the Turkish empire into India. 
Death of Veremund ; his son, Alfonso V., set. 5, has Gonsalvo for his guardian 
and regent. Death of Adelaide, widow of Otho I. The Danes overrun and 
plunder Kent. The son of the doge of Venice marries Maria, niece of the Greek 
emperors. Sergius II. patriarch of CP. 

Otho founds the archbishopric of Gnesna in Poland. The emperor Basil conquers 
Bulgaria. Stephen takes the title of king of Hungary. Defeat and death of 
Olaf Tryggvason. Norway divided by Denmark and Sweden. Zeid Ben Atia 
slain in battle with a Moorish tribe. Almansor defeats the Christians at Hisn 
Dhervera. The Persian poet, Ferdusi, writes his Shah-nameh, or Book of Kings. 

The citizens of Rome refuse to admit Otho within their walls ; on the approach 
of his army they open the gates to him. Two Icelanders, Biorn and Leif, dis- 
cover the northern coast of the continent, afterwards called America. Victory 
of the Danes at Alton ; the high-steward Ethelwerd, slain, supposed to be the 
"Patricius Fabius Qusestor Ethelwerdus," who made a Latin version of the Saxon 
Chronicle to the year 975. 

Death of Otho III. Jan. 23. Henry, duke of Bavaria, elected king of Germany 
Ardouin, marquis of Ivrea, obtains the crown of Italy. Bari, besieged by the 
Saracens, is relieved by the Venetians. Robert, king of France, inherits the 
duchy of Burgundy. Union of the Christian princes in Spain ; Almansor totally 
defeated by them at Calat Anosor, is wounded, and dies soon afterwards, aet. 65. 
Ethelred marries Emma, sister of Richard III., duke of Normandy; he makes 
a truce Avith the Danes, and pays them tribute, after which he orders a general 
massacre of them in England, on St. Brice's day, Nov. 13. Death of Ardulf, 
archbishop of York. Pope Silvester founds a school at Bobbio, cultivates mathe- 
matics and astronomy, and endeavours to revive learning, for which he is 
accused of magic and necromancy. 

Death of Silvester II. May 11. Abdelmelic succeeds to the offices held by his 
father, Almansor, defeats the Christians at Lerida. Swein invades England to 
avenge the massacre of his people ; Exeter and Wilton plundered. Wulfstan, 
archbishop of York. Avicenna, Med. Arab. fl. Death of Abbo, monk and as- 
tronomer. A comet seen. 

Henry transfers the duchy of Bavaria to Henry IV., brother of his queen, Cune- 
gonda ; he defeats Ardouin, conquers many parts of Italy, and is crowned king 
at Pavia. Swein ravages East Anglia, bums Norwich and Thetford, and is 
driven back to his ships by Ulfkytel. 



99G TO 1016 A.T>. 



321 



AD. 



1005 



1006 



1007 
1008 



1009 



1010 



1011 



1012 



1013 
1014 



1015 
1016 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Boleslas of Poland attacks Bohemia; Henry repels him. Salerno defended by- 
its citizens against the Saracens. Famine and pestilence desolate Europe. 
Death of Cxiovanni Orseolo, son of the doge of Venice, followed by that of his 
wife, Maria. The Danes withdraw from England, A very bright comet appears. 

Baldwin, count of Flanders, seizes Valenciennes. The bishop of Wiirtzburg opposes 
Henry's design of a bishopric at Bamberg. A truce of two years between the 
hostile parties in Spain. The Danes return and lay waste all England. Ethelred's 
army defeated at Kennet ; he retires into Shropshire, and obtains peace by 
paying tribute. Death of Alfric ; Elphege II. succeeds him in the archbishopric 
of Canterbury. Death of the Saxon poet, Kenulf, bishop of Winchester. 

Henry restrains the encroachments of Baldwin, founds the bishopric of Bamberg, 
and continues the war against Boleslas. Fulbert, bishop of Chartres, esta- 
blishes a school of theology. Birth of Pietro Dcimiano at Ravenna. 

Henry prevents the election of his brother-in-law, Adalbert, to the archbishopric of 
Treves, and dispossesses Henry of the duchy of Bavaria. Ardouin regains 
Pavia and other parts of Italy. Abdelmelic is defeated by the Christians, and 
dies; the ambition of his brother, Abderahman, causes his own death, and is 
the beginning of long civil commotions in Spain. Muhamad Ben Hixem 
seizes and imprisons the caliph Hixem. Ethelred prepares a fleet for the 
defence of his country. Death of Almoin, the monk-historian of France. 

Muhamad usurps the caliphate of Spain, is defeated by Suleiman, chief of the 
African guards, and beheaded. Suleiman, supported by Sanclio. king of Isa- 
varre, proclaimed caliph. Hixem, released, reigns nominally in Cordova. Ethel- 
red's fleet dispersed by a stoim ; \Yulfnoth rebels ; fresh incursions of the Danes. 

The Christian princes in Spain regain their lost territories, by assisting alter- 
nately the different factious of the Saracens. Ulikytel defeated by the Danes 
at Ringmere, in East Anglia ; Thetford, Cambridge, and Northampton burnt by 
them; another band of them defeated in Scotland by Malcolm. 

Dedication of the church of Bamberg. Revolt of Melo at Bari against the Greek 
catapan, Basilius. Suleiman besieges Cordova. All the southern parts of 
England plundered and laid waste by the Danes, Canterbury taken, and arch- 
bishop Elphege carried away a prisoner. 

Henry deposes Jaromir, and creates Udalric duke of Bohemia. The new pope, 
Benedict V^II I., driven from Rome by an anti-pope, takes refuge in Germany, 
Suleiman gains possession of Cordova ; the fate of Hixem unknown. The Danes 
put Elphege to death, and receive a tribute of 48,000 pounds of silver. Thorkill 
enters into the service of Ethelred. 

Henry concludes peace with Boleslas and marches into Italy. Swein takes London 
and nearly the whole of England: Ethelred and his queen repair to her brother, 
Richard, in Normandy. Living, or Leovinga, archbishop of Canterbury. 

Benedict VIIL conducted back to Rome by Henry, whom he crowns emperor of 
the West. Victory of the emperor Basil over the Bulgarians, and barbarous 
treatment of his prisoners ; death of their king, Samuel. Ali Ben Hamud takes 
arms against Suleiman. The Almogawares, or adventurers, sail from Lisbon 
to explore the Atlantic. A great inundation in England and Flanders. Death 
of Swein at Gainsborough, Feb. 3 ; his son, Harold, succeeds him in Denmark. 
Ethelred returns to England and drives out Canute. 

Death of Ardouin, Sigeferth and Morcar treacherously slain at Oxford. Canute 
lauds at the mouth of the Frome. Death of Wladimir of Russia. 

The Saracens repulsed at Luni, in Tuscany, by pope Benedict ; they besiege Sa- 
lerno, and are defeated by the aid of a band of Nonnan pilgrims returning from 
Jerusalem. Defeat and death of Suleiman; Ali Ben Hamud caliph of Spain. 
Stephen gives a code of Laws to Hungary. Death of Ethelred, at London, April 
23, set. 49 ; after many battles, his son, Edmund Ironside, is foiled by the 
treachery of Edric, ealdorman of Mercia, and by treaty divides his kingdom 
with Canute, Edmund assassinated, Nov. 30. Canute becomes king of all 
England, and by the death of his brother, Harold, succeeds to the throne of 
Denmark. Swiitopolk, grand duke of Russia, defeated by his brothar, Jaroslav, 
prince of Novgorod, seeks an asylum in Poland, with his father-in-law, Boleslas. 
The Bulgarians defeated by the emperor Basil, Mugehid Edim attacks Sardinia. 

S S 



322 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 

1017 

1018 
1019 
1020 
1021 

1022 

1023 

1024 

1025 

1026 

1027 
1028 

1029 
1030 
1031 

1032 

1033 
1034 

1035 

1036 
1037 



408—409 

409—410 
410—411 
411—412 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



42 Basil 
II. and 

Constan- 
tine XI. 

43 

44 

45 



Ara- 
bia. 



412—413 46 

413—414 
414—415 
415—416 
416—417 
417—418 



50 Con 
stantine 
alone. 

51 — 



418—419 
419—420 

420—421 
421—422 

422—423 

423—424 

425 
426 

427 

428 
429 



52 

1 Roma- 
nus III, 

Argyrus. 

2 

3 

4 



6 Bene- 
dict 
VIII. 

7 

8 



10 

11 

12 

1 John 
XIX. 

2 

3 

4 

5 



27 AI 
Ka- 
der. 



28- 



1 Michael 
IV. the 
Paphla- 
gonian. 
2 



Spain. 

Nav- 

Leon. arre. 



Sara- 
cens. 



France. 



19 Alfon- 
so V. 



20 . 

21 - 

22 - 

23 . 

24 ■ 

25 . 
26 
27 ■ 



1 Bene- 
dict IX, 

2 



18 

San- 
cho 
III. 

19 

20 

21 

22 



1 Abder- 
aliman 
IV. 



22 Ro- 
bert II. 



Bohe- 
mia. 



6U- 
dalric, 



25 



29 — 

1 Bermu- 
do or Ve- 
remund 
III. 
2 

3 



28- 



1 Al 
Kaim 



lAlCa- 

sim. 
1 Yahye 
Ben Ali. 
1 Abder- 

ahman 

V. 

1 Muha- 

mad 

III. 

1 Yabye 
Ben Ali, 
restored. 

2 

1 Hixem 

III. 

2 - 



Annexed 
to Cas- 
tile. 



32- 



1 Gar 
cias 
III. 
2 



26 ■ 



28 • 



29 ■ 



IGeh- 
war. 



16Hen- 
ryll. 

17 

18 



Ger- 
many. 



20- 



1 Henry 
I. 



21 

22 

1 Con- 
rad II, 

2 

3 

4 

5 



20- 



1 Bre 
tislas 
I. 



1017 TO 1037 A.D. 



323 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1017 

lOlS 
1019 
1020 
1021 

1022 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



9 Ottone 
Orseolo. 



14 . 



1023 115 . 

i 

1024 I 16 - 



1025 

1026 

1027 
1028 

1029 
1030 
1031 

1032 

1033 
1034 

1035 

1036 
1037 



17- 



1 Pietro 
Barbo- 
lano. 

2 



TUSCA- 



Arles 
OK Bur- 
gundy. 



4 Rinal- 
do. 



1 Boni- 
face II. 

2 



25 Ru- 
dolf III. 



Flan- 
ders. 



!! 



1 Dome- 
nico Fa- 
bianico. 

2 



29 
Bald- 
win 
IV. 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 




lOAniind 
Jacob. 
11 



10- 



45 

46- 



IBald- 
win V 
2 



Den- 
mark. 



2 Ca- 
nute. 



Poland. 



26 Boles- 
las I. 



8 32 

9 33 



16- 



1 Har- 

daca- 
nute. 
2 



1 Miecis- 
las II. 



I8Ste- 
phen, 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 



Eight 
years of 
anarchy. 
Domestic 
and fo- 
reij^n pre- 
tenders 
strive for 
the 
throne. 



Hun- 
gary. 



28- 



37- 
38 



Russj-^ 



3Swa- 
topolk 
I. 



1 Jaro- 
slav I, 
2 



15 

Mal- 
colm 
II. 

16 

17 

18 

19 



Scot- 
land. 



Eng- 
land. 



2 Ca- 
nute. 



25 1 12 . 

26 'l3 . 

27 14 . 

28 15 ■ 

29 16 . 



30- 



iDun 
can I 
2 



1 Harold 
I. Hare- 
foot. 
2 — 



324 



FROM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1018 



1019 



1020 



1021 



1022 



1023 
1024 



1025 



1026 



1027 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Melo engages a band of Normans to assist his revolt in Apulia. Mngehid driven 
out of Sardinia by the Pisans and Genoese ; his fleet nearly destroyed by a 
storm; the Pisans remain masters of the island. Abderahman proclaimed 
caliph of Spain. Ali drowned in a bath by his attendants; his brother, Alca- 
sim, opposes Abderahman. Canute marries Emma, the widow of Ethelred ; the 
sons of Edmund are sent to Stephen of Hungary. The traitor Edrie slain. 

The Bulgarians finally subdued. Basilio Bugiano sent with a large force to 
oppose Melo and the Normans, in Apulia. Yahye, son of Ali, claims the king- 
dom of Cordova. Swatopolk restored at Kiow by the arms of Boleslas.; Canute 
holds a witenagemot at Oxford, to settle the tribute and laws; London pays 
£10,500, and the rest of England £72,000. 

Melo and the Normans, after three victories, are totally defeated at Cannae. 
Melo retires into Germany. The Normans enter the service of Guimar, duke of 
Salerno. Great confusion in Spain. Yahye brings in a large body of Moors 
(Mauritanians), and drives his uncle, Al Casim, from Cordova. Abderahman 
makes a firm stand in Valencia. Canute goes to Denmark, and introduces a 
more regular system of government. Olaf II., king of Norway, m.akes Drontheim 
his residence. Swatopolk, finally expelled from Knssia by jaroslav, dies among 
the Carpathian Mountains. Death of Living, or Elfstan, archbishop of Canter- 
bury ; Edelnoth succeeds him. Eustathius, patriarch of CP. 

Death of Melo, at Bamberg. The pope visits the emperor Henry, and requests 
him to stop the progress of the Greeks in Italy ; Rudolf arrives from Normandy 
with a troop of followers, and offers his services against them. Yahye and 
Al Casim agree to share the kingdom between them. Canute returns to England, 
and holds a witenagemot at Cirencester. 

The catapan Bugiano takes the fort of Garigliano, and kills its commander, Batto 
he releases his Norman prisoners. Henry enters Italy with an army. Abder- 
ahman falls in a battle near Granada. Al Casim, expelled by the people of 
Cordova, is imprisoned by Yahye. Canute banishes the jarl Thurkyl. Death 
of Elfgar, bishop of Elmham. 

After having gained some advantages in Apulia, Henry returns to Germany. 
Abderahman Ben Hixem acknowledged caliph by the greater part of Spain. 
Thurkyl, reconciled to Canute, is appointed his viceroy in Denmark. Guido 
Aretino invents his musical scale. 

Abderahman assassinated by his cousin, Muhamad, who usurps the throne. Death 
of Wulfstan, archbishop of York ; Elfric succeeds him. 

Death of the emperor Henry, July 13; Conrad, duke of Franconia, elected by a 
diet to succeed him. Muhamad poisoned by his oppressed subjects, and Yahye 
recalled to the caliphate. The jarl Ulf marries Canute's sister, Estrith ; and 
earl Godwin, Ulf's sister, Githa. 

Death of the emperor Basil; his brother, Constantine, remains sole ruler of the 
East. The crown of Italy, offered in succession to several French princes, is 
refused by them. Yahye falls in battle against the Wall of Seville. Hixem, 
brother of Abderahman V., is elected caliph. Canute goes to Denmark ; is de- 
feated in the river Helga by the Swedes and Norwegians; the emperor Conrad 
cedes Schleswig to him, through the mediation of Unwan, archbishop of Ham- 
burg. Murder of the jarl Ulf. Alexis, patriarch of CP. Birth of Roderigo 
Diaz del Bivar (the Cid). 

Conrad, by his firmness, dissipates a conspiracy formed against him by the 
Swabian count, Guelph, and other German nobles ; he is croAvned king of Italy. 
Pandulf employs Norman auxiliaries to gain possession of Capua. Failure of 
an expedition sent by Constantine against Sicily. The Venetians banish their 
doge, Ottone Orseolo. The Rabitos, or frontier-knights, bind themselves by a 
vow, to resist the progress of the Christians in Spain during the civil war of the 
Saracens. England recovers from pas4 disasters under Canute's wise govern- 
ment; after having settled the affairs of tiie north, he goes on a pilgrimage to Rome. 

Conrad crowned emperor at Rome ; Canute, and Rudolf, king of Burgundy, attend 
the ceremony. Contest between the archbishops of Milan and Ravenna for the 
privilege of walking on the right-hand side of the emperor; he grants the 
Norm ans a licence to defend Southern Italy against the Greeks. Robert {le 



1017 TO 1037 A.D. 



325 



Events and Eminent Men. 



diable), duke of ^'orman(ly, discards Canute's sister, Estrith (Ulfs widow), 
whom he had married, and by Arlot, daughter of a townsman of Falaise, has a 
son William, afterwards "the Conqueror" of England. Wippo, Conrad's secre- 
tary, writes his Life of that sovereign. Death of Romoaldo, institutor of the 
Camaldulensian Order. Pandulf surprises Naples, and expels its duke, Sergius. 

Death of Constantine XI., Nov. 12, set. 70; his daughter, Zoe, marries Komanus 
Argyrus, who succeeds to the empire. Alfonso V. killed at the siege of Viseu ; 
the caliph Hixem makes his first entry into Cordova. Conrad's son, Henry, 
crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. Canute conquers Olaf, king of Norway. Perse- 
cution of the Paulicians of Montfort. Deatli of Fulbert, bishop of Chartres. 

Sergius recovers Naples, and grants Aversa (the ancient Atella) to the Nonnans, 
with the title of Count to their leader, Rainulf. Reyca continues the revolt 
of Bari. Canute rebuilds and endows the abbey of Bedericsworth (St. Edmund's 
Bury), and constructs the "King's Delf," between Peterborough and Ramsey. 

Defeat of the emperor Romanus by the Saracens. War between Conrad and 
Stephen of Hungary. Pandulf of Capua engages the services of the Normans, 
and gives them lands taken from the abbey of Monte Casino. Death of Olaf. 

The Saracens driven out of Syria. Death of the caliph Al Kader. Hixem, the 
last of the Omeya line, retires into private life ; Spain divided by the Moorish 
chieftains into many States, the principal of which, Cordova, is goveraed by 
Gehwar. Death of Robert, king of France. Canute invades Scotland ; Malcolm 
submits. Godwin created earl of Kent. The Venetians depose their doge, and 
recal Ottone Orseolo, wliose brother, the patriarch of Grado, acts as vice-doge. 

Rudolf bequeaths to Conrad the kingdom of Burgundy. Civil wars begin among 
the Moors of Spain. Ottone Orseolo dies still in exile, and Domenico Fabianico 
is elected doge. Death of Elfsy, bishop of Winchester ; Ahvyn succeeds him. 

Bermudo and Sancho unite their families by a treaty of marriage. Alberico, a 
count of Tusculnm. purchases the papal chair for his son, ten years old, who takes 
the name of Benedict IX. The " Truce of God" instituted. Canute rebuilds the 
abbey of St. Benedict de Hulmo. Glaber of Clugny writes his Chronicle. 

Romanus poisoned by Zoe, who marries Michael the Paphlagonian, and raises him 
to the throne. Eudes, duke of Champagne, nepheAv of the deceased Rudolf, 
claims the kingdom of Purgundy, but is overcome by Conrad, whose son, Henry, 
also defeats Udalric, duke of Bohemia. Poland torn by factions on the death of 
Miecislas; his widow, Richiensa, takes refuge in Germany, and his son, Casi- 
mir, in the monastery of Clugny. 

On the death of Sancho, king of Navarre, his territories are divided among his sons ; 
the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon are founded ; the former by Ferdinand I., 
and the latter by Ramiro I, Bona, in Africa, taken by the Pisans. Commotions 
in Milan, caused by the tyranny of archbishop Aribert, lead to great confusion 
and discord throughout northern Italy, Death of Canute, Nov. 11, at Shaftes- 
bury ; his eldest son, Ilardacanute, succeeds him in Denmark, and the younger, 
Harold, in England. Robert (le diahle) dies on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 
and his son, William, set. 8, becomes duke of Nomiandy. 

Man-iage of Henry, son of Conrad, to Canute's daughter, Gunhild. Battle of Campo 
Malo between the factions of Italy; Conrad arrives to repress these disorders. 
Alfred the Etheling lands with a body of Normans at SandM'ich, is made pri- 
soner by Godwin, and put to death at Ely. Marriage of Boniface, duke of 
Tuscany, to Beatrice, daughter of Frederic, duke of Upper Lorraine; splendid 
festivities at Marengo. Death of the retired caliph, Hixem. 

Conrad condemns Aribert and other bishops to repair the wrongs they have done; 
resistance of the bishops; siege of Milan; commotions at Parma. Eudes, in 
the absence of Conrad, seizes Bar le Due; is defeated and slain, Sept. 17, by 
Gonthelon, duke of Lorraine. Bermudo falls in battle against Ferdinand, who con- 
quers Leon and annexes it to his kingdom of Castile. Gehwar, unable to produce 
tranquillity by negotiation, attempts it, without success, by force of arms. H arold 
expels Canute's widow, Emma, from England ; she is hospitably received at 
Bruges by Baldwin, count of Flanders, and his consort Adela. Ilardacanute 
not having claimed the share reserved for him, Harold is crowned king of all 
England. Death of Avicenna, the Arabian physician. 



326 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 

1038 


Hegira. 


East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 


Popes. 


Ara- 
bia. 


Spain. 
Cas- Aba- Nav- 

TILB. GON. ARRK 


Sara- 
cen:?. 


France. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


Ger- 
many. 


430 


5 Mi- 


6 Be- 


8 Al 


4 Fer- 


4Ra- 


4aar- 


8 Geh- 


8 Henry 


2Bre- 


15 Con- 






chael 


nedict 


Kaim, 


di- 


miro 


cias 


war. 


I. 


tislas 


rad II. 






IV. the 


IX. 




nand 


I. 


III. 






I. 








Paphla- 






I. 


















gonian. 




















1039 


431 


6 


7 


9 


K 


5 


K 


9 


9 


3 


1 Hen- 


o 



























ry III. 


1040 


432 


7 


8 


10 


6 


6 


6 


10 


10 


4 


2 


1041 


433 


1 Mi- 
chael V. 

Gala- 
phates. 
1 Zoe 
and 
Theo- 
dora. 


9 


11 




7 




11 


11 


5 


3 


1042 


434 


^ 1 Con- 


10 


12 


8 


8 


8 


12 


12 


6 


4 




1 




stantine 
























XII. 
























Mono- 
























machus. 




















1043 \ 


435 




11 


13 


9 


9 


9 


IMn- 
haniad 
Ben 
Geh- 
war. 


13 


7 


5 


1044 


436 


3 


1 Sil- 
vester 
III., 3 

months 
1 Gre- 

fl! 

2 


14 


10 


10 


10 


2 


14 


8 


6 


1045 


437 


4 


15 


11 


11 


11 


3— • 


15 


9 


7 


1046 


438 


5 


1 Cle- 
ment 
II. 


16 


12 


12 


12— 


4 


16 


10 — 


8— 


1047 


439 


6 


2 


17 


13 


13 


13 


5 


17 


11 


9 


1048 


440 


7 


IDa- 

masus 


18 


14 


14 


14 


6 


18 


12 


10 








II. 
















1049 


441—442 


8 


1 Leo 
IX. 


19 


15 


15 


15 


7 


19 


13 


11 


1050 


442—443 


9 


2 


20 


16 


16 


16 


8 


20 


14 


12—— 


1051 


443-444 


10 


3 


21 


17 


17 


17 


9 


21 


15 


13 


1052 


444—445 


11 


4 


22 


18 


18 


18— 


10 


22 


16 


14 


1053 


445—446 


12 


5 23 


19 


19 ' 1 San- 

cho IV. 


11 


r- 


17 


15 



IG38 TO 1053 A.D. 



327 



lifpe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 

7 Dome- 
nico Fa- 
bianico. 


TUSOA- 
CANY. 


Flan- 
ders. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


land. 


Hun- 

GARY. 


Russia. 


Scot- Enc^ 

LAND. LAND. 


1038 


12 r,oni- 
face 11. 


3 Dald- 
•vvin V. 


4 llarda- 
canute. 


15 A- 
nund 
Jacob. 




1 Peter. 


20Jaro- 
slav I. 


6 Dun- 
can I. 


4 Harold: 
I. Hare- 

foot. 


1039 

1 


8 


13 


4 


5 


16 




2 


21 


1 Mac- 
beth. 


1 Harda- 
canute. 


1040 


9 


14 


5 


6 


17 




3 


22 


2 


2 


1041 1 

1 


10 


15 


6 


7 


18 


ICa- 

simir 
I. 


1 Sam- 
uel 

Abo. 


23 


3 


3 




i 
1042 

1043 

1 


11 

1 Dorae- 
jnicoCon- 
tareno 1, 


16 

17 


7 

8 


1 Mag- 
nus, 
king of 

Isor- 
way. 

2 


19 

20 


2 

3 


2 

3 


24 

25 


5 


1 Ed- 
ward 

the Con- 
fessor. 

2 


1044 


2 


18 


9 


3 


21 


^ 


1 Peter 

restored. 


26 


6 


3 




1045 


3 


19 


10 


4 


22 


5 


2 


27 


,_ 


,_ 


1046 


4 


20 


11 


5 


23— 


6— 


1 An- 
drew. 


28 


o 


5 




1047 


5 


21 


12 


1 Sweyn 

IJl.ii-5- 

tritson. 


24 


i — — 


2 


29 


9 


6 


1048 


6 


22 


13 


2 


25 8 

1 


3 


30 


10 


7 


1049 


7 


23 


14 


3 


26 


9 


4 :31 

1 


11 


8 


1050 


8 


24 


15 


4 


27 


10 


5 


32 


12 


9 


1051 

1052 
1053 


9 

10 

1 


25 

1 Frede- 
ric. 


16 

17 

18 


5 

6 


1 Ed- 
mund 

the 
Aged. 

3 


11 

12 


6 

8 


33 

34 


13 

14 

15 


10 

11 

12 



328 



FROM THE TEAI 



A.D. 



1038 



1039 



1040 



1041 



1042 



1043 



1044 



1045 



1046 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Conrad dispossesses Pandulf of Capua, and gives it toGuimar; he confirms the 
Normans in their fortress of Aversa; they are employed by the Greek general, 
Maniaces, in his invasion of Sicily. William de Hauteville {Bras de fer) dis- 
tinguishes himself. Disease attacks Conrad's army, and compels him to return 
to Germany. Death of Gunhild. Ramiro, on the death of his brother Gon- 
salves, annexes Sobrarba to Aragon. Almondar, the Moorish king of Saragossa, 
assassinated at Granada. Death of Stephen, king of Hungary. Bretislas, duke of 
Bohemia, invades Poland. Togrul Beg, grandson of Seljuk, expels the Gazne- 
vides and conquers Persia. Hardacanute prepares to claim the throne of 
England, and arrives in Flanders. Death of Ethelnoth^ archbishop of Canter- 
bury, and Elfric, bishop of Elmham ; Eadsine succeeds the former. 
Death of Conrad at Utrecht, June 4. The siege of Milan raised. The Normans, 
disappointed of their reward in Sicily, return into Italy, elect Ardiiin for their 
leader, and seize many places in Apulia. Defeat of an English army by the 
Welsh prince Grifdth, son of Llewellyn. Death of Harold at Oxford, March 17. 
Hardacanute sets sail from Het Zwyn (Sluys), enters the Thames, and is ac- 
knowledged as king by all parties. Duncan, king of Scotland, defeated and 
slain by Macbeth. Battle of Clontarf, near Dublin ; the Danes totally defeated. 
Brian Boroimlie and his son, Murdoch, fall in the hour of victory. 
Maniaces deprived of his command in Sicily ; nearly the whole island recovered 
by the Saracens. Rainulf and Arduin establish their head quarters at Melfi. 
Reconciliation betAveen the emperor Henry and archbishop Aribert. Ferdinand 
takes Viseu and Coimbra. 
Death of the emperor Michael IV. The Normans defeat the Greek catapan 
Dulchianus, near the river Labento, and at Canuse. All the nobility of Milan, 
and the archbishop, are driven out by the populace. Hardacanute levies op- 
pressive taxes on the English ; tumults in Worcestershire. Edward, the son of 
Ethelred, recalled into England from Normandy. The Poles call Casimir from 
his monastery to reign over them. Peter, king of Hungary, deposed, and 
Samuel Abo usurps the throne. 
Expulsion of Michael V. ; Zoe and Theodora's joint reign of two months ; the latter 
retires. Zoe marries Constantine XII. {see Eckhel), and makes him emperor; 
twelve Norman chieftains divide among them the greater part of Apulia, 
with Melfi for their common capital ; Maniaces is sent again to command 
against them. Milan blockaded by the expelled nobles. Ramiro attacks Na- 
varre, and is defeated by Garcias. Hardacanute falls in a tit during a feast at 
Lambeth, and dies, June 8. The Saxon line restored by Edward the Confessor. 
Magnus the Good, king of Norway, obtains the crown of Denmark. 
Revolt of Maniaces; driven out of Italy by the Greeks and Normans, he is killed 
at Durazzo. CP. is for the fourth time attacked by the Russians. The em- 
peror Henry marries Agnes, daughter of William, duke of Poitiers. Marriage 
of Edward the Confessor to Godwin's daughter, Edgitha; his mother, Emma, is 
incited by Stigand, bishop of Elmham, to plot against him ; she is deprived of 
her wealth, and the bishop of his see. Death of Gehwar, king of Cordova; 
quiet accession of his son. Michael I. Cerularius patriarch of CP. 
Peace restored at Milan. The Normans, in the pay of Guimar, prince of Salerno 
and Capua, invade Calabria. The Roman people expel Benedict IV. for his 
vices. Silvester III. is pope for three months. Gregory VI. buys the papal 
dignity. Eadsine resigns the archbishopric of Canterbury, which is given to 
Si ward, abbot of Abingdon. Stigand restored. _ 
Sweyn Estritson, son of Ulf Jarl, and Canute's sister, Estritha, having failed in 
his attempts on the crowns of England and Denmark, is received at Bruges, 
by Baldwin, count of Flanders; his sister, Gunhild, and her sons, banished from 
England. The Wends of North Germany invade Jutland, and are defeated by 
Ma^-nus.* Ferdinand of Castile exacts tribute from his Moorish neighbours. 
Death o*f Aribert, archbishop of Milan; of Elfward, bishop of London, and 
Alwyn of Winchester ; the latter is succeeded by Stigand. 
Henry enters Italy with his army. Council of Sutri , the three rival popes set 
aside and Clement II. elected. Henry receives the imperial crown at Rome. De- 



1038 TO 1053 A.D. 



329 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1047 



104S 



1049 



1050 



1051 



1052 



1053 



feat of the catapan Eiistasius, at Trani, by the Normans. Death of William Bras 
de fer ; his brother, Drogo, is elected leader and count. Birth of Matilda, 
daughter of Boniface, duke of Tuscany. Ferdinand extends his conquests to 
Madrid and Toledo. Sweyn, a son of earl Godwin, and Griffith, prince of North 
Wales, invade the western counties of England ; Lothen and Irling infest the 
eastern coast. Death of Siward ; Eadsine returns to Canterbury. Hermann 
Contractus writes his Chronicle. A severe winter, l^eter resigns Hungary to 
the emperor ; the people call to the throne Stephen's nephew, Andrew. 

A conncil held at Rome condemns simony, and declares no election of a pope to be 
valid without the emperor's sanction. The archbishops of Kavenna and Milan 
again dispute for precedence. The emperor restores Capua to Pandulf, confirms 
Drogo and Rainulf in their titles and possessions, and gives the duchy of Ca- 
rinthia, with the march of Verona, to Guelph, the third count of that name. 
The marquis Albert Azzo II., an ancestor of the D'Este family, marries 
Guelph's sister, Cunegunda. Magnus killed by a fall from his horse. Sweyn 
Estritson succeeds on the throne of Denmark, and Harold II. in Norway. God- 
win's son, Sweyn, goes to Bruges. 

On the death of Clement II., the deposed pope, Benedict IX., intrudes himself 
again, but withdraws after the election of Damasus II., who dies twenty-three 
days after his consecration, and the papal throne remains vacant till the fol- 
lowing year ; these two popes are supposed to have been poisoned. ILdward 
displeases his people by his partiality to the Normans. Robert, a monk of 
Jumi^ges, is made bishop of London. A violent earthquake in England. Death 
of the historian Glaber. 

Rebellion of Baldwin, count of Flanders, and Godfrey, duke of Lorraine ; the 
imperial palace at Nimeguen burnt ; they are defeated, and submit to Henry. 
Leo IX. elected pope by the diet of Worms, takes with him to Rome the moni 
Hildebrand. Beorn, brother of Sweyn, king of Denmark, murdered at Dart- 
mouth, by Sweyn, Godwin's son. The Danes lose their power in England. 

Leo IX. visits Apulia, to hear the complaints of the people against the Normans. 
Councils of Rome and Vercelli. Berenger of Tours condemned and imprisoned 
for denying the doctrine of Transubstantiation : his adversary, Lanfranc, prior of 
Bee, in Normandy, obtains celebrity. Birth of Henry's son, Henry, the future em- 
peror. Sweyn pardonedby Edward, andrestored to favour. Death of the empress Zoe. 

The emperor Constantine, urged by Leo to check the Normans in Italy, orders 
Argyrns, son of Melo, to oppose them. Drogo is assassinated; his brother 
Humphrey takes his place. Bloody affray between the people of Dover and the 
retinue of Eustace, earl of Boulogne. Banishment of earl Godwin and his sons. 
Robert, promoted to the archbishopric of Canterbury, on the death of Eadsine, 
refuses to ordain Spearhafoc (Sparhawke) bishop of London. Gregory, bishop 
of Vercelli, excommunicated for adultery, obtains absolution from the pope. 
The bishop of Spires summoned before the council of Mentz on a like charge. 

Leo visits Germany, endeavours to stop the war between Henry and Andrew, 
king of Hungary, and to obtain assistance from the former against the Normans. 
Beneventum is ceded to him in exchange for lands given to the bishop of 
Bamberg. William appointed bishop of London in the place of Sparhawke. 
Reconciliation of Godwin and his sons with Edward. Archbishop Robert, with 
the Norman bishops and nobles, driven out of England. Final abolition of 
the Danegild. William, duke of Normandy, visits Edward ; on his return. 
Ingulph accompanies him as his secretary. Death of Canute's widow, Emma. 
Stigand is made archbishop of Canterbury. Peter Damiano distinguishes him- 
self in the church. Death of Boniface, duke of Tuscany. Leofric and Godiva 
(Godgyfu) noted for their liberality at Coventry. 

Battle of Civitella, June 18. Leo IX. defeated and made prisoner by the Normans, 
under Humphrey, count of Apulia, Richard, count of Aversa, and Robert Gui.s- 
card. Henry's young son created duke of Bavaria, and acknowledged king of 
Germany. Death of earl Godwin; his son, Harold, succeeds to his titles and 
power. Michael Cerularius attacks the doctrines and ceremonies of the Romisli 
church, and disputes the authority of the pope. Garcias, king of Navarre, tails 
in battle against his brother Ferdinand. 



T T 



330 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



East- 
Hegtra, |ern Em- 
pire. 



1054 446—447 



1055 



1056 



447—448 



448—449 



1058 



1059 



1060 



Popes. 



1 Theo- 6 Leo 
dora. IX. 



1 Vic- 
tor II 



450—451 



451—452 



452—453 



1061 453—454 



1062 

1063 
1064 



Ara- 
bia. 



24 Al 
Kaim. 



1 Mi- 
ciiaelVI 
Stratio- 
ticus. 

1 Isaac 
I. Com- 
nenus. 



1 Con- 
stantine 
XIII. 

Ducas. 

2 



25- 



2 



1 Ste- 27- 
phen 
X. (or 
IX., 

Mu- 

rat) 

2 

1 Be- 
nedict 
X. 



454—455 

455-456 
456—457 

458 



459 



1067 



460 



28- 



1 Ni- 
colas 
II. 



1 A 

lexan- 
der II 



1 EiidO' 
cia. 



29- 



30" 



Spain. 

Cas- Ara- Nav- Sara- 
tile. GON. ABRE. CENS 



France, 



20 

Ferdi- 
nand 
I. 

21 



23- 



20 Ra- 
miro 
I. 



23- 



25- 



2 San- 12 Mu- 
clio liamad 
IV. Ben 

Geh- 
Kvar. 



24 Hen- J 8 



ry I. 



25 . 



28- 



Bohe- 

MIA. 



Bre 
tislas 
I. 

ISpi- 
tigne- 
us II 



26 • 



16- 



28 • 



29 . 



Ger- 
many. 



16 Hen- 
ry III 



1 Hen- 
ry IV. 



1 San 
cho II. 

the 
Brave. 



32- 



1 San- 
cho I. 



IMu 

ham ad 
Almu- 
ate- 
did. 



1 Philip 
I. 



IWra- 
tislas 
II. 



1054 TO 1067 A.D. 



331 



Repe- 
tition 


! Doges 
' OF Ve- 


Tusca- 


ITlan- 


Den- 


Swe- 


Po- 


Hunga- 


Rus- 


Scot- 


Eng- 


Dates. 
1054 


1 * 

' NICE. 


ny. 


DEKS. 


MAKK. 


den. 


land, 


ry. 


sia. 


land. 


land. 


12 Do- 

nienico 
Conta- 
reno I. 


3 Fre- 
deric. 


19 Bald- 
win V. 


8 Sweyn 
IIL£-6- 

tritson. 


4 Ed- 
mund 
the 
Aged. 


14 Ca- 
simir 
I. 


An- 
drew. 


1 Isas- 
lav 1. 


16 

Mac- 
beth. 


13 Ed- 
ward 
the Con- 
fessor. 


1055 


13 


1 Ma- 
tilda. 


20 


9 


5 


15 


10 — . 


2 


17 


14 


1056 


14 


2 


21 


10 


6 


16 


11 


3 


1 Mal- 
colm 
III. 

Can- 


15 


1057 


15 


3 


22 


11 


7 


17 


12 


4 


more. 
2 


16 

1 


1058 


16 


4 


23 


12 


g 


1 Bo- 
leslas 
11. 


13 


5 


3 


17 




1059 


17 


5 


24 


13 


9 


2 


14 


6 


4 


18 


1060 


18 


6 


25 


14 


1 Sten- 
kil. 


^- 


1 Bela 
I. 


7 


5 


19 


1061 


19 


7 


26 


15 


2 




2 


8 




20 


1062 


20 


8 


27 


16 


3 


5 


3 


9 


7 


21 


1063 


21 


9 


28 


17 


4 


6 


1 Solo- 


10 


8 


22 


1064 


'2.- 


10 


29 


18 


5 


7 


mon. 
2 


11 


n 


23 




1065 


23 


11 


30 


19 


6 


8 


3 


12 


10 


24 

.lHa- 
roldll. 


1066 


24- 


12 


31 


20 


IHa- 

co the 
Red. 


9 


4 


13 


11 — 


1 1 Wil- 
liam 
theCon- 
queror. 


1067 


25 


13 


1 Bald- 
win VI. 

the 
Good. 


21 


2 


10 


5 


14 


12 


2 

Qu. Ma- 
tilda. 



332 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1054 



1055 



1056 



1058 



1059 



1060 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of Constantine Monomaclni?;; Theodora resumes the sceptre of the East. 
Breach between the churches of Rome and CP. Leo IX. and Michael Ceriila- 
rins mntually excomraimicate each other. Ilildebrand begins to have great 
influence at Rome. Death of Leo IX., April 19 ; the papal throne vacant nearly 
a year. Death of Jaroslav of Russia. Marriage of Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, 
to Beatrice, widow of Boniface, duke of Tuscany. Defeat of the Scots under 
Macbeth, by earl Siward, at Lanfanan. Aldred, bishop of Worcester, sent to 
Cologne, to bring home Edward, son of Edmund Ironside. 

Hildebrand, now sub-deacon of Rome, is deputed to confer with Henry on the 
choice of a new pope : Gebhard, bishop of Eichstadt, is chosen, and takes the 
name of Victor II. Death of Frederic, the young duke of Tuscany ; his sister, 
Matilda, only eight years of age, succeeds him, under the guardianship of 
Beatrice and Godfrey; Henry claims the ducby as a fief of the empire, and de- 
tains Beatrice in captivity ; a diet held at Roncaglia ; Guelph IV. ancestor, in 
the direct line, of the houses of BrunsA\dck and D'Este. War between Pisa and 
Lucca; battle of Vaccoli. Death of earl Siward. Togrul Beg drives the 
Bowides from Bagdad. 

Death of Theodora, the last of the Macedonian dynasty, Aug. 22^ set. 76; Michael 
Stratiocus succeeds her. Death of the emperor Henry III., Oct. 5, set, 39 ; 
he is succeeded by his son, set. 6, nnder the regency of the empress Agnes, 
assisted by pope Victor. Leofgar, bishop of Hereford, defeated and slain by the 
Welsh, under Griffith, at Cleobury ; Harold, and Leofric, earl of Coventry, repel 
the Invaders, and bring them to terms of peace. Battle of Dunsinane; Macbeth 
loses his crown and his life. 

Michael VI. resigns the Eastern Empire to Isaac Comnenus. Baldwin, count of 
Flanders, and Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, submit to the imperial authority; 
Beatrice is restored to her husband. Death of Humphrey; Robert Guiseard 
assumes the command of the Normans in Apulia. Death of pope Victor. Ed- 
ward, son of Edmund Ironside, returns to England, and dies soon after; Harold, 
son of Earl Godwin, is designated heir to the throne. Hildebrand is made a 
cardinal. Peter Damiano appointed bishop of Ostia. Cedrenus writes his 
History. Death of Leofric, earl of Coventry. 

Roger, brother of Robert Guiseard, arrives in Italy; they conquer Calabria. 
Robert divorces Alberada, the mother of Bohemond. On the death of Stephen, 
the bishop of Veletri is irregularly elected pope, and takes the name of Bene- 
dict X. Hildebrand returns from Germany, and with Peter Damiano, and the con- 
currence of the empress Agnes, assembles a council at Sienna, to choose another 
pope. Elfgar, son of Leofric, is banished ; with the aid of a Welsh prince, 
Griffith, anda Norwegian fleet, he obtains the restoration of his rank and lands. 

Isaac Comnenus deposes Michael Cerularius, and appoints Constantine III. pa- 
triarch of CP., after which he himself retires into a monastery, and resigns the 
empire to Constantine Ducas. The bishop of Florence elected pope by the 
council of Sienna, as Nicholas II. ; he seeks the friendship of the Normans, 
gives Capua to Richard, count of Aversa, and the title of duke of Apulia and 
Calabria to Robert Guiseard. The council of Rome decrees that future popes 
shall be elected by the cardinals, but confirmed by the people and clergy of 
Rome, and by the emperor. Berenger subscribes at Rome a recantation of his 
heresy, which he retracts on his return to France; fresh controversy between 
him and Lanfranc. Nicholas first disputes the right of the emperor to appoint 
the bishops of Germany. The deposed pope, Benedict, is degraded and confined 
in a monastery. Hildebrand attains the dignity of archdeacon of the Romish 
church. 

Death of Henry I. king of France ; his son, Philip, eight years old, succeeds, 
with Baldwin, count of Flanders, for regent. Robert Guiseard. and his brother, 
Roger, take Reggio, and complete the conquest of Calabria. Muhamad Almu- 
atedid takes Cordova by treachery, and becomes the most powerful of Moorish 
princes in Spain; Muhamad Ben Gehwar dies of grief. Stenkil founds a new 
dynasty in Sweden. Andrew killed in battle by his brother, Bela, who mounts 
the throne of Hungary. 



1054 TO 10G7 A.D. 



333 



EVKNTS AND EMINENT MeN. 



The Nonnans invade Sicily and take Messina. Harold's brother, Tostig, earl of 
Northumberland, accompanies Aldred, archbishop of York, to Rome, and compels 
the pope to confirm his appointment to that see, by threatening to stop the 
payment of Peter's pence. On the death of Nicholas, Ilildebrand incites the 
cardinals to elect Alexander II. Avithout the imperial consent ; he is supported 
by the Norman princes, by Godfrey, the acting duke of Tuscan v, and Desi- 
derius, abbot of Monte Casino. The empress Agnes nominates the bishop of 

: Pamia, Cadalo, as antipope ; his cause is maintained by the count of Tusculum, 

I the cardinal Ugo Bianco, and the bishops of Lombardy : great ferment in Ger- 
many and Italy. In Tostig's absence, Malcolm invades Northumberland. 

Godfrey drives Cadalo from Rome, and secures the papacy to Alexander. Hanno 

I archbishop of Cologne, seizes the emperor Henry, and makes himself regent! 

I Agnes retires to Rome, penitent, and is pardoned by Alexander. Discord 
between Robert and Roger Guiscard, appeased by the division of Calabria 

! between them. Richard takes the city of Capua. Lanfranc abbot of Caen. 

Robert Guiscard takes Tarentum. Roger totally defeats a numerous army of 
Moors in Sicily. The naval forces of Pisa break into the harbour of Palermo 
and carry off a rich booty. Cadalo re-asserts his claim to the papacv, and takes 
possession of S. Angelo, in which he is besieged. Death of Togrul Beg; his 
nephew, Alp Arslan, succeeds him. Harold and Tostig defeat the Welsh: 
death of their prince, Griffith. A council at Rome condemns the prevailing 
simoniacal dealings in church benefices and the licentious lives of the priest^ 
hood. Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen, insinuates himself into the favour of 
Henry IV. Xiphilin, patriarch of CP. Michael Psellus educates the son of 
Constantlne Ducas. Adam of Bremen writes his history. 

The Normans subdue the greater part of Sicily and besiege Palermo, but without 
success. Ferdinand of Castile achieves his last victories over the Moors of 
Catalonia and Valencia. Almamoun, king of Toledo, seizes Valencia, and 
deposes his son-in-law, Almiidafar. Pilgrimage of Siegfried, archbishop of 
Mentz, and other prelates, to the Holy Land, accompanied by 7000 araied men. 

Death of Ferdinand, Dec. 27; by his will, his territories are divided among his 
three sons ; Sancho, the eldest of them, inherits Castile. Cadalo escapes 'from 
the castle of S. Angelo. Hildebrand is the prime mover of the papal pro- 
ceedings. Desiderius enlarges and decorates the monastery of Monte Casino, 
Rebellion in Northumberland and Wales ; Tostig takes flight to the court of 
Baldwin, in Flanders ; Harold restores tranquillity. Dedication of Westminster 
Abbey, by its founder, Edward the Confessor ; the Anglo-Saxon laws are col- 
lected and digested by his orders. Alp Arslan conquers Armenia. 

Death of Edward the "Confessor, Jan. 5. Harold proclaimed king, Jan. 6; his 
brother, Tostig, lands at Scarborough, with a large army of Flemings and 
Norwegians; they are totally routed by Harold, Sep. 25, at Stanford Bridge, on 
the river Der^vent ; Tostig, and Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, are slain. 
Landing of William, duke of Normandy, at Pevensey, Sep. 29. Battle of 
Hastings, and death of Harold, Oct. 14. William the Conqueror crowned king 
of England, Dec. 25. Richard, count of Aversa, invades the papal states, and 
retires on the approach of Godfrey with an army from Tu.«cany. Henry enters 
Italy with a large force, which he suddenly withdraws. Adelbert, archbishop of 
Bremen, abuses his influence over the young prince, and is banished from the 
court. Hanno, archbishop of Cologne, aggrandizes his family; his relation, 
Conrad, whom he had appointed to the see of Treves, is killed by the people! 
A large comet appears, April 24, and remains visible more than 20 days. Mag- 
nus II. and Olaf III. succeed their father on the throne of Norway. 

Death of Constantine Ducas ; the empress Eudocia appointed to rule during the 
minority of her son Michael. Ramiro I. invades Castile, is defeated and slain. 
Conquests of the Almoravides in Africa. Foundation of Battle Abbey by king 
William ; he visits Normandy. Flight of Edgar Etheling to Scotland ; his 
sister, Margaret, is married to Malcolm. Council of Mantua ; Hildebrand denies 
the imperial right to interfere in the election of a pope; Cadalo again asserts 
his claim, which is rejected by the council. Robert Guiscard besieges Ban. 
Marriage of the emperor Henry to Bertha, daughter of Otho, marquis of Susa. 



334 



FROM THE TEAI 



A.D. 



Hegira. 



1068 461 



1069 



1070 



1071 



1072 



1073 



462 



463 



464 



465 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



1 Roma- 
nus IV 



nes, 
2 — 



1 Mi- 
chael 
VII. 

Ducas. 



Popes 



Ara- 



8 A- 
lexan- 
derll. 



38 AI 
Kaim. 



10- 



1074 


467 


1075 


468 


1076 


469 


1077 


470 


1078 


471 


1079 


472 


1080 


473 


1081 


474—475 


1082 


475-476 


1083 


476-477 



1 Nice- 
phorus 
III. Bo- 

tani- 
ates. 

2 — 



1 Alex- 
ius I, 

Conine- 
nus. 

2 



40- 



41- 



42- 



1 Gre- 
gory 
VII. 



4San- 
cho 11. 
the 
Brave, 



43- 



44 

1 Al 

Mok- 
tad. 
2 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Sara- 
tile, GON. ARRE. CEXS. 



1 Al- 
fonso 
VI. 



10 8 11- 



2 San- 16 

cho I. San- 
cho 
IV. 



18- 



1 Mu- 
ll amad 
Almo- 
ata- 
mad. 

2 



20- 



ISai 
cho'^ 



12 ■ 



16- 



9 Philip 
I. 



10 ■ 



8Wra- 
tislas 
II. 



10- 



BOHE- 

MIA. 



Ger- 
many. 



13 

Hen- 
ry IV. 

14- 

15- 



063 TO 1083 A. P. 



335 



Repe- 
itioH 


Doges 




! 1 












()F Ve- 


Tusca- 


Flan- 


Den- 


Swe- 


Po- 


Hun. 


Rus- 


Scot- 


E^G- 


7(1 tes. 


nice. 


ny. 


ders. 


MAKK. 


den. 


land. 


GARY. 


sia. 


land. 


LAND. 


1068 


26 Do- 


14 Ma- 


2 Bald- 


22Sweyn 


3 Haco 


11130- 


6 So- 


15 Isis- 


13 Mal- 


3 Willi- 




luenico 


tilda. 


win VI. 


III. E8- 


the lied. 


leslas 


lomon. 


lav 1. 


colm 


am the 




Conta- 




the 


tritson. 




11. 






III. 


Con- 




reiio I. 




Good. 












Can- 


queror. 


















more. 




1069 1 


27 


15 


3 23 


4 


12 


7 


16 


14 


4 


1070 


28 


16 


lArnulf24 


5 


13 


8 


17 


15 


5 








III. 
















1071 


1 Dome- 
nico 
Silvio. 


17 


1 Ro- 
hert I. 

the Fri- 
sian. 


25 


6 


14 


9 


18 


16 


6 


1072 


2 


18 


2 


26 


7' 


15 


10 


19 


17 


7 


1073 


3 


19 


3 


27 


8 


16 


11 


20 


18— 




1074 


4 


20 


4 


28 


9 


17 


12 


21 


19 


9 


1075 


5 


21 


5 


29 


lo- 


18 


IGei- 
sal. 


22 '20 


10 


1076 


6 


22 


6 


1 Ha- 


ll 


19 


2 


23 21 


11 










rold IV. 














1077 


7 


23 


7 


2 


12 


20 


l\Yla- 
dislas 
I. 


24 


22 


12 


1078 


8 


24 


8 


3 


13 


21 


1 Wse- 


23 


13 












Years of 






wolod. 
















confu- 






















sion. 






















Haco's 












1079 




25 


9 


4 


sons, 
Inge 
and 
Hal- 


ILa- 
dislah 
I. 


3 


2 


24 


14 


1080 


10 


26 


10 — 


1 Ca- 
nute II. 


Stan, 
and his 
son-in- 


'~ 


'~ 


3 — 


25 


15 


1081 


11 




11 


2 


law, 
Blot- 
Sweyn, 
divide 


3 


5 




26 


16 


1082 


12 


28 ■ 


12 


3 


the 
king- 
dom. 


4 


6 


5 


27 


17 

18 




























Death 


1083 


13 


29 


13 


4 




5 


' 


6 


28 


ofQu. 
Ma- 
tilda, 
[Nov.l. 


1 























336 



FEOM THE YEAK 



A.D. 



1068 



1069 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1070 



1071 



1072 



1073 



1074 



1075 



1076 



The empress Eudocia marries Romanus Diogenes, and raises him to the throne. 
Victory of Rogerj at Michelmir, in Sicily. The Saracens convey intelligence 
to the hesieged in Palermo by carrier-pigeons. Perpignan built by Sancho, 
the young king of Aragon. Edgar Etheling and his Scotch allies de- 
feated by William ; the curfew-bell introduced by him. Alp Arslan conquers 
Georgia. 

The Turks penetrate into Phrygia : are driven back by Romanus. The emperor 
Henry calls a council at Mentz to annul his marriage ; Peter Damiano, the 
papal legate, prevents the divorce. Attempt to assassinate Robert Guiscard in 
his tent before Bari. William tlie Conqueror seizes Maine, on the death of its 
count, Herbert. York burnt by the Danes, Edgar Etheling, and earls Wal- 
theof and Cospatric : William arrives in the winter with his army, on which 
they betake themselves to their fleet in the Humber. Morocco founded by Abu 
Bekir, ameer of Laratuna. Death of Aldred, archbishop of York. The medical 
school of Salerno flourishes, Isaslav, expelled by his subjects, is restored by 
Boleslas. king of Poland. 

Sancho, king of Castile, defeated in his attempt to subdue his Christian neigh- 
bours. Ismail, king of Toledo, fails in his attack on Seville. Yuzef Ben Taxtir 
raises the power of the Almoravides in Africa. War between the Pisans and 
Genoese. Death of Godfrey ; his widow, Beatrice, governs Tuscany in the 
name of her daughter, Matilda. Stigand deposed, and Lanfranc appointed 
archbishop of Canterbury. Death of Baldwin, count of Flanders, father of 
Matilda, queen of England. Olaf III. builds Bergen and Stavanger, and pro- 
motes the commerce of Norway. 

The emperor Romanus defeated and made prisoner by Alp Arslan. Michael 
Ducas {Parapinaces) succeeds; his brothers, Andronicus I. and Constantine (XII. 
according to some) are his nominal colleagues, Romanus, released from his cap- 
tivity, is blinded, and dies. Roderic, the Cid, restores victory to Sancho II. 
Count Roger defeats the Greek fleet ; Bari surrenders to Robert Guiscard ; the 
two brothers extend their conquests in Sicily. The emperor Henry gives the 
duchy of Bavaria to Guelph IV., an ancestor of the Brunswick family. Re- 
bellion of earls Edwin and Morcar ; William surrounds them with his fleet in 
the isle of Ely, and captures them. Philip, king of France, defeated at Mount 
Cassel, by Robert, the Frisian. 

The Norman chiefs take Palermo and reduce all Sicily. Sancho II. assassinated 
atZamora; his brother, Alfonso, succeeds him. Alp Arslan assassinated; his 
son, Malek Shah, inherits the throne of the Seljukians. William the Conqueror 
invades Scotland ; Malcolm submits to him. Death of Peter Damiano. 

Hildebrand elected pope, takes the name of Gregory VII.; he forbids the sale of 
church benefices in Germany. The Saxons and Thuringians revolt against the 
emperor Henry. Marriage of the countess Matilda to Gosselon, son of the late 
duke Godfrey. Lissa, taken by the Normans, is recovered by the Venetians. 
Isaslav, again expelled from Russia, takes refuge in Germany. Slavizo king 
of Croatia. 

Gregory VII. excommunicates Robert Guiscard for not doing homage to him; 
is acknowledged liege lord of Hungary by Solomon : threatens Philip of France, 
and sends his legates to admonish the emperor Henry ; he suggests the first 
idea of a general crusade against the Turks. Soliman conquers Asia Minor, 
and founds the Seljukian kingdom of Roum or Iconium. Edgar Etheling makes 
submission to William the Conqueror. 

The emperor Henry defeats the Saxons at Hohenburg, and begins his resistance to 
the pretensions of Gregory. The council of Rome decrees all ecclesiastical 
appointments to be invalid, if not made by the pope Robert Guiscard again 
excommunicated. Isaslav makes Russia a fief to the Roman see, in the hope of 
beino- assisted to regain his throne. Ralph Guader fails in his attempted re- 
bellion against William, and escapes to Flanders, Ingulph, abbot of Croyland, 
writes hil history, Comus I. patriarch of OP. 

The diet of Worms, held by the emperor Henry, deposes the pope, Gregory; the 
council of Rome excommunicates the emperor, and absolves his subjects from their 



1068 TO 1083 A.B. 



337 



Events and Eminent Men. 



allegiance. Assassination of Gosselon, husband of the countess Matilda, and 
death of her mother, Beatrice ; she takes on herself the government of Tuscany 
and her Italian States. Henry gives Lovver Lorraine to his son Conrad, and 
Antwerp to Godfrey of Bouillon. Sancho IV. murdered by his brother, at Za- 
mora ; Sancho T. of Arragon seizes Castile. William the Conqueror invades 
Brittany and besieges Dol ; he is defeated by Philip, king of France. P^arl 
Waltheof beheaded. Death of Sweyn. king of Denmark. Tsaslav, on the 
death of his brotlier, Swiatoslav, is restored in Russia by Boleslas, king of 
Poland. William gives the abbey of Westminster to Vitalis, abbot of Ber- 
nay. Atsiz, Malek Shah's lieutenant, conquers Syria from the Fatimites of 
Egvpt and takes Jerusalem. The Seljukian Turks persecute the Christian 
pilgrims. 

Submission of Henry to Gregory at Canossa. The diet of Forcheim elects Rndolf, 
of Swabia, king of Germany. Henry prepares for war against his rival ; ^[a- 
tilda supports the cause of Gregory. Robert Guiscard takes Salerno. Nice- 
phorus Botaniates and Nicephorus Bryennius rebel against Michael, and 
advance to attack CP. Gregory exacts an annual tribute from Alfonso, king of 
Castile. Peace concluded between William and Philip. A great fire in 
London. Nestor writes his Chronicles of Russia. Lambert, of Aschaffenburg, 
writes his German annals. 

Michael resigns the Eastern empire, and retires as bishop to Ephesus. Nicephorus 
Bryennius defeated by Botaniates, who obtains the throne. Battle of Melrich- 
stadt; Henry defeated by Rudolf; they both appeal to Gregory, who sends 
legates to arbitrate between them; he excommunicates Nicephorus Botaniates. 
R >bert Guiscard besieges Beneventum. Aben Abed, king of Seville, takes 
Murcia. Tower of London founded. Isaslav slain in battle; his brother, 
Wsewolod, succeeds him. 

Rudolf invades Westphalia. Henry gives Swabia to Frederic of Hohenstauffen. 
Aben Omar, vizir of Aben Abed, conquers Malaga, and concludes a treatv of 
alliance with Alfonso of Castile. Boleslas of Poland excommunicated by Gre- 
gorv and expelled by his subjects. Rebellion of Robert in Normandy, against 
his "father, William, who is wounded at the siege of Gerberoi. The New Forest 
planted. The Gelalsean era begins, March 15. 

Battle of Fladenheim, Jan. 27; the emneror Henry defeated; he is excommu- 
nicated and deposed, and the title of Rudolf recognized by a council held at 
Rome, March 9 ; he calls a council at Brixeu, Jan. 25, by which Gregory is 
deposed, and Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, elected pope, under the name of 
Clement III. Battle of Zeiz. on the Elster, Oct. 15. Rudolf, mortally wounded 
by the lance of Godfrey of Bouillon, dies at Merseburg: the army of the 
countess Matilda is defeated near Mantua on the same day. Henry's party gains 
strength. Gregory retires to Aquino, is reconciled to Robert Guiscard, and 
removes the excommunication from him. The Domesday survey of England 
commenced. Walcher, bishop of Durham, with many of his attendants, killed 
at a gemot. 

Alexius Comnenus drives Nicephorus into a monastery, and occupies his throne. 
Henry invades Italy and takes Rome. The German princes elect Hermann, 
of Luxemburg, for king, and gain a victory at Hochstadt. Robert Guiscard 
attacks the Eastern empire, and defeats Alexius, at Durazzo. Alfonso enters 
the kingdom of Toledo, and is driven back by Alaftas, king of Badajos. William 
makes war on the Welsh. Osmond, bishop of Salisbury, compiles the mass- 
book for his church. Eustratus Garidas patriarch of CP. 

Durazzo taken by the Normans, Feb. 8: Robert returns to Italy, leaving his son, 
Bohemond, to prosecute the war. William an'ests his brother, Odo, bishop of 
Bayeux and earl of Kent, and seizes his wealth; 

Bohemond defeats Alexius in two battles, and besieges Larissa : is compelled to 
retreat. Hemy presses his attack on Rome. Robert is detained in Apulia by 
the revolt of Cannse and other cities. Alfonso lays siege to Toledo. William 
imposes a tax of six shillings on every hide of land. Fierce tumults in Glaston- 
bury abbey. 



338 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Hegiea. 



1084 



1085 



1087 



1090 
1091 



1092 
1093 



East- 
ERN Em- Popes. 

PIRE. 



477—478 

478—479 
479—480 

480—481 

481-482 
482—483 
483—484 
484—485 

485-486 

,—487 



4 Alex- 
ius I. 
Comne- 
uus. 



12 
Gre- 
gory 
VII. 



1094 



1095 



1096 



1097 



10 Al 
Mok- 
tadi. 



1 Vic- 
tor 
III. 



Ara- 
bia, 



12- 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 

TILE. GOK. ARRE. 



France. 



13 Al- 
fonso 
VI. 



18 
San- 
choJ. 



13 16 



487—488 



489—490 



1 Ur- 
ban 
11. 

2 



491 



1098 492 



1 Al 
Mor- 
tader. 



20- 

21- 

•22- 
23- 
24- 

25- 

26- 

27- 



25- 



9 8an- 
cho V 



lo- 
ll— 

12- 

13- 
14- 
15- 
16- 

17- 
18- 



17 Mu- 

hamad 

Almo- 

ata- 

inad. 



1 Pe 

dro I 



3 3- 

4- 



1 Pe- 
dro I 



1 Yus- 
set" the 
Almo- 
ravide. 



25 Philip 
I 



Bohe- 
mia. 



Ger- 
many, 



24 29 
Wra- Hen- 
tislas ry IV, 
II, 



4 

5 



27- 



34 ■ 



35 . 



37 ■ 



39 . 



1 Con- 
rad 1. 

1 Bre 
tislas 
II. 



37- 



39 



1084 TO 1098 A.D, 



339 



Uepe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


Flan- 
ders. 


Den- 
ma UK. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Hun- 
gary. 


Russia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1084 


1 Vitale 
Faledro. 


30 Ma- 
tilda. 


14 Ro- 
bert I. 
the Fri- 
sian. 


5 Ca- 
nute II. 




6La- 
dislas 
I. 


8 

Wla- 
dislas 

I. 


7Wse- 
wolod. 


29 Mal- 
colm, 
Can- 
more, 


19 Wil- 
liam 
the Con- 
queror. 
Dec. 25. 


1085 

1086 


2 

3 


31 

32 


15 

16 


6 

lOlaf 
III. 


Civil 
war 
and 
anar- 
chy 
con- 
tinue. 


7 
8 


9 

10 


9 


30 

31 


20 

21 

d. Sep. 
9, 1087, 
set. 59. 


1087 
1088 




33 

34 


17 

18 


3 




9 

10 


11 

12 


10 

11 


32 

33 


1 Wil- 
liam 
11. Ru- 
fus, 
Sep. 26, 
2 


1089 


6 


35 


19 


4 




11 


13 


12 


34 


3 


1090 


7 


36 


20 


5 




12 


14 


13 


35 


4 


1091 


8 


37 


21 


6 




13 


15 


14 


36 


5 


1092 
1093 


9 


38 

39 


22 

IRo. 
bert II. 


8 




1 A 


16 

17 


15 

1 Swa- 
topolk 
II. 


37 


7 


10 




15 


1 Do- 
nald 
Bane, 


1094 


11 


40 


2 


9 




16 


18 


2 


2 


8 


1095 


12 


41 


3 


1 Erik I. 




17 


1 Colo- 
man. 


3 


3 


9 


1096 


1 Vitale 
Michele 
I. 

2 


42 


4 


2 




18 


2 


4 


4 


10 


1097 


43 — 


5 


3 




19 


3 


5 


5 


11 


1098 


3 


44 


6 . 


4 




20 


A 


6 


I Edgar. 


12 





340 



J"i?DM THE TEAU 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Rome surrenders to Henry, March 21. Clement ITT. is consecrated, and crowns 
the emperor, March 31. Gregory is hesieged in S. An gel o ; on the approach of 
Rohert Guiscard, Henry and Clement retire into Lomhardy. Robert embarks 
again for Albania, and obtains a great victory over the Greek and Venetian 
fleets. Vitale Faledro, by his intrigues and bribes, causes the doge to be 
deposed, and is himself elected to fill the place. Alfonso takes the city of 
Toledo. Aben Omar, accused of treachery, takes refuge among the Christians. 
The Carthusian order founded by Bruno, ^at La Chartreuse. Nicholas III. 
patriarch of CP. 
Death of Robert Guiscard, in Cephalonia, July 17; abandonment of his enter- 
prize, and division of his States between his sons, Bohemond and Roger. 
Death of Gregory VII., at Salerno, May 25 ; the papacy vacant till the following 
year. Aben Omar captured by Abn Abed, and beheaded. 
Guelf, duke of Bavaria, with the Saxons and Swabians, besieges Wiirzburg ; 
Henry attacks them, and is defeated. Desiderius, abbot of Monte Casino, is 
elected pope, and takes the of&ce very reluctantly with the name of Victor III. 
The Mohammedans of Spain invite Yussef, the chief of the Almoravides of 
Africa, to assist them. Alfonso is defeated at Zalacca. The Domesday Book is 
completed ; William visits various parts of his kingdom, and passes'over into 
Normandy. Canute's preparations to invade England are stopped by a" revolt of 
his subjects, in which he is slain, at Odensee. Edgar Atheling retires among 
the Normans of Apulia. Soliman, the Seljukian of Roum, falls in a battle 
against Thuthusch. prince of Damascus; he is succeeded by his son, Kilidsch 
Arslan. Death of Marianus Scotus, monk of Fulda, and writer of Chronicle. 
The diet of Spires makes a fruitless effort to restore peace in Germany. Rome 
alternately occupied and lost by the two rival popes; Victor withdraws to 
Monte Casino, where he dies, Sept. 16. Yussef returns to Africa ; the Christian 
forces rally under Roderic, the Cid, defeat the Mohammedans at Alcoraza, and 
take Huesca. William invades France, and soon afterwards dies at Rouen. His 
eldest son, Robert, inherits Noi-mandy; and his second, William, secures the 
throne of England. Godfrey of Bouillon created duke of Lower Lorraine. Mag- 
nus III., king of Norway. 
Augsburg taken by Guelf, duke of Bavaria. Henry defeated by Egbert, marquis 
of Saxony. Death of the imperial pretender. Hermann. Otho, bishop of 
Ostia, elected pope, March 8, with the title of Urban II. Syracuse taken by 
Roger ; he appeases the dissensions between his nephews Bohemond and Roger. 
Yussef is re-called into Spain by the Mohammedan princes ; their jealousies and 
discord render his assistance unavailing. Odo rebels in favour of his nephew 
Robert ; he and his partisans are captured by William Rufus in Rochester Castle, 
and sent to Normandy. Death of the empress Bertha. Death of Berengarius. 
Henry excommunicated by Urban ; many German princes come over to him. 
Marriage of the countess Matilda to Guelf V., son of the duke of Bavaria. 
Guibert resigns his pretensions to the papacy. Alfonso drives the Mohamme- 
dans from the siege of Alid, near Lorca, and compels Yussef to re-embark for 
Africa. Maine revolts against William Rufus. Death of Lanfranc : William 
keeps Canterbury and other sees vacant for several years, and appropriates their 
revenues. Marriage of the emperor Henry to Adelaide, a Russian princess, 
widow of Otho, marquis of Brandenburg. A violent earthquake in England, 
Aug. 11. The disease, called St. Anthony's fire, breaks out in Lorraine. 
Henry invades Italy, and lays siege to Mantua. Roger completes the conquest of 
Sicily, and undertakes an expedition against Malta. Yussef returns to Spain 
with a large army, attacks the Mohammedan princes, and conquers Granada. 
Hassan, Subah of Nishapur, in Chorasan, collects a band of Cannathians, who 
are named after him, " Assassins." William Rufus invades Normandy, and takes 
St. Valery. 
Mantua and Ravenna surrender to the emperor Henry. Yussef conquers Seville 
and Almeria, sends Almoatamad a prisoner to Africa, and becomes supreme 
ruler in Mohammedan Spain. Peace between William and his brother Robert ; 
Malcolm invades England, and is driven back. 



084 TO 1098 A.D. 



341 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of Malek Shah, followed by civil wars and partition of his dominions. 
William Rufus fortifies Carlisle. The Nominalist heresy of Kascellinus con- 
demned by the council of Soissons. Valencia betrayed to tlie Almoravides by 
Ahmed Ben Gehaf; king Alcadir slain. The castle of S. Angelo held by 
Giiibert's party, and his title to the papacy is still asserted by Henry. 

Rebellion of the emperor's son Conrad ; he is crowned king of Italy at Milan. 
Yussef conquers Badajos.and puts to death king Almetuakel. Malcolm invades 
England, and is killed near Alnwick, by Roger de Mowbray. Donald Bane 
usurps the throne of Scotland. William, alarmed by a fit of illness, nominates 
bisliops to the vacant sees ; he appoints, for Canterbury, Anselm, a native of 
Aosta, and abbot of Bee, who had been distinguished in the Nominalist contro- 
versy, by writing in support of the Realist doctrines. 

The empress Adelaide leaves her husband, and accuses him- of ill-treatment before 
the council of Constance. Philip, king of France, is excommunicated by the 
councils of Rheims and Autun, for divorcing his queen Bertha, and espousing 
Bertrade. Peter the Hermit goes on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. The Cid, in 
alliance with a body of Mohammedans, retakes Valencia ; Ahmed Ben Gehaf 
is burnt alive. Sancho, king of Aragon and Navarre, falls in battle; he is 
succeeded by his son Pedro. War renewed in Normandy. Prince Henry returns 
to England. Duncan, son of Malcolm, is accepted in Scotland as king, is soon 
afterwards killed, and Donald Bane restored. 

Peter, on his return from the Holy Land, is commissioned by Urban to preach a 
general crusade. Council of Placentia, March 1, and of Clermont, Nov. 18. 
Philip and Henry are again excommunicated. All classes, except ecclesiastics, 
are called upon to take the sign of the cross. Great excitement in France. 
The Balearic Islands submit to the Almoravides. Guelf V. separates from 
the countess Matilda; he and his father abandon the pontifical party and join 
the emperor's. Henry of Besan^on marries Alfonso's daughter Theresa, and is 
created duke of Portugal. Barkiarok, Malek Shah's son, recovers Syria from 
his uncle Thuthusch. Robert, earl of Northumberland, fails in his rebellion, 
and is confined in Windsor castle. Marriage of Conrad to Matilda, daughter of 
Roger, count of Sicily. 

Four tumultuary bands of crusaders, numbering together 273,000, depart for Pa- 
lestine, led by Peter the Hermit, Walter de Pexejo, and his nephew, Walter the 
Pennyless, the priest Gottschalk, and William the Carpenter. Most of these 
perish in Hungary and Bulgaria; some return; a few remaining thousands pass 
the Bosphorus, and are massacred by the sultan Kilidsch Arslan. A more re- 
gular military force proceeds, by different routes, under Godfrey of Bouillon, 
Hugh de Vermandois, Raymond of Toulouse, Stephen of Chartres, Bohemond, 
prince of Tarentum, and his cousin Tancred, Robert, count of Flanders, Robert, 
duke of Normandy, who pledges his duchy to his brother William, to raise 
money for his outfit, and Godfrey's brothers, Eustace and Baldwin. Amalfi re- 
covers her independence. The Fatimite Aphdal expels the sons of Ortok from 
Jerusalem. 

Alexius, suspicious of the crusaders, obtains from their chiefs an oath of fealty. 
He secures for himself the city of Niceea, conquered by their arms, June 20. 
Battle of Dorylaeum, July 4. Siege of Antioch, Oct. 21. Quarrel of Tancred 
and Baldwin in Cilicia. The latter separates from the main army, and founds 
the principality of Edessa (or Orfa). William Rufus expels Anselm from Eng- 
land, in defiance of the papal legate. Westminster Hall built. Henry pro- 
tects the German Jews. Death of Albert Azzo, marquis of Lombardy, more 
than 100 years old ; by his first marriage with Cunegonda he was father of 
Guelf IV., the progenitor of the Brunswick family ; and from that with Gar- 
senda was born Fulk, from whom the family of Este descends. A comet visi- 
ble, Oct. 1. 

Antioch surrenders, June 3. The Turkish general Kerboga defeated, June 28. 
Edgar, son of Malcolm, established on the throne of Scotland by Edgar Athel- 
ing, with an English army. Urban holds a council at Bari, to condemn the doc- 
trines of the Greek church ; Anselm takes a prominent part in the proceedings. 



342 


















FEOM 


THE 


YEAB 


1 


East- 






Spain. 








A.D. 


Hegira. 


ern Em- 


Popes. 


Ara- 


Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 


France. 


Bohe- 


Ger-, 






pire. 




bia. 


TILE. GON. ARRE. 

... t 




mia. 


MANY. 


1099 


493 


19 Alex- 


1 Pas- 


6A1 


28 Al- 


6Pe. 


6 Pe- 


9Yus- 


40 Phi- 


7 Bre- 


44 






ius I. 


cal II. 


Mor- 


fonso 


drol. 


dro I. 


sef the 


lip I. 


tislas 


Henry 






Comne- 




tader. 


VL 






Almo- 




II. 


IV. 






nus. 












ravide. 








1100 


494 


20 


2 


7 


29 


7 


7 


10 


41 


1 Bor- 
gevoy 
II. 


45 


1101 


495 


21 


3 


8 


30 


8 


8 


11 


42 


2 


46_, 


1102 
1103 


496 
497 


22 

23 


/J 


9 

10 


31 


9 


9 


12 


43 

44 


3 

4 


47 : 


5 




10 


10 


13 




1104 


498 


24 


6 


11 


33 


1 Al- 
fonso 

l.el 

Batal- 

lador. 


1 Al- 
fonso 
I. 


14 


45 


5 


49 


1105 


499 


25 


7 


12 


34 


2 


2 


1 All 
Ben 

Yus- 
sef. 


46 


6 


50 


1106 


500 


26 


8 


13 


35 


3 


3 


2 


47 


7 


1 Hen- 
ry V. 


1107 


501 


27 


9 


1 A 


36 


^ 


4 


3 


48 


ISwa- 
topolk 


o 
































II. 




1108 


502 


28 


10 


15 


37 


5 


5 


4 


1 Louis 
VI. le 


2 


3 






29 


11 


16 


lUrra- 


6 


6 


K 


Gros. 
2 


ILa- 


^ 


1109 


503 














ca and 










dislas 














Alfon- 










II. 














so VII. 














1110 


504 


80 


12 

13 


17 

18 


2 

3 


7 

8 


7 

8 


6 

7 


3 

4 


2 

3 


5 

6 


1111 


505 


31 




1112 


506 


32 


14 


19 


4 


9 


9 


8 


5 


4 


7 


1113 


507—508 


33 


15 


20 


5 


10 


10 


9 


6 


5 


8- 


1114 


508—509 


34 


16 


21 


6 


11 

12 


11 

12 


10 

11 


7 

8 


6 

7 


9 

10 


1115 


509—510 


35 


17 


22 1 


i.\j 


1116 


510—511 


36 


18 


23 8 


13 


13 12 


9 


8 


11 



099 TO 1116 A.D. 



343 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice, 



4 Vitale 
Michele 
I. 



6 

1 Orde- 
lafo Fa- 
ledro. 

2 



Tusca- 
ny. 



45 Ma- 
tilda. 



46 • 



49 ■ 



50 • 



Flan- 
ders. 



7 Ro- 
bert 
II. 



5 Erik 
I. 



Den- 
mark, 



INiels 
or Ni- 
cholas, 



18 

IBald 
win 
VII. 
2 



Swe- 
den. 



1 Inge 



21 La- 
dislas I. 



23 



1 Boles- 
las III 



1PM- 
lij) and 
Inge II, 

2 



Poland. 



Htinoa- 



5 Colo- 
man. 



12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 



1 Ste- 
phen II. 

2 



Russia 



7 Swa- 
topolk 
II. 



9 

10 

11 



Scot- 
land, 



2 Ed- 
gar. 



1 Wla- 
diniir II. 
Mnnama- 
c/ias. 

2 — 



1 A- 

lexan 
der I, 
2- 



Eng- 

LAND, 



13 Wil- 
liamll. 

JRiifus, 
Sep. 26. 
d. Aug. 
2,?et.43. 
IHenryl. 
Aug. 5, 
m. Nov. 
12, Ma- 
tilda of 
Scotland. 



4- 
b. Prince 
Wil- 
liam. 

5 — 



10- 



344 



mOM THE YEAE 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Jerusalem besieged by the Crusaders. June 7, taken July 15. Godfrey of Bouillon 
elected king, July 23. The Fatimite array from Egypt defeated at Ascalon, 
Aug. 12. Godfrey frames the Assise of Jerusalem for the government of .his 
kingdom. The military Order of the Knights Hospitallers founded ; Gerard, 
count d'Avesnes, is their first Provost or Grand Master. Arnulf, first patriarch 
of Jerusalem under the Christians. Urban obtains possession of the castle of 
S. Angelo ; holds a council at Rome, by which all his adversaries are again ex- 
communicated ; dies, July 29. The diet of Aix-la-Chapelle excludes Conrad, 
and appoints his brother Henry to be successor to their father in Germany. 
Peace restored in Sweden, through the mediation of the Danish king, Erik ; 
Haco's son, Inge, is seated on the throne. William Rufus conquers the pro- 
vince of Maine. Death of Osmund, bishop of Salisbury. The Cid, after 
having defended Valencia five years, dies there, and is buried at Burgos. 
Anna Comnena writes the history of her father's reign. 

Death of Godfrey of Bouillon, July 18 ; his brother, Baldwin, prince of Edessa, 
elected king of Jerusalem. Anselm, archbishop of Milan, the bishop of Pavia, and 
Count Albert of Biandrate, lead a numerous reinforcement to Palestine. Death of 
Guibert (Clement III.) ; new antipopes arise, one of whom assumes the name of 
Sylvester IV. William Rufus accidentally slain in the New Forest. Henry I. 
renews the laws of the Confessor, and unites the Norman and Saxon races by 
his marriage with Matilda, grand-daughter of Edmund Ironside. Valencia, 
abandoned by the soldiers of the Cid, after his death, is taken by the Alraora- 
vides. Pietro della Colonna, the first of that family who is named in histoiy, 
loses some of his patrimony in a contest with the pope. Anselm is reinstated 
at Canterbury by king Henry. 

Death of Conrad, king of Italy ; the countess Matilda, without the title, exercises 
the power of queen ; Ferrara submits to her. Milan and other cities in Lom- 
bardy become independent municipalities. Death of Roger, count of Sicily ; 
his widow, Adelaide, rules, as guardian of her two sons, Simon and Roger ; the 
latter, now only four years old, eventually obtains the sovereignty. Guelf, 
duke of Bavaria, and William, duke of Aquitain, conduct a large body of cru- 
saders to the East. United with those who set out m the preceding year, they 
are met by Kilidsch Arslan, on entering Asia Minor, and all cut to pieces or 
dispersed. Anselm escapes to CP. and dies there, and Guelf in the island of 
Cyprus. Robert, duke of Normandy, on his return from Palestine, invades 
England. Treaty of peace between him and Henry. Charter of London 

The excommunication of the emperor Henry is again repeated. Pascal obtains 
from the countess Matilda a deed of gift of all her States to the Church. 
Disputes respecting the right of investiture begin between Henry Land arch- 
bishop Anselm. Rebellion of the earl of Shrewsbury. Coloman, king of 
Hungary, conquers Croatia and Dalmatia. -r^ ^v. ^ 

Yussef 's son Ali recognized as heir to the thrones of Spam and Africa. Death of 
Magnus III king of Norway ; Sigurd I. succeeds. Erik makes Lunden the 
metropolitan see of Denmark, and sets out for Palestine. Robert of Normandy 
visits his brother Henry. Anselm goes to Rome. 

Baldwin king of Jerusalem, defeats the Turks and takes Ptolemais (Acre). 
War renewed betAveen Henry and his brother Robert in Normandy. The em- 
peror Henry's son, incited by the papal party, rebels against his father. 

Interview between the emperor Henry and his son at Elbmgeu ; a diet is called, 
to be held at Mentz, for the settlement of their dispute. King Henry takes 
Caen and Bayeux in Normandy. Death of Erik king of Denmark in Cyprus. 
The pretended "gift of Constantine" first alleged. Death of Yusset Ben 
Taxfin in Africa, eet 100. Defeat of the Turks in an attempt to retake Jeru- 
salem ; Bohemond made prisoner. ^. -u ^ :,' ^r- 

The emperor Henry resigns his crown, soon after which he dies at Liege, Aug, 7. 
His son after having obtained the throne, asserts his right to appoint bishops. 
Alexius' claims Antioch. Bohemond is released by the Turks, returns to Europe 
and marries Constance, daughter of Philip, king of France. Battle of Tinche- 



1099 TO 1116 A.D. 



345 



Events and Eminent Men. 



bray ; Robert is raade prisoner and sent to Cardiff castle, where he ends his 
days. King Henry annexes Normandy to his dominions. A comet seen in the 
S.W., Feb. 16. Death of Kilidsch Arslan. Venice suffers from two destructive 
fires, and Malamocco swept away by an inundation, 

Bohemond lands in Epirus, and besieges Durazzo. Pascal holds a council at 
Troyes, where he urges a new crusade ; the question of the investitures is 
angrily discussed. King Henry returns to England from Normandy. Death of 
Edgar, king of Scotland ; his brother Alexander succeeds. 

Alexius is aided by the Venetians ; Bohemond abandons the siege of Durazzo, 
and concludes a treaty of peace, which stipulates a free passage by land for the 
crusaders ; after this, he returns to Otranto. Ali defeats the Christians at Ur- 
cesia (Ucles), between Toledo and Cuen9a ; Alfonso's young son Sancho is slain. 
Death of Philip, king of France. 

Baldwin, assisted by a Venetian fleet, takes Tripoli. Contract of marriage be- 
tween Matilda, daughter of Henry, king of England and the emperor Henry 
V. The disputed castle of Gisors, in Normandy, causes war between England 
and France. Death of Alfonso VI. He is succeeded by his daughter Urraca ; her 
husband, Alfonso, king of Aragon and Navarre, is acknowledged in Castile as 
Alfonso VII. ; her young son, Alfonso, by a former marriage, is king of Gallicia. 
Portugal declared independent, and the hereditary succession established in 
count Henry's family. Ahmed, the Mohammedan king ,of Saragossa, is de- 
feated and slain by Alfonso. Ali, repulsed in the siege of Toledo, returns to 
Africa. Amadeus, count of Maurienne, becomes count of Savoy. Death of 
Auselm, archbishop of Canterbury. 

The Princess Matilda is sent into Germany with her dowry. The emperor Henry 
marches into Italy with a powerful army. Treaty between Pascal and the 
Nonnan princes of Apulia and Capua. 

Henry enters Rome ; bloody contests between his soldiers and the people. Pas- 
cal, a prisoner, resigns the right of investiture, and crowns the emperor. 
Death of Roger, duke of Apulia; he is succeeded by his son William II. Bo- 
hemond, while preparing to return to Antioch, dies, and is buried at Canosa. 
Henry visits the countess Matilda, and appoints her his vicegerent in Italy. 
Alfonso repairs Soria, Uxama, and other cities ; he quarrels with Urraca, and 
imprisons her. The earl of Anjou seizes the province of Maine. John IX. 
patriarch of CP. 

The Lateran council annuls the concessions made by the pope ; great commotions 
follow. Urraca escapes ; her partisans in Castile are defeated by her husband ; 
she flies to her son in Gallicia. Death of Henry, count of Portugal ; his widow, 
Theresa, becomes Regent, for their young son, Alfonso. The king of France 
supports the earl of Anjou ; war between him and Henry I. Tancred dies at 
Antioch. Death of Inge, king of Sweden; his two sons reign conjointly. Pes- 
tilence in England. 

The Order of Knights Hospitallers confirmed by a papal Bull. Marriage of 
Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, to Adelaide, widow of Roger, count of Sicily. Death 
of Swatopolk, duke of Russia ; his brother Wladimir II. succeeds. Beniard, 
set. 23, becomes a monk, in the convent of Citeaux. 

Conquest of the Balearic Isles by the Pisans. Mantua revolts, is besieged and 
taken by the countess Matilda. Marriage of the emperor and Matilda of Eng- 
land celebrated at Mentz. War in Wales ; king Henry erects castles there, to 
secure his conquests. A comet appears at the end of May. Pascal claims the 
right of investiture in Hungary ; opposition of the clergy. Death of Coloman. 

Death of the countess Matilda, July 24, set. 69. The inheritance of her States is 
disputed by the emperor and the pope. The Pisans carry away rich spoils from 
Majorca and Minorca, but retain possession of Ivica. The chief men of Nor- 
mandy swear allegiance to William, son of Henry I. 

The emperor Henry takes possession of Matilda's lands. He is excommunicated 
by another council held in the Lateran, by which Pascal's concessions are 
again annulled. King Henry I. supports his nephew, Theobald de Blois, against 
the king of France. 



X X 



346 



FEOM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



East- 
Hegiba.I'ern Em- 

FIBE. 



1117 

1118 

1119 
1120 
1121 

1122 
1123 
1124 

1125 

1126 

1127 

1128 
1129 
1130 

1131 
1132 
1133 

1134 
1135 



Popes. Aba- 

BTA. 



511—512 

512—513 

513—514 
514—515 
515—516 

516—517 
517—518 
518-519 

519—520 

520—521 

521—522 

522—523 

524 

525 

526 
527 
528 

529 
530 



37 Alex- 
ius I. 
Comne- 
nus. 

IJohnll. 
or Calo- 
Joan- 
nes. 
2 



19 

Pascal 

II. 



24 Al 
Mor- 
tader. 



18 • 



IGe 

lasius 
II. 

ICal- 

listus 

II 

2- 



IHo- 

iiorius 
II. 

2- 



3 



1 Al 

Mo- 
star- 
shed. 

2 



1 Inno- 
cent 
II. 

2 

3 

4 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. France. 

TILE. GON. ARRE. 



1 Al 
Ras- 
hid. 



9Urra- 
ca and 
Alfon- 
soVII. 

10 



18 Al- 
fonso 

alone. 



14 Al- 
fonso 

el 
Batal- 
lador. 
15 



26- 



27- 



1 Ra- 

miro 
II. 



14 Al- 
fonso 
1. 



13 All 
Ben 

Yus- 
sef. 

14 



15 

16 — 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 



10 Louis 

VI. Ze 
Gros. 



1 Gar- 
cias 
IV. 



9 La- 

dislas 
II. 



10- 



18- 



28 ■ 



Bohe- 
mia. 



12 

Hen- 
ry V, 



1 Sobi- 
eslas 
I. 



Ger- 
many 



1 Lo- 
th aire 
IL 

2- 



1117 TO 1135 A.D. 



347 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1117 

1118 

1119 
1120 I 
1121 

1122 
1123 
1124 

1125 

1126 

1127 

1128 
1129 
1130 

1131 
1132 
1133 

1134 
1135 



Doges 

OF Ve- 
nice. 



1 Dome- 
nico Mi- 
chele. 



Held by 
the em- 
perors, 
and go- 
verned 
by their 
stewards 
or depu- 
ties. 



1 Pietro 
Palano, 



Tusca- 
ny. 



Flan- 
ders. 

7 Bald- 
win 
VII. 



ICharles 

the Good. 



Conrad 
has at 
this time 
the title 
of mar- 
qnis, 
from the 
emperor, 
and Al- 
bert 

from the 
pope. 



1 Hen- 
ry of Ba- 
varia. 

2 



3 



1 Wil- 
liam 

Clito. 

1 Thi- 
erry. 

2 



18- 



Den- 

MARK, 



13 

Niels 
or Ni- 
cholas. 

14 



Swe- 
den. 



6 Phi- 
lip 
and 
Inge 
II. 

7 Inge 
II. 
alone. 



1 Erik 
II. 



16- 



IRa 
wald. 
2- 



5 

IKoI 



Poland. 



16 Bo- 
leslas 
III. 



17 ■ 



HUNGA 
RY. 



4 Ste- 
phen II, 



1 Bela 
11. 

2 



Rus- 
sia. 



5Wla- 
dimir 
II. Mo- 

noma- 
chus. 



10 

11 

12 



1 Ma- 
tislafl. 



1 Jaro- 
polk II. 
2- 



16 — 

17 — 



Scot- 
land. 



11 

Alex- 
ander 
I. 

12- 



Eng- 
land. 



1 Da- 
vid I. 



18 Hen- 
ry I, 
Aug. 5. 



19 

Qu. Ma- 
tilda d, 
Mav 1. 

20 ^ 



22 - 

'W.Feb. 2, 
Adelaide 
of Lou- 
vain. 

23 

24 

25 



2 



26 ■ 



8 

9- 



28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

(6. Hen- 
ry II.) 

35 



li. Dec. 1 , 
act. (57. 
Srepheii 
•:6 Dec. 
Qu. Ma- 
tilda of 
Bou- 
logne. 



348 



FEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1117 



1118 



1119 



Events a.nd Eminent Men, 



1120 



1121 



1122 



1123 



1124 



The emperor Henry marclies to Rome ; the pope retires to Moute Casino, and 
thence to Beneventum. Second coronation of Henry by the archbishop of 
Braga, who is excommunicated for the act. League between Alfonso and the 
Moorish king of Saragossa; the Almoravide general, Mez-deli, is defeated and 
slain by them ; they take Lerida. The doge of Venice falls at Zara, in defending 
Dalmatia against the Hungarians. A violent earthquake in Italy. 
Death of Alexius Comnenus, Aug. 15. Accession of his son John. Anna Com- 
nena, detected in a conspiracy against her brother, is pardoned with her hus- 
band Bryennius. Baldwin I., king of Jerusalem, dies at Rhinoscorura (El Arisch). 
Baldwin II. (de Bourg), count of Edessa, is elected in his place. The Order of 
Knights Templars founded by Sir Hugh de Pagano. Saragossa taken by Al- 
fonso. On the death of Pascal, the Cardinals elect Gelasius II. ; the emperor 
appoints the archbishop of Braga to assume the papal dignity under the name 
of G-regory VIII. This gives rise to the factions afterwards called the Guelfs 
and Ghibelins. Zonaras, imperial secretary and captain of the guards at CP., 
writes his History. 
Henry I. re-establishes his ascendancy in Normandy by his victory at Brenneville ; 
Baldwin, count of Flanders, the ally of Louis, is mortally wounded in this battle. 
Interview of Henry with pope Callistus at Gisors. The long war begins be- 
tween Genoa and Pisa. Defeat of the Turks at Antioch by Baldwin II. and the 
Knights Hospitallers, and on the Mseander by the emperor John, Henry I. 
resists the papal claim to investiture in England ; banishment of Thurstan, 
archbishop of York. Death of Gelasias II. The new pope, Callistus II., holds 
a council at Rheims. Prince William, Henry's son, is married to Matilda, 
daughter of Fulk, count of Anjou. Florence of Worcester writes his Chronicle. 
Calatayud taken by Alfonso. 
Peace between Henry I. and Louis. Prince William, on his way to England, is 
drowned off Barfleur, Nov. 26, with many young nobles. The antipope with- 
draws from Rome to Sutri ; Callistus takes possession of the Lateran. Marriage 
of Roger, count of Sicily, to Alberia, daughter of Alfonso, king of Castile. 
Rebellion of Cordova ; followed by the revolt of El Mehedi, in Africa, which 
begins the power of the Almohades, Siege of Sutri, by the army of Callistus, 
and surrender of the antipope, Gregory. Norbert founds the order of Premon- 
stratensian canons. The people of Saxony rise against the emperor. Roger, 
count of Sicily, invades Calabria and Apulia. Matilda, the bride-widow of 
Prince William, returns to her father. Abelard builds the convent of Paraclete. 
The moon eclipsed, April 4. 
The emperor J ohn drives the Petchenegans out of Thrace. The dispute between 
the emperor Henry and the pope, respecting the right of investiture, compro- 
mised by the diet of Worms. Abelard, accused of heresy at the council of 
Soissons, is condemned to burn his writings. Malta taken by Roger, count of 
Sicily. Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, and Jocelyn de Courtenay made pri- 
soners by the Saracens. 
A general council, held in the Lateran, confinns the agreement made at Worms. 
Alfonso makes an incursion into Murcia and Granada. The Almohades lay 
siege to Morocco ; are repulsed by Ali. War renewed in Normandy by the re- 
bellion of some powerful barons ; king Henry takes their castles. Roger, 
bishop of Salisbury, is his prime minister. The pope refuses to sanction the elec- 
tion of William of Curbeil to the archbishopric of Canterbury, till his assent 
is purchased by a large sum of money. The emperor John refuses to confirm 
the privileges of Venice ; the Venetians send a large army into the East, which 
encounters an Egyptian fleet off Joppa, and obtains a great victory. 
Louis, king of France, supports William, son of duke Robert, in his claim on Nor- 
mandy ; the oriflamme is first used by him as the royal standard. Earl Waleran 
and others of the confederate nobles are made prisoners by king Henry. The 
Genoese capture a rich Pisan convoy on its voyage from Sardinia. Tyre taken 
by the Crusaders, assisted by the Venetians, to whom a third part of the city 
is allotted ; they conquer Rhodes and Chios, and extend their commerce in the 
East. Death of Eadmer, abbot of St. Alban's. 



1117 TO 1135 A.D. 



349 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of the emperor Henry, at Utrecht, May 22 ; his widow, Matilda, returns to 
England. Election of Lothaire, dnke of Saxony, to the imperial throne ; the 
dukes of Swabia and Francouia refuse to acknowledge him. Treaty of peace 
concluded by king Henry in Normandy. Punishment of the mint-men in 
England, for issuing base coin. The Venetians take the islands of Samos and 
Andros, and the town of Spalatro, in Dalmatia; triumphant return of the doge 
to Venice. Piombino taken by the Genoese. Otho, bishop of Bamberg, founds 
the bishopric of Julin (WoUin), in Pomerania. Controversy between Abelard 
and Bernard. Death of Wladimir 3Ionoviachus, grand-duke of Russia. 

Lothaire gives the duchy of Saxony to Henry IV., duke of Bavaria. Death of 
Urraca; her son, Alfonso, reigns alone in Castile. King Henry leaves Normandy, 
and brings his prisoners with him to England. 

Marriage of Henry's daughter, Matilda, to Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of Fulk, 
count of Anjou (Aug. 26) ; she is acknowledged, by the English nobles, heiress 
to her father's throne. Charles, earl of Flanders, slain ; his province is given 
by Louis to William, son of Robert, former duke of Normandy. Death of Wil- 
liam, duke of Apulia; his territories become subject to Roger, great count of 
Sicily, who is excommunicated by the pope. Baldwin, ransomed from captivity, 
attacks Aleppo, and is defeated by Zenghi, Atabek of Mosul. 

William, earl of Flanders, slain at the siege of Alost. Conrad, duke of Fran- 
couia, crowned king of Italy at Milan ; excommunicated by the pope, he never 
acquires any sovereign power. Roger overcomes the papal resistance, and is 
acknowledged duke of Apulia and Calabria. 

Peace concluded between Henry I. and Louis. Death of El Mehedi, chief of the 
Almohades ; his vizir, Abdelmumen, succeeds him. Henry gives liberty to 
earl Waleran and his other prisoners, and restores their lands to them. A 
council held in London, makes decrees for the celibacy of the clergy, which, by 
the king's permission, are disregarded. 

On the death of Honorius, the cardinals divide into two factions, one of which 
elects Innocent II., and the other the antipope, Anacletus II.: the latter gains 
possession of the Lateran, and is consecrated there; Innocent takes refuge in 
France, and holds a council at Clennont. Roger crowned king of Sicily, at 
Palermo. Ali defeated by the Almohades, in Morocco, and his son, Taxfin, by 
Alfonso, in Andalusia. The Chronicle of Simon of Durham ends. 

Baldwin, defeated near Damascus, dies, and leaves the kingdom of Jerusalem to 
his son-in-law, Fulk, count of Anjou. Death of Bohemond II., count of Edessa ; 
Jocelyn de Courtenay succeeds him. Alfonso bequeaths Aragon to the Knights 
Hospitallers and Templars ; but his will is not carried into effect. AmaLfi and 
Naples submit to Roger. Interview of pope Innocent with Henry, king of 
England, at Chartres ; Lothaire is crowned by him at Liege. 

Lothaire arrives in Italy, and expels Conrad ; pope Innocent joins him at Ronca- 
glia. Treaty of peace between the Genoese and Pisans. Alfonso lays siege to 
Fraga. The Charters of Henry I. give security to English industry. The 
Flemings, who had before purchased and carried away the wool of our eastern 
counties, about this time introduce the art of spinning it into yam, at Worstead, 
in Norfolk, and manufacture stuffs from it in the city of Norwich. 

Birth of Matilda's, son, afterwards Henry II. Lothaire conducts Innocent to 
Rome, and is there crowned emperor by him. Tuscany and its dependencies 
given to Lothaire's son-in-law, Henry Guelf, duke of Bavaria and Saxony. Ana- 
cletus, still retaining all the fortified posts in Rome, Innocent again retires to Pisa. 

Alfonso, el Batallador, defeated and slain by the Moors, at Fraga; the kingdoms of 
Aragon and Navarre choose separate sovereigns, who are protected by Alfonso, 
king of Castile. Robert, king Henry's brother {see 1106), dies in his captivity. 
Erik, son of Erik I., having been proclaimed king by the people of Schleswig, 
defeats Niels and his son, Magnus. Leo Stypiota, patriarch of CP. 

Stephen of Blois, grandson of William the Conqueror, obtains the throne of Eng- 
land on the death of Henry I. The Pisans take Amalfi, and ruin its com- 
merce ; a copy of Justinian's pandects is said to have been discovered there, and 
made known in Italy. Roger, king of Sicily, defeats the Pisans at La Fratta, 
and recovers the towns which they had conquered. Peace restored in Germany. 



350 



FBOM THE TEAR 



A.D, 



1136 

1137 

1138 
1139 
1140 

1141 
1142 
1143 

1144 
1145 

1146 

1147 

1148 

1149 
1150 

1151 



Hegira. 



531 

532 

533 
534 

535 

536 
537 
538 

539 
540-541 

541—542 

542—543 

543—544 

544—545 
545-546 

546—547 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



19 Jolin 
II. or 
Calo- Jo- 
annes. 



20 ' 



1 Ma- 
nuel I. 
Comne- 
nus. 

2 — 



Popes. 



7 In- 
nocent 
II. 



ICe 
lestin 
II. 

1 Lu- 
cius 
II. 
1 Eu- 

genius 

III. 



Ara- 
bia. 



1 AI 

Mok- 
tafi. 



33- 



34- 



10- 



Spain. 

Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tile. gon. arre. 



28 Al- 
fonso 
VII. 



35- 



36- 



40- 



3Ra- 
miro 
II. 



IPe- 

tronil- 
la and 
Ray- 
mond 

II. 

2 



3Gar- 
cias 
IV. 



38- 



ISan- 

cho 

VI. 



32 All 
Ben 

Yussef. 



1 Tax 
fin Ben 
All. 



1 Ab- 
el elmu- 
men. 



France, 



29 Louis 
VI. le 
Gros. 



1 Louis 
VII, 



BOHE- 

MIA. 



12So- 
bi«s- 
las I. 



13 



Ger- 
many. 



12 Lo- 
thaire 
II. 



ILa- 
dislas 
III. 



1 Con- 
rad 
III. 

2- 



1136 TO 1151 A.D. 



351 



1 Repe- 
i tition 
Dates. 



1136 

1137 

1138 
1139 
1140 

1141 
1142 
1143 

1144 

1145 hie • 

I 
I 

1146 17 - 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



7 Pietro 
Polano, 



Tusca- 
ny. 



4 Henry 
of Bava- 
ria. 



1 Udel- 
ric. 



Flan- 

DEKS. 



9 Thi- 
erry, 



1147 

1148 

1149 
1150 

1151 



18 

1 Dome- 
nico Mo- 
rosiuo. 

2 

3 



20 • 



Den- 

MAKK. 



2 Erik 
11. 



1 Erik 
111, 



Swe- 
den. 



3Kol 



Po- 
land. 



ISver 
ker I. 



35 Bo 
leslas 
ill 



36- 



1 La 
dislas 
II. 
2- 



HUNGA- 



6Bela 
II. 



1 Wse- 
wolod 
M. 
2 



1 Geisal 3 



Rus- 
sia. 



5 Jaro- 
polk II 



13 Da- 
vid I. 



Scot- 
land. 



1 Bo 
leslas 
IV, 



ISweyn 10 3 

IV. 



1 Ca- 
nute III. 



11 4 

12 5 — 

I 



Eng- 
land. 



2 Ste- 
phen, 
Dec. 26. 



:20- 



6 21 



22- 



1 Igor 2; 

II. 

1 Isiis- 

lav II. 

2 24 13 



3 25- 



4 26 

5— !27— 



352 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1136 



1137 



1138 



1139 



1140 



1141 



1142 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Lothaire inarches into Italy with a large army. The empress Matilda resists 
Stephen's usurpation, and invades Normandy ; David, king of Scotland, supports 
her cause, but is conciliated by Stephen. Baldwin de Redvers holds out in 
Exeter; he is brought to terms. 

Roger is driven out of Apulia and Calabria. The emperor and pope Innocent, 
each claims the conquered provinces ; they compromise their dispute by jointly 
creating Rainulph count of Apulia. Lothaire conducts Innocent to Rome, and, 
on his return to Germany, dies in the Tyrol, Dec. 3. Roger, having recruited 
his army in Sicily, recovers most part of his lost territories ; but sustains a de- 
feat from Rainulph, near Ragnano. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, endeavours 
to mediate between them. Ramiro athances his daughter Petronilla, only two 
years old, to Raymond, count of Barcelona ; resigns the kingdom of Aragon to 
them, and retires into a monastery. Death of Louis VI. (le Gros) ; his son, set. 
8, succeeds him. Stephen repels an invasion of the Welsh. Raymond of 
Poitiers receives the principality of Antioch ; it is claimed by Roger, and at- 
tacked by the emperor John, who is repulsed with great loss. 

Death of the antipope Anacletus ; his partisans elect another, whom they style 
Victor III. ; in a few months they all submit to Innocent. Conrad, duke of 
Franconia, is elected emperor of Germany, and founds the Hohenstaufen dy- 
nasty ; from his castle of Wiblingen, his party take the name of Ghibelins, 
which is extended to all their supporters in Italy. His opponent, Henry 
Guelf, is put under the ban of the empire, and deprived of his duchies of 
Bavaria and Saxony; hence the papal party are called Guelfs {see 1118); long 
wars and commotions ensue. David, king of Scotland, invades England, and 
is defeated (Aug. 22) by the earl of Albemarle in the " Battle of the Standard," 
near Northallerton, in Yorkshire. Boleslas divides Poland among his sons ; 
the eldest, Ladislas, endeavours to deprive his brothers of their shares. All 
summons his son Taxfin from Spain, to support him against the Almohades in 
Africa. Death of the historian, Geoffrey of Monmouth. 

Pope Innocent taken prisoner by Roger, near S. Germano ; a treaty of peace fol- 
lows, by which Roger's title is confirmed, and his son created duke of Apulia. 
Tuscany is taken from Henry Guelf; the people of Saxony maintain his autho- 
rity, and prepare to restore him in Bavaria ; he dies suddenly at Quedlinburg, 
and transmits his rights to his son, Henry the Lion. Alfonso, duke of Portugal, 
gains a great victory over the Moors at Ourique, on the river Corbes, and as- 
sumes the title of king. The empress Matilda arrives in England, and prepares 
to assert her claim by arms, assisted by Robert, earl of Gloucester, a natural 
son of Henry I. 

Duke Guelf, uncle of Henry the Lion, defeated by Conrad, at Weinsberg. Arnold 
of Brescia denounces at Rome the corruptions of the church. Stephen be- 
sieges the earl of Chester in Lincoln castle. The Genoese acquire possession 
of Ventimiglia. The canon law is introduced into England. The council of 
Sens condemns the doctrines of Abelard. Guarnarius, or Werner, teaches the 
civil law at Bologna. 

Battle of Lincoln, Feb. 2 ; Stephen defeated and carried away prisoner to Bristol, 
His brother, the bishop of Winchester, abandons his cause, and crowns Matilda. 
Robert, earl of Gloucester, afterwards captured, is exchanged for Stephen, 
Suo-er, former minister of Louis le Gros, writes the history of that monarch. 
Diet^'of 'Prancfort Henry the Lion acknowledged duke of Saxony. His rival, 
Albert, the Bear, created Margrave of Brandenburg. Bavaria given to Henry 
of Austria; he is opposed by duke Guelf TV., who receives subsidies from the 
kings of Hungary and Sicily, to assist him in prosecuting his claim. Matilda, 
besieged in Oxford, escapes to Wallingford. Fulk, king of Jerusalem, killed by 
a fall from his horse. His son, BaldAvin III. a^t. 13, succeeds under the regency 
of the queen mother, Melusine. Death of Abelard ; he is buried in the mo- 
nastery of Paraclete, where Eloisa is abbess. 
The emperor John, preparing again to attack Antioch, dies, April 8, of a wound 
received while hunting near Anazarbus. Commotions at Rome. Arnold of 
Brescia endeavours to restore the senate and ancient form of government. 



1136 TO 1151 A.D. 353 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of Innocent II,, Sept. 24. Contest between Louis VII. and the pope, for 
the appointment of the archbishop of Bourges ; the king is attacked by Theobald, 
count of Champagne; besieges Vitry; 1300 persons are burnt in a church. 
Matilda retires to Normandy. General insurrection of the Moors in Spain 
against the Almoravides. Death of Ali. The people of Padua are compelled 
by the Venetians to restore the Brenta to the channel which they had closed. 
Geisa, king of Hungary, invites German emigrants to join the former colony of 
that people in Transylvania. Death of the historians, William of Malmsbury, 
and Ordericus Vitalis. Michael II. patriarch of CP. 

Edessa stormed by Zenghi. Taxfin totally defeated in Africa, by Abdelmumen. 
Wars of the Italian cities ; Venice against Ravenna ; Verona and Vicenza 
against Padua and Treviso ; Florence and Pisa against Lucca and Sienna. 

Pope Lucius II. killed by a stone, in attempting to suppress the new senate. His 
successor, Eugenius III., withdraAvs from Rome ; after an absence of some 
months, he tranquillizes the people, and returns to the city. Zenghi assassi- 
nated ; he is succeeded by his son Noureddin. Abdelmumen takes Morocco, 
and sends an army into Spain. 

Prince Henry inherits Anjou and Maine, by the death of his father, Geoffrey. 
Normandy submits to him. Death of his uncle, Robert, earl of Gloucester, Oct. 
31. Eugenius again leaves Rome ; he employs the abbot Bernard to preach 
another crusade ; abbot Suger vainly dissuades Louis from such an undertaking. 
The Almohades take Seville. Roger attacks the coast of Africa : after which 
he invades Greece, and plunders Corfu, Corinth, Athens, and Thebes. The 
silk-weavers of Greece are transported to Palermo. Alfonso carries his arms 
into Murcia. Comus II. patriarch of CP. 

Eugenius urges the second crusade. Diet of Francfort. Conrad's son, Henry, 
declared his successor, Duke Guelf resigns to Henry the Lion his claim on 
the duchy of Bavaria, and accompanies the emperor and king of France to the 
Holy Land. Unfortunate result of their expedition. Treachery of the emperor 
Manuel. Lisbon taken by Alfonso of Portugal. The kings of Castile, Aragon, 
and Navarre, assisted by a Genoese fleet, take Almeria. Moscow built by 
George Dolgorucki, prince of Suzdal. Comus deposed, and Nicholas IV. patri- 
arch of C P, 

Unsuccessful sieges of Damascus and Ascalon, by the Christians. The emperor 
Conrad and the king of France prepare to leave Palestine. Amadeus, count of 
Maurienne, or Savoy, dies in Cyprus ; he is succeeded by his son, Humbert III. 
Tortosa reduced by Raymond of Barcelona and the Genoese. The Almohades 
take Cordova. King Stephen refuses to send bishops to the council of Rheims, 
for which all England is laid under an Interdict. Boleslas, king of Poland, ex- 
communicated. George Antiochenus, the Sicilian admiral, anchors his fleet be- 
fore CP., and plunders the vicinity. | 

Louis, returning by sea from his crusade, is captured by the Greeks, and rescued 
by the Sicilian fleet ; Roger receives him hospitably at Potenza, iu Calabria. 
The emperor Manuel and the Venetians recover Corfu and other islands; they 
defeat the Sicilians in a naval engagement. Eugenius establishes himself in 
Rome. Bernard, reproached for the failure of the crusade preached by him, is 
defended by Otho of Frisingen. Noureddin defeats the Christians near the 
Orontes. Raymond, prince of Antioch, slain. 

Eugenius again driven from Rome, The Venetians expel the pirates, and regain 
Pola and the coast of Dalmatia. The Milanese defeated by the people of 
Cremona, at Castelnuovo, and lose their caroccio. Victory of Manuel over the 
Servians, who become vassals of the Eastern empire. Bernard dedicates to 
Eugenius his five books, " De Consideratione." 

Manuel invades Hungary, crosses the Danube, grants a truce to Geisa, and carries 
a large booty to CP. Peace concluded between the emperor Conrad and 
duke Guelf. Death of Conrad's son, Henry. League between Modena and 
Pai-ma. Conquests of Abdelmumen in Africa. Vacarius teaches the Roman 
law at Oxford. Gratian, a Benedictine monk of Bologna, frames the canon law. 
A papal legate arrives in Norway, and makes Drontheim an archbishop's see. 
Theodore II. patriarch of CP. 



T Y 



354 



FEOM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



1152 



1153 
1154 



1155 
1156 

1157 



1158 

1159 
1160 



1161 
1162 



1163 

1164 
1165 

1166 
1167 

1168 



Hegira. 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



547—548 



548—549 
549—550 



550—551 
551—552 

552—553 



553-554 

554—555 
555—556 



557 
558 



559 

560 
561 

562 
563 

564 



10 Ma- 
nuel I. 
Comne- 
nusi 

11 



Popes. 



8 Eu- 
genius 
III. 



1 Ana- 
stasi- 
usIV 
1 Adri- 
an IV. 



17 Al 

Mok- 
tafi. 



18- 



lAlex 
ander 
III. 
2 ' 



Ara- 
bia. 



44 Al- 
fonso 
VII. 



46- 



23- 



24- 



1 Al 

M OS- 
tan jed 

2 

3 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 

TILE. GON. ARRE. 



16Pe- 
tronil- 
la and 
Ray- 
mond, 
17 



18- 



ISan- 

cho 

III. 

Leon 
Ferdi- 
nand 
II. 1 

1 Al- 
fonso 

VII. 

2 

2 3 



9—10 
10-11 

11—12 



3San- 

cho 

VI. 



22 



23- 



24- 



25 
1 Al- 
fonso 
II. 
2 



8Ab- 
delmu- 
men. 



10- 



16 Louis 
VH. 



14" 



lYuzef 
Abu 
Jakub. 
2 



France. 



22- 



24 ' 



1152 TO 1168 A.D. 



355 



5 Dome- 
nico Mo- 
rosino. 



Doges 

OF Ve- 
nice. 



14 Udel- 
ric. 



1163 



1166 
1167 

1168 



1 Vitale 
Michele 
II. 

2 — 



Tusca- 
ny. 



1 Guelf. 
2 



Flan- 
debs. 



25 Thi- 
erry. 



27 



29 . 



31 

32 

33 



Den- 
mark. 



6 Ca- 
nute 
III. 



1 Wal- 
demar 
I. 



1 Philip 
of A1-; 



Swe- 
den. 



15 Sver- 
ker I. 



lErik 
IX. 



Po- 
land. 



8Bo- 
leslas 
IV. 



12Gei- 
sall. 



1 Charles 
VII. 



Hun- 

GARY. 



7 Isas- 
lav II. 



1 

tislav. 



RlTS- 



SCOT- 

land. 



29 Da- 
vid I. 
Apr. 27, 



1 Mal- 
colm IV. 
May 24, 

2 



1 Canute 
Ericson. 



1 Ste- 
phen 
III. 

2 

1 Ste- 
phen 
IV. 
2 



13- 



IMs- 
tislav 
II. 
2- 



Eng- 

LAND. 



18 Ste- 
phen. 
Dec. 26. 



(Z.Oct. 25, 
set. 49. 
1 Henry 
II. Plan- 
tagenet. 
Dec. 19. 
Qu. Ele- 
anor of 
Guyenne. 
2 



4 

&. Rich- 
ard CcBur 
de Lion. 



10- 
11- 

12- 

1 Wil- 

lia.m,the 
Lion. 
Dec. 9. 
2 



7 - 

8 - 

9 - 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 



356 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1152 



1153 



1154 



1155 



1156 



1157 



1158 



1159 



Deatli of the emperor Conrad, at Bamberg, Feb. 15 ; his nephew, Frederic (Bar- 
barossa), is unanimously elected by the nobles of Germany and Italy, at the 
Diet of Frankfort, March 4. Eugenius returns again to Rome. Roger takes 
Tunis, Bona, and other towns, on the coast of Africa. The synod of Beaugency 
divorces Louis VII., March 18, from his queen Eleanor, who marries, May 18, 
prince Henry, duke of Normandy, and transfers to him her inheritance of Guy- 
enne and Poitou. He lands in England with a large army, to claim the crown 
Death of the abbot Suger, many years minister of state in France. 

Death of pope Eugenius. Lodi and other cities invite the emperor's protec- 
tion against Milan. Pacification of Germany; Bavaria restored to Henry 
the Lion ; Tuscany given to his uncle Guelf ; Austria erected into a duchy 
for Henry IX., who had held Bavaria for twelve years. Death of king 
Stephen's son Eustace ; treaty of Winchester, Aug. 18 ; the crown of England 
secured to Henry on Stephen's death. Ascalon taken by Baldwin III. 
Noureddin conquers Damascus. Al Edrisi writes his " Nubian Geography." 
Death of Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux. Cinnamus writes his History of the 
Greek Empire. 

On the decease of Anastasius, Nicholas Breakspear, the only Englishman who 
ever filled the papal chair, is elected, and takes the name of Adrian IV. Death 
of Roger, king of Sicily ; accession of his son, William I., called the Bad. The 
emperor Frederic enters Italy with a numerous army, and holds a Diet at Ron- 
caglia. Conclusion of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 

Frederic takes Tortona; quarrels with Adrian, submits by holding the pope's 
stirrup ; is crowned at Rome, June 18 ; returns to Germany. Arnold of Brescia 
is given up to Adrian, and burnt. The Apulians revolt ; the Greek emperor 
sends Michael Palseologus with an army to assist them, and conquers the greater 
part of their province and Calabria. Thomas a Becket, chancellor to Henry II. 
Lucas Chrysoberges patriarch of CP. 

The emperor Frederic marries Beatrice, daughter of Rinaldo, count of Bur- 
gundy. Death of Michael Palseologus. William recovers Bari, and other 
towns ; concludes a treaty of peace with the pope. The Milanese repair 
the fortifications of Tortona; defeat the Pavians. A Bull of pope Adrian 
submits Ireland to Henry II. Kilidsch Arslan II. sultan of Iconium. The 
Carmelite order founded by Berthold. Granada conquered by the Almohades. 
Geoffrey, brother of Henry II., renounces his claims on Maine and Anjou, for a 
pension. 

Adrian, in a letter to the emperor, asserts Germany to be a papal benefice; Fre- 
deric resists the claim. On the death of Alfonso VII., his sons divide his terri- 
tories ; Sancho takes Castile, and Ferdinand Leon. Almeria recovered by the 
Moors. Wales submits to Henry II. Waldemar, king of Denmark, builds 
Copenhagen. The bank of Venice established. Andrew, son of George Dol- 
gorucki, becomes prince of White Russia. Erik IX. of Sweden conquers the 
coast of Finland, and builds Abo. 

Second march of Frederic into Italy ; capture of Milan ; Diet of Roncaglia ; the 
Glossators, Bulgarus, Martino Gossia, Jacopo of Bologna, and Ugolino da Porta, 
assert the imperial jurisdiction; the office of podesto. created; the alienation of 
lands to the church prohibited. Adrian puts a different interpretation on 
his letter. Stefano, the Sicilian admiral, defeats the Greek fleet, and attacks 
Negropont. A truce for thirty years concluded between the two powers. 
On the death of his brother, Geoffrey, Henry II. claims and obtains the 
county of Nantes. Sancho, king of Castile, dies, and leaves his kingdom to 
his son, Alfonso, only three years old. The Order of the knights of Ca- 
latrava founded. Dea,th of Otho of Freisingen, the chronicler. Tunis taken by 
Abdelmumen. 

Renewed discord between the emperor and pope. Death of Adrian. Election of 
Alexander III. by the cardinals. Frederic supports an antipope, Victor IV. 
The Milanese refuse obedience to the imperial podesta, and are declared enemies 
of the empire. Henry II. claims the county of Toulouse; war ensues between 
him and Louis VII. Michael III. patriarch of CP. 



1152 TO 1168 A.D. 357 



A.D. 

1160 



1161 



1162 



1163 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1164 



1165 



1166 

1167 



1168 



Council of Pavia, called by the emperor, declares Victor to be pope ; they are all ex- 
communicated by Alexander. Conspiracy of the nobles against William, king 
of Sicily; his favourite, admiral Maio, is assassinated. Abdelmumen passes 
over from Africa to Spain. Gebel Tarik (Gibraltar) fortified by his engineer, 
Alhaug Yahix. 

Peace concluded between Henry II. and Louis VII. They acknowledge Alexan- 
der as pope ; the kings of Denmark, Norway, Bohemia, and Hungary, declare 
in favour of Victor. The siege of Milan commenced by the emperor. Badajos, 
Beja, and Beira, taken by the Moors. William, surprized and made prisoner 
by the conspirators, is released by the people of Palermo ; death of his young 
son, Roger. Henry II. limits the papal authority in England. 

Surrender and destruction of the city of Milan. All Lombardy submits to Fre- 
deric. Flight of Pope Alexander into France. Combats of the Genoese and 
Pisans, in Constantinople. Death of Raymond, king of Aragon ; Alfonso, his 
young son, by Petronilla, succeeds, under his mother's regency. Thomas k 
Becket, appointed archbishop of Canterbury, resigns the chancellorship, and 
opposes the king's ecclesiastical reforms. Death of Baldwin III., king of Jeru- 
salem ; he is succeeded by his brother, Amalrich, or Amaury. 

Council of Tours. Alexander declares void all the acts of his opponents. Strin- 
gent decrees against the heretics of southern France (called Manicheans, Pauli- 
cians, and afterwards Albigenses). Monks and regular canons forbidden to 
leave their monasteries for the purpose of teaching civil law, physics, and 
medicine. Henry II. obtains from Thomas a Becket and the other bishops, a 
promise of submitting to the ancient laws of the realm. Death of Abdelmu- 
men, set. 63. His son, Yuzef Abu Jakub, is acknowledged sovereign of the 
Almohades, in Africa and Spain. Benjamin of Tudela's Travels (1160 to 1173). 
Pope Alexander fixes his residence in the city of Sens. The church of Notre 
Dame, at Paris, founded. The Turks first enter Egypt. 

League of Verona and other cities, to regain their freedom, supported by the 
Venetians; the emperor retires before their army. Henry II. convokes an as- 
sembly of barons and prelates, at which the " Constitutions of Clarendon" are 
enacted. They are condemned by Alexander III., on which Thomas a Becket 
revokes his promise to observe them, and flies to the abbey of Pontigny, in 
France. Death of the anti-pope, Victor IV. The imperial party elevate Pas- 
cal III. in his place. Commotions in Sardinia ; the emperor is called upon to 
appoint a king. Death of Peter the Lombard (a native of Novara), bishop of 
Paris, and "Master of the Sentences." About this time flourish the Chroni- 
clers, Roger Hoveden, Ralph de Diceto, and Giraldus Cambrensis. Ranulph 
de Glanville, one of the Justiciaries of Henry II., writes a Digest of Laws and 
Customs. 

A diet at Ulm, under the imperial auspices, puts an end to a fierce intestine war 
among the German nobles. Pope Alexander returns to Rome. War between 
Genoa and Pisa. Henry II. forbids, under severe penalties, all appeals to the 
pope. Becket excommunicates him and all who conform to the " Constitutions 
of Clarendon." 

The emperor Frederic reinforces his army and returns into Italy. Death of Wil- 
liam, king of Sicily; accession of his son, William II., the Good, set. 10; his 
mother, Margaret, is regent. Alfonso of Portugal takes Evora. 

Ancona invested by the imperial army. General league of the Lombard cities. 
Frederic defeats the Sicilian auxiliaries of pope Alexander, and takes Rome. 
He retires in consequence of an epidemic disease, which destroys the greater 
part of his troops. Dennot, king of Leinster, solicits the suppoKt of Henry II. 
against his rival, Ruderic O'Connor. 

Success of the Lombard league ; they found a new city, named Alessandria, in 
honour of the pope. Frederic retreats into Germany. Death of the anti-pope 
Pascal III. ; another, styled Callistus III., is set up. Amalric invades Egypt, 
takes and pillages Heliopolis. Noureddin's generals, Shiracouh and Saladin 
are called in, and defeat the Christians. Canute, son of Eric, kills Charles VII., 
and seizes the throne of Sweden. 



358 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Hegira. 



565 



1170 

1171 
1172 
1173 

1174 

1175 
1176 
1177 

1178 
1179 

1180 

1181 
1182 

1183 

1184 

1185 

1186 
1187 



567 
668 
569 

570 

571 
572 
573—574 

574—575 
575—576 

576—577 

577—578 
578—579 

579—580 

580—581 

581—582 

582—583 
583—584 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



27 Ma- 
nuel I. 
Comne- 
nus. 



28 . 



Popes. 



11 A- 10 Al 

lexan- Mos- 



der 
III. 



Ara- 
bia. 



Spain. 

CastilkAra- Nav- Moors. 
& Lkon. gon. arre. 



tan- 
jed. 



1 Al 

Most- 
adhi. 
2 



1 Alex- 
ius Com- 
nenusll 

2 



1 An- 

dronicus 
I. 

2 — 



1 Isaac 
Ange- 
las. 

2 



1 Luci- 
us III 

2 



1 Ur- 
ban 
III. 

2 

1 Gre- 
gory 
VIII. 

2 mos, 
1 Cle- 
ment 
III. 



10- 



1 Al 

Naser. 



France. 



12 Al- 
fonso 
VIII. of 
Castile. 
Ferdi- 
naad 
II. of 
Leon. 13 

13—14 



14—15 
15—16 
16—17 

17—18 

18—19 
19—20 
20—21 

21—22 
22—23 

23—24 

24—25 
25—26 

26—27 

27—28 

28-29 

29—30 
30-31 



8 Al- 
fonso 
II. 



20 

San- 
cho 
VI. 



22- 



7Yuzef 
Abu 
Jakub. 



23- 



33 Louis 
VII 



IJa- 
kub Al- 
mansor. 

2 6 ■ 



34 . 



37 • 



1 Philip 

Augus- 
tus. 

2 



30 La- 
dislas 
IIL 



32- 



3 

4 



Bohe- 
mia. 



Ger- 
many. 

18 Fre- 
deric 
1. Bar- 

baros- 
sa. 



20- 



22- 



ISobi- 
eslas 
IL 
2 



1 Fre- 
deric. 
2 



23- 



24- 



10- 



28- 

29- 

30 1 

31- 

32- 

33- 

34- 

35- 



1169 TO 1187 A.D. 



359 



Eepe- ' 

tition 

Dates. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


Flan- 
ders. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


Poland. 


Hun- 
gary. 


Russia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 

"LAND. 


1169 

j 


UVitale 
Michele 
II. 


17Guelf. 


2 Philip 
of Al- 
sace. 


13 

Wal- 
demar 
I. 


2 Canute 

Ericson. 


25 Bo- 
leslas 
IV. 


8 Ste- 
phen 
IV. 


3 Msti- 
slav II. 


5 Wil- 
liam 

the 
Lion. 
Dec. 9. 


16 Hen- 
ry II. 
Dec. 19. 


1170 
1171 


15 

16 


IS 

19 


3 


11 


3 

4 


26 

27 


9 

10 


4 

5 . 


6 


17 

18 


15 


1172 
1173 

1174 


17 

1 Sebas- 
tiano 
Ziani. 

2 


20 

21 

22 


5 

6 


16— 

17 

18 


5 

6 


28 

1 Mie- 
cislas 
III. 

2 


11 

1 Bela 
III. 


1 Ladis- 
lav HI. 

1 Roman. 

2 


8 

9 

10 


19 

20 

21 


1175 


3 


23 


8 -— 


19 


8 


3 


3 


3 


11 


22 


1176 


4 


24 


9 


20 


9 


4 


4 


4 


12 


23 


1177 


5 


25 


10 


21 


10 


1 Casi- 
mir II. 

the Just. 


5 


1 Swato- 
slav III. 


13 


24 


1178 


6 


26 


11 


22 


U 


2 


6 


2 


14 


25 


1179 

1180 
1181 


1 Orio 
Mastro- 
petro. 

2 


27 

28 

29 


12 

13 

14 


23 


12 

13 

14 


4 — — 


8 

9 


3 

5 


15 

16 

17 


26 

27 

28 


25 




1182 
1183 


4 

5 


30 

31 


15 

16 


1 Ca- 
nute 
IV. 
2 


15 

16 


6 


10 

11 


6 


18 


29 

30 

(?. Prince 
Henry. 

31 


19 


1184 


6 


32 


17 


3 


17 


8 


12 


8 20 


1185 


7 


33 


18 


4 


18 


9 


13 


9 


21 


32 


1186 


8 


34 


19 


5 


19 


10 


14 


10 


22 


33 


1187 


9 


35 


20 


6 


20 


11 


15 


11 


23 


34 

























360 



FEOM THE YE 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1169 



1170 



1171 



1172 
1173 



1174 



1175 



1176 



1177 



Milan rebuilt and fortified. The Lombards, the pope, and the Greek emperor, 
coalesce against the emperor Frederic. Treaty of Montmirail between the kings 
of England and France. Richard Strongbow, earl of Chepstow, with Maurice 
Fitzgerald, and other knights, land in Ireland, and take Wexford, Waterford, 
and Dublin. Shiracouh, master of Egypt, assumes the of&ce of vizir. Waldemar, 
king of Denmark, takes the island of Rugen. Catania, in Sicily, destroyed by 
an earthquake. First commercial treaty between the Greek empire and Genoa. 

Compromise between Henry and Thomas h. Becket, who is permitted to return ; 
he is assassinated, Dec. 29. Failure of Frederic's pacific overtures to the pope. I 
The emperor Manuel's unsuccessful expedition against Damietta. Saladin 
takes Gaza. Peter Waldo, a citizen of Lyons, founds a preaching society, 
called afterwards Waldenses. 

Henry II. lands with an army at Waterford; his own knights, and many native 
chiefs, do homage to him for their lands. Two cardinals are sent by the pope 
to investigate the circumstances of Thomas k Becket's death. The emperor 
Manuel seizes the property of the Venetians in his States, and Stephen, king 
of Hungary, takes from them Zara, Spalatro, and other places in Dalmatia. 
The Venetians fit out a large fleet, recover Zara, take Ragusa, and attack Ne- 
gropont. Death of Shiracouh ; his nephew, Saladin, becomes supreme in Egypt, 
nominally as the representative of Noureddin. End of the Fatimite caliphs. 

The Venetians fail in their attempt on Chalcis, but take the island of Scios ; 
the plague breaks out in their fleet. Embassy of Henry Dandolo to the Greek 
emperor. Henry II. involved in great troubles through Becket's death. 

Henry II. divides Ireland into counties, and regulates the government ; he appears 
before the papal legates, and receives absolution for Becket's death ; his queen, 
Eleanor, jealous of Fair Rosamond, incites her sons, Henry, Geoflrey, and 
Richard, to rebel against their father ; Louis, king of France, supports them, 
and William of Scotland invades England. The Venetians return with only 
seventeen ships of their large fleet, and infect their city with the plague ; the 
citizens revolt ; the doge is slain, and Sebastiano Ziani elected in his place. 
Death of Amalric, king of Jerusalem; his son, Baldwin IV., succeeds, set. 13; 
Raymond III., count of Tripoli, is his guardian. 

Frederic descends into Italy with a large army ; he fails in his attack on Ales- 
sandria. Ancona besieged by the archbishop of Mentz and a Venetian fleet ; 
William Adelard, a citizen of Ferrara, and Aldruda, countess of Bertinoro, at 
their own expense collect a body of troops and relieve the place. Henry II. 
does penance at Becket's tomb; he quells the insurrection of his sons, imprisons 
his queen; Louis signs a treaty of peace; the king of Scotland is defeated at 
Alnwick, and made prisoner. The leaning tower of Pisa erected. Treaty of 
peace between Venice and the Greek empire. Death of Noureddin; Saladin 
becomes independent sultan of Egypt. 

The German army in Italy greatly reduced by the severe winter ; to gain time 
for fresh reinforcements to arrive, Frederic negotiates for peace ; under his 
mediation, the war between Genoa and Pisa is ended by an equal division of the 
island of Sardinia. 

Battle of Legnano, May 29 ; after this defeat, the emperor makes serious propo- 
sitions for peace. War rtnewed between Manuel and Kilidsch Arslan, of 
Iconium; defeat of the former at Myriokephalon. Henry II. sends his son, 
prince John, to Ireland, but soon recals him. The North of Italy agitated by 
the heresy of the Cathari, The first stone bridge, across the Thames at London, 
commenced by Peter Coleman. Mi.rriage of Joan, daughter of Henry II., to 
William, king of Sicily. 

Meeting of the emperor and pope at Venice ; a definitive peace concluded between 
them ; a truce of six years with the Lombard cities, and of fifteen with the king 
of Sicily. Manuel concludes and breaks a treaty of peace. John Yataces 
defeats the Turks on the Masander, and peace is again restored. Henry II. 
divides England into six circuits, through which he sends justices in Eyre 
twice a year, to administer the laAvs in each county. Waldemar, king of Den- 
mark, destroys Julin (Wollin). Chariton, patriarch of CP. 



'>A69 TO 1187 A.D. 



361 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Submission of the antipope Callistus. Alexander returns to Rome ; the senate 
allowed to remain, but subordinate to him. The king of Sicily sends a fleet to 
assist the Christians in Palestine. The emperor Manuel marries his daughter, 
Maria, to Rayner, son of the marquis of Montferrat, and his son, Alexius, to 
Agnes, daughter of Louis VII, The emperor Frederic takes possession of Bo- 
hemia. Theodosius Borradiotes, patriarch of CP. 

The eleventh general council, or third Lateran, decrees that the true pope must 
be elected by two-thirds of the cardinals. The Waldenses are excommunicated, 
and their translation of the Bible suppressed; the archbishop of Lyons perse- 
cutes them. Saladin attacks Jerusalem, and is repulsed by Baldwin. 

Death of the emperor Manuel ; his son, Alexius, succeeds, set. 13 ; family dissen- 
sions and intrigues weaken the empire. Henry the Lion dispossessed of all 
his States, except Brunswick and Liineburg, which his descendants still hold. 
Death of Louis, king of France ; his son, Philip Augustus, set. 15, inherits the 
throne, and resists the attempts of his uncles to rule over him. The pope urges 
the sovereigns of Europe to engage in a new crusade. An antipope, styling 
himself Innocent III., is captured and banished. The pointed Gothic style of 
architecture is introduced about this time. 

Zara surrenders to Bela, king of Hungary, who recovers all Dalmatia and Croatia. 
Nicetas Choniates writes his History. The Jew, Maimonides, is physician to 
Saladin at Cairo. 

Andronicus acquires the chief administrative power in the Greek empire. Henry 
II. is again harassed by his sons ; the eldest demands immediate possession of 
Normandy. The Jews expelled from France. Death of Waldemar, king of 
Denmark. 

By the murder of Alexius, Andronicus becomes emperor of the East. Prince 
Henry, eldest son of Henry IL, dies without issue. The freedom of the 
Lombard cities secured by the peace of Constance. Baldwin IV., disabled by 
leprosy, resigns the crown of Jerusalem to his nephew, Baldwin V., under the 
regency of Raymond, count of Tripoli. Saladin takes Damascus, Aleppo, and 
Mosul, and sets aside the Turkish sultan. Theodosius deposed by Andronicus ; 
Basil II. patriarch of CP. 

Diet of Mentz; the functions and dignities of the electors of Germany settled. 
Lucius III. driven from Rome by the turbulence of the people. The emperor 
Frederic pays a pacific visit to the cities of Italy. Council of Verona ; excom- 
munication of the Roman people and of the Waldenses. Embassy from Je- 
rusalem to solicit assistance against Saladin. Siege of Santarem ; Yuzef Abu 
Jakub defeated by Alfonso, king of Portugal, and dies of his wounds. Renaud 
de Chatillon defeated in au attempt to surprize Mecca and Medina. Raymond 
concludes a truce with Saladin. 

Tumults at CP. ; Andronicus murdered ; Isaac Angelus made emperor. The 
crusade preached in France ; Henry II. refuses to take part in it ; his third 
son, Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, is killed in a tournament at Paris, soon after 
which his widow, Constance, gives birth to a son, named Arthur. The Sici- 
lians take Durazzo and Thessalonica, which they are soon obliged to abandon. 
Death of Alfonso, king of Portugal, set. 90: his son, Sancho I., succeeds him. 

Marriage of the emperor's son, Henry, to Constance, heiress of the throne of 
Sicily ; they are crowned king and queen of Italy at Milan. Revolt of the 
Bulgarians and Wallachians ; they attack CP. Conrad of Montferrat, who had 
married the sister of Isaac Angelus, defeats them, and saves the city. Death of 
Baldwin V. ; his motlier, Sybilla, inherits the crown of Jeiiisalem, and shares 
it with her husband, Guy of Lusignan. Nicetas II., patriarch of CP. 

The truce in Palestine broken by Renaud de Chatillon. Battle of Tiberias; Guy 
of Lusignan made prisoner. Saladin takes Jerusalem, Oct. 2. Death of 
Raymond, count of Tripoli. Siege of Tyre ; Conrad of Montferrat repels the 
attack of Saladin. The emperor and pope again at variance ; invasion of the 
papal States ; death of Urban III. ; his successor, Gregory VIII., urges a new 
crusade, and dies two months after his election. Giraldus Cambrensis, and 
William of Tyre, Avrite their Histories. York minster founded. 



ZZ 



362 




\ 












FEOM THE TEAR 






1 


East- 






Spain. 










A.D. J 


EIegira. 


ern Em-] 


Popes. 


Ara- 


Castile Ara- Nav- MoorS. 


France. 


Bohe- 


Ger- 








riRE. 




bia. 


&Leon. gon. arre. 

1 / 




mia. 


many. 




1188 { 


584-585 


4 Isaac 


2 Cle- 


9A1 


n Al- 


27 Al- 


39San- 


5 Ja- 


9 Philip 


llFre- 


37 Fre- 








Ange- 


ment 


Na- 


fonso 
Vlll.of 


fonso 


cho 


kubAl- 


Augus- 


deric. 


deric 








las. 


III. 


ser. 


Castile. 
Alfonso 
X. of 
jeon. 1 


II. 


VI. 


man- 
sor. 


tus. 




I. Bar- 
haros- 
sa. 




1189 
1190 


585-586 
586-587 


6 


3 


10 

11 


32—2 
33-3 


28 

Of) 


40 

41 


6-^ 

7 


10 

11 


12 

1 Con- 
rad 


<?ft 




00 

1 Hen- 
ry VI. 






























II. 






1191 


587-588 


7 


1 Ce- 
lestin 
III. 


12 


34—4 


30 


42 


8 


12 


IWen- 
ceslas 
11. 


2 




1192 
1193 


58&-589 
590 


8 

9 


2 

3 


13 
14 


35—5 
3&-6 


31 


43 

AA 


9 

10 


13 

14 


2 

iHen- 
ryBre- 






30 


\ 
































tislas. 






1194 


591 


10 


4 


15 


37—7 


33 


ISan- 


U 


15 


2 


5 






















cho 


























VII. 












1195 


592 


1 Alex- 
ius III. 


5 


16 


38—8 


34 


2_ 


12 


16 


3 


6 




1196 


593 


2 


6 


17 


39—9 


1 Pe- 
dro II. 


3 


13 


17 


ILad- 
islas 
IV. 


7 




1197 


594 


3 




18 


40—10 


2 


4 


14 


18 


IPre- 
mislas 
I. or 
Otto- 
carl. 


8 — - 




1198 


595 




1 In- 
nocent 
III. 


19 


41—11 


3 


5 


1 Mo- 
hamad 
Abdal- 
la. 


19 


2 


Va- 
cant. 

Con- 




1199 


596 


5 


2 


20 


42—12 


^ 


6 


2 


20 — 


3 


test 






























be- 


























tween 


























Phi- 


























lip of 


























Swa- 




1200 


597 


6 


3 


21 


43—13 


5 


7 


3 


21 


\ 


bia 






























and 


























Otho 


























of 


























Bruns- 




1201 


598 


) 


4 


22 


44—14 


6 


^ 


4 


22 


5— 


wick. 































1188 TO 1201 A.D. 



363 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1188 
1189 

1190 
1191 

1192 
1193 

1194 

1195 
1196 
1197 

1198 

1199 

1200 



Doges 
OP Ve- 
nice. 

10 Orio 
Mastro- 
petro. 



Tusca- 
ny. 



36Guelf. 



38 ■ 



39 . 



1 Henry 
Dando- 
lo. 

2 



Flan- 
ders. 

21Pliilip 
of Al- 
sace. 



22 



,23 



1 Mar- 
garet I. 
and 

Baldwin 
VIII. 

2 



42 

1 Philip. 
2 



1 Bald- 
win IX. 



10 7 



Den- 
mark, 



7 Ca- 
nute 
IV. 



23- 



24- 



Swe- 
den. 



21 Ca- 
nute 
Eric- 
son. 



Poland. 



12 Casi- 
mir II. 

the Just. 



Hunga- 
ry. 



16 Bela 
III. 



12 Swa- 
toslav 
III. 



13- 



14 • 



27- 



28- 



1 Lessek 
I. 



31- 



ISver- 
kerll. 



23 - 



1 Eme- 
ric. 



3 



Rus- 
sia. 



24 
Willi- 
am, i/ie 
Lion. 
Dec. 9. 



25- 



1 Kuric 
If. 



Scot- 
land. 



d July 6, 
aet. 56. 

1 Rich- 
ard I. 

Cceur de 
Lion. 
Sep. 3. 

2 



m. Be- 
rengaria 
of Na- 
varre. 
4 



37- 



Eng- 

LANI). 



35 Hen- 
rv II. 
Dec. 19, 



10 — 



d. Apr. 6, 
set. 42. 
1 John, 
May 27. 
Qu. Avi- 
sa. 

2 May 18. 
m. Isa- 
bella of 
Angou- 
leme. 

3 May 3. 



364 



TEOM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1188 



1189 



1190 



1191 



1192 



Clement III. sends cardinal-legates to move all the States of Europe to the 
crusade. The emperor Frederic takes the cross, collects a numerous army, and 
negotiates with Isaac Angelus to secure a safe passage through the Byzantine 
empire. Guy of Lusignan is set free hy Saladin, Conrad, of Montferrat, defends 
Tripoli. The Bulgarians compel the Greeks to abandon the siege of Lobitza. 
Prince Richard is encouraged by Philip Augustus to rebel against his father 
war ensues between England and France. Clement again makes Rome the 
papal residence, by a treaty with the senate. Kilidsch Arslan II, expelled by 
his sons ; Kutbeddin Malek Shah reigns in Iconium as his share of the empire. 

The third crusade. Frederic begins his march April 23 ; he is impeded by, and 
defeats, the Greeks ; winters in Thrace. Guy of Lusignan lays siege to Arre;' 
distress of the besiegers relieved by a fleet of Danes, Frisians, and Flemings. 
Henry II., unsuccessful in his war, makes peace, and dies soon afterwards, at 
Chinon. Massacre of the Jews in London and other cities. Sancho, king of 
Portugal, takes Silvas and Beja. Death of William II., king of Sicily. Tan- 
cred, natural son of Roger, is invited by the Sicilians, and supported by the 
pope, against Constance and her husband. 

Frederic storms Adrianople and Demetria ; Isaac Angelus submits, and provides 
a fleet at Gallipoli to convey the crusaders across the Hellespont ; they are re- 
sisted by Kutbeddin, and take Iconium. Frederic is drowned in the river 
Calycadnus(Salef), June 10 ; his son, Frederic, duke of Swabia, leads the army to 
Antioch, where they suffer great distress, and many thousands perish. Richard 
intrusts the regency of England to Longchamp, bishop of Ely, and Hugh, of 
Durham; he embarks with his forces at Marseilles, and Philip Augustus at 
Genoa ; they pass the winter in Sicily, where they quarrel, and are reconciled 
Many battles between Saladin and the besiegers of Acre. Death of Guy's wife, 
Sybilla, and their two children ; her sister, Isabella, is divorced, and marries 
Conrad, count of Montferrat, who thus acquires his claim to the titular kingdom 
of Jerusalem. Tancred conquers Apulia; the count of Andria, Henry's ge- 
neral, defeated and slain at Ascoli. King Richard claims the dowry of his sister, 
Joan, widow of the late king of Sicily. Leontius Thootocites, patriarch of CP. 

Duke Frederic, with his remaining troops, joins the Christian camp before Acre ; 
Philip Augustus arrives April 20. Richard conquers the island of Cyprus, and 
gives it to Guy of Lusignan ; he lands in Palestine, June 8. SuiTender of Acre, 
July 17. Marriage of Richard, in Cyprus, to Berengaria, daughter of Sancho, 
king of Navarre. Saladin defeated at Arsouf ; Jafl'a and Ascalon surrender to 
the Christians. Philip Augustus returns to France. Guy retains the title of 
king of Jerusalem for life, to be inherited by Conrad. Assassination of Conrad. 
Richard quarrels with the Austrian prince, Leopold. The Order of Teutonic 
knights founded. Heniy VI. crowned at Rome; besieges Naples; loses his 
army by sickness, and withdraws ; the archbishop of Cologne and duke of Bo- 
hemia die there. The Sicilians drive away the fleets of Genoa and Pisa; 
reconquer Apulia ; the empress Constance, made prisoner at Salerno, is released 
by Tancred. Pope Celestin allows the Romans to destroy Tusculum ; the ex- 
pelled inhabitants build Frascati. Prince John expels the regents appointed 
by his brother, and assumes their authority. The Moors recover the cities 
taken from them by the king of Portugal. Berne, in Switzerland, built. Hugo 
Falcundus writes his History of Sicily. Dositheus, patriarch of CP. 

Richard advances towards Jerusalem ; battle of St. George's day ; the Order of 
the Garter said to have been originated by him; the attack on Jerusalem aban- 
doned ; a treaty concluded with Saladin ; Richard leaves Palestine ; ship- 
wrecked near Aquileia, he is seized by the archduke of Austria, and imprisoned 
by the emperor Henry. Conrad's widow marries Henry of Champagne, and 
transfers to him her titular sovereignty, which Guy relinquishes for that of 
king of Cyprus. Philip Augustus, on his return, intrigues with Prince John, 
and invades Normandy; he is repulsed by the garrison of Rouen. The 
emperor Isaac defeated by the Bulgarians. Henry Dandolo elected doge of 
Venice. Roger Hoveden, and Benedict, abbot of Peterborough, write their 
Chronicles. 



IS8 TO 1201 A.D. 365 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The pope threatens to excommunicate the princes who hold king Richard in cap- 
tivity. John attempts to occupy his brother's throne; is resisted by the 
barons. Death of Saladin, March 24, {et. 57 ; his three sons divide his empire. 
Acre, given to the Knights Hospitallers, is called St. John d'Acre. The Bulga- 
rians plunder Varna, Anchialus, and other towns. The Christian princes in 
Spain settle their differences, and unite against the Moors. Discord and wars 
among the municipal republics of Italy. George II. Xiphilin, patriarch of CP. 

Richard, released for a ransom of 150,000 marks, returns to England, May 13, 
declares war against Philip Augustus, and lands in Normandy with his army ; 
pardons his brother John. Tancred dies of grief for the loss of his eldest son, 
Roger ; his other son, William, is proclaimed, but is soon overpowered by the 
emperor llenry, who conquers Apulia and Sicily. Battle between the Genoese 
and Pisan fleets in the harbour of Messina. The Bulgarians defeat the emperor 
Isaac at Arcadiopolis, and advance to Adrianople. 

The emperor Isaac dethroned by his brother, Alexius. Battle of Alarcos, July 19 ; 
Alfonso VIII., defeated by the Moors ; 20,000 prisoners released by Jakub 
Almansor. Philip, brother of the emperor Henry, marries Irene, widow of 
young Roger of Sicily, and daughter of Isaac Angelus ; he receives from his 
brother Tuscany and all the territories vacant by the death of duke Guelf. 

The emperor Henry's young son, Frederic, elected king of the Romans; the 
duchy of Swabia given to Philip. Revolt of the Sicilians quelled with great 
cruelty ; the count of Acerra put to death. Calatrava taken by the Moors, and 
Toledo threatened. Azzo, marquis of Este, leads the Guelf faction in Ferrara. 
Joannice, king of the Bulgarians. 

Richard concludes a truce for five years with Philip Augustus. Fresh discord 
between the Christian princes favours the progress of the Moors in Spain ; they 
take Madrid and Alcala de Henares. Death of the emperor Henry, at Messina, 
Sep. 28. Death of Peter Waldo. 

Contest for the crowns of Germany and Italy, between Philip of Swabia, sup- 
ported by the Ghibelins, and Otho of Brunswick, son of Henry the Lion, who 
is chosen by the Guelfs. Frederic, son of the late emperor, is acknowledged in 
Sicily, with his mother, Constance, as regent, and on her death, pope Innocent III. 
the successor of Celestin. The March of Ancona, and duchy of Spoleto, annexed 
to the papal States. Florence becomes an independent Republic. Battle of 
Gisors ; Richard's war-cry, " Dieu et mon Droit." Death of Henry of Cham- 
pagne ; his widow, Isabella, maiTies Henry, duke of Brabant, and soon after- 
wards, Almeric, who had succeeded his brother Guy as king of Cyprus, and now 
unites to it the titular sovereignty of Jerusalem. Fulk of Neuilly preaches 
another crusade. John X., patriarch of CP. 

Richard mortally wounded at Chalus, in Limoges ; John usurps the throne, to the 
exclusion of Geoffrey's son, Arthur of Britanny, who is acknowledged in Maine, 
Poitou, and Touraine. A quarrel between Parma and Placentia inflames a 
general war among the Lombard cities. Averroes, the Arabian physician, fl. at 
Morocco. Saladin's brother, Safadin, usurps the dominions of his nephews. 

Treaty between king John and Philip Augustus, who forsakes Arthur. John 
divorces his queen, Avisa, daughter of the earl of Gloucester, and marries Isa- 
bella, daughter of the duke of AngoulSme. Alfonso, king of Castile, takes Biscay, 
Alava, and Guipuscoa from Sancho of Navarre. Marquard claims the guardian- 
ship of Frederic, under the will of the deceased emperor; pope Innocent sends 
an army, and defeats him near Palermo. Holstein conquered by Canute, king 
of Denmark. Innocent compels Philip Augustus to take back his queen, Inge- 
burga, whom he had divorced. The cathedral of Rouen rebuilt. 

Preparations for the fourth cnisade ; treaty of the nobles of France and Flanders 
with Venice. Innocent III. decides in favour of Otho, as emperor of Germany ; 
the adherents of Philip protest. Marquard obtains the regency of Sicily, and 
dies soon after ; his place is taken by Capparone. Alexius, son of the deposed 
Isaac Angelus, escapes and comes to Italy. Death of Constance, mother of 
prince Arthur. Saxo Grammaticus writes his Danish history. MaiTiage of 
Alfonso, king of Leon, to Garsenda, daughter of Alfonso of Castile. 



366 



FEOM THE TEAS 



A.D. 


Hegira. 


East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 


Popes. 


Ara- 
bia. 


Spain. 
Castilk Ara- Nav- Moors. 
&Leon. gon. arre. 


France. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


Ger- 
many. 


1202 


599 


8 Alex- 
ius III. 


5 In- 
nocent 
III. 


23 Al 
Naser. 


45 Al- 
fonso 
VIU of 
Castile. 
Alfonso 
IX. 
Leon.lb 


7 Pe- 
dro 
II. 


9 San- 
cho 
VII. 


5 Mo- 
hamad 
Abdal- 
la. 


23Philip 
Augus- . 
tus. 


6 Pre- 
mislas 
I. or 
Otto- 
car I. 




1203 


600 


1 Isaac, 

restored. 


6 


24 


46-16 


8 


10 


6 


24 


7 


Still 
con- 
tested. 


1204 


601 


1 Bald- 
win I. 


7 


25 


47—17 


9 


11 — 


7 


25 


8 




1205 


602 


2 


8 


26 


48—18 


10 


12 


8— . 


26 


9 




1206 


603 


1 Hen- 
ry. 


9 


27 


49—19 


u 


13 


9 


27 — 


10 




1207 


604 


2 


10 


28 


50—20 


12 


11 


10 


28 


11 


1 Phi- 
lip of 

Swa- 
bia. 




1208 


605 


3 


11 


29 


51-21 


13^ 


15 


11 


29 


12 


1 Otho 
IV. 1 


1209 
1210 
1211 

1212 


606-607 
607-608 
608—609 

609-610 


1 ■ ■ 


12 


30 

31 

32 

33 


52 22 


11 


16 

17 

IS 


\o 


30 ■ 


13 


2 

3 


6 

7 


53—23 
54—24 

55—25 


15 

16 

17 


13 

14 

15 


31 


14-^ 

15-r- 

16 


14 

15 


30 


1 1 


19 


33 




1213 


610-611 


8 


16 


34 


56—26 


IJas. 
I. 


20 


1 Yusef 

Almo- 

stansir. 


34 


17 


6 


1214 


611-612 


9 


17 


35 


1 Hen- 
ry I. 

27 


2 


21 


2 


35 


18 


7 


1215 


612—613 


10 


18 36 


2—28 


3 


22 


3 


36 


19 


IFre. 
deric 
11. 



1202 TO 1215 A.D. 



3G7 



tition ' 


Doges 

OF VE- 


TUSCA- 


Flan- 


Den- 


Swe- 


Po- 


Hun- 


Russia 


Scot- 


Eng- 


Dates. 


NICE. 


CANY. 


ders. 


mark. 


den. 


land. 


gary. 




land 


land. 


1202 


11 Hen- 
ry Dan- 
dolo. 


8 Philip. 


9 Bald- 
win IX. 


1 Wal- 
demar 
11. 


4Sver- 
ker 
II. 


9 Les- 
sekl. 


7 Eme- 
ric. 


8 Ruric 
11. 


38 

wnu- 

am, the 
Lion. 
Dec. 9 


4 John, 
May 23. 


1203 


12 


9 


10 


2 


5 


10 


8 


9 


39 


5 May 15. 


1204 


13 


10 


11 


3 


6 


11 


1 Wla- 

dislas 

II. 


10 


40 


6 June 3. 


1205 


1 Pietro 
Ziani. 


11 


12 


4 


7 


12 


1 An- 
drew II. 


11 


41 


7 May 19. 


1206 


2 


12 


1 Jane 
and Fer- 
dinand. 


5 


o 


13 


2 _ 


12 


42 


SMayll. 
b. Hen- 
ry III. 


O 


1207 


3 


13 


2 


6 


9 




3 


13 


43 


9May31. 





Portu- 


1208 ' 


4 — 


gal. 


3 


7 


10 


.5- 


4 


14 


44 


10 May 15. 


24 San- 
cho I. 


1209 


5 


25 


4 


8 


11 


16 


5 


15 


45 


llMay7. 


1210 


6 


26 


5 


9 


lErik 
X. 


17 


6 


16 


46 


12 May 27. 


1211 


7 


1 Alfon- 
so 11. 


6 


10 


2 


18 


7 


1 Wse- 
wolod 
III. 


47 


13 May 12. 


1212 


8 


2 


7 


11 


3 


19 


8 


2 


48 


14May3. 


1213 

1214 
1215 


9 

10 

11 


3 

4 

5 


8 

9 

10 


12 

13 — 1 

14 


-[ 


OQ 


9 — . 


3 


49 


15 May 23, 


5 

6 


21 

22 


10 — 1 

11 


1 Ms- 

tislas 
ill. 

2 


1 A- 
lexan- 
derll. 
Dec. 4. 

2 


16 Mays. 
1-JMay 29. 



368 



TBOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1202 



1203 



1204 



1205 



1206 



1207 



1208 



Events and Eminent Men, 



Boniface of Montferrat chosen general of the crusade ; departure of the fleet 
from Venice, Oct. 2. Siege of Zara. The expedition winters in Dalmatia. 
Philip of Swabia urges the crusaders to replace his father-in-law, Isaac Angelus, 
on the throne. Dandolo disregards Innocent's threat of excommunication. 
Prince Arthur made prisoner by John, and murdered. Papal interdict on the 
kingdom of Leon, because Alfonso refuses to annul his marriage. 

The young Alexius joins the crusaders. Constantinople taken, July 18. Restor- 
ation of Isaac Angelus ; his son proclaimed with him Alexius IV. Judgment 
of the French peers against John for the murder of Arthur; his lands in 
France are occupied by Philip Augustus. 

Tumults at CP. The Greeks elect Mourzoufle for emperor. Isaac and his son, 
Alexius, are put to death. The Latins again besiege and take the city, April 9 ; 
they make Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor. Division of the empire; 
Boniface has the kingdom of Thessalonica. The Venetians obtain many im- 
portant maritime districts, which increase their trade. Many Greeks take re- 
fuge in Asia. Theodore Lascaris, son-in-law of Alexius Angelus, takes the title 
of emperor, at Nicsea. Alexius Comnenus founds the empire of Trebizond. 
Pedro, king of Arragou, goes to Rome, and does homage to the pope as his liege 
lord. A papal legate is sent to crown Joannice king of Bulgaria, who acknow- 
ledges the supremacy of the Roman pontijff. Geoffrey de Villehardouin writes his 
Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade. Thomas Morosini, first Latin patriarch of CP. 

Baldwin, defeated and made prisoner at Adrianople by the Bulgarians and re- 
volted Greeks, dies in captivity. His brother, Henry, victorious in Bithynia, 
is recalled to oppose these enemies. Death of Henry Dandolo, at CP., June 1. 
The four bronze horses are carried to Venice. Boniface sells Crete to the Ve- 
netians. William de Champlitte founds the principality of Achaia, in the Morea. 
Otho de la Roche, duke of Athens. The Greek despotat of Epirus under Michael 
Angelus. Normandy submits to Philip Augustus. 

Heniy of Flanders elected emperor of CP. He endeavours vainly to remedy 
the civil and ecclesiastical confusion in his dominions. Temporising policy of 
Innocent; the Venetians resist his interference, and disregard his threats. 
John lands with an army at Rochelle, and takes Angers ; on the approach of the 
French, he suddenly decamps. Disputes commence respecting the nomination 
to the vacant see of Canterbury. Otho, defeated in a great battle by Philip, 
takes flight to England. Raymond of Toulouse is compelled to withdraw his 
protection from the Waldenses ; they are furiously persecuted. First intro- 
duction of the Inquisition. Hugh I. succeeds his father, Amalrich, in Cyprus. 
The titular kingdom of Jerusalem descends to Mary, daughter of Isabella and 
Conrad (see a.d. 1190), who conveys it by marriage to John De Brienne. 
Temugin, acknowledged chief of all the Mongol tribes, takes the name of 
Dschingis-khan, and begins his victorious career. Death of the historian 
Nicetas. Michael IV. patriarch of the Greek church at Nicsea. University of 
Paris founded, 

Philip of Swabia acknowledged by the princes of the empire, and by the pope. 
Stephen Langton consecrated archbishop of Canterbury by Innocent; resistance 
of king John. Boniface slain in a skirmish with the Bulgarians ; his second 
son, Demetrius, succeeds to the kingdom of Thessalonica. Mark Sanudo con- 
quers Naxos, and founds his duchy in the Archipelago. Death of Joannice, 
king of the Bulgarians. Francis John Bernadoni founds the Franciscan order 
of Mendicant Friars. 

Assassination of Philip, at Bamberg, by the count of Wittelsbach ; Otho is unani- 
mously elected by the diets of Halberstadt and Francfort. Tuscany ceases to 
be a separate state, except the republic of Florence. Riniari Dandolo defeats 
the attempts of the Genoese on the island of Crete. King John persists in 
rejecting Stephen Langton, for which Innocent lays an interdict on the kingdom 
of England. Peter de Castellan, the papal legate, assassinated ; crusade against 
count Raymond, and the heretics of southern France, now called Albigenses. 

Marriage of Otho to Beatrice, daughter of his late rival, Philip; he cedes to 
the pope all the lands of the deceased countess Matilda, and other territories in 



1202 TO 12:5 A.D, 



3C9 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Italy ; he is crow^ned at Rome and Milan; his German attendants quarrel with 
the Romans, and jealousy arises between him and Innocent. Salinguerra, 
leader of the Ghibelins at Ferrara, expels the marquis Azzo and the Guelfs. 
Innocent keeps Frederic, the young king of Sicily, strictly under his tutelage, 
and marries him to Constance, daughter of Pedro of Arragon. Excommuni- 
cation of king John. Defeat of the Scots in an invasion of England. The 
count Raymond submits to the council of Valence ; his lands and heretical sub- 
jects are despoiled by Simon de Montfort and his crusaders. Henry, emperor j 
of CP., holds the parliament of Ravenika. The Christian princes in Spain re- j 
store peace among themselves, and unite in the league of M alien. j 

Otho claims the kingdom of Sicily, and retains some of the lands which he had ' 
agreed to give up : he is excommunicated by the pope. Kaikhosrou, sultan of . 
Iconium, is defeated by Theodore Lascaris, and falls in battle. Geoffrey de ■ 
Villehardouin, nephew of the historian, obtains the principality of Achaia. ; 
Expedition of king John into Ireland. The council of Paris condemns fourteen | 
heretics to the flames ; orders the works of Aristotle to be burnt, and forbids ' 
all future translations, or reading of them. Dschingis-khan invades China, i 
The Venetians monopolize the trade of the East. .. I 

Innocent arrogates universal dominion ; endeavours to transfer the empire of 
Germany to Frederic of Sicily, his ward aud pupil ; and absolves the English 
people from their oath of allegiance to John. Mohamad collects large forces 
against the Christians, and lays siege to Salvatierra. The emperor Otho con- 
quers Apulia. King John subdues a rising of the Welsh under Llewellyn. 
The papal legate, Pelagius. irritates the Greeks in CP. The marquis Azzo 
recovers his influence in Ferrara- 

Otho returns to Germany. Frederic of Sicily arrives there, collects a powerful 
party, and makes a league with the king of France. Innocent issues a Bull, 
deposing king John, and giving the crown of England to Philip Augustus. 
Salvatierra surrenders to Mohamad; after which (July 16) he is totally routed 
by the combined Christian forces, on the Navas (plains) de Tolosa, and takes 
flight to Africa. Fall of the Almohades in Spain. Death of Azzo, marquis 
D'Este ; his son, Aldrovandino, inherits his titles and power. 

King John, threatened by Philip Augustus, and deserted by his barons, submits 
to the pope, and does homage for his crown, to the legate Pandulf. Pedro, king 
of Aragon, assists Raymond of Toulouse, and is slain in the battle of Muret, 
which Simon de Montfort gains against the Albigenses. Mohamad dies at Mo- 
rocco; the minority of his son, Yu.sef, favours the progress of Alfonso in Spain. 
Battle of Castiglione ; the Milanese defeated by the citizens of Cremona. Theo- 
dore III. eastern patriarch. 

Battle of Bouvines ; Otho, supported by an auxiliary force of English and Flem- 
ings, is defeated by Philip Augustus, and retires into his hereditary States. 
Meeting of barons at Bury St. Edmund's ; Stephen Langtou urges them to 
demand from John a charter of liberties. War renewed between the Byzantine 
and Nicsean emperors. Henry takes Lentianes by storm, and puts to death its 
defenders, the brother and son-in-law of Theodore Lascaris. Death of Alfonso, 
king of Castile. After a struggle of twelve years, Innocent compels Alfonso of 
Leon to divorce his queen, but acknowledges the legitimacy of their children. 
Birth of Roger Bacon. Theodore, despot of Epirus. 

Magna Charta signed by John at Runnymede, June 19. Innocent attempts to 
annul it by a Bull, which Langton refuses to publish, and the barons disregard. 
John revokes the charter, hires foreign mercenaries, and takes the castle of Ro- 
chester. Frederic II. crowned king of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle. Innocent exacts 
from him a promise to give up the kingdom of Sicily to his young son, Henry, and 
to undertake a crusade in the Holy Land. The Twelfth General Council (Fourth 
Lateran) decrees Transubstantiation to be a doctrine of the church, enforces 
auricular confession, and transfers tlie greatest part of the lands of count Ray- 
mond to Simon de Montfort. The priests of the Byzantine empire permitted to 
celebrate divine service in the Greek language, if they inculcate the papal supr« 
macy. Maximus I. and Manuel I., eastern patriarchs. Origin of the Dominicans. 



3 A 



370 



FEOM THE TEAK 



A.D. 


Hegira. 


East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 


Popes 


Ara 

bia. 


Spain. 
Castile Ara- Mav- 
tLEON. GON. ARRE. 


Moors 


France 


Port- 
ugal. 


Ger- 
many. 


1216 


313-^14 


1 Petei 
of Cour- 
tenay. 


1 Ho- 
noriuh 
III. 


37 Al 

Naser 


3 Heu- 
ryl. 

o£ Cas- 
tile. 
Alfon- 
so IX. 
of Le- 
on. 29 


4eJas. 
I. 


'23San- 
cho 
VII. 


4 Yusel 
Almo- 
stansir 


37Philip 
Augus- 
tus. 


6 Al- 
fonso 
IL 


2 Fre 

oeric 
11. 


1217 


614—615 


2 


2 


38 


1 Fer- 
di- 
nand 
111. 

30 


5 


24 


5 


38 


7 


3 


1218 
1219 


615-616 
616—617 


3 


3 

4 


39 


2—31 
3-32 


6 


25 


Q 


39 

40 


8 

9 


4 


4 


40 




26 


7 


5 


1220 


617—618 


1 Robert. 


5 


41 


4—33 


8 


27 


8 


41 


10 


6 


1221 


618-619 


2 


6 


42 


5—34 


9 


28 


9 


42 


11 


7 


1222 


619—620 


3 


7 


43 


6—35 


10 


29 


10 


43 


12 


8 


1223 


620-621 


4 


8 


44 


7—36 


11 


30 


11 


1 Louis 
VIIL 


ISan- 
choll. 


9 


1224 


621—622 


5 


9 


45 


8-37 


12 


31 


1 Abul 
Melic. 

1 Ab- 
dallah 
Moha- 
mad. 


2 


2— 


10 


1225 


623 


6 


10 


1 Al 

Zaher. 


9-28 


.3 


32 


2 


3 


3 


11 


1226 


624 


7 

i 
i 


11 


1 Al 

Mos- 
tan- 
sf.r. 


10-39 


14 


33 


3 


1 Louis 
IX. 

Saint 
Louis. 




12 




1227 


625 


1 8 


1 Gre- 

f-ory 

IX. 


2 


11—40 


15. 


34 


1 Abu- 
loia. 


2 


5 


13 



1216 TO 1227 A.D. 



371 



Repe- 
tition 
Date.fi. 



1216 

1217 

1218 
1219 
1220 

1221 
1222 
1223 

1224 

1225 

1226 

1227 



OF V^K- 

NIOK. 

l2Pietro 
Ziaui. 



18 • 



20 . 



Flan- 
ders. 



II Jane 
and Fer 
diuaud. 



Bohe- 
mia. 

20 P re- 
in i.s las 
or Otto- 
car 1. 



19 ■ 



22 — 



23 ■ 



Dkn- 

MAUK. 

15 Wal- 
demar 
II. 



28 ■ 



SWE- 
UKN. 



IJohn. 



Po- 
land. 



23Les- 
sek I, 



23 



25 . 



lErik 
XI. 



HUN- 

OAuy. 

12 An- 
drew 
II. 



25 14- 

15- 
27 16- 

28- 



30- 



4 32- 



5 33- 



KUSSIA. 



3 Mstis 
las III 



A- 

lexan- 
der II. 
Dec. 4. 



SCOT- 
LAND 



22- 



1 Bo- 23- 

leslas 

V. 



7 


7 


8 

9 


8 


9 


10 


10 


1 Wla- 


11 


dimir 




IV. 




Q 


12 


3 


13 


4 


14 



Eng- 
land. 

IB John. 
May 19. 
d. Oct. 19, 
{Ct. 49. 
1 Henry 
fll. 
Oct. 28. 



372 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 

1216 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1217 



1218 



1219 



1220 



1221 



Invited by the English barons, Louis, son of Philip Augustus, lands with an 
army. John, marching from Lynn-Regis into Lincolnshire, loses his baggage 
and many of his men in the quicksands ; he retires to Newark, and dies of vex- 
ation. Innocent designs, by his personal exertions, to mediate a peace between 
the Genoese and Pisans, and engage them in the projected crusade ; on his road 
he dies at Perugia, July 6. Death of Henry, emperor of CP. Peter de Cour- 
tenay, husband of his sister Yolande, while absent in France, is elected to 
fill the vacant throne. Frederic calls his son Henry into Germany. By the 
death of Aldrovandino in 1215, his brother, Azzo VII., having become marquis 
of Este, the power of the family declines. 

William, earl of Pembroke, marshal and regent of England, defeats Louis near 
Lincoln, who returns to France. Peter de Courtenay crowned at Rome ; is made 
prisoner by Theodore, despot of Epirus ; Yolande governs in his name. The 
pope obliges Andrew, king of Hungary, to begin the fifth crusade. The city of 
Toulouse refuses to admit Simon de Montfort, and recalls count Raymond. 
Haco v., king of Norway. 

Death of Otho of Brunswick. Frederic seizes the palatinate of the Rhine. After 
some fruitless attempts in Palestine, John de Brienne leads the crusaders 
against Egypt; they take the port and outworks of Damietta. The sultan 
Saphadin dies of vexation. Simon de Montfort killed while besieging Toulouse ; 
his son, Amaury, continues the war. The earl of Pembroke, in the name of 
Henry III., orders Magna Charta to be publicly read and obeyed. A Bull of 
Honorius forbids the teaching of the civil law in the university of Paris. Wal- 
demar, king of Denmark, conquers Livonia and Courland, and is master of 
nearly all the southern coast of the Baltic, including Hamburg and Lubeck. 
Dschingis-khan invades Carisme, and drives the sultan Mohammed out of the 
field. Geoffrey de Villehardouin II. succeeds his father in Achaia. 

The city of Damietta taken by the crusaders, and Cairo threatened. Death of the 
earl of Pembroke ; Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, and Hubert de 
Burg, succeed him as joint regents of England. Dschingis-khan takes Samar- 
cand, and sends his son, Toushi, to conquer Kipzak. The sultan Mohammed is 
succeeded by his son Gelaleddin. Peter of Courtenay dies a prisoner in Epirus, 
and the empress Yolande at CP. Their eldest son, Philip, count of Namur, re- 
fuses the imperial crown. 

Henry, son of Frederic, elected king of the Romans. Frederic crowned emperor 
at Rome. Honorius stipulates that the crown of Germany and Sicily shall 
never be united, that the lands of the countess Matilda shall be given up to the 
church, and that the emperor shall undertake at once the promised crusade. 
Malek-kamel, son and successor of Saphadin, offers to the crusaders in Egypt 
favourable terras of peace, the acceptance of which is prevented by the violence 
of the legate Pelagius. The king of Hungary returns to his States, and finds 
his son, Bela, at the head of a rebellion against him. Robert, second son of 
Peter and Yolande, elected emperor of CP. Flourishing period of English 
minstrels, French troubadours, and German minnesingers. Westminster Abbey 
rebuilt. The cathedrals of Salisbury and Amiens commenced. Death of Mark 
Sanudo ; his son, Angelo, is second duke of Naxos. 

The advice of John de Brienne is over-ruled by Pelagius, and the Christian army 
in Egypt utterly ruined ; Damietta given up to the Turks. Honorius threatens 
to excommunicate the emperor for not joining the crusade, Frederic sends out 
an armament of forty galleys under the count of Malta, who arrives too late. 
He visits Sicily ; holds a parliament at Messina, and promulgates good laws for 
the government of that kingdom. Germanus II., patriarch of the Greek church. 
The nobles and citizens of Milan, by their mutual jealousies, increase the con- 
fusion among the Lombard cities ; the marquis Azzo regains his power in 
Ferrara. Maniage of Alexander, king of Scotland, to Jane, eldest sister of 
Henry III. Building of the cathedral of Burgos. 

Death of Theodore Lascaris : John Ducas Vataces succeeds him. Theodore, 
despot of Epirus, conquers Thessalonica, and takes the title of emperor. Honorius 
fails in his project of a congress at Verona, to organize a new crusade ; he issues 



1216 TO 1227 A.D. 



373 



Events and Eminent Men. 



a Bull, declaring Henry III. of age. Death of the empress Constance. Andreyr 
appeases the troubles of Hungary by his Golden Bull, granting privileges to 
the nobles and clergy. Battle between the Genoese and Pisan fleets in the har- 
bour of Acre. Death of Raymond, count of Toulouse ; his son recovers nearly 
all his paternal states. Gelaleddin is driven over the Indus by Dschingis-khan, 
who remains master of all Carizme. The university of Padua founded. Alaed- 
din, sultan of Iconium. Brescia nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The mar- 
quis Azzo and the Guelfs again expelled from Ferrara by Salinguerra. Death 
of Alexius, emperor of Trebizond ; his son-in-law, Andronicus Ghidos, succeeds. 

Honorius assembles a congress at Ferentino; the emperor Frederic pledges him- 
self to proceed on the crusade within two years, and to marry John de Brienne's 
daughter, Yolanthe. Death of Philip Augustus. Henry III. claims from 
Louis VIII. the restitution of Normandy. Death of Yusef Almostansir; leaving 
no successor, the civil war of the Alfitna commences among the Almohades. 
The first Norwegian parliament, or storthing, held by Haco V. at Bergen. 
Waldemar. king of Denmark, taken prisoner by the duke of Schwerin, 

Louis invades Poitou, and takes La Eochelle. Amauiy de Montfort cedes his 
claims on Touloiise to him. Battle of Pemaneon ; Vataces defeats the emperor 
Robert, and extends his conquests to the Hellespont. Theodore, emperor of 
Thessalonica, takes Adrianople. The Mongols advance from Kipzak to the river 
Kalka, near the mouth of the Don; defeat of the Russians and their allies; 
their prince, Mstislas, is slain; the conquerors ravage the south of Russia, and 
then retire over the Wolga. Abulmelic, after a reign of eight months in 
Murcia, is deposed by Abdallali Mohamad. The Christians invade Valencia, 
and take Huejada. Marriage of John de Brienne to Berengaria, sister of the 
king of Castile. 

Honorius, annoyed by the senate, retires from Rome to Tivoli. Frederic obtains 
another delay of two years for his crusade ; he marries Yolanthe at Brindisi, 
and claims the kingdom of Jerusalem, in virtue of her right, inherited from her 
deceased mother (see a.d. 1206). William, count of Montfen'at, dies while at- 
tempting to recover Thessalonica for his brother, Demetrius ; the expedition 
fails. Magna Charta confirmed by Henry III. He sends his uncle, the earl of 
Salisbury, and his brother, Richard, earl of Cornwall, to defend Poitou and Gas- 
cony. The council of Bourges decrees another crusade against Toulouse. The 
Lombard cities renew their league, secretly encouraged by the pope. Frederic 
orders the students at Bologna to remove to his new university at Naples. 
Waldemar regains his liberty by a ransom of 45,000 marks, and relinquishing 
most of his conquests. Peace concluded between the Byzantine and Nicaean 
emperors. 

Louis VIII. dies at Montpensier, in Auvergne, while prosecuting the crusade 
against Toulouse ; his widow, Blanche of Castile, assumes the regency for her 
son, Louis IX. Honorius mediates a treaty between Frederic and the Lombard 
cities; the decree against the university of Bologna is revoked. Otho de la 
Roche resigns the duchy of Athens to his nephew, Guy de Roy. Waldemar re- 
conquers Rendsburg and Ditmarsh. Death of. John Bemadoni, or Francis of 
Assisi; divisions and disputes among the Franciscans. 

Death of Honorius ; Gregory IX., who succeeds him, vehemently urges the 
crusade. Frederic embarks ; the sickness of his army, the death of the land- 
grave of Thuringia, and his own bad health, cause him to land again; he is 
excommunicated by the pope. Great disorders in Italy ; Eccelino da Romano 
drives the Guelf party out of Verona and Vicenza. Henry III. offends his 
subjects by his partiality for foreigners ; he is obliged to dismiss from his council 
Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, and others Waldemar defeated by 
the duke of Saxony at Bomhovet. Death of Dschingis-khan ; four of his sons 
divide the empire, among whom Octal is supreme, or Great Khan. Demetrius, 
titular king of Thessalonica, dies in Italy. The emperor Frederic writes in 
Latin, "De Arte venandi cum avibus." The German epic romances, the Bel- 
denhuch (Heroes' Book) and Niebelungen lied (Song of the Niebelungen), composed 
about this time. 



374 



from: the teab. 



A.D. 


Hegi- 

BA. 


EAsr- 

EKN Em- 
- PIRE. 


Popes. 


Ara- 
bia. 


SpaixV. 
Castile Ara- Nav- Moors 
& Leon. gon. arre. 


Ebakce. 


Port- 
ugal. 


Ger- 
many. 


'1228 


626 


1 John 
de Bri- 
enne. 


2 Gre- 
gory 
IX. 


3 Al 

Mos- 
taii- 
ser. 


12 Fer- 
dinand 
III. of 
Castile. 
Alfonso 
IX. of 
Leon. 41 


16Jas. 
I. 


35San- 
clio 
VIL 


2 Abu- 
lola. 


3 Louis 
IX. 

Saint 
Louis. 


6 San- 
choll 


14Fre- 
deric 
II. 


1229 


627 


2 


3 


4 


13 42 

reunited. 


17 


36 


3 


4 


7 


15 


1230 


628 


3 


4 


5 


14 


18 


37 


4 _ 


5 


8 


16 


1231 


629 


4 


5 


6 


15 


19 


38 


5 


6 


9 


17 


1232 


630 


5 


6 


7 


16 


20- — 


39 


1 Aben 
Hud. 


7 


10 


18 


1233 


631 


6 


7 


s_ 


17 


21 


40 


2 


8 


11 


19 


1234 


632 


7 


8 


9 


18 


22 


1 The- 
obald 
I. 


3 


9 


12 


20 


1235 

1236 


633 
634 


8 

9 





10 
11 


19 

20 


23 

24 


rt 


± 


10 


13 

14 


21 

22 


10 


3 


5 


11 


1237 


635 


1 Bald- 
win 11. 


11 


12 


21 


25 


4 


IMu- 
hamad 
1. 


12 


15 


23—' 


1238 


636 


2 


12 


lO 


22 


26 


5 


2 


13 


16 


24 ; 







1228 TO 1238 A.D. 



3/5 



Repe- 
tition 
Datts. 

1228 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 

24Pietro 
Ziani. 


Flan- 

DKRS. 


Bohet 

MIA. 


Den- 

MAliK. 


Swe- 
den. 

7 Erik 
XI. 


Po- 
land. 

2 Ho- 
leslas 
V. 


Hun- 
gary. 

24 An- 
drew 
11. 


Russia. 

5 W^Ia- 

diniir 

IV. 


Scot- 
land. 

15 A- 

lexan- 
der 11. 
Dec. 4. 


Eng- 

LAND. 

13 Henry 
ill. 
Oct. 28. 


23 Jane 
and Fer- 
dinand. 


32 Pre- 
niislas 
or Otto- 
car I. 


27 Wal- 
demar 
11. 


1229 


1 Jaco- 
po Tie- 
polo. 


24 


33 


28 


8 


3 


25 


6 


16 


14 


1230 


2 


25 


I Weu- 

ce.slas 

111. 


29 


9 


4 


26 


7 


17 


15 


1231 


3 


26 


2 


30 


10 


5 


27 


8 


18 


16 


1232 


4 


27 


3 


31 


11 


6 


..^ 


9 


19 


17 


1233 


5 


28 Jane 
alone. 




32 


12 




29 


10 


20 


18 


1234 


6 


29 


8_ 


33 


13 


8 


30 


11 


21 


19 


1235 


7 


30 


6 


34 


14 


9 


1 Bela 
IV. 


12 


22 


20 


1236 
12.37 


8 

9 


31 

32 


8 


35 

36 


15 

16 


10 — 
11— 


2 

3 


13 

14 


23 

24 


21 

m. Elea- 
nor of 
Pro- 
vence. 


1238 


10 


33 


9 


37 


17 


12 


4 


1 Jaro- 
.slav Jh 


25 


23 



376 



FROM tHE TEAR 



A.D. 



1228 



1229 



1230 



1231 



1232 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1233 



Frederic departs for Palestine ; the pope again excommunicates him, absolves 
his subjects from their allegiance, declares a crusade against him in Apulia and 
Sicily, and sends John de Brienne with an army to reduce those countries. 
Frederic lands at Acre. Death of Robert de Courtenay ; his brother, Baldwin, 
the rightful heir, being only nine years old, the barons of Romania elect John 
de Brienne, set. 80, emperor for life, under a convention that Baldwin is to be 
his successor. Death of Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury; his suc- 
cessor, Edmund, preserves Magna Charta from infringement. The empress 
Yolanthe dies in giving birth to her son Conrad. 

The papal army makes great progress in Apulia. Frederic at Acre ; the Hospi- 
tallers and Templars are forbidden by the pope to obey him ; he concludes a 
treaty, by which the sultan restores Jerusalem and other cities ; he hastens 
back to Italy, and recovers the territories taken from him in his absence. The 
proceedings of Gregory cause much dissatisfaction through all Christendom. 
Close of the crusade against the Albigenses ; count Raymond gives up all his 
lands west of the Rhone, and affiances his only daughter and heiress to Alfonso, 
brother of Louis. The council of Toulouse interdicts to laymen the reading of 
the Scriptures, and organizes a more effectual Inquisition for the suppression of 
heresy. The Folkunger grow powerful in Sweden, and for a time expel Erik 
from the throne. 

Reconciliation of the emperor and pope. First arrival of the Teutonic knights in 
Prussia. Unsuccessful expedition of Henry III. in France. Death of Alfonso, 
king of Leon ; under his son, Ferdinand III., that kingdom is reunited to Castile. 
Ferdinand pushes his conquests to Jaen. The pope gives the government of 
Spoleto and Ancona to Milo, bishop of Beauvais. A great flood in Rome, Feb. 1, 
followed by a pestilence. Theodore, emperor of Thessalonica, defeated, made 
prisoner, and blinded by Asan, king of Bulgaria ; his brother, Manuel, usurps 
his throne. Michael II. despot of Epirus. The Livonian Knights of the Short 
Sword conquer Courland. The Lithuanians give the title of Great Prince to 
their leader, Ringold. 

Gregory issues severe Bulls against heretics, forbids laymen to dispute on the 
doctrines of faith, and gives new privileges to the religious orders. The Domi- 
nicans and Franciscans contend for superiority in the University of Paris. 
Thorn, on the Vistula, founded by the Teutonic Knights. John de Brienne 
arrives at CP. Negotiations for the union of the Greek and Latin churches. 
Death of Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew, king of Hungary, and widow of Louis 
VI., landgrave of Hesse ; the cathedral of Marburg dedicated to her. The Al- 
magest of Ptolemy translated into Latin by order of the emperor Frederic. The 
Zuyder Zee formed. Orthogrul obtains from Alaeddin, sultan of Iconium, a 
settlement between the Sangarius and Mount Olympus, for 400 families of j 
Oghusian Tartars, who had been driven from Khorasan by Dschingis-khan; 
from these the Ottomans descend. I 

Henry III. dismisses Hubert de Burg, and recalls the bishop of Winchester. Thei 
emperor Frederic meets Salinguerra and Eccelino da Romano at Ravenna, to 
concert measures against the marquis Azzo and the Lombard cities, Gregory 
establishes tribunals of the Inquisition at Toulouse and Carcasson6. Asan 
drives Manuel from Thessalonica, releases his prisoner, Theodore, whose 
daughter he marries, and places her brother John on the thronCi Abulola retires 
into Africa and dies ; with him the reign of the Almohades in Spain ceases. 
Aben Hud takes Granada ; the Moors in Spain distracted by civil wars ; Fer- 
dinand attacks them in Seville, and James, king of Aragon, takes the Balearic 
islands. The Carismians cross the Tigris and Euphrates. The Mahometans of 
Syria request assistance from the Christians. Gregory, by a Bull, directs the I 
Knights of Palestine to obey the emperor Frederic as king of Jerusalem. 
University College, Oxford, founded by William, archdeacon of Durham. The 
first commercial company, called " the Steel-yard Society," established in 
London. Large flights of locusts in Italy. 

Rebellion of the English barons against the foreign favourites of Henry III. 
Commotions in Rome and Sicily. The friar Giovanni of Vicenza preaches 



228 TO 1238 A.D. 377 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



peace among the cities and States of Italy; assembly of their deputies on a 
plain near Verona ; a treaty of concord signed, which lasts only six days. John 
de Brienne makes war on John Vataces, and recovers some fortresses in Asia. 
Amadens IV. succeeds his father, Tommaso, count of Savoy. The Dominican, 
Conrad of Marburg, the tirst Inquisitor in Germany, put to death for his cruelty'. 
The convent of Port Royal founded. Coal first discovered near Newcastle. 

Assassination of the earl of Pembroke ; the bishop of Winchester and his officers 
are again expelled. Rebellion of Henry, son of the emperor Frederic. The 
five books of Canon Laws, or Decretals, published by Raymond de Pennafert. 
Gregory driven from Rome by the senate and citizens, who resist his temporal 
power and seize his revenues ; he appeals to the emperor and other princes for 
assistance. League of John Vataces with Asan, the Bulgarian ; the empire of 
Thessalonica suppressed. Northern China conquered by the Mongols. Death 
of Sancho VII., king of Navarre; he is succeeded by his nephew, Theobald, 
count of Champagne. Marriage of Andrew, king of Hungary, to Beatrice, 
daughter of Aldrovandino, late marquis of Este. Erik overcomes the Folkunger, 
and regains the throne of Sweden. The citizens of Rome attack Viterbo, and 
are repulsed by the united forces of the empire and the church. The bishop of 
Winchester, a refugee in Italy, commands the papal army. 

Marriage of the emperor Frederic to Isabella, youngest sister of Henry III., at 
Worms ; he forbids the extravagant payments usually made on such occasions 
to buffoons, mimics, and players. Submission of his son, Henry, Avho is degraded 
by the diet of Mentz, and imprisoned. Death of Andrew, king of Hungary ; his 
son, Bela, defeats the duke of Austria, to whom the crown was offered by some 
nobles, and imprisons his mother-in-law, Beatrice; she escapes to her family in 
Italy, where she gives birth to a son, named Stephen. John Vataces crosses the 
Hellespont and conquers the Thracian Chersonesus; he joins the Bulgarians 
and threatens Constantinople. Ubeda surrenders to Ferdinand, king of Castile. 
The Golden Horde of Mongolians establish themselves on the plain of Kipzak, 
or Kapzak, under Batou, grandson of Dschingis-khan. John I. (Avouches) 
emperor of Trebizond. 

William, bishop of Valence, uncle of queen Eleanor, obtains great influence over 
Henry III., and brings many of his countrymen to England. The parliament of 
Merton rejects the canon law: " Nolumus Leges Angliae mutari." The emperor 
Frederic begins war against the Lombard cities, and, aided by Eccelino da Ro- 
mano, takes V^erona and Vicenza. Cordova and part of Andalusia conquered by 
Ferdinand. James, king of Aragon, attacks Valencia. Batou invades Russia; 
his approach causes Asan to withdraw from Romania, that he may protect Bul- 
garia. Alaeddin, sultan of Iconium, poisoned by his son, Gajaseddin Kaik- 
hosrou II., who succeeds him. 

Battle of Cortenuova, Nov. 27 ; the Carroccio of the Milanese is sent by Frederic to 
Rome and placed in the Capitol ; their Podesta, Pietro Tiepolo, son of the doge 
of Venice, is made prisoner and put to death. The Venetians declare against 
the emperor; Conrad, his second son, is elected king of the Romans. Aben Hud 
is murdered by his generals; civil war rages fiercely among the Moors ; Muha- 
mad Aben Alahmar establishes the kingdom of Granada. The Livonian knightH, 
defeated by the Lithuanians, join the Teutonic knights in Prussia, wlio extend 
their conquests. Death of Jolin de Brienne. Baldwin II. visits Flanders to 
implore assistance from Western Europe. Asan changes his policy, and supports 
the falling empire of the Latins in Romania. The salt-works of Wilicska in 
Poland formed. 

Frederic fails in his siege of Brescia. The marquis of Este defeated at P<)dua. 
League of Venice, Genoa and the pope against the emperor. Valencia taken 
by the king of Aragon. Sep. 29. Batou conquers Kiow, drives Wladirair from 
his throne, and sets up laroslav as a vassal of tlie Golden Horde. Death of 
Malek al Kamel. sultan of Egypt. Manuel I., called the Great Captain, em- 
peror of Trebizond. Death of Peter des itoches, thirty-two years bishop 
of Winchester. The Merines in Africa, under Muarref Mohamad, rise in 
power. 

3b 



378 



FEOM THE TEAH 



A.D. 


HegirI. 


East- 
ern Em- 


Popes. 


Ara- 


Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 


France. 


Port- 


Ger- 






pire. 




bia. 


TILE. GON. ARRE. 




ugal. 


MANYc 


1239 


637 


3 Balc- 
win 11. 


13Gre- 
IX. 


14 Al 

Mos- 
tan- 
ser. 


23Fer- 
di- 
nand 
III. 


27Jas. 
I. 


6 The- 
obald 
I. 


3Mu- 
hamad 
I. 


14 Louis 
IX.Samt 
Louis. 


17San- 

cho 

II. 


25Fre- 
deric 
II.| 


1240 


63S 


4 


14 


15 


24 


28 


7 


4 


15 


18 


26 




1241 


639—640 


5 


15 

ICe- 
lestin 
IV. 


16 


25 


29 


8 


5 


16 


19 


27 


1242 


640-641 


6 


Va- 
cant. 


17 


26 


30 


9 


6 


17 


20 


28 


1243 


641—642 


7 


1 In- 
nocent 
IV. 


1 Al 

Mo- 
sta- 


27 


31 


10 


7 


18 — 


21 














sem. 
















1244 


642—643 


8 


2 


2 


28 


32 


11 


8 


19 


22 


30 


1245 


643-644 


9 


3 


3 


29 


33 


12 


9 


20 


23 


31 


1246 
1247 




10 

11 


4 

5 


A 


30 
31 


31 


13 


10 

11 


21 

22 


24 

25 


32 

11 


644—645 
645—646 


5 


35 




1248 


646—647 


12 


6 


6 


32 


36 


15 


12 


23 


1 Al- 
fonso 
III. 


34 



























1239 TO 1248 A.D. 



379 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


DOGKS 

OF Ve- 
nice. 


Flan- 
ders. 


Bohe- 
mia. 

10 Wen- 
ceslas 
III. 


Den- 
mark 


Swe- 
den. 


Poland. 


Hunga- 
ry. 


Rus- 
sia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1239 


ill Jaco- 
1 po Tie- 
polo. 


34 Jane. 


'38 

IWal- 
demai 
II. 


18 fi- 
nk 
XI. 


13 Ho- 
leslasV 


5Bela 
IV. 


2 Jaro- 
slav II 


26 A- 
lexan- 
derll 
Dec. 4 


24IIenry 

III. 
Oct. 28. 
&. Ed- 
ward I. 
June 16. 


1240 


12 


35 


11 


39 


-19 


14 


6 


3 


27 


25 




1241 


13 


36 


12 


1 Erik 
IV. 


20 


15 


7 


4 — 


28 


26 


1242 


14 


37 


13 


2 


21 


16 


8 


5 


29 


27 


1243 


15 


38 


14 


3 


22 


17 


9 


6 


30 


28 


1244 

1 


16 


1 Mar- 
garet 
II. 


15 


4 


23 


18 


10 


7 


31— 


29 


1245 


17 


2 


16 


5 


24 


19 


11 


8 


32 


30 


1246 


18 


3 


17 


6 


25 


20 


12 


9 


33 


31 


1247 


19 


4 


18 


7 


26 


21 


13 


1 Swa- 
t OS lav 
III. 


34 


32 


1248 

1 


20 


5 


19 


^ 


27 


22 


14 


2 — 


35 


33 



380 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1240 



1241 



1242 



The emperor, having married his natural son, Enzio, to Adelaide, heiress of the 
two principalities of Torri and Gallnra, creates him king of Sardinia ; Gregory 
claims the island, and excommunicates Frederic, denouncing him as a heretic 
and atheist, and absolving his subjects from their allegiance. Frederic justifies 
himself in a manifesto drawn up by his chancellor, Peter de Vineis. The Ve- 
netians and Bolognese take Ravenna. Theobald of Navarre (the troubadour king), 
with the counts of Bar and Montfort, undertakes a crusade in the Holy Land; 
he breaks the truce with the sons of Malek el Kamel, who defeat him and 
capture Jerusalem ; he returns with the loss of his noble companions and two- 
thirds of his forces. Disputes begin between Sancho, king of Portugal, and his 
nobles and clergy. Baldwin II. returns to CP. with a large army, raised by the 
sale of the holy crown of thorns and other relics to the king of France, who 
builds the Sainte Chapelle for their reception. Many heretics burnt this year. 
Elbing built by Conrad, landgrave of Thiiringen, grand master of the Teutonic 
Knights. Bela permits the Cuman fugitives to settle in Hungary. 
Gregory proclaims a crusade against the emperor ; he sends ecclesiastics into other 
countries to raise money ; in England they obtain benefices and offices that 
produce 70,000 marks yearly. The Venetians and marquis Azzo d'Este take 
Ferrara ; Salinguerra is treacherously seized by the papal legate and sent to 
Venice, where he soon dies a prisoner, set. 80. Frederic recovers Ravenna and 
Faenza: Alessandria submits to him ; he ravages the papal States and Tuscany; 
Florence holds out. Simon de Montfort, and Gilbert, earl of Leicester, are the 
favourites of Henry III. ; his brother, Richard, earl of Cornwall, visits Pales- 
tine, redeems Jerusalem from its captors, repairs its fortifications, and induces 
the sultan to renew the truce for two years. Alfonso, son of Ferdinand, concludes 
the treaty, by which his father's supremacy is established in the Moorish king- 
dom of Murcia. Waldemar founds the bishopric of Revel, creates the Danebrog 
Order of Knighthood, and publishes his code of laws. Baldwin, in his campaign 
against Vataces, loses almost all his possessions in Asia; his Latin auxiliaries, 
receiving no pay, abandon him. Rebellion of count Skule, in Norway, suppressed 
by Haco V. The Swedes in Finland make encroachments on Russia. The 
students of Oxford, ill-treated by the townspeople, withdraw to Cambridge. 
Ferdinand founds the university of Salamanca, and transfers to it the schools 
established by his grandfather, Alfonso, at Palencia. Methodius II. patriarch 
of the Greek church. 
A Pisan and Sicilian fleet, by orderof Frederic, captures (May .3) twenty-two Genoese 
galleys, in which cardinals, prelates, and ambassadors, summoned by Gregory, 
were proceeding to hold a council at Rome ; the prisoners are confined in Naples 
and Apulia. The emperor takes Beneventum and besieges Genoa by sea and 
land; the citizens defend themselves bravely. The Mongolians, of the Golden 
Horde, ravage Hungary, Poland, and Silesia ; Bela is driven by them into Dal- 
matia. Frederic, wishing to be at liberty to oppose these invaders, employs the 
earl of Cornwall, on his way home from Palestine, in fruitless negotiations with 
the pope for peace. Death of Gregory, Aug. 21. Celestin IV. survives his election 
only eighteen days ; the papal chair remains vacant twenty months. Henry 
III. disgusts his subjects by his favours to foreigners and infringements of 
Magna Charta ; the parliament refuses to grant him money. Eleanor, daughter 
of Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, and grand-daughter of Henry II., the rightful 
heiress of the crown, dies in Bristol castle, where she had been confined thirty- 
nine years. Death of Waldemar, king of Denmark ; his three youngest sons 
make war on their elder brother, Erik. Caloman inherits the throne of Bul- 
garia, on the decease of his father, Asan. John Vataces is recalled from the 
siege of Thessalonica, by the approach of the Southern Mongols towards Ana- 
tolia. Alexander Newski, son of Jaroslav, defeats the Swedes near the Neva. 
Death of Snorro Sturleson, composer of the Edda. 
Henry III. lands in France, and is defeated by Louis at Taillebourg and Saintes, 
July 21 and 22. The Mongolians repulsed at Ohnutz, in Moravia, begin to 
retreat. Aldermen first elected in London. Thomas Wykes and Walter Hem- 
ingford write English Chronicles. Gerard Von Malsberg, grand master of the 
Teutonic Knights in Prussia. ^ 



1239 TO 1248 A.D. 



381 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Frederic nr^es the cardinals to appoint a pope, and releases some of his prisoners 
to attend the conclave. Innocent IV. elected, June 24, Neji^otiations for peace 
again abortive. Eazio, with an imperial army, is repelled by the Milanese ; 
assisted by a Pisan ileet, he relieves Savona, besieged by the Genoese. A truce 
for five years concluded between England and France. Richard, earl of Corn- 
wall, marries Sancha, daughter of the earl of Provence. Death of Hubert de 
Burg. Denia suiTenders to the Aragonese. Muhamad gives up Jaen to Fer- 
dinand, and places the kingdom of Granada under his protection. Baton evacu- 
ates Hungary, and returns to Kapzak: Russia remains tributary to the Golden 
Horde. The Carismians overrun Syria ; defeat the combined forces of the 
Christians and Ayoubites near Gaza; capture and pillage Jerusalem. The 
pope gives Prussia to the Teutonic Knights, and erects four bishoprics there. 
Matthew Paris, monk of St. Alban's, writes his History. Robert Grosset^te, 
bishop of Lincoln, theol. 2indi ph'd. 

Innocent IV. escapes from Rome, and fixes his court at Lyons. Louis IX., in a fit 
of sickness, vows to undertake a crusade. Death of John, despot of Thessalonica ; 
his brother, Demetrius, succeeds. Mark Sanudo II. duke of the Archipelago. 
Gajaseddin Kaikhosrou, sultan of Iconiura, defeated by the Mongols at Kou- 
sadac. Baldwin II. again visits the West, to beg for support. Henry, count of 
Hohenlohe, grand master of the Teutonic Knights. Manuel II. patriarch of the 
Greek church. Alexander de Hales, "the Irrefragable Doctor," cultivates theo- 
logy and Arabic literature. 

Innocent holds the Thirteenth General council at Lyons, where he excommunicates 
and deposes the emperor Frederic, and Sancho, king of Portugal ; deputies from 
the nobles and clergy of England appear there, and protest against the extor- 
tions practised on them by the papal emissaries ; they declare King John's act 
of submission to have been made without the consent of his subjects, and there- 
fore not valid ; Baldwin pleads before the council for assistance. Louis pledges 
many of his nobles against their will to join him in a crusade. Death of 
Calomau, king of Bulgaria. John Vataces extends his empire both in Asia and 
Europe. Origin of the Hanseatic League. Westminster Abbey completed by 
Henry III. Thomas Aquinas studies at Paris. Death of Roderic Ximenes, arch- 
bishop of Toledo and historian of Spain, while returning from the council of Lyons. 

Conference at Clugny between Louis and Innocent; the latter refuses all terras of 
accommodation short of Frederic's unconditional submission; he urges the 
election of a new emperor in Germany; the temporal princes oppose this: the 
archbishops of Mentz, Cologne, and Treves elect Henry landgrave of Thuringen. 
Frederic's son, Conrad, collects an army, Avhich is defeated ; the duke of Bavaria 
takes up his cause. The papal agents form conspiracies in Apulia, which 
Frederic in person puts down. Great discontent In England, France, and Italy, 
in consequence of the large contributions exacted by Innocent from the clergy, 
to defray his expenses. Ferdinand lays siege to Seville ; the Moors of Granada 
assist him. with an army under Muhamad. Xativa surrenders to the king of 
Aragon. John Vataces conquers Thessalonica, and annexes it to his empire. 
William de Villehardouin, prince of Achaia, takes Corinth. Peter de Vineis dis- 
missed from office, fined, and imprisoned. 

Death of Henry of Thuringen; at the instigation of Innocent, the ecclesiastical 
princes elect William, count of Holland, and crown him king of the Romans at 
Aix-la-Chapelle. Parma, recovered by the papal party, is besieged by Frederic. 
The English parliament, offended by the obstinate attachment of Henry III. to 
his foreign favourites, refuses to grant him supplies ; remonstrates also against 
the large sums levied in the kingdom by the pope, and resists the payment of 
them. Seville surrenders to Ferdinand. 

The emperor is obliged to raise the siege of Parma, Feb. 18. Louis IX. sails with 
his crusaders, and winters in Cyprus ; Blanche of Castile regent during his 
absence. The Portuguese expel their king, Sancho, who dies at Toledo, and is 
succeeded by his brother, Alfonso. William de Villehardouin takes Nauplia 
and Moneravasia, and completes the conquest of the Morea. The Genoese sur- 
prise Rhodes. Henry III. dismisses the parliament, and raises money by forced 
loans and the sale of his jewels. 



382 



TEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 


Hegira. 


East- 
ern Em- 


Popes 


Ara- 


Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 


France. 


Port- 


Ger- 






pire. 




bia. 


TILE. GON. ARRE. 

1 1 




ugal. 


many. 


1249 


647—648 


13 Bald- 
win IL 


7 In- 
nocent 
IV. 


7 Al 

Mo- 
sta- 
sem. 


33Fer- 
di- 
nand 
III. 


37Jas. 
I. 


16 

The- 
obald 
I. 


13 Mu- 
hamad 
1. 


24 Louis 
JX. Saint 
Louis. 


2 Al- 
fonso 
III. 


35Fre- 
deric 
II. 


1250 


648—649 


14 


8 


8 


31 


38 


17 


14 


25 


3 


36 

d. Dec. 

13. 

ICon- 
radlV. 




1251 


649-650 


15 


9 


9 


^'^ 


39 


18 


15 


26 


4_ 


2 




1252 


650—651 


16 


10 


10 


I Al- 
fonso 
X. 


40 


19 


16 


27 


5 


3 


1253 


651—652 


17 


11 


11 


2 


41 


1 The- 
obald 
11. 


17 


28 


6 


4 


1254 


652—653 


18 


1 A- 

lexan- 

der 

iV. 


12 


3 


42 


2 


18 


29 


7 


IWil- 
liamof 
Hol- 
land. 


1255 


653—654 


19 


2 


13 


4 


43 


3 


19 


30 


8 


2 


1256 


654—655 


20 


3 


14 


5 


44 


4 


20 


31 


9 


3 


1257 


656 


21 


4 


15 


6 


45 


5- — 


21 


32 


10 


IRich- 

ard, 
earl of 
Corn- 
wall. 


Sa- 


1258 


657 


22 


5 


voy. 


7 


46 


6 


22 


33 


11 


2 

i 


6 Bo- 
nifacio 
Rolan- 
do. 



249 TO 1258 A.D. 



383 



tition 
Dates. 



1249 



1250 



1251 



1252 



1253 



1254 



1255 



1256 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 

1 Mari- 
no Moro- 
sino. 



Flan- 
debs. 



6 Mar- 
garet II 



1 Rani- 
eri Ze- 
no. 



Bohe- 
mia. 



Den- 
mark. 



Swe- 
den. 



20 Wen- 9 Erik 128 E- 
ceslas IV. rikXI, 
III. 



21 . 



23 . 



1 Otto- 
car 11. 



PO- I H UN- 
LAND, i OAKY. 

23 Bo- 1 15 Be- 
leslas la IV 
W 



1 Abel 1 W 

demar. 



1 Chris-! 3- 

topher 

I. 



25 17- 



RUSSIA. 



1 All- 
die w 
II. 



1257 6 • 



1258 



27 19- 



5 28 20- 



- 29 21- 



7 30 22- 



- 31 23- 



SCOT- 
LAND. 



1 Alex- 
ander 
111. 
July 9. 



Eng- 
land. 



34 Henry 
III. 
Oct. 28. 



35 ■ 



3 36 . 



1 Alex- 
ander i 
New ski. 



-32- 



-24 7- 



38 - 



6 39 - 



7 40 ■ 



8 ;41 



9 42 . 



10 43 • 



384 



FKOM THE YEAB 



A.D. 



1250 



1251 



1252 



1253 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The crusaders land in Egypt and take Damietta. Enzio defeated and made pri- 
soner at Fossalta, May 26 ; he is detained in captivity at Bologna for the rest of 
his life (23 years). Eccelino da Romano conquers Belluno and the marquisate 
of Este. Birger Jarl restores the ascendancy of the Folkunger in Sweden 
Michael Scott translates the works of Aristotle. Albert the Great teaches at 
Cologne. Death of William of Anvergne. 

Battle of Mansourah, April 5; total defeat of the crusaders; Louis and the re- 
mainder of his army made prisoners; they obtain their liberty by restoring 
Damietta and binding themselves to abstain from further hostilities. They 
retire to St. John d'Acre. The Mamelukes assassinate the sultan, Turan Shah, 
and make themselves masters of Egypt ; Ibeg, their first sultan. Death of the 
emperor Frederic, in Apulia, Dec. 13, set. 58 ; his son, Conrad, succeeds as king 
of Sicily, and is acknowledged as king of Germany by most of the temporal 
princes ; his rival, William of Holland, obtains little authority, although sup- 
ported by the ecclesiastical States and the papal party. Frederic, by his will, 
leaves his natural son, Manfred, regent of Sicily in Conrad's absence. The 
marquis Uberto Pelavicino distinguishes himself by the advantages which he 
gains for the citizens of Cremona in their contest with Parma. On the death 
of Erik XL, Birger Jarl places his young son, Waldemar, on the throne of 
Sweden, and makes himself regent ; he introduces the mariner's compass among 
the navigators of the Baltic. Erik IV. of Denmark assassinated by his 
brother Abel, who obtains the throne. The college of the Sorbonne founded at 
Paris. The north transept of York minster begun. Florence adopts a demo- 
cratic government and peace between Guelfs and Ghibelins, 

Innocent returns to Italy; visits Genoa, Milan, and other cities, and fixes his 
residence in Perugia; he excommunicates Conrad, and excites rebellions in 
Sicily and Apulia, which Manfred quells. Eccelino da Romano and Uberto Pe- 
lavicino continue to support the Ghibelin party ; Conrad comes to Italy. 
Mangou succeeds Gujak as Great Khan of the Moguls. Poppo von Osterna, 
Grand Master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. John \ ataces recovers 
Rhodes from the Genoese. The English laws are introduced into Wales. The 
citizens of London pay 500 marks for the privilege of having their mayor sworn 
before the barons of the Exchequer. Some lands in the Strand, held of the 
Crown by a farrier, are made over to the corporation, and from this time the 
sheriffs tender the annual rent of six horse-shoes and nails. 

Conrad passes into Apulia , having made pacific overtures, which are rejected by 
Innocent, he attacks the adherents of the papal party, takes Capua, and lays 
siege to Naples. The Lombard cities, being no longer in fear of Frederic, begin 
to quarrel among themselves. Death of Ferdinand of Castile, at Seville, May 
30; accession of his son, Alfonso, the philosopher. Abel, king of Denmark, 
falls in battle against the North Frisians ; his brother. Christopher, takes the 
throne. Andrew, grand-duke of Russia, is expelled by the Golden Horde, and his 
brother, Alexander Newski, raised in his place. Memel built by the Teutonic 
knights. Mendog, chief of the Lithuanians, is baptized, and takes the title 
of king. 

Naples surrenders to Conrad. Innocent offers the kingdom of Sicily to Richard, 
earl of Cornwall, who declines it; Henry III. proposes his son, Edmund; 
Charles of Anjou treats for it with the pope. A parliament held. May 3, in 
Westminster Hall, denounces the penalty of excommunication on all who violate 
Magna Charta, and resists the taxes imposed by papal authority for crusades. 
Grosset^te, bishop of Lincoln, refusjs to admit a canon appointed by tlie pope, 
and protests against the power assumed by Innocent; this prelate dies soon 
afterwards. Louis, still in Palestine, sends the friar Rubruquis on an embassy 
to Mangou at Karakorum ; he is accompanied by Haitlion, Christian prince of 
Armenia; alleged conversion of the Great Khan. Brancaleone enters on his 
office as senator of Rome. The Astronomical Tables of Alfonso, king of Castile, 
are framed. Muhamad founds the Alharabra at Granada, and introduces the 
n)anufacture of silk among his people. Death of Blanche of Castile, regent of 
France. 



12 J9 TO 1258 A.D. 



385 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of Conrad, May 21, and of Henry, youngest son of the late emperor Fre- 
deric. William of Holland is acknowledged as king by the Gemian princes. 
Conrad's son, Conradin, only two years old, is proclaimed king of Sicily; his 
guardian, Berthold, marquis of Homburg, resigns the trust to Manfred, who, 
having no means of resistance, submits to Innocent. The pope advances with a 
strong force into Apulia. Manfred is driven to take up amis, obtains possession 
of Nocera and the public treasury, collects an army, and defeats the papal troops 
at Foggia. Innocent dies at Naples. Louis returas from his crusade to France, 
and represses tlie disorders which had arisen in his kingdom. Alfonso conquers 
Xeres, Medina Sidonia, and other cities in the south of Spain. Death of John 
Vataces, Oct. 30; the empire of Nicfea devolves on Theodore Lascaris II. ; the 
historian, George Acropolita, is his chancellor. Birger fortifies Stockholm, and 
regulates the internal government of Sweden, Ottocar, king of Bohemia, heads 
the crusade, proclaimed by pope Innocent, against the remaining pagans in 
Prussia and Courland. 

The papal governor, Ruffo, is expelled by the citizens of Messina. Manfred in- 
tercepts a large convoy, the loss of which obliges the cardinal-legate to agree to 
terms of peace ; Alexander refuses to ratify them, having concluded his treaty 
for giving Sicily to Edmund, son of Henry III. ; this is set aside by the English 
parliament not granting the money f r carr>-ing it into effect. Prince Edward 
visits Spain, and is knighted at Burgos by Alfonso, king of Castile, to whose 
sister, Eleanora, he is affianced. Theodore Lascaris recovers from the Bulga- 
rians all their conquests south of Mount Hsemus. Bills of exchange in favour 
of Italian merchants, drawn at Rome on the English bishops and abbots, which 
they are compelled to pay. Arsenius I. Greek patriarch. Konigsberg built by 
Ottocar. 

Death of William of Holland, in battle against the Frisians ; no candidate aspirep 
to the crown of Germany. Manfred acquires possession of Sicily. The marquis 
Azzo recovers the d'Este territories and takes the city of Padua. Hulagou, 
brother of the Great Khan Mangou, invades Persia, extirpates the tribe of "the 
Assassins" in that country, and proclaims himself sultan. William de St. 
Amour, condemned by the pope for his book against the Dominicans, is obliged 
to take flight from Paris. Bonaventura, general of the Franciscans. The Au- 
gustin Order of Mendicant Friars established, George Acropolita made pri- 
soner at Prilapos by Manuel, despot of Epirus. Brancaleone imprisoned by 
the Romans. 

Richard, earl of Cornwall, is elected king of the Romans by some of the German 
princes, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle ; the others choose Alfonso of Castile ; 
the reign of both is only nominal. The Milanese expel their nobles and give 
^Martin della Torre abso'lute power over them ; the commons of Genoa appoint 
Boccanegra their captain. Algarve conquered by Alfonso ; he quarrels with 
his brother, Henry, who retires among the Moors at Tunis. Portugal placed 
under an interdict by the pope, in consequence of Alfonso III. having divorced 
his queen and married another. 

Under the influence of Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, " the Mad Parliament" 
is held at Oxford ; the " Provisions of Oxford" are enacted ; twenty-four barons 
form a council to advise or command the king. Manfred crowned king of Si- 
cily. Death of Theodore Lascaris; his son, John, set. 9, succeeds to the throne 
of Nicfiea, under the guardianship of the patriarch Arsenius. The people of 
Rome restore Brancaleone U> his office, who dies soon afterwards. The fortified 
castles raised by the Roman nobles in the city are destroyed. Eccelino defeats 
the papal forces at Corticella. takes the legate prisoner, and gains possession ol 
the city of Brescia. Hulagou storms Bagdad, puts to death .\1 Mostasem, the 
last of the caliphs, canies his arms into Syria, and takes Damascus. Defeat of 
the Genoese by the combined fleets of Venice and Pisa, near Acre: the pop*- 
mediates a peace between them. A proclamation of Henry III. to the people 
of Huntingdon, afi'ords the first specimen of Early English. IJirth of Osman. 
or Othman, the founder of the Ottoman power. 



3 c 



386 



PEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1259 



1260 



Hegi- 

RA. 



658 



659 



1261 660 



1262 



1263 



661 



662 



East- 
ern Em- Popes. 

PIRE. 



23 Bald- 
win II. 



24 ■ 



1 Mi- 
chael 
(VIII.) 

Falseo- 
logos. 



6A- 
lexan- 
der 
IV. 



1264 663 



1265 664 



1267 



1268 



7 Bo- 
nifa- 
cio Ro- 
lando. 



1 Ur- 
ban 
IV. 



Sa- 
voy. 



665 



667 



IPe 

ter. 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tile. gon. arre. 



France 



8 Al- 
fonso 
X. 



47Jas. 
I. 



48- 



7 The- 
obald 
II. 



50- 



51 11. 



1 Cle- 
ment 
IV. 



23 Mu- 
hamad 
I. 



24- 



34 Louis 12 Al- 



25- 



IX.Saint 
Louis. 



35 ■ 



27 38 



Port- 
ugal. 



Germa- 
ny. 



13 52 12 28 39 



3 5 



29- 



30- 



16 55 15- 



1 Phi- 17- 
lipl. 



fonso 
III. 



3 Rich 
ard, earl 
of Corn- 
wall. 



16 



31 42 



1259 TO 1268 A.D. 



387 



t it ion 
Dates. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Flan- 
dees. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


Den- Swe- 

MARK. DEN. 


Poland. 


HuNGA- Russia. 

BY. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1259 


8 Rani- 
eri Ze- 
uo. 


16 

Mar- 
garet 
11. 


7 Ot- 
tocar 
11. 


1 Erik 

v. 


10 Wal- 
demar. 


33 Boles- 
las V. 


25 Bela 
IV. 


8 Alex- 
ander I. 
Newski. 


11 A- 

lexan- 
der 
III. 
July 9. 


44 Hen- 
ry III. 
Oct. 28. 


1260 
1261 


9 

10 


17 

IS 


p 


2 

3 


11 — 

12 


34 

35 


26 

27 


9 

10 


12 

13 


45 

46 


9 


1262 


11 — 


19 


10 


4 


13 


36 


28 


11 


14 


47 


1263 


12 


20 


U 


5 


14 


37 


29 


1 Jaro- 

slav 

III. 


,^ 


48 


1264 


13 


21 


12 


6 


15 


38 


30 


2 


16 


49 


1265 
1266 


14 


22 


13 


7 


16 


39 


31 

32 


3 

4 


17 


50 

51 


15 


23 


14 


8 


17 


40 


ly 


1267 

1 


16 


24 


15 


9 


18 


41 


33 


5 


19 


52 


1268 


1 Loren- 
1 zo Tie- 
1 polo. 


25 


16 


10 


19 


42 


34 


6 -^ 


20 


53 



388 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1259 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1260 



1261 



1262 



1263 



Treaty of Abbeville concluded between Henry III. and the king of France. Rich- 
ard, king of the Romans, returns to England. Michael Palceologus obtains the 
guardianship of John Lascaris, and usurps the throne. Uberto Pelavicino joins 
a general league against Eccelino da Romano, who is defeated, and dies of his 
wounds; the cities and States held by him regain their freedom. On the re- 
commendation of Martin della Torre, the Milanese appoint the marquis Uberto 
for their podesta ; he continues to support the Ghibelins. The archbishop of 
Lund raises a rebellion against Christopher, king of Denmark, who is expelled, 
and dies in exile ; his son, Erik, inherits the crown. Manfred is excommu- 
nicated by the pope. Kublai succeeds Mangou as Great Khan of the Mongols. 
Death of the historian Matthew Paris. The despot of Epirus defeated by 
Michael Palseologus at Pelagonia ; William, prince of Achaia, made prisoner, 
Acropolita regains his liberty. 

Henry III. is dispensed by the pope from his oath to observe the "Provisions," 
and prepares to resist the barons. With the assistance of Manfred, the Ghi- 
belins gain possession of Florence ; Alberico da Romano, brother of Eccelino, 
and his family, are made prisoners, and cruelly put to death. Michael Palceo- 
logus besieges CP., makes a truce with Baldwin, and leaves Strategopulus in 
command of the army in Thrace. On the death of Ibeg, the Mamelukes choose 
Bibars for sultan, who drives the Mongols out of Syria, and takes Damascus 
and Jerusalem. Henry III. attempts to establish a university at Northampton. 
The Lithuanians and Prussians renew their stniggle against the Teutonic 
knights. 

In the absence of the emperor Michael, Strategopulus takes CP. by surprise, 
July 25; flight of Baldwin. The Greek empire restored. The Genoese, by 
treaty, obtain Pera and Galata, Smyrna, the ports of the Crimea, and other naval 
stations, with many commercial privileges ; the Venetians are excluded from 
the Black Sea. Death of Alexander IV., May 25; his successor, Urban IV., 
excommunicates the Genoese, for their alliance with the Greek heretics. Mar- 
riage of Manfred's daughter, Constance, to Pedro, son of James, king of Aragon. 
Muhamad, king of Granada, breaks his alliance with Alfonso, and encourages 
the Moors of Andalusia and Murcia to rebel against him. The Order, or Guild, 
of the Virgin Mary, founded at Bologna. Segarelli and the sect of Apostolicals 
denounce the licentious clergy. 

Urban resists the proposal of some German princes to elect Conradin king of the 
Romans ; he offers the crown of Sicily to Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX. 
Marriage of Philip, eldest son of Louis, to Isabella of Aragon. Urban exacts 
securities that France shall not assist Manfred. Lucca joins the league of the 
Ghibelins in Tuscany, who all acknowledge Manfred's supremacy. The Ge- 
noese depose Boccanegra. Martin della Torre again absolute at Milan ; Uberto 
Pelavicino rules Cremona, Brescia, and Placentia ; Mastino della Scala obtains 
authority in Verona. Stephen of Hungary (see 1235) acquires a rich dowry with 
Traversara of Ravenna, and on her death marries Tommasina de'Morosini of Ve- 
nice. The kingly power is restored to Henry III. by parliament ; his son, 
Edward, brings a foreign army to support him ; beginning of the civil war 
between him and the barons. William, prince of Achaia, is released on ceding 
three fortresses to the emperor Michael. Excommunication of Michael by 
the patriarch Arsenius. Haco, king of Norway, defeated in his invasion of 
Scotland ; he acquires the sovereignty of Iceland and Greenland. 

Henry III. and the barons refer their disputes to be settled by the arbitration of 
Louis IX. Urban's hatred of the house of Swabia distracts all Italy ; he rejects 
all terms of accommodation, and finally concludes the treaty by which Sicily 
and Apulia are given to Charles of Anjou. The citizens of Milan refuse to 
admit Otho Visconti, whom the pope appoints their archbishop ; an interdict is 
laid on the city. Death of Martin della Torre ; his brother, Philip, is elected 
in his room. Naval battle off Negropont ; the Venetians defeat the Genoese. 
Alfonso reduces Xeres and the other revolted cities. Mark Sanudo 11. dies at 
Melos, and is succeeded by William I., fourth duke of Naxos. Andronicus II. 
fifth emperor of Trebizond. Death of Haco V. ; the kingdom of Norway inhe- 



12^9 TO 1208 A.l). 



,S89 



1264 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1265 



1267 



rited by Magnus VII. Balliol college. Oxford, founded. Alexander Newski 
visits the Golden Horde to obtain pardon for the people of Novogorod and 
Wladimir, who had rebelled against their conquerors ; he dies on his journey 
homeward. Hanno von Gangerhausen, grand master of the Teutonic knights in 
Prussia. Victory of the Lithuanians at Durben. 

De Montfort and the barons refuse to accept the award of Louis. Battle of Lewes, 
May 14; Henry III. and his son Edward, Richard, king of the Romans, and his 
eldest son, Henry, are made prisoners. Urban appoints Charles of Aujou senator 
of Rome ; a crusade proclaimed against Manfred. Interdicts so frequent, that 
they lose their effect. Death of Urban, Oct. 2, at Perugia ; the papal see vacant 
four months. The marquis Azzo dies, set. 50; his sou, Obizzo, is elected at Fer- 
rara. The king of Granada makes peace with Alfonso, and pays him tribute. .John 
de la Roche duke of Athens. Merton college, Oxford, founded. Cimabue, father 
of the modern school of painting in Florence (1240—1300). Death of Vincent 
de Beauvais, compiler of the Speculum Majus, the first attempted Encyclopaedia. 

A parliament Jan. 22, to which knights of the shires, citizens and burgesses, are 
summoned; the origin of Representative Government in England. Prince Edward 
released; the earl of Gloucester joins the royal party; battle of Evesham, 
Aug. 4 ; De Montfort and his son slain ; the authority of the king restored. 
Charles of Anjou arrives at Rome, and is crowned king of Apulia and Sicily ; he 
is followed by an army of crusaders under Robert of Flanders and from the 
Guelf cities of Italy. Death of Philip della Torre ; his power in Milan is 
transferred to Napoleon, another member of the family. The emperor Michael 
quarrels with the Genoese, and makes a treaty with Venice. Birth of Dante. 

Battle of Benevento, Feb. 26 ; defeat and death of Manfred ; Charles of Anjou 
acknowledged king; his pride and oppression offend his new subjects. Clement 
IV., by a Bull, claims the disposal of benefices in Christian lands and their 
revenues while vacant. A Genoese fleet captured by the Venetians at Trapani 
in Sicily. Magnus, king of Norway, cedes the Hebrides and the Isle of Man to 
Scotland. Death of Birger Jarl, regent and benefactor of Sweden. George 
sixth emperor of Trebizond. The emperor Michael banishes the patriarch Ar- 
senius to Proconnesus, and appoints Germanus III. Pachymer, the Byzantine 
historian, is sent, with others, to read his sentence to the deposed patriarch. 

Kenilworth castle taken by Henry III. ; he holds a parliament there. The lands 
of the rebellious barons are confiscated; some of them take refuge in the Isle 
of Ely. The pope appoints Charles of Anjou viceroy of Tuscany, and the citizens 
of Florence give him the government of their city for ten years. Treaty of 
Viterbo ; the dethroned emperor, Baldwin, cedes to Charles of Anjou the suze- 
rainty of Achaia, and William de Villehardouin betroths his infant daughter, 
Isabella, the heiress of the principality, to Philip, Charles's second son. The 
confederates threaten the Greek empire. Michael sends an embassy to Rome 
with proposals for a reunion of the two churches. Conradin, invited by the 
Ghibelin party and the discontented subjects of Charles, enters Italy with an 
army; a large part of Sicily declares in his favour. Louis IX. projects another 
crusade. Roger Bacon proposes to the pope a reformation of the calendar. Ger- 
manus resigns the patriarchate of CP., and is succeeded by Joseph I., who 
absolves the emperor from his excommunication ; this is followed by the 
Arsenite schism, which divides the Greek church nearly fifty years. 

The barons in the Isle of Ely submit to Henry III., July 29. Henry of Castile 
appointed senator of Rome. Louis IX., by a Pragmatic Sanction, resists the 
papal claim to nominate bishops in France. Conradin is joined by Henry of 
Castile and other nobles, and collects a powerful army ; he is defeated at Tagli- 
acozzo, Aug. 23; made prisoner, and beheaded at Naples, Oct. 29 ; the family of 
Hohenstaufen, or Swabia, ends with him. Charles, after his victory, executes 
such barbarous, vengeance, that his brother Louis and pope Clement protest 
against his cruelties ; he resumes the office of senator of Rome. Antioch and 
Joppa taken by Bibars. Death of Clement IV., at Viterbo, Nov. 29 ; the 
discord of the cardinals keeps the papal chair vacant two years. A second 
treaty between the Greek empire and Venice. 



390 



FEOM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



Hegira. 



1270 



1271 



1272 



1273 



1274 



1275 



1276 



1277 



1278 



670 



671 



672—673 



673—674 



674—675 



675—676 



676—677 



677—678 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 

.9 Mi- 
chael 

(VIII.) 
Palseo- 
logos. 

10 



Popes. 



Va- 
cant. 



iGre 
gory 
X. 



Inno- 
centV. 

4 mos. 
Adri- 
an V. 

5 vMs. 
1 John 
XX. or 
XXl. 

1 Ni- 
colas 
III. 



Sa- 
voy. 

2 Phi- 
lip I. 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 

TILE. GON. ARRE 



18 Al- 
fonso 
X. 



20- 



22- 



23- 



25- 



26- 



27- 



57Jas. 
I. 



58- 



59- 



62- 



63- 



1 Pe- 
dro 
III. 



17 

Theo- 
bald 
II. 



IHen 
ry I. 



1 Jo- 
anna. 



33 Mu- 
hamad 
I. 



34- 



35- 



36- 



IMu- 
hamad 
II. 



France, 



44 Louis 

l^. Saint 



1 Philip 
III. 



Port- 
ugal. 

22 Al- 
fonso 
III. 



23- 



Ger- 

MANY. 

13 

Rich- 
ard, I 
earl of | 
Corn- 
wall. 

14 



25- 



1 Ru- 
dolf of 
Habs- 
burg. 



27- 



28- 



30- 



269 TO 1278 A.D. 



391 



Uepe- Doges 
tition I C>F Ve- 
Dates. NICE. 



1272 5 



2 Loren- 
zo Tie- 
polo. 



26 Mar- 117 Otto- 
garet II. car II. 



Flan- 
ders. 



Bohe- 
mia. 



27 



28 ■ 



18 . 



11 Erik 
V. 



12 ■ 



20 • 



30 . 



31 22 



Den- 
mark. 



20 
Wal- 

de- 

mar. 



Swe- 
den. 



43 Bo 
leslas 
V. 



22- 



23- 



24- 



Po- 

LAND 



46- 



IIUN- 

OARY. 



35 Be- 
lalV. 



1 Ste- 
phen 

y. 



ILa- 

dislas 
III. 



7 Jaro- 
slav III 



1 Jaco- 132 . 
po Con- 
tareno. 



33- 



23 ■ 



34 . 



35 ■ 



16 25 



25 • 



1 Wen- 

ceslas 

IV. 



20 ■ 



48- 



27- 



50- 



28 51 



1 Mag- 52- 

nus I. I 



Rus- 
sia. 



21 A- 

lexan- 
derlll 
July 9. 



1 Vas- 
sili I. 



25- 



3 3 26 



Scot- 
land. 



54 Henry 
III. 
Oct. 28. 



55 ■ 



Eng- 
land. 



56 



57 — 
£?.Nov.l6, 

1 Ed- 
ward I. 
Nov. 20. 
Qii. Elea- 
nor of 
Castile. 

2 



27- 



1 Dmi- 28 - 
tri. 



2 



30 



392 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1270 



1271 



1272 



1273 



Events and Eminent Men, 



The pope's legate preaches the crusade to the parliament assembled in April at 
Northampton ; another, held Nov. 18, at Marlborough, enacts many new laws. 
Henry Bracton writes De Legibus Anglice. Richard visits Germany, and ex- 
ercises authority as king of the Romans ; he regulates the tolls to be paid by 
vessels on the Rhine. Nocera taken by Charles ; its walls thrown down, and 
its Saracen population distributed in distant provinces ; he calls a meeting at 
Cremona of deputies from the cities of Lombardy, and proposes himself their 
general, protector, or governor : they decline his offer. Death of the marquis 
Uberto Pelavicino. Napoleon della Torre raises the Guelf family of Fissiraga 
to power in Lodi, The Moors in Spain invite the assistance of the African 
Merines. Alfonso, king of Portugal, acquires the sovereignty of Algarve. St. 
Edmund's Hall, Oxford, founded. Roger Bacon forbidden to teach at Oxford, 
and confined to his monastery. 

Louis IX., by his laws, called " Establishments," suppresses the wager of battle, 
and provides for a regular administration of justice. Last of the Crusades. 
Louis lands in Africa, and besieges Tunis ; the plague breaks out in his army ; 
he dies Aug, 25 ; his son, the duke of Nevers, the papal legate, with many 
nobles and soldiers, perish. Charles, king of Naples, arrives with another ar- 
mament, and concludes a treaty, by which the Tunisian sovereign is bound to 
pay him tribute ; the whole fleet returns, and on its passage is thrown by a 
storm on the coast of Sicily at Trapani ; Charles seizes the wrecked vessels of 
his French and Genoese allies, and appropriates the plunder to his own treasury ; 
Theobald, king of Navarre, dies Dec. 5, while returning from this expedition. 
Prince Edward perseveres in the crusade, and lands at Acre ; during his absence, 
the incapacity of his father and turbulence of the barons create great disorders 
in England. Commotions in Genoa ; the families Doria and Spinola obtain the 
ascendancy, and support the Ghibelin party. The Bolognese merchants refuse 
to pay a toll levied by Venice on their goods; war between the two States. 

Edward drives Bibars from the siege of Acre, and takes Nazareth ; an attempt is 
made to murder him. Philip 111. and Charles of Naples visit Rome to urge 
the election of a pope ; in their presence, Guy de Montfort, governor of Tuscany, 
son of Simon, late earl of Leicester, kills Henry, son of the earl of Cornwall, 
March 13, in a church, during the celebration of mass ; the assassin is allowed 
to escape. Philip inherits the remaining part of the county of Toulouse, east 
of the Rhone. Death of Richard, earl of Cornwall and king of the Romans, at 
Berkhamstead, Dec. 12 : Alfonso of Castile continues to claim the title, but has 
no authority in Germany. Marco Polo, the Venetian, sets out, with his father 
and uncle, on their travels into Tartary. John de Joinville writes his Memoirs 
of Louis IX. 

Edward concludes a truce with Bibars for ten years, and leaves Palestine; he is 
quietly proclaimed king Nov. 20, four days after his father's death ; he remains 
for some time in France. The new pope urges another crusade to the Holy 
Land, and summons for the purpose a general council to be held at Lyons. The 
Genoese Guelfs apply to Charles of Naples for assistance. Death of Enzio, 
king of Sardinia (see 1249), in his prison, at Bologna. Ottocar, king of Bohemia, 
refuses the crown of Germany. The king of France grants a patent of nobility 
to his silversmith. Some Castilian nobles, detected in a conspiracy against Al- 
fonso, retire to Granada. 

Edward I. demands justice on the assassin of his cousin Henry; Guy de Montfort 
is excommunicated by the pope ; the same punishment is inflicted on the citizens 
of Genoa, Pavia, and Asti, and the marquis of Montferrat, for their league to 
resist the tyranny of Charles of Naples. Rise of the house of Habsburg; 
Rudolf elected king of the Romans, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. Kublai is 
assisted in his conquest of China by mangonels, Avhich the Polos construct for 
him. The pope claims and receives the county of Venaissin, as his share 
of the lands taken from Raymond of Toulouse, by the crusade against the Al- 
bigenses. The Merines arrive in Spain. Death of Muhamad I., king of Granada; 
interview between his son, Muhamad IL, and Alfonso, at Seville ; a treaty con- 
cluded. Elmacin, the Arabian historian, fl. The burning of sea-coal prohibited 
in England. 



12G9 TO 1278 A.D. 



393 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Edward I. lands at Dover Aug. 2 ; is crowned with his queen, Eleanora, at West- 
minster, Aug. 19 ; sends commissioners into the counties to reform the admi- 
nistration of justice. A council (Fourteenth General) held at l^yons. The 
ambassadors of Michael Palseologus acknowledge the supremacy of the pope, 
and effect a temporary union of tlie two churches ; the patriarch Joseph, refusing 
his assent, is deposed, and John Veccus appointed in his place. Regulations 
made for the future proceedings of the conclave in electing a pope; James I., 
who had been king of Aragon 62 years, attends the council, and wishes to be 
crowned: this is refused, because he had not paid the tribute to the Roman see, 
promised by his father in 1204 The title of Rudolf of Habsburg recognized on 
his securing to the church all its claims in Italy. The cession of the county 
of Venaissin confirmed. Gregory fails in his exhortations to another cmsade. 
The tide of fortune turns against Charles of Naples ; his fleets are defeated by 
the Genoese ; and the coalesced States, assisted by Alfonso of Castile, take Ales- 
sandria. Thomas Aquinas, " the angelic doctor,'' dies on his way to the council of 
Lyons, and Cardinal Bonaventura, the '^ seraphic" while attending its sitting. 
The "Chronicles of St. Denis" are presented to Philip III. Alfonso has an in- 
terview with the pope at Beaucaire, and claims to be acknowledged king of the 
Romans. Hartmann von Heldrungen, Teutonic grand master in Prussia. 
Diet of Augsburg. Ottocar, king of Bohemia, put to the ban of the empire, is 
deserted by his allies. Alfonso, threatened with excommunication, resigns his 
claim ; death of his eldest son, Ferdinand. Abu Jusef, king of the Merines, 
brings over a large force from Africa to assist the king of Granada. Defeat of 
the Castilians at Ecija, count Nunez slain; and of the Aragonese, near Mastos, 
in Jaen, Sancho, archbishop of Toledo, slain ; Alfonso arrives and stops the 
progress of the conquerors. Pedro, son of James, king of Aragon, secretly 
employs John of Procida to promote his designs on Sicily (see 1261). Edward I. 
persecutes the Jews. The Venetians prohibit marriage between the doges and 
foreigners. William de la Roche duke of Athens. Marco Polo allowed by 
Kublai to introduce Christian missionaries into China. Gregory has an inter- 
view with Rudolf at Lausanne, Oct. 6, and again urges him to another crusade. 
Ottocar resigns the duchy of Austria to Rudolf. A truce between Alfonso and 
Abu Jusef. Eleanor, daughter of the late Simon de Montfort, on her way to 
marry Llewellyn, prince of Wales, is detained in England, and Edward leads 
an army into Wales. The Visconti obtain possession of Como; all Lombardyj 
distracted by civil wars, earthquakes, floods, famine and pestilence, followed by 
a severe winter of four months. Novogorod joins the Hanseatic league, and be- 1 
comes an important seat of commerce. Death of James, king of Aragon, July 
27, after a reign of 63 years. Death of three successive popes. Joanna, queen 
of Navarre, three years old, is affianced to Philip, the eldest son of the king of 
France ; her territories are occupied and governed by Frenchmen. 
Edward subdues Wales as far as Snowdon. Jealousy between Rudolf and Charles 
of Naples. Ottocar endeavours to recover Austria. Napoleon della Torre de- 
feated and made prisoner by the Visconti, who establish their power in Milan. 
Isabella de Villehardouin, on the death of her father, becomes princess of 
Achaia ; Charles of Naples assumes the government, in virtue of her betrothal 
to his son Philip. Death of Eibars, Sultan of Egypt ; Kalaoun succeeds him. 
Battle of Marchfeld, Aug. 26; Ottocar defeated and slain; Bohemia is left to his 
son, Wenceslas ; Austria annexed to the house of Habsburg. Rudolf resigns 
the exarchate of Ravenna to the pope ; Nicholas desires to check Charles of 
Naples, and advance his relatives, the Orsini. Charles threatens to attack 
the Greek empire ; but Nicholas, as his suzerain, forbids him; death of his 
son Philip ; he still retains the government of Achaia. Llewellyn does homage 
to Edward; he marries Eleanor de Montfort. Siege of Algesiras; Alfonso 
repulsed. Waldemar expelled by his brother Magnus, the lirst who styles 
himself king of the Swedes and Goths. The Prussians submit to the Teutonic 
knights. Final extinction of the Almohades in Africa by the Merines. Kublai 
appoints Mar-Sachis, a Nestorian Christian, govenior of Changhianfu, in Manji 
(Southern China), who builds there three churches for his sect. 

— —^ 



394 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Hegiba. 



1279 678-679 



1280 



679—680 



East- 
EEN Em- 
pire. 



Popes. 



19 Mi- 
chael 
VIII. 

Palseo- 
logos. 



I Spain. 

Port- Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 
ugal. tile. gon. arre. 



1281 680—681 



1282 



1283 
1284 



681—6 



682—6 



3 Ni- 
colas 
III. 



d.Aug. 

22. 



1 Mar- 
tin IV 
Feb.22 



IDi- 

onysi- 



France. 



28 Al- 
fonso 
X. 



29- 



22 2- 

cZ.Dec.ll. 
1 Andro- 
nicus II. 



1285 684—685 



1286 



1287 686-687 



31- 



32- 



1288 



1289 



1290 



687—688 



690 



5 

dMar. 
28. 

1 Ho- 
norius 
IV. 
Apr.2, 

2 



3 

d.Apr. 
3. 



1 Ni 
cholas 
IV. 
Feb.22 



4 Pe- 
dro 
III. 



6 Jo- 
anna. 



1 San- 

cho 

IV. 



1 Al- 12- 

fonso 

III. 



7Mu- 
hamad 
II. 



lOPhilip 
III. 



10- 



BOHE- 
MIA. 



2Wen- 
ceslas 
IV. 



7 Ru- 
dolf of 
Habs- 
burg. 



13 . 



11 14 . 

12 15 • 



16- 



1 Philip 
IV. the 
Fair. 



Ger- 
many. 



10- 



10 15- 



1279 TO 129i) A.D. 



395 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1279 



1280 



1281 



1282 



1283 

1284 



1285 



1286 



1287 



1288 



1290 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



1 Gio- 
vanni 
Dan- 
dolo. 



12Philip 36 Mar- 
I. garet II 



13 1 Guy 

de Dam- 



Savoy. 



Flan- 
ders. 



Den- 
mark. 



21 E- 
rik 
V. 



pierre. 



1 Ama 
deus IV 



23- 



24- 



25- 



1 Pietro 5 |lO ■ 

Grade- 
nigo. I 



26- 



lErik 
VI. 



SwB- Po- 

UEN. i LAND. 



Hunga- 
ry. 



2 Mag- 1 Les- 8 Ladis- 
nus I sekll. las III. 



16 



1 Bir- 
ger. 



1 La- 18 

dislas 
Lok- i 
tek. 
iPre- 
mis- 
las. 



1 An 
drewIII 

the Ve- 
netian. 



Russia. 


Scot- 


Eng- 




land. 


land. 


4 Dmi- 
tri I. 


31 A- 

lexan- 

der 

III. 

July9. 


8 Ed- 
ward I. 
Nov. 20. 


5 


32 


9 


6 


33 


10 


8 


31 


11 

12 


35 


9 


36 


13 

6. Ed- 
ward II. 
April 25. 


10 


37 


14 


11 


1 Mar- 
garet. 
March 
16. 


15 


12 


2 


16 


13 


3 


17 


14 


4 


18 


15 


5 


19 



396 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1279 



1280 



1281 



1282 



1283 



1284 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Edward obtains from his parliament the first Statute of Mortmain ; he gives up 
Normandy to the king of France. John of Procida foments the discontent of 
Sicily. The conquest of Southern China completed by Kublai. Camerino, in 
the March of Ancona, nearly destroyed by an earthquake. 

Nicholas proposes to erect kingdoms in Tuscany and Lombardy for two of his 
family ; his projects are dissipated by his early death, after which many of the 
Orsini lose the offices in which he had placed them. The Annibaldeschi claim 
to be senators of Rome. Through the treachery of Tibaldello di Zambrasi, Fa- 
enza is made subject to the Bolognese. The count of Savoy fixes his residence 
at Turin. The emperor Michael assists the agitation created by John of Procida 
in Sicily. A parliament, held Nov. 7, passes the Quo Warranto Act, John 
Comnenus, seventh emperor of Trebizond, secures the independence of his 
State. Marienburg on the Vistula built. The Lamgue d^oui, or modern French, 
begins to supplant the early Roman Langue d'oc. Death of Albertus Magnus. 
Erik II., the Priest-hater, king of Norway. 

The papal chair vacant six months ; Charles of Naples procures the election of 
his creature, Martin IV. ; league of Orvieto between them and Venice, against 
the Greek empire. Excommunication of the emperor Michael. Charles punishes 
the disaffection of Sicily by more cruel oppression. Edward prepares again to 
invade Wales ; holds a parliament at Worcester, and removes his law-courts 
from Westminster to Shrewsbury. Revolt of Sancho in Castile ; he seizes Cor- 
dova, and enters into a league with the king of Granada ; his father, Alfonso, 
forms an alliance with the Merines. Othman begins to be dangerous in Bithy- 
nia. Marriage of Erik, king of Norway, to Margaret, only child of Alexander, 
king of Scotland. Segarelli imprisoned for heresy. 

The Sicilian Vespers, March 30 ; massacre of the French and general revolt of 
the island. Charles besieges Messina; Peter of Aragon and John de Procida 
arrive with an army; Charles retreats into Calabria; his fleet is destroyed by 
the Catalan admiral, Roger de Loria. Peter proclaimed king of Sicily ; he and 
his people are excommunicated, and an interdict laid on their lands. The mar- 
quis Guido da Montefeltro defends Forli with success against the Guelfs ; Tl 
baldello di Zambrasi slain in the attack. War between Venice and Pisa; all 
Italy torn by intestine strife ; excommunications and interdicts are fulminated 
in all directions; the pope and cardinals burnt in effigy at Perugia. Llewellyn, 
defeated by Edward at Llandewyer, falls in battle ; Aberconway castle built. 
Rudolf invests his son Albert with the duchy of Austria. Death of Michael Pa- 
Iseologos ; his son and successor, Andronicus, breaks the union of the Eastern 
and Western churches. The Danish nobles extort from the king their first 
Handfeste, or charter of privileges. Robert of Gloucester writes his English 
Chronicle in rhyme. Veccus deposed, and Joseph I. restored as patriarch of CP. 

Peter invades Calabria, and takes Reggio. Victory of Roger de Loria at Malta. 
The king of France sends troops into Italy to assist Charles. The pope declares 
Aragon to be forfeited by Peter, and offers it to Charles de Valois, second son of 
Philippa. Submission of Forli, and dispersion of the Ghibelin refugees. Wales 
finally subdued ; Llewellyn's brother, David, put to death by Edward. Schism in 
the Greek church ; council of Adrymettum ; contest for the patriarchate : Joseph 
deposed, and Gregory II. appointed, Burchard von Schwenden, grand master of 
the Teutonic knights, reduces the Sudauer, the last Prussians who resist. 

Queen Eleanora gives birth to a son at Caernarvon castle, April 25, afterwards 
Edward II., from whom the eldest son of the king of England takes the title of 
prince of Wales. The statute of Winchester makes the Hundred answerable 
for robberies committed in the day-time ; watch and ward instituted. Charles, 
prince of Salerno, defeated and captured by Roger de Loria, in a naval battle off 
Naples, June 5. Marriage of the emperor Andronicus to Violante, afterwards 
named Irene, daughter of William, marquis of Montferrat, who resigns as her 
dowry, the nominal sovereignty of Thessalonica, conquered by the Byzantines 
in 1222. Death of Alfonso X., June 21 ; his son, Sancho, takes the throne, ex- 
cluding the family of his deceased elder brother, Ferdinand. The power of 
Pisa is iiTetrievably broken by the great naval victory of Genoa, off Melora, 
Aug. 13. Foundation of Peter-house college, Cambridge. 



1279 TO 1290 A.D 



397 



1286 



1286 



1287 



1289 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The death of Charles at Foggia, Jan. 7, frees Sicily from all future attacks ; his 
son, although still a prisoner in Aragon, is acknowledged as his successor in the 
kingdom of Naples. Roger de Loiia takes Gallipoli and Taranto. Pope Martin 
dies at Pemgia, March 29. The king of France invades Catalonia ; takes Rosas 
andGirona; his fleet is destroyed and his supplies intercepted by Roger de 
Loria ; he abandons his enterprize, and ends his days at Perpignan, Oct. 6, »t. 40; 
he is succeeded by his son, Philip le Bel, a^t. 17, who, in right of his child-wife, 
is also king of Navarre. Peter also, after having recovered Rosas and Girona, 
dies, Nov. 11; his eldest son, Alfonso, inherits Aragon, and his second, James, 
becomes king of Sicily. Edward I. defines the limits of each court of law, and 
regulates the administration of justice in the counties. The citizens of Pisa 
invite the protection of Florence. Westminster Abbey completed. Death of 
Abu Jusef, chief of the Merines and king of Morocco. The charter of London sus- 
pended ; police regulations made for inn-keepers and brokers. Nicholas Sanudo 
I. fifth duke of Naxos. Usurpation of Theodora at Trebizond. 

Death of Alexander, king of Scotland ; his grand-daughter, Margaret, " the fair 
maid of Norway," set. 3, is the heiress of his throne. Erik V., of Denmark, 
murdered by the nobles, is succeeded by his son, Alfonso takes the Balearic 
Islands from his uncle, who had assisted the French invasion of Aragon. The 
gabelle, or salt-duty, first introduced in France. Death of the historian Abul- 
pharagius, primate of the Jacobite church. Segarelli released from prison, but 
his sect is prohibited by the pope. 

Edward I., in Guyenne, mediates a treaty of peace between Aragon and France 
and the liberation of Charles, king of Naples; the pope prevents its ratification, 
and dying soon afterwards, April 3, the papal chair remains ten months unoc- 
cupied; while disputing in their choice, six cardinals fall victims to the 
malaria, and the rest disperse. Robert, count dArtois, regent of Naples, prepares 
an armament to recover Sicily : it is destroyed by Roger de Loria, June 23, at 
Castellamare ; among the prisoners is Guy de Montfort {see 1271), who is kept 
in confinement till his death, Matteo Visconti appointed captain of Milan. 
The Genoese destroy the shipping and magazines in the harbour of Pisa. Lao- 
dicea taken by Kelaoun. The Jews fined and banished from England. 

The treaty between Aragon and France brought to a conclusion by Edward, at 
Oleron, in Beam ; Charles, restored to liberty, resumes the title of king of 
Sicily, which he had resigned. Count Ugolino de Gherardeschi deposed at Pisa, 
and starved to death in a dungeon, with two of his sons and three grandsons. 
Obizzo, marquis d'Este, elected perpetual lord of Modena. Othman takes Do- 
rylgeum and Melangia. 

The pope releases Charles from all the obligations of the treaty, by which he re- 
gained his freedom, and authorizes Charles de Valois to persist in his claim 
to the crown of Aragon. Roger de Loria besieges Gaeta. The kings of England 
and France succeed in effecting a truce of two years between Sicily and Naples. 
Edward I. dismisses and fines some of his judges, convicted of corruption. Ke- 
laoun- takes Tripoli. The right of Ferdinand's son, Alfonso de la Cerda, to the 
throne of Castile is supported by a strong party. Mission of the Franciscan de 
Monte Corvino from the pope to Kublai. Athanasius I. patriarch of CP. 

Margaret, the young queen of Scotland, dies on her passage from Norway ; the 
succession to her throne is disputed by Balliol, Bnice, and Hastings, descended 
from the three daughters of David, earl of Huntingdon, brother of William the 
Lion. Ladislas of Hungary assassinated by some Cumans, whom he had 
offended; he is succeeded by Andrew 111., called the Venetian, from the place 
of his birth {see 1235, 1262); the pope sets up against him Charles Martel, son of 
the king of Naples by a sister of Ladislas. William, count of Montferrat, cap- 
tured by the citizens of Alessandria, is confined in an iron cage, in which he 
soon dies. The Genoese plunder the harbours of Pisa and Leghorn. Manorila 
rights in England regulated by a new law. A university founded at Lisbon. 
Conrad von Feuchtwangen grand master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. 
Guy II. fifth duke of Athens. Poland distracted by various pretenders to the 
throne. Segarelli and the Apostolicals are again persecuted. 



398 



TEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. Hegi- 



1291 



1292 



1293 



1294 



1295 



1296 



1297 



691 



692 



697 



1299 



East- 
ern Em- 
fire. 



10 An- 

dronicus 

II. 



4 Ni- 
cholas 
IV. 
Feb. 22. 



5 — 

d, Apr. 4. 



18 ' 



Popes. 



1 Celes- 
tin V. 
July 5. 

1 Boni- 
face 
VIII. 
Dec. 24. 

2 



Port- 
ugal. 



13Di- 

onysi- 



18- 



20- 



21- 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tile, gon. arre. 



8San- 

cho 

IV. 



1 Jas. 
II. the 

Just. 



1 Fer- 
di- 
nand 
IV. 



20- 



18 Jo- 
anna. 



22- 



-26- 



19 Mu 
hamad 
II. 



20- 



21- 



22- 



23- 



Feance. 



7 Philip 
IV. the 
Fair. 



25- 



27- 



BOHE- 
MIA. 



14 

Wen 
ceslas 
IV. 



19 Ru- 
dolf of 
Habs- 
burg, 
^.July 
15. 

1 A- 

dol- 
phus 
ofNas- 
sau. 



18- 



22- 



Ger- 

MANY 



1 AI 

bert of 
Aus- 
tria. 



-^ 



291 TO 1299 A.T). 



399 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



1291 



1292 



1293 



1294 



1295 



1296 



1297 



1298 



1299 



Sa- 
voy. 



Flan- 
ders. 



3 Pietro 7 Ama- 
Grade- deus IV. 
nigo. 



12 Guy 
de Dam- 
pierre. 



13 ■ 



Den- 
mark. 



Swe- 
den. 



6 Erik 
VI. 



2Bir- 
ger. 



Po- 
land, 



2 Pre 
mis- 
las. 



Hun- 
gary. 

2 An- 
drew 
III. 

the Ve- 
netian. 



Russia. 



16 Dmi- 
tri I. 



ILa- 
dislas 



18 . 



12 '■ 8- 



13 9- 



15 20 . 



10 5- 



SCOT- 

land. 



20 Ed- 
ward I. 
Nov. 20. 
d. Qu. E- 
leanor. 



1 John 
Balliol. 
Nov. 17 



Eng- 
land. 



1 An- 3 23 

drew 
III. 



24 



Subject 
to Eng- 
land. 



25 • 



26 . 



27 • 



28 - 

m Sep. 12 
Marga- 
ret of 
France. 



400 



FROM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



1291 



1292 



1293 



1294 



1295 



1296 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The disputed succession in Scotland is referred to the decision of Edward I. ; he 
claims and receives from the competitors homage as their suzerain. Alfonso, 
king of Aragon, concludes a treaty of peace with France, at Aix, in Provence ; 
but, before it can be executed, he dies June 18, and is succeeded by his brother, 
James, who appoints their younger brother, Frederic, regent of Sicily. Gerace, 
in Calabria, taken by the Sicilians. Chalil, son of Kelaoun, terminates the 
Christian kingdom in Palestine by the capture of Acre (May 18), Tyre, and Bey- 
rout ; the surviving Hospitallers and Templars take refuge at Limisso in Cyprus. 
Robert Blum, a Templar under the Italian name of Roger di Flor, is degraded by 
the Order, and retires to Genoa, where he fits out a private galley, and seeks his 
fortune as an adventurer. Nicholas vainly tries to arouse Europe to another 
crusade. Death of Rudolf; the nobles of Germany refuse to elect his son 
Albert. Queen Eleanor dies at Hornby, in Lincolnshire, Nov. 28 ; a cross is 
erected at every resting-place of her funeral procession on its way to West- 
minster. Isabella de Villehardouin marries Florenz of Hainault. 

Edward awards the crown of Scotland to John Balliol, who does homage to him at 
Newcastle. Adolphus of Nassau elected king of Germany and crowned at Aix- 
la-Chapelle, June 24. The efforts of Nicholas IV. to stimulate another crusade 
are stopped by his death, after which the dissensions of the cardinals keep the 
church Avdthout a head two years and three months. The Castilians, after de- 
stroying a Moorish fleet at Tangiers, return to Spain and take Tarifa. The 
Florentines besiege Pisa, and are repulsed by Guy da Montefeltro. Roger de 
Loria defeats the viceroy of Naples in Calabria, invades Greece, and takes the 
island of Scios. Charles Martel, routed at Zagrab, leaves Hungary. Masoud 
II., sultan of Iconium, defeated by the Mongols, retires to CP. Death of Roger 
Bacon. 

Balliol hesitates to obey a summons from Edward to appear in London. War 
between England and France. Guyenne seized by Philip. An encounter be- 
tween some Genoese and Venetian merchant-galleys near Cyprus occasions a 
long war between these two States. Athanasius deposed ; John XII. patriarch 
of CP. 

Edward forms an alliance with Adolphus, king of Germany, and Guy, count of 
Flanders, against France. Peter da Morrone, a poor hermit, is elected pope, as 
Celestin V. ; at the end of five months he abdicates, to make way for Boniface 
VIII. The Genoese, under Niccolo Spinola, capture a Venetian fleet and take 
Canea, in the isle of Candia. Don Juan, Sancho's brother, with an army of 
Merines from Africa, besieges Tarifa ; the place is successfully defended by 
Don Guzman ; death of his son. The Merines give up Algesiras to the king of 
Granada, and withdraw from Spain. The Hospitallers fortify Limisso, and 
begin to create a navy. Death of Kublai; the supremacy of his tribe ceases; 
the khans of Zagatai, Persia, and Kapzak, become independent. Jacopo da 
Varagine, archbishop of Genoa, writes the " Golden Legend." 

Balliol renounces his feudal subjection to England, and enters into a league with 
the king of France. Edward holds a parliament, to which all the boroughs 
send deputies, and vote supplies. Death of Sancho, king of Castile, at Toledo, 
April 25 ; his widow, Maria, is regent to their son Ferdinand, who succeeds, 
get. 10. Treaty of Auagni ; James, king of Aragon, resigns Sicily to Charles of 
Naples ; the people of the island proclaim his brother Ferdinand, with their 
mother, Constance, for regent. Death of Charles Martel, and of Otho Visconte, 
archbishop and lord of Milan. Marco Polo returns to Venice from his travels 
in the East. , . ^ i 

Battle of Dunbar, April 27. Balliol, made pnsoner, resigns his crown. The 
Scotch parliament does homage to Edward at Berwick ; the earl of Surrey is 
appointed governor of Scotland; the crown and sceptre of the kingdom are 
brought to London, and the coronation-stone from Scone placed in Westminster 
Abbey. A papal Bull forbids ecclesiastics to pay taxes imposed by temporal 
princes ; the kings of England and France resist this, and compel the clergy to 
pay • the former, by placing out of the protection of the law those who refuse, 
and the latter, by prohibiting the export of money from his dominions. Edward, 



1291 TO 1299 A.D. 



401 



Events and Eminent Men. 



having obtained supplies from his parliament, sends an army into Guyenne, 
under his brother, the earl of Lancaster. Coalition of France, Navarre, Aragon, 
Portugal, and Granada, with the malcontent princes Alfonso and Juan' against 
the young king of Castile ; his mother, with the assistance of Juan Lnni 
maintains the throne. The Sicilians and their king are exconnniinicated 
by the pope; they invade Calabria, where they take Squillace and othei- 
towns. Civil war in Genoa; the Ghibelins Doria and Spinola expel the 
Guelfs Grimaldi and Fiesco. The Venetians take Caffa in the Crimea from 
the Genoese. John, duke of Brabant, institutes the society of Merchant 
Adventurers. 

Edward having levied arbitrary taxes on wool and leather, the earls, Bohun of 
Hereford (Constable) and Bigod of Norfolk (Marshal), refuse to join his 
army; and the parliament passes an Act, Confirinatio Cartarum^ Aug. 1, de- 
creeing, that no taxes shall be raised without the consent of the knights, 
citizens, and burgesses in parliament assembled ; this Act receives the royal 
assent, Guy, count of Flanders, is defeated by the French, and loses Fumes ; 
Edward passes over with a large force to succour his ally ; during his absence, 
the Scotch, under Sir W. Wallace and the earl of Moray, gain the battle of 
Cambuskenneth, and drive the English out of their country. Roger de Loria 
takes Otranto ; he is recalled by James of Aragon, who visits Rome, promises 
to make war on his brother Frederic, gives his sister Violante in marriage to 
Robert, duke of Calabria, is invested by the pope with the sovereignty of Sar- 
dinia and Corsica, and appointed to command a cnisade against the Holy Land 
Philip is excommunicated, because his law, against the export of coin, stops the 
papal revenues derived from France. Boniface deposes the cardinals Jacopo 
and Pietro dalla Colouna, excommunicates the whole family, and confiscates 
their property. The Grimaldi and Fieschi continue to molest Genoa, and seize 
Monaco. Alexius I L seventh emperor of Trebizond. Dionysius of Portugal with- 
draws from the league against Castile. Godfrey von Hohenlohe grand master 
of the Teutonic knights m Prussia. On the death of Masoud II., he is suc- 
ceeded by Alaeddin IL, the last of the Seljukian sultans. Death of Florenz of 
Hainault, leaving a daughter, Maud, heiress of the principality of Acliaia. 
Boniface prohibits the dissection of dead bodies for the study of anatomy at 
Bologna. 

A truce of two years between England and France. Wallace penetrates with his 
victorious bands as far as Durham, but retires at the approach of Edward, who 
gains a decisive victory at Falkirk, July 22, and re-establishes his power in 
Scotland. Battle of Rosenthal, between Worms and Spires, July 2. Adolphus 
of Nassau defeated and slain by Rudolfs son, Albert, who is elected king by 
the diet of Francfort, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, Aug, 24. Naval victory 
of the Genoese, under Lamba Doria, Sep. 8, off the Dalmatian island, Curzola; 
the Venetian fleet destroyed ; the admiral, Andrea Dandolo, taken, dies 
of grief; Marco Polo, who commanded a galley, is conveyed a prisoner 
to Genoa, where he writes his Travels. Boniface proclaims a crusade against 
the Colonna family. Roger di Flor enters into the service of Frederic, king 
of Sicily. 

The Scotch refer their cause to the pope. James of Aragon, with a fleet under 
Roger de Loria, makes war on his brother Frederic ; the Sicilians defend them- 
selves valiantly, with varied success. The papal crusaders obtain possession ol 
Palestrina, the impregnable fortress of the Colonna family, by a capitulation ; 
having gained his end, Boniface breaks his word, refuses the promised amnesty, 
and the Colonna are dispersed in Sicily, France, and other countries. Matteo 
Visconte mediates peace between Genoa and Venice ; also with Pisa ; and 
among most of the cities of Italy ; these treaties exalt Genoa ; the armed vessels 
of her rivals are excluded for a stated period from the Mediterranean and Black 
Seas. Othman invades the territory of Nicomedia; tlic commencement of 
the Ottoman empire. The Mongols occupy Palestine, and ofler Jerusalem to the 
Christians. Raymond Lully, a native of Majorca, writes philosophical works, 
which are afterwards condemned as heretical, 

_ 



402 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1300 



1301 



Hegira. 



700 



701 



East- I 
EBN Em-| Popes. 

PIRE. 



19 An- 

dronicus 

II. 



20 . 



1302 702 



7 Bo- 
niface 
VIII. 
Dec.24 



Port- 
ugal. 



22 Di- 

onysi- 
us.' 



23- 



1303 



1304 



1305 



1306 



1307 



1308 



703 



704 



705—706 



706-707 



22 . 



23 . 



24 ■ 



25 • 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors.] France, 
tile. gon. arre. 



6 Fer- 
di- 
nand 
IV. 



lOJas. 
II. the 

Just. 



24- 



IBe 
nedict 
XI. 
Oct.22, 



fZ.July 

Va- 
cant. 



25- 



707—708 



708—709 



26- 



7 11 



8 12- 



27 Jo- 
anna. 



28- 



28 Mu- 
hamad 
II. 



13 30. 



1 Cle- 
ment 
V. 

June 
15. 



27- 



28- 



30- 



13 17 



Bohe- 
mia. 



lePhilip 
IV. the 

Fair. 



23 

Wen- 
ceslas 
IV. 



Ger- 
many. 



3 Al- 
berto/ 
Aus- 
tria. 



1 Mu- 
hamad 
III. 

AbuAh- 
dallah. 



15- 



16- 



1 Lou- 
is iZu- 
tin. 



25- 



20 . 



22 . 



24 ■ 



27- 



IWen- 
ceslas 
V. 



1 Ru- 
dolf 0/ 
Aus- 
tria. 



1 Hen- 
ry 0/ 
Carin- 
thia. 



iHen- 
ryVll 

o/Lux- 
em- 
burg. 



1300 TO 1308 A.D. 



403 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 

1300 



1301 



1302 



1303 



1304 



1305 



1306 



1307 



1308 



Doges 

OF Ve- 
nice. 

12Pietro 
Grade- 
nigo. 



13 . 



16 Ama- 21 Guy 
deus IV. de Dam- 
pierre. 



14 . 



Savoy. 



Flan- Ben- 
ders. MARK. 



20 



20 ■ 



23 



24 



25 



5 Erik 
VI. 



Swe- 
den. 



11 Bir- 

ger. 



Po- 
land. 

IWen- 
ceslas 
I. 



IS- 



IS ■ 



1 Robert 
III. 



22 



23 • 



24 



20 ■ 



23 



Hun- 
gary, 

11 An- 
drew 
III. 

the Ve- 
netian 



IChas. 
I.Ro- 
bert, 



18- 



1 La 
dislas 
again 



Russia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eno- 

LAND. 


7 An- 
drewIII. 


Subject 
to Eng- 
land. 


29 Ed- 
ward I. 
Nov. 20. 


8 




30 


9 




31 


10 




32 


1 Mi- 
chael 11. 




33 


2 




34 


3 


1 Ro- 
bert I. 
Bruce. 
Mar.25. 


35 


4 


2 — 


c/. July 7. 

1 Ed- 
ward II. 

Julys 


5 


3 


2 

m. Isa- 
bella of 
France. 



404 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1300 



1301 



1302 



1303 



1304 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Boniface claims Scotland as a fief of the papal see ; he proclaims a jubilee, and 
attracts innumerable pilgrims to Rome by his plenary Indulgence. Roger de 
Loria defeats a Sicilian fleet, and takes the admiral, Conrad Doria. Robert, duke 
of Calabria, besieges Messina ; the diseased state of his army compels him to 
return to Naples ; Violanta mediates a truce of six months between her husband 
and her brother. A party among the magnates of Hungary espouses the cause 
of Charles Robert, son of Charles Martel ; he is proclaimed in Dalmatia and 
Croatia. Florence, prosperous and rich, is divided by the factions of the 
Bianchi (whites), under Vieri de' Cerchi and the Neri (blacks), headed by Corso 
de'Donati ; the former have the ascendancy, and reject the pope's offered medi- 
ation. The Poles expel Ladislas, and take Wenceslas, king of Bohemia, for 
their sovereign. Gruy, count of Flanders, is defeated and made prisoner by 
Philip's brother, Charles de Valois. Dante Alighieri (1266 — 1321) finishes his 
Divina Comedia. Villani begins to write his Chronicle. Universities founded 
at Lyons and Lerida. Cardinal Napoleone Orsino, by order of Boniface, be- 
sieges Gubbio and expels the Ghibelins. The marriage of Galeazzo, son of 
Matteo Visconte, to Beatrice, sister of Azzo VIII., marquis d'Este, celebrated 
with great pomp. Segarelli burnt at Parma ; the Apostolicals, under their new 
leader, Dolcino, retire into Dalmatia. William de Villaret elected grand master 
of the Hospitallers. The name of Lollards first given to a charitable society at 
Antwerp, who lulled the sick by singing to them. 

The English parliament denies the right of the pope to intermeddle in the affairs 
of Scotland. Philip of France imprisons the bishop of Pamiers, appointed by 
the pope ; quarrels with Boniface. Death of Andrew III., king of Hungary, 
the last of the race of Arpad ; supported by the papal influence, Charles Robert 
is crowned as his successor ; Wenceslas, son of the king of Bohemia and Poland, 
is invited by a powerful party to oppose him. Boniface invites Charles of 
Valois into Italy, to assist his ambitious schemes, and flatters him with the hope 
of obtaining the imperial crowns of the East and the West. Under the plea of 
restoring peace Charles is admitted into Florence, where he allows the Neri to 
ill-treat and drive out their opponents ; Dante is among the expelled. Marriage 
of Philip of Savoy to Isabella de Villehardouin. The Hospitallers in alliance 
with the Mongols, enter Jerusalem, but establish no permanent occupation. 
Othman defeats Andronicus at Baphseon, near Nicomedia. 

The Scotch appoint Comyn regent, and make another effort to regain independence. 
Boniface issues a violent Bull against Philip, who bums it, accuses him of si- 
mony and heresy, and refuses to acknowledge him as pope. Another expedition 
of Charles of Valois ends in a treaty, by which Frederic is recognized king of 
Sicily, and marries Leonora, daughter of Charles of Naples. Expulsion of 
the Visconti from Milan, and return of the Dalla Torre. The first assembly of 
the States General in ITrance, April 10. Defeat of the French by the Flemings 
at Courtnay, July 11. Flavio Gioja said to have invented the mariner's compass 
at Amalfi {see 1250). \ 

Edward makes peace with France, and marches again into Scotland. Philip de- 
mands a general council, to hear his charges against the pope, by whom he is 
excommunicated and his subjects absolved from their allegiance. Boniface is 
surprized at Anagni, by William de Nogaret ; after being kept some days a pri- 
soner, he is allowed to return to Rome, where he dies, Oct. 11. Roger di Flor 
forms, out of the mercenaries who had served in Sicily, his Catalan Grand Com- 
pany, and is employed by the Greek emperor ; he receives the title of grand 
duke, leads his forces against the Mongols and Turks, and establishes himself 
at Cyzicus. The Visconti make a vigorous, but unsuccessful, effort to reinstate 
themselves at Milan. Siegfried von Feuchtwangen grand master of the Teu- 
tonic knights in Prussia. Athanasius restored patriarch of CP. 

The regent Comyn submits to Edward ; Wallace continues the struggle. Philip 
defeats the Flemings, Aug. 18. Benedict XL reverses many of the acts of 
Boniface, and endeavours to restore peace; he dies after a reign of nine months, 
and the dissensions of the cardinals keep the papal chair vacant. A great part 
of Florence burnt by the violence of the factions. Wenceslas renounces the 



1300 TO 1308 A.D. 



405 




crown of Hungary. Roger tli Flor defeats the Mongols, enters Philadelphia, and 
stations himself at Ephesus. Dolcino and the Apostolicals return to Italy, and 
fix themselves on a mountain near Vercelli. Albert oppresses Switzerland ; ty- 
ranny of his bailiff, Gessler. Birth of Petrarch. 

Wallace, taken prisoner, is executed as a traitor, Aug. 23. Philip procures the 
papacy for Clement V., who summons the cardinals to meet him at Lyons. The 
kings of Castile and Aragon divide Murcia by the treaty of Campillo. On the 
death of Joanna, her eldest son, Louis, by her marriage with Philip of France 
(see 1276), inherits Navarre. Siege of Magnesia by the Catalans ; they occupy 
the Thracian Chersonesus. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia and Poland, dies ; La- 
dislas Loktek once more regains the Polish throne, Death of John, marquis of 
Montferrat; his States are inherited by his nephew, Theodore, son of his sister 
Violanta, and the emperor Andronicus (see 1284). Azzo VIII., marquis d'Este, 
marries Beatrice, daughter of Charles II. of Naples ; many States form a 
league against him. Clement restores the cardinals della Colonna, whom Bo- 
niface had degraded. Otho of Bavaria, grandson of Bela IV., claims the crown 
of Hungary. Uzbek, grand khan of the Golden Horde. 

Robert Bruce, grandson of the first claimant, is crowned king of Scotland, and 
dispossesses the English of great part of the country ; Aymer de Valence defeats 
him near Johnston ; three of his brothers are taken, and condemned as traitors. 
The Bulls of Boniface against Philip are revoked. Clement urges a general 
crusade, and demands a tenth of all ecclesiastical revenues for the purpose ; 
Philip recommends him to be less exorbitant. William de Villaret projects the 
acquisition of Rhodes. The marquis d'Este loses his ascendancy in Modena 
and Reggio. The Dorias expelled from Genoa by the Spinola party. The Ca- 
talans fortify Gallipoli; other adventurers join them; Roger di Flor is created 
Csesar. Death of Vrenceslas V., the last male of the reigning family in Bohemia ; 
Rudolf of Austria claims the crown. A crusade against the Apostolicals. On 
complaint made by the nobility and gentry, the use of sea-coal is prohibited in 
London and the suburbs. John Sanudo I., on the death of his brother Nicholas, 
is induced to leave a hermitage, and becomes sixth duke of Naxos. 

Edward banishes Piers Gaveston. Robert Bruce defeats the earl of Pembroke ; 
Edward marches against him ; dies at Burgh on the Sands, set. 67. Edward II. 
recalls Gaveston, and creates him earl of Cornwall. Conference of Philip and 
Clement at Poitiers. Charges against the Templars ; the grandmaster, Molay, 
and all the knights in France, imprisoned and their possessions seized, Fulk 
de Villaret, grand master of the Hospitallers, collects a force in Europe, and 
begins operations against Rhodes. Roger di Flor assassinated at Adrianople, 
and many of the Catalans massacred ; they make Rocafert captain of the Grand 
Company, commence hostilities against the empire, defeat Andronicus at Aspros, 
and over-run Thrace. Gessler killed by William Tell. On the death of Rudolf, 
Henry, duke of Carinthia, takes the crown of Bohemia. Dolcino, his wife, and 
many of his followers, are burnt alive; dispersion of their sect. John dalle Carceri 
marries Florence Sanudo, and succeeds as seventh duke of Naxos. Peter de 
Langtoft's Chronicle ends. 

Marriage of Edward II. to the daughter of the king of France, Jan. 23; crowned 
at Westminster, Feb. 24; the earl of Lancaster and the queen demand the 
removal of Gaveston ; Edward appoints him governor of Ireland. Albert of 
Austria assassinated by his nephew; the electors of Germany choose Henry, 
count of Luxemburg, for their king. Origin of the Swiss confederation: union 
of Werner StaufFacher of Schweiz, Walter Furst of Uri, and Arnold von 
Melchthal of Unterwalden. Ferdinand of Castile takes Gibraltar, and by a 
treaty of peace acquires other territory in Granada.- Philip assembles the 
States General at Tours, to sanction his proceedings against the Templars. 
Death of the marquis d'Este ; contest among his family ; the Venetians support 
his grandson, Fulk, to obtain Ferrara. Dionysius removes the university from 
Lisbon to Coimbra, and encourages literature. Vasco Lobeira writes his 
Amadis de Gaul. Otho of Bavaria relinquishes his pretensions in Hungary. 
Walter de Brienne succeeds Guy II. as sixth duke of Athens. 



406 



FROM THE TEAU 



A.D. 



1309 



1310 



1311 



1312 



Hegira. 



709—710 



710—711 



711—712 



712—713 



1313 



1314 



1315 



1316 



1317 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



Popes. 



28 An- 
drouicus 
II. 



29 . 



713—714 



714—715 



715—716 



716-717 



717—718 



1318 



1319 



718-719 



719—720 



30 . 



31 ■ 



32 ■ 



33. 



5 Cle- 
ment 
V. 

June 
15. 



31Dio- 
nysi- 



32- 



35- 



36 ■ 



37 - 



38- 



PORT- 
UGAL. 



15Fer- 
di- 
nand 
IV. 



16- 



33- 



34- 



35- 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tile. gon. arre. 



France. 



19Jas. 
II. the 
Just. 



20- 



5 Lou- 
is -ffw- 
tin. 



1 Al- 
fonso 
XI. 



23- 



d. Apr. 
20. 

Va- 
cant. 



IJolin 
XXII. 

Aug.7. 



36- 



37- 



38- 



39- 



24- 



10- 



25- 



26- 



28- 



-29- 



1 Na- 
zar. 



25Philip 3 Hen- 



BOHE- 
MIA. 



IV. the 

Fair. 



ry of 
Cariii- 
thia. 



28 ■ 



lAbul 
Walid, 
or Is- 
mail. 



IJohn 
I. 

5 dat/s 
1 Jo- 
anna 
II. 
2 



2 Hen- 
ry 
VII. 

o/Lux- 
em- 
burg. 



1 John 

ofLux- 

em- 

burg. 

2 



Ger- 
many, 



1 Louis 
X.Hutin. 



1 John I 
5 days. 
1 Philip 
V. the 

Long. 



10- 



Con- 
tested 
by 
Fre- 
deric 
(HI.) 
of 

Aus- 
tria 
and 
Louis 
(IV.) 
of Ba- 
varia. 



309 TO 1319 A.D, 



407 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Doges 
OK Ve- 
nice. 



1309 



1310 



1311 



1312 



1313 



1314 



1315 



1316 



1317 



1318 



1319 



21 Pietro 
Grade- 
nigo. 



Savov. 



Flan- 
ders. 



25 A ma- 5 Robert 
deusIV. III. 



26 . 



1 Mari- 
no Gior- 
gio. 



1 Gio- 
vanni 
Soranzo, 



28 . 



Den- 

MAKK. 



24 Erik 
VI. 



25 . 



20 Bir- 
ger. 



32 . 



33. 



Swe- 
den. 



Po- 
land, 



29 ■ 



30 • 



35 ■ 



22 ■ 



23 



24 ■ 



25 ■ 



26 • 



5La- 
dislas 

again 
re- 
stored. 



9Chas, 
I.Ro- 
bert. 



Hun 

GARY. 



Russia. 



Scot- 
land. 



Mi- 
chael II. 



4 Ro- 
bert I, 
Bruce 
March 
25, 



10- 



31 27 



32 28 



33 ■ 



Vacant. 



29 • 



1 Mag- 
nus II. 

Smek. 



14- 



1 Jurij 
III. 



Eng- 
land. 



3 Ed- 
ward 
II. 

July 8. 



7- 

6. Ed- 
ward 
III. 

Nov.12. 



10- 



408 FEOM THE YE 



1309 



1310 



1311 



1312 



1313 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Edward II. recalls Gaveston, who offends the barons again by his insolence. Re- 
moval of the papal see to Avignon. Clement issues a Bull, in which he declares 
Ferrara to be a fief of the church, excommunicates the Venetians, lays an in- 
terdict on their lands, places them out of the protection of all laws, human and 
divine, and authorizes Christians to seize their persons, sell them for slaves, 
and rob them of their property, in all parts of the world ; his legate preaches ? 
crusade against them, collects a large force and drives them from Ferrara, which 
is not restored to any of the d'Este family, but governed for the pope by Robert 
who had just succeeded his father, Charles II., as king of Naples. Bajamontf 
Tiepolo endeavours to form a Guelf party at Venice, fails, and is expelled. At 
the diet at Spires, the imperial cities of Germany are for the first time repre 
sented. Marienburg in Prussia is made the seat of the Teutonic knights. The 
Catalans are repulsed in their attack on Thessalonica ; their leader, Rocafert, 
is treacherously seized by the Neapolitan admiral, Thibaut de Sipoys, and 
starved to death in a dungeon at Naples. Rebellion in Granada ; Muhamad III. 
resigns his crown to his brother Nazar. 

Commissioners are appointed by parliament to exercise the royal power in 
England ; they banish Gaveston. Henry obtains the throne of Bohemia for 
his son John, and proceeds with a numerous retinue and army to Italy ; he 
restores Matteo Visconte at Milan, and endeavours to allay the violence of the 
two factions ; Robert, king of Naples, and chief of the Guelf party, secretly 
opposes him. An attempt of the Ferrarese to regain their independence, is sup- 
pressed by the legate, cardinal Pelagrua, with great cruelty and rapine. Th( 
councils of Mentz, Ravenna, and Salamanca, acquit the Templars accused befor* 
them ; at Paris and Senlis they are condemned ; many of the knights are burui, 
alive. The city of Rhodes is taken by the Hospitallers, and the conquest of the 
island completed. The Catalan Grand Company enter into the service of Walter 
de Brienne, duke of Athens. Arnold di Villa Nuova teaches the distillation of 
spirits of wine. 

Edward again recalls Gaveston, retires to York, and protests against the ordi- 
nances of the commissioners ; the barons arm against him. Henry and his 
queen, Margaret, are crowned at Milan ; the party of the Dalla Torre, suspected 
of plotting new disturbances, are driven from that city ; Matteo Visconte regains 
full power there. Henry makes many fruitless efforts to restore peace among } 
the Italian cities ; the plague breaks out in his army ; his queen, Margaret, falls 
a victim to it at Genoa. The Fifteenth General Council, at Vienne, m Dauphiny, 
suppresses the Order of Knights Templars, condemns the Beghards and Be- 
guines of Flanders, and refuses to entertain the charges brought by the king of 
France against the late pope Boniface. Walter de Brienne quarrels with the 
Catalans, and is defeated and slain by them in a battle on the banks of the Ce- 
phissus ; they conquer the duchy of Athens, and appoint Roger Deslau grand I 
duke. Niphon I. patriarch of CP. i 

Gaveston made prisoner at Scarborough, conveyed to Warwick, and beheaded,, ' 
Julyl; peace between Edward and the barons. The council of Vienne con-, 
tinues its sittings till May 6 ; the act for suppressing the Templars published 
April 3 ; their possessions divided among several sovereigns, and part assigned 
to the Hospitallers. Robert, king of Naples, seizes the principal forts in Rome ; 
Henry is, nevertheless, crowned in the Lateran church by three cardinals. The 
new emperor enters into a treaty of alliance with Frederic of Sicily, and gives 
him one of his daughters in marriage. Karl Beffartof Treves, grand master 
of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. Hertford college, Oxford, founded. 

Robert Bruce takes Inverness and besieges Stirling ; a truce between England 
and Scotland. Philip restrains Clement from excommunicating the king of 
Naples for his violence in Rome. The emperor Hemy, in conjunction with the 
Genoese and Sicilians, prepares to attack Robert, but dies suddenly at Euon- 
convento, near Sienna, Aug. 24, jet. 49. Nazar, king of Granada, deposed by his 
nephew, Abul Walid. Robert appointed governor of Florence for five years. 
Marriage of Louis of Burgundy to Maud of Hainault, heiress of Achaia. Birth 
of Boccacio. Rudiger von Manesse, of Zurich, forms his Collection of Poems. 



ill 



.09 TO 1319 A.D. 409 




1314 Battle of Bannockbum, June 25 ; the independence of Scotland established. 
Louis of Bavaria, and Frederic, son of the late Albert of Austria, are elected 
by tvro opposite parties kings of Germany, and make war on each other. 
Clement appoints the king of Naples senator of Rome and viceroy of Italy ; 
protected by him. the Guelf faction prevails ; the Ghibelins maintain their 
struggle at Pisa. Lucca, and other places. Death of Clement Y. ; the dissen- 
sions of the cardinals keep the papal see vacant again nearly two years and 
four months. Death of Philip le Bel ; he is succeeded by his son, Louis Rutin 
(the Quarrelsome), already ten years king of Navarre. Fniitless expedition of 
the king of Naples against Sicily ; repulsed at Trapani, he agrees to a truce of 
three years. Molay, grand master of the Templars, is burnt alive at Paris, 
protesting to the last the innocence of his Order. The Hospitallers conquer 
the islets near Rhodes, and settle the government of their little State. Exeter 
College, Oxford, founded by Stapleton, bishop of Exeter. 

1315 I The earl of Lancaster, the king's cousin, takes the direction of public affairs in 
England. Edward adopts a new favourite, Hugh le Despenser. Robert Brace 
invades England, takes Berwick, is repulsed atCarlisle, and returns to Scotland; 
his brother, Edward, lands with an army in Ireland. Matteo Visconte and 
Uguccione dalla Faggiuola defeat Philip and Peter, king Robert's brothers, and 
repress the Guelfs in Lombardy and Tuscany. The three Swiss cantons 
defeat Leopold of Austria at Morgarten, Nov. 16. Othman attempts to recover 
Rhodes ; he is bravely repelled by the knights, with the assistance of Amadeus 
of Savoy. Mondini de' Luzzi teaches anatomy. England afflicted by a grievous 
famine. 

1316 'Edward Bruce crowned king of Ireland ; his brother, Robert, goes over with an 
army to support him, but soon withdraws. Death of Louis X. ; his posthumous 
son, John, lives only five days. The Salic Law is established, to exclude 
females and their descendants from the throne of France. Joanna, daughter of 

' Louis, inherits only Navarre. Philip V., second son of Philip IV., takes the 
;i French throne. The predominance of French cardinals, created by Clement Y., 
i I secures, eventually, the election of another French pope, and the continuance 
li of the papal see at Avignon. John XXII. appoints eight more cardinals, of 
I; whom seven are French. The Genoese conclude a commercial treaty with 
'j Alexius of Trebizond, which secures their trade in the Black Sea. John XIII. 
' patriarch of CP. 

1317 ' Another expedition of Robert against Sicily ends in another truce. The citizens 

of Ferrara expel Robert's garrison, and restore the government of the marquis 
'; d'Este. Yiolent commotions in Genoa. The Swedish king, Birger, by the 
' murder of his two brothers, causes a rebellion of his people. 

1318 ■ Battle of Dundalk, Oct. 5 ; Edward Bruce defeated by Lord Birmingham, and 

slain ; termination of the war in Ireland. Philip obtains from Joanna, a child, 
ji set. 8, the cession of Navarre and Champagne, which had been united since the 
!| time of Theobald I. (a.d, 1234); of the foiTuer, she regains possession, but the 
|i latter remains annexed to the crown of France. Genoa, besieged by the 
j \ Ghibelins, is relieved by king Robert, who is appointed governor of the city for 
;' ten years. Giotto (1276 — 1336) the first painter of portraits from life. 

1319 ' A truce of two years between England and Scotland. Bruce excommunicated by 
the pope ; the Scotch parliament resists all papal interference in their affairs. 
The siege of Genoa is raised, and king Robert goes to Avignon ; after his de- 
parture, the Ghibelins, Doria and Spinola, return and renew the attack. Brescia 
submits to a governor appointed by Robert. The Castilians invade Granada, 
and are defeated with great loss ; their two princes, Juan and Pedro, are slain. 
Dionvsius of Portugal gives the confiscated possessions of the Templars in his 
kingdom to a new military Order, of Christ. On the death of Erik, the throne 
of Denmark remains for a time vacant. Birger deposed and banished by the 

ji Swedes ; they elect Magnus Smek, set. 3, who is also king of Norway. Michael, 
I grand duke of Russia, is put to death by the khan of Kapzak, who'places Jurij 
I on the throne. Louis of Bavaria gives the marquisate of Lusatia to the king 
li of Bohemia. 



I: 



410 



FEOM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



1320 



1321 



1322 



Hegiea. 



720—721 



722 



723 



1323 



1324 



1325 



1326 



1327 



1328 



725 



726 



727 



728 



729 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



An- 
dronicus 
II. 



40 . 



Popes 



5 John 
XXII 

Aug.7. 



42Di- 

onysi- 



42 ■ 



43 • 



44 • 



45 ' 



46- 



43- 



1 An. 
dronicus 
III. 



Port- 
ugal. 



46- 



1 Al- 
fonso 
IV. 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors 
tile. gon. arre. 



France, 



9 Al- 
fonso 
XI. 



30Jas, 
II. the 

Just, 



32- 



33- 



34- 



15- 



35- 



1 Al- 
fonso 
IV. 



5 Jo- 
anna 
II. 



7?i.Phi- 
lip 

Count 
d'Ev- 
reux. 



8 Abul 
Walid 
or Is- 
mail. 



ICharles 

IV. Ze 
Bel. 



1 Mu- 
hamad 
IV. Ben 



5 Philip 
V, the 
Long. 



11 

John 
ofLux- 



13 



1 Philip 

Vl.de 
Valois, 



Bohe- 
mia. 



Still 
con- 
tested • 



1 Lou- 
is IV. 

of Ba- 
varia. 



15- 



18 



19 



Ger- 
many. 



1320 TO 1328 A.D. 



411 



tition 
Dates. 



1320 



1321 



1322 



1323 



1324 



1325 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



9 Gio- 
vanni 
Soranzo, 



10- 



36 Ama- 
deus IV, 



37 ■ 



111' 



1327 



1328 



13- 



Savoy. 



Flan- 
ders. 



16 Ro- 
bert III. 



1 Ed- 
ward. 



1 Fran- 
cesco 
Dando- 
lo. 



1 Louis 
I. 



Den- 
mark. 



Swe- 
den. 



1 Chris- 
topher 
II. 



2 Mag- 
nus II 

Smek. 



Po- Hunga- 

land. ry. 



16 La- 
dislas 



20 



Charles III. 
I.Ro- 
bert. 



21 



20- 



10 



Rus- Scot- 
si A. LAND. 



2 Jurij 



22- 



22 ■ 



23 ' 



24 



25 



26 • 



15 Ro- 
bert I, 
Bruce 
March 
25. 



23- 



24- 



1 Dmi- 
tri II 



1 Alex- 22- 

ander 

II. 



14 Ed- 
ward II, 
July 8. 



Eng- 
land. 



II van I. 

Kalita, 
or the 
Purse. 



23- 



20 ■ 



Resigned, 
Jan. 20. 
1 Ed- 
ward 
III. 
Jan. 25. 

2 

m. Phi- 
lippa of 
Ilai- 
nault. 



412 FROM TUE YEAH 



A.D. 



1320 



1321 



1322 



1323 



1324 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The favours heaped by Edward on Despenser and his father excite the jealousy 
of the earl of Lancaster and other barons. Robert, by his intrigues, prevents a 
settlement of the contest in Germany, in order to promote his ambitious designs 
in Italy; he sends Philip de Valois with a French aimy to oppose the Visconti. 
who compel him to return without having obtained any advantage. The siege 
of Genoa is still continued. The long and prosperous reign of Dionysius in 
Portugal is troubled by the discontent of his son. Christopher, brother of Erik, 
obtains the vacant throne of Denmark by a capitulation with the nobles. 

The barons obtain from the parliament an act of attainder and banishment 
against the Despensers ; the king collects an army, reverses the act, and recalls 
the exiles. Andronicus the younger, assisted by John Cantacuzene and Sir- 
yannes, commences a civil war against the emperor, his grandfather; peace 
concluded between them at Rhegion: the war renewed in the autumn, and 
Heraclsea besieged. Siryannes returns to the service of the old emperor. 
The besiege j-s of Genoa defeat an army landed against them by king Robert, at 
Andoria. GaleazzoVisconte lays siege to Cremona. Dante, still an exile from 
Florence for his Ghibellinism, dies, set. 56, at Ravenna, where he had been be- 
friended by Guido Novello da PoUenta. 

Edward II. defeats the barons at Boroughbridge ; the earl of Hereford slain ; the 
earl of Lancaster made prisoner and beheaded at Pontefract, March 23; Hugh 
le Despenser acquires for himself a large part of the forfeited estates. Queen 
Isabella, while resident in the Tower of London, first sees Mortimer, who is 
brought a prisoner, to be confined there. The property of the English Templars 
seized, Jan. 7 ; the knights are dispersed in monasteries, and pensions allowed 
them. Sir John Mandeville travels in the East, 1322 to 1356. Death of Philip, 
king of France ; leaving only daughters, he is succeeded by his brother, who 
unjustly claims also Navarre; resistance of the Navarrese ; battle of Beotibata, 
in a pass of the Pyrenees. Death of Maria, queen-dowager of Castile. Treaty 
of Epibates between the emperor Andronicus and his grandson. Battle of 
Muhldorf, or Ampfing; Frederic of Austria is taken prisoner by Louis of Ba- 
varia (Sep. 28), who from this time reigns sole king of Geriiiany. Cremona 
surrenders to Galeazzo Visconte ; his brother, Marco, defeats a papal and Nea- 
politan army at Bassignano ; their father, Matteo, his family, and adherents, 
are excommunicated by the pope, who publishes a crusade against them, con- 
fiscates their property, and authorizes their enemies to seize their persons and 
sell them as slaves. Robert and the pope offer to recognize Frederic of Austria 
as king of Germany, if he will give active support to their plans ; he sends his 
brother Henry with an army, who, on arriving at Brescia, learns the real nature 
of the party strife raging in Italy, and marches back again. Matteo Visconte 
resigns his power to his son, Galeazzo, and retires to the monastery of Crescen- 
zago, where he dies, June 27, aet. 72. 

Unsuccessful invasion of Scotland by Edward ; a truce of thirteen years concluded 
between the two countries. Through the influence of Isabella, Mortimer is 
allowed to escape. Louis of Bavaria invests his son with the margraviate of 
Brandenburg, vacant by the extinction of the family of Albert the Bear, Avho 
had held it since 1134. The siege of Genoa raised. The papal legate takes 
Alessandria and Tortona, and besieges Milan. Louis sends some Gennan 
troops to assist the Visconti ; the assailants are repulsed with great loss. The 
pope excommunicates Louis, and declares his election void. 

Queen Isabella visits France, to arrange the dispute between her husband and 
brother respecting Guyenne ; Edward cedes the province to his eldest son, who 
goes over to do homage for it. Commencement of Isabella's guilty intimacy 
with Mortimer ; they plot to overthrow the Despensers. Diet of Nuremberg; 
Louis protests against the papal assumption of power in Gennany, and appeals 
to a general council. Galeazzo defeats the combined army at Vavrio, and takes 
Monza ; he offers terms of peace, which Robert makes the pope reject. Alfonso 
takes the government of Castile into his own hands. James, king of Aragon, 
claims Sardinia under the gift of Boniface VIIL, in 1297, and invades the 
island. Werner von Orselen grand master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. 
Birth of Wickliffe. 



1320 TO 1328 A.D. 413 



A.D. I Events axd Eminent Men. 



Charles desires Isabella to leave his court; she withdraws to Hainault, where she 
1 atfiances her son, Edward, to Philippa, daughter of the count, whom she engages 
! to assist her with an anuy. Frederic of Austria, by the treaty of Traussnitz, 
' renounces the crown of Gennany, and is released from prison. Castruccio of 
i Lucca, and Azzo, son of Galeazzo Visconte, defeat the Florentines and their 
i allies at Cappiano and take their general, Raymond da Cardona. Robert be- 
j sieges Palermo, and returns to Naples, unable to accomplish his object. Siege 
' of Cagliari, in Sardinia, by the Aragonese ; the Pisans make a vain effort to 
I relieve the place. Abul Walid is slain in a revolt at Granada, and succeeded 
! by his son. 

Isabella lauds with her army in Suffolk, Sep. 24, and is joined by many nobles. 
Flight of Edward into Wales ; the Despensers are taken and hanged ; the 
king is conveyed a prisoner to Kenilworth castle. Leopold of Austria, and the 
pope, annul the treaty of Traussnitz ; Frederic surrenders again to Louis, who 
treats him as his fnend. The pope incites Ladislas, king of Poland, and Ge- 
dimin, duke of Lithuania, to attack the Teutonic knights, and invade Branden- 
burg. Clare Hall, Cambridge, founded by Dr. Richard Baden, Parma and 
Reggio submit to the papal legate. The Florentines give the government of 
their city for five years to Robert's son, Charles, duke of Calabria. Death of 
Othman; Prusa taken by his son Orchan. Death of Roger Deslau ; the Ca- 
talans invite Manfred of Sicily to be grand duke of Athens. Florence Sanudo, 
by her second maiTiage, conveys the duchy of Naxos to Nicholas IL 
Edward IL deposed by Parliament, Jan. 7 ; his son refuses the crown, unless re- 
signed by his father; this being accomplished, Jan. 20, Edward IIL, who had 
just entered his fourteenth year, is proclaimed Jan. 25 ; his mother and Mor- 
timer rule in his name. Robert Bruce invades England, but retires before the 
English army ; Edward displays early proofs of valour ; his father is brutally 
murdered by his keepers in Berkley castle, Sep. 21, set. 43. Modena submits 
to the legate. Conference at Trent between Louis and the leaders of the 
Ghibelins; he advances to Milan, and is crowned king of Italy, May 31; he 
quaiTels with Galeazzo Visconte, and imprisons him at Monza ; the citizens 
of Pisa shut their gates against him, but yield, after a siege, and pay a heavy 
contribution. The Genoese, in the service of king Robert, take Ostia ; Sciarra 
Colonna defends Rome. The pope fulminates more violently against Louis, in 
whose defence, the Franciscan, William Occam, Marsilius of Padua, and John 
of Jandano, by their writings, deny the temporal authority of the Roman bishop 
over Gennany and other countries. Cecco d'Ascoli burnt at Florence, for 
heresies discovered in his poetry. Raiuulph Higden concludes his Poly- 
chronicon. Origin of the Goldsmiths' aud Skinners" Companies in London. 
Isabella and Mortimer odious to the nation ; he concludes a treaty of peace, 
recognizing the complete independence of Scotland. The marriage of Edward 
to Philippa of Hainault is solemnized at York. Death of Charles, king of France, 
Jan. 31, aet. 34 ; his crown descends to Philip, son of Charles de Yalois, third 
son of Philip III. (see 128.5) ; unable to claim Navarre, he marries Joanna to 
Philip, count d'Evreux, who reigns jointly with her. The Flemings revolt ; 
are defeated by the king of France, at Mount Cassel, Aug. 23, and reduced to 
submission. Louis crowned emperor at Rome, Jan. 17, by the bishops of Venice 
and Aleria ; he holds an assembly of the people, April 18, at which it is decreed 
that every pope must reside in Rome. John XXII. is deposed, and Nicholas V. 
elected. Galeazzo Visconte is liberated, and dies; his son, Azzo, succeeds him. 
The Ghibelins lose two important leaders by the death of Sciarra Colonna 
and Castruccio of Lucca ; the Guelfs also lose king Robert's son, Charles, duke 
of Calabria, leaving only two young daughters. Luigi da Gonzaga obtains the 
lordship of Mantua, and Cane dalla Scala that of Padua. Third rebellion of An- 
dronicus the younger; he takes CP., and his grandfather resigns the throne to 
him. Alexander II. of Russia provokes the Golden Horde by a massacre of the 
Tartars ; Uzbek expels him, and gives the principalities of Moscow, Novogorod, 
and Wladimir, to Ivan, brother of Jurij, who takes the title of grand prince of 
Moscow, and makes that city the capital of his dominions. Death of Nicholas 
Trivet, historian of the house of Anjou. 



414 



FROM THE TEAK 



A.D. 


Hegira. 


EAsr- 

ERN Em-' 

PIRE. 


?OPES. 


Port- 
ugal. 


Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tile. gon. arre. 


France. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


Ger- 
many. 

8 Lou- 
is IV. 

of Ba- 
varia . 


1329 


730 


2 An- 
droiiicus 
III. 


14 

John 

XXII. 

Aug.7. 


5 Al- 
fonso 
IV. 

the 
Brave. 


18 Al- 
fonso 
XI. 


3 Al- 
fonso 
IV. 


14 Jo- 
anna 
II. 


5Mu- 

lamad 
tV- Ben 

Ismail. 


2 Philip 
VI. de 

Valois. 


20 
John 

of Lux- 
em- 
burg. 


1330 


731 


3 


15 


6 


19 


4 


15 


6 


3 


21 


9 


1331 


732 


4 


16 


7 


20 


5 


16 


7 


4 


22 


10 


1332 


733 


5 


17 


8 


21 


6— - 


17 


8 


5 


23 


11 


1333 


734 


6 


18 


9 


22 


7 


18 


lYusef 
Ben Is- 
mail. 


6 


24 


12 


1334 
1335 


735 
736 


8 


19 

d. Dec. 

4. 

1 Be- 
nedict 
XII. 
Dec.20 

2 


lo- 
ll 


23 

24 


8 

9 


19 

20 


2 

3 


8 


25 

26 


13 

14 


1336 


737 


9 


3 


12 


25 


1 Pe- 
dro 
IV. 


21 


4 


9 


27 


15 


1337 


738—739 


10 


4 


13 


26 


2 


22 


5 


10 


28 


16 


1338 


739—740 


11 


5 


14 


27 


3 


23 


6 


11 


29 


17 


1339 


740—741 


12 


6 


15 


28 


4 


24 


7 


12 


30 


18 



























329 TO 1339 A.D. 



415 



Repe- 


Doges 




















tition 


OF Ve- 


Savoy. 


Flan- 


Den- 


Swe- 


Po- 


Hunga- 


Rus- 


Scot- 


Eng- 


Dates. 


nice. 




ders. 


mark. 
10 


den. 


land. 


B.Y. 


sia. 


land. 


land. 


1329 


2 Fran- 


1 Aimon 


8 Louis 


11 


25 La- 


29 


2 Ivan 


24 Ro- 


3Ed- 




cesco 


the Fa- 


I. 


Chris- 


Mag- 


dislas 


Charles 


I. Ka- 


bert I. 


wardlll. 




Dando- 


cijic. 




topher 


nus 11. 


again 


1. Ro- 


lita, or 


Bruce. 


Jan. 25. 




lo. 






11. 


Smek. 


re- 
stored. 


bert. 


the 
Purse. 


Mar. 25. 

d.June7 
1 David 
I I.Bruce 
June 7. 




1330 


3 


2 


9 


11 


12 


26 


30 


Z 


2 


4 

&. Ed- 
ward the 
Black 
Prince. 
June 15. 


1331 
1332 
1333 


5 

6 — 


5 


10 

11 

12 


12 

13 


13 


27 

28 

ICa- 

simir 


31 

32 


\ 


3 


s 


5 


\ 


o ■ ■-■ 


15 


33 




5 






















III. 










1334 


7 


6 ■ 


13 


Ge- 
rard, 
Count 
ofHol- 
stein, 
re- 
gent. 


16 




34 


• 


o — — 


8 


1835 


8 — 


* ""—^ 


14 




17 


3 


35 


8 


^ 


9 


1336 
1337 


9 

10 


8 

9 


15 

16 




18 

19 


4 

5 


36 

37 




8 


10 

11 




10 


• 
1338 


11 


10 


17 




20 


6 


38 


11 


10 


12 


1339 


1 Barto- 
lommeo 
Grade- 
nigo. 


11 


18 




21 


7 


39 


12 


11 


13 



416 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1329 



1330 



1331 



1332 



1333 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Mortimer provokes the enmity of the barons ; he arrests Edmund, earl of Kent, 
the king's uncle. Louis alienates the minds of the principal (Jhihelins; the 
Visconti and D'Este treat with the pope; the antipope Nicholas abjures, and is 
imprisoned at Avignon. Death of Frederic of Austria. Louis returns to Ger- 
many. The independence of Navarre secured by the convention which Joanna 
and her husband sign at their coronation in Pampeluna. Orchan blockades 
Nicsea, and defeats Andronicus at Pelekanon. The Danes expel their king, 
Christopher, and place on the throne Waldemar, the young duke of Schleswig, 
under the regency of Gerard, count of Holstein. Andronicus conquers Chios 
from the Genoese family of Zacharia. Birth of Geoffrey Chaucer. Death of 
Robert Bruce ; he is succeeded by his son, David, set. 5. 

The earl of Kent beheaded, March 9, and the earl of Lancaster imprisoned. Edward 
resolves to take the government into his own hands. Isabella and Mortimer are 
surprized in Nottingham castle ; he is executed at Tyburn, Nov. 29, and she is 
confined for the rest of her life at Castle Rising, in Norfolk. John, king of 
Bohemia, while negotiating with the duke of Carinthia, at Trent, is invited by 
the Guelfs of Brescia to take the command of their city. Christopher recovers 
the throne of Denmark. Nicaea surrenders to the Ottomans ; Andronicus 
concludes a treaty of peace with them. On the death of Manfred, his brother, 
William, holds the dukedom of Athens. Andronicus III. succeeds his father, 
Alexius II., in the empire of Trebizond. The Seljouk Turks ravage the coast 
of Greece ; their armament is defeated near Mount Athos, by a combined fleet 
of Venetians, Neapolitans, Rhodians, and other Christian powers. Dominico 
Catagna, and a Genoese colony, manufacture alum at Phocsea. Alfonso of 
Castile involves himself in many troubles by his illicit attachment to Eleanora 
de Guzman. 

Edward redresses the grievances of his people, and restores a strict administration 
of justice. John of Bohemia recalls the banished Ghibelins to Brescia, and 
reconciles the two factions ; many other cities in Lombardy place themselves 
under his government: the chiefs of the contending parties, jealous of his 
power, suspend their differences, and coalesce against him. The Genoese call 
upon Robert of Sicily to assist them in their war with Aragon. Luther, duke 
of Brunswick, grand master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia; the Poles and 
Lithuanians defeated at Plowcze. Death of Abulfeda (Ismail, prince of Hamah), 
Arab. Hist, and Geog. Jane de Valois, countess of Hainault, visits her daughter 
Philippa. John Kempe is invited to bring his servants and apprentices from 
Flanders, to join the weaving colony, already founded at Norwich in 1132; they 
are patronized by the Queen. 

Edward Balliol claims the crown of Scotland, collects an English army, and lands 
on the coast of Fife ; the earl of Marre, the regent, defeated and slain, Aug. 11 ; 
the young king, David, and his atfianced bride, Jane, sister of the king of 
England, take refuge in France. Edward Balliol crowned at Scone, Sep. 27 ; is 
soon afterwards defeated at Annan, by Sir Archibald Douglas, and driven into 
England. The deposed emperor, Andronicus, dies in a monastery, as the monk 
Antony, Feb. 13, set. 74. John of Bohemia goes to Avignon, and has daily 
secret conferences with the pope ; his garrison is driven out of Brescia. Great 
disorders follow the death of the Trebizontine emperor, Andronicus; his brother, 
Basil, occupies the throne by the exclusion and murder of Manuel II. The 
Turks attack Trebizond, and are totally defeated. Lucern joins the Swiss con- 
federacy. Gibraltar retaken by the Moors. 

Edward III. enters Scotland with a powerful army, and lays siege to Berwick ; 
battle of Halidown Hill, July 19 ; the regent Douglas defeated and slain ; Ber- 
wick surrenders, and is annexed to England ; Balliol, restored, does homage to 
Edward as his superior lord. The papal legate besieges Ferrara, and is repulsed 
with immense loss by Azzo d'Este and his brothers. John of Bohemia, dis- 
appointed in his designs on Italy, returns to his own kingdom. Charles Robert 
of Hungary claims the kingdom of Naples ; the dispute is settled by a treaty 
of marriage between the two branches of the family. The Merines of Africa, 
who had taken Gibraltar, are besieged by Alfonso ; Muhamad, king of Granada, 



329 TO 1339 A.B. 



417 



Events and Eminent Men. 



relieves the fortress, and is assassinated : he is succeeded by his brother, Yusef. 
John XIV. patriarch of CP. Siryannes assassinated. Death of Christopher, 
king of Denmark. Dietrich Burggraf von Altenburg, grand master of the 
Teutonic knights in Prussia, Andrew, second son of Charles Robert, king of 
Hungary, is affianced, set. 7, to Joanna, grand-daughter of Robert, king of Naples, 
presumptive heiress of the throne, and is sent into Italy to be educated. 

Balliol holds a parliament at Edinburgh, Feb. 19 ; excites the hatred of the Scotch . 
takes refuge at Carlisle, Dec. 24 ; Sir Andrew Murray regent. Edward receives 
the banished Robert, count d'Artois, at his court, and prepares secretly to assert 
his imaginary claim to the throne of France, by alliances with Flanders and other 
States. The papal legate loses Bologna and mqst of the cities which he had 
taken. John XXII,, at his death, leaves Italy distressed and impoverished by 
his ambitious schemes, while in his own treasury are found eighteen millions of 
gold florins, and the value of seven more in plate and jewels. Denmark a prey 
to anarchy ; Gerard, count of Holstein, exercises a disputed power as regent. 
The Genoese, in alliance with the knights of Rhodes, and Nicholas Spezza- 
banda, duke of Naxos, defeat an attempt made by Andronicus and his Turkish 
auxiliaries against Phocsea. Nicolo Acciaiuoli, a Florentine banker, acquires 
lands in the Morea, in payment of loans to the house of Anjou. 

Edward again conducts Balliol into Scotland ; the defenders of the country main- 
tain themselves among the mountains. Gonzaga of Mantua obtains possession 
of Reggio, and Azzo Visconte, of Como and Crema ; death of Beatrice d'Este. The 
Genoese expel king Robert's governor, and take for their captains RafaeleDoria 
and Galeotto Spinola. Louis of Bavaria makes overtures to the new pope, which 
Benedict wishes to accept, but is over-ruled by the kings of France and Naples. 

The violence of the factions in Italy much abated. A quarrel arises between 
Padua and Venice for some salt-works on the banks of the lagunes. James van 
Artevelde, a brewer of Ghent, having driven the count of Flanders into France, 
rules that province. Birth of Timour, or Tamerlane, May 7. 

Edward obtains the support of Van Artevelde ; he raises money by grants from 
parliament, and confiscating the wealth of the Lombard merchants. The 
prince of Wales created duke of Cornwall. Edward coins gold florins. The 
Venetians obtain possession of Padua, and give the city to Marsilio da Carrara. 
Azzo Visconte takes Brescia. Death of Frederic, king of Sicily ; his son, Peter 
II., succeeds him. The Moguls ravage Thrace, Andronicus defeats the Alba- 
nians, and conquers the despotat of Epirus, Oriel college, Oxford, founded. 
Petrarch's first visit to Rome, Birth of Froissart A remarkable comet appears. 

Edward sails from the Orwell with a fleet of 500 ships, July 15 ; lands his army 
at Antwerp on the 22d ; has an interview with the emperor at Coblentz ; is ap- 
pointed vicar of the empire ; confers privileges on the city of Ghent, and 
assumes the title of king of France. Benedict XII., at the instigation of Philip, 
renews the excommunication of the emperor ; the Electors at Reuse, near Mentz, 
issue a declaration, that Germany is an independent empire, over which the 
pope has no jurisdiction ; a diet at Francfort ratifies this manifesto. Robert, 
king of Naples, makes another unsuccessful attack on Sicily. Orcban takes 
Nicomedia. Death of William, duke of Athens ; his brother John succeeds him. 

Edward invades France and encamps at Vironfosse ; marches back into Flanders, 
and disbands his army ; returns to England, and obtains a grant of money from 
parliament, on condition of redressing grievances and giving privileges to the 
boroughs. Mastino dalla Scala cedes Treviso to the Venetians ; his disbanded 
mercenaries form themselves into the first condottiere company known in Italy; 
they are employed by Lodrisio Visconte in an attempt to surprize Milan ; he is 
defeated, and made prisoner. Death of Azzo Visconte, apt. 37 ; he is succeeded 
by his uncle, Luchino. Robert defeats the Sicilian fleet and conquers the Lipari 
Islands ; Asti is taken from him by John Palaeologus, marquis of Montferrat, 
who restores the expelled Ghibelins. Simone Boccanegra, the first doge elected 
at Genoa. Katharine of Valois, regent of Achaia, employs Niccolo Acciaiuoli 
as her prime minister. Secret mission of Barlaam from CP. to Avignon ; he 
teaches Petrarch Greek, and brings into the West the literature of Greece. 

3~G 



418 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Hegira. 



1340 



741—742 



1341 742—743 



1342 



1343 



1344 



1345 



1346 



1347 



East- | 
EEN Em- Popes. 

PIKE. 



743—744 



744—745 



(45—746 



6—747 



74Z— 748 



748-749 



13 An- 

dronicus 

III. 



1 John 
V. Va- 

Iseolo- 
gus. 



7 Be- 
nedict 
XII. 

Dec. 20. 



Port- 
ugal. 



d. Apr. 
25. 



1 Cle- 
ment 
VI. 
May 7. 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 

TILE. Gq^. ARRE. 



France. 



16 Al- 29 Al- 
fonso fonso 
IV. XI. 

the 
Brave. 



1 John 
VI. Can- 
tacu- 
zene. 



22- 



23- 



5 Pe- 
dro 
IV. 



25 Jo- 
anna 
II. 



32- 



33 



35- 



36 



8Yusef 
Ben Is- 
mail. 



28- 



32- 



13Philip 

yi.de 
Valois, 



Bohe- 
mia. 



31 
John 

o/Lux^ 
em- 
burg. 



16 . 



20 ■ 



19 
Louis 
IV.o/ 
Bava- 



20- 



35- 



36 



IChas. 
I. 



Ger- 
many, 



23- 



25- 



iChas, 
IV. 



340 TO 1347 A.D. 



419 



Eepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1340 



1341 



1342 



1343 



1344 



1345 



1346 



1347 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



Sa- 
voy. 



2 Barto- 
lommeo 
Grade- 
nigo. 



lAndrea 
Dando- 
lo. 



mon the 
Pacific. 



Flan- 
ders. 



19 Louis 
I. 



20 • 



1 Ama- 22 • 
deus VI. 



23 • 



Den- 
mark. 



1 Wal- 
demar 
III. 



22 Mag- 
nus II. 

Smek. 



23 . 



Swe- 
den. 



24 ■ 



25 . 



1 Louis 7 • 
II. 



27 . 



28 ■ 



29 ■ 



Po- 
land. 



8Ca- 
simir 
III 



40 

Charles 
L Ro- 
bert. 



Hunga- 
ry. 



1 Louis 
I. 



Rus- 
sia. 



1 Si- 
meon 
I. 



12 Da- 
vid II 
Bruce 
June7. 



Scot- 
land. 



14 Ed- 
ward 

in. 

Jan. 25. 
b. John 
of Gaunt 



16- 



Eng- 

LAND. 



20- 



420 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1340 



1341 



1342 



1343 



1344 



Events and Eminent Men. 



On his return to Flanders, Edward encounters and destroys a large French fleet, 
June 24; 230 ships taken; he besieges Toumay; a truce concluded, Sep. 3, 
through the mediation of Jane, dowager-countess of Hainault. Queen Philippa 
accompanies her husband ; their son, John of Gaunt (or Ghent), is bora in the 
city from which his name is taken ; he is afterwards duke of Lancaster. The 
Moors of Granada and Fez besiege Tarifa ; the kings of Castile and Portugal 
relieve the place, and defeat the besiegers with great loss near the river Guada- 
celito. A long civil war follows the death of Basil, emperor of Trebizond ; his 
widow, Irene, first occupies the throne. On the death of the regent Gerard, 
Waldemar, Christopher's son, obtains the crown of Denmark. The plague, or 
black death, introduced into Italy from the East, spreads over Europe. Foun- 
dation of Queen's College, Oxford, by queen Philippa's confessor, Robert de 
Eglesfield. Death of the Biblical Commentator, Nicholas de Lyra. 

Quarrel of Edward with Stratford, archbishop of Canterbury, and the clergy. The 
parliament, with their vote of supplies, pass an act, limiting the king's prero- 
gative, which he annuls by a proclamation ; he supports the claim of John de 
Montfort to the county of Bretagne, in opposition to Charles de Blois, who 
receives the province from the French king ; De Montfort is made prisoner by 
Philip at Nantes. Death of Andronicus ; Anne of Savoy regent for her son, 
John v., set. 9, is supported by the grand admiral, Apokaukus, and the patriarch, 
against Cantacuzene, who proclaims himself emperor. Mastino dalla Scala 
cedes Lucca to Florence, which the Pisans oppose by a war. Among the hostages 
given by Florence is Giovanni Villani, the future historian. Petrarch receives 
the crown of laurel in the capitol. Controversy between Barlaam and the monks 
of Mount Athos. Ludolph K5nig von Weitzau, grand master of the Teutonic 
knights in Prussia. Niccolo Acciaiuoli returns from the Morea to Italy. 

Jane de Montfort, in her husband's captivity, defends Bretagne, is besieged in 
Hennebonne, and relieved by the arrival of English succours. Campaign in 
Bretagne ; death of Eobert d' Artois ; Edward besieges Vannes. Lucca sur- 
renders to the Pisans. Walter de Brienne, titular duke of Athens, appointed 
captain of Florence, makes peace with Pisa. Italy infested by condottiere bands ; 
league of the States against them. The Castilians lay siege to Algesiras. 
Death of Peter, king of Sicily ; his brother, John, duke of Randazzo, as regent 
for his young son Louis, successfully defends the island, Charles Robert, king 
of Hungary, is succeeded by his son Louis. Cantacuzene escapes into Servia ; 
Stephen Dushan supports him with an army, and lays siege to Serres, Cola di 
Rienzo accompanies the embassy sent from Rome to the new pope, Clement VI 
David Bruce returns to Scotland, and assumes the government. 

The papal legates mediate a truce of three years between England and France, 
and their allies. Clement renews the excommunication of the emperor Louis, 
and makes such arrogant demands, that the diet rejects them indignantly, and 
resolves to resist them strenuously. Death of Robert, king of Naples ; his 
grand-daughter, Joanna, is crowned without her husband, Andrew of Hungary, 
for whom she manifests an extreme aversion ; her sister, Maria, is married to 
Charles, duke of Durazzo. The Florentines expel Walter de Brienne and es- 
tablish a popular government. The band, called duke Warner's company, after 
levying heavy contributions in Italy, receives a large sum to withdraw into 
Germany. Algesiras surrenders to Alfonso of Castile, who concludes a truce for 
ten years with the king of Granada. The Greeks and their Bulgarian auxili- 
aries besiege Demotica ; Cantacuzene invites the assistance of the Turks, who 
relieve the place, and from this time form a permanent settlement in Europe. 
Magnus, king of Sweden, appoints his second son, Haco VIII., set. 5, king of 
Norway. Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, founded by the countess of Pembroke. 

Some nobles of Bretagne and Normandy are treacherously seized and put to death 
by Philip ; breach of the truce ; the earl of Derby defeats the count de Lisle at 
Bergerac, in Guyenne, and reduces a great part of Perigord. Apokaukos fails in 
his attempt against Demotica. The Servians join the imperialists against Canta- 
cuzene, and are defeated by the Turks. The knights of Rhodes destroy a Turkish 
fleet at Pallene, and assist in the capture of Smyrna by the Venetians and the 



1340 TO 1347 A.D. 



421 



Events and Eminent Men. 



king of Cyprus. The nobles of Genoa expel Boccanegra, and appoint a doge of 
their own order, Giovanni da Mnrta. Clare Hall, Cambridge, rebuilt and endowed 
by Elizabeth de Burg. Edward holds a tournament at Windsor. The Madeira 
islands first discovered by an Englishman, named Masham. Gold nobles coined 
by Edward. Parliament, by the "Statute of Provisors," forbids the inter- 
ference of the pope in bestowing benefices and livings in England. 

Peter, prince of Portugal, marries Inez (or Agnes) de Castro, and retires with 
her to the banks of the Mondego. The earl of Derby defeats de Lisle at 
Auberoche, and takes him prisoner. Van Artevelde slain in a popular tumult. 
Andrew of Hungary murdered at Aversa, Sep. 18 ; Joanna is accused of having 
instigated the deed. The Genoese refer their intestine disputes to Luchino Vis- 
conte. Clement employs Uberto Delfino to preach a crusade against the Turks, 
but without eflfect. Apokaukos murdered by his prisoners. Stephen Dushan 
takes Serres. Henry Dusner von Arfoerg, grand master of the Teutonic knights 
in Prussia. The Grocers' Company established in London. Andrea Daudolo, 
doge of Venice, and Giovanni Villani, write their Chronicles. 

Edward embarks his army at Southampton, July 4, and lands at La Hogue, July 12. 
Battle of Crecy, Aug. 25 ; cannon first used by the English ; the Black Prince, 
set. 16, displays great courage ; among the slain in the French ranks, is John, 
king of Bohemia, for some years blind ; his crest and motto have from that time 
been retained by the prince of Wales, as a memorial of this victory. Edward 
lays siege to Calais. David Bruce is defeated, taken prisoner, and his army 
destroyed, Oct. 17, at Neville's Cross, near Durham, by queen Philippa ; she joins 
her husband in the camp before Calais. Clement VI. induces some princes to 
elect for emperor Charles, marquis of Moravia, and son of John, king of Bo- 
hemia ; he is crowned at Bonne, escapes from the field of Crecy, and inherits his 
father's crown. Louis of Bavaria is still supported by a large majority of the 
princes. Louis of Hungary demands satisfaction for the murder of his brother ; 
he advances with an ai-my to support the revolt of Zara, but is defeated by the 
Venetians, to whom the city again submits. Luchino Visconte acquires Parma 
and Piacenza. Clement excommunicates Waldemar, king of Denmark, for 
having undertaken a pilgrimage to the Holy Land without his permission. 
Cantacuzene secures the friendship of Orchan, by giving him his daughter in 
marriage ; he advances to the gates of CP. The Genoese take the island of 
Scios, and expel the Greek garrison at Phocsea. The pope gives Louis, count 
of Clei-mont, grandson of Alfonso de la Cerda, licence to conquer the Canary, 
or Fortunate, Islands, and to take the title of king. The university of Heidel- 
berg founded. The church of St. Sophia at CP. greatly injured by an earthquake. 

Charles de Blois made prisoner at La Roche-Darien, by Jane ofMontfort; his 
countess, Jane de Penthi^vere, continues the struggle; surrender of Calais, 
Aug. 4 ; Eustace de St. Pierre and his five fellow-citizens are saved through the 
intercession of Philippa and her son ; this age of heroines softens the harshness 
of chivalry. Charles of Bohemia attempts to conquer the Tirol, is defeated by 
the marquis Louis of Brandenburg. Death of Louis of Bavaria, Oct. 11 ; 
the crown of Germany is offered to Edward III., who declines it ; Charles IV. 
is left undisputed king of Germany. Louis of Hungary claims the throne of 
Naples, and arrives in Italy to support his pretensions. Joanna marries 
Louis, prince of Tarento ; renounces her claims on Sicily, and makes a treaty 
with Louis, king of that island. Clement threatens to excommunicate the 
king of Hungary, who defies his fulminations. Niccolo, or Cola di Rienzo, 
tribune of Rome, May 20 : reforms many abuses ; is celebrated and counselled 
by Petrarch ; defeats the exiled nobles, Nov. 20, when seven of the Colonna 
family are slain ; dazzled by his success, commits many extravagant acts, loses 
the support of the people, abdicates and takes flight, Dec. 15. Cantacuzene 
enters CP., Feb. 3, and concludes a treaty on the 8th with Anne of Savoy; 
he is acknowledged emperor ; is crowned May 13, and mames his daughter, 
Helena, on the 21st, to the young excluded emperor, John V. Casimir gives the 
first code of laws to Poland. The king of Denmark sells Esthonia to the 
Teutonic knights. St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster, rebuilt by the king. 
Isidore I. patriarch of CP. 



422 


















FROM 


THE 


TEA! 


A.D. 


Hegtba. 


East- 
ern Em- 
fire. 


Popes. 


Port- 
ugal. 

24 Al- 
fonso 
IV. 

the 
Brave. 


Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 

TILE. GON. ARRB. 


France. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


Ger- 
many. 


1348 


749—750 


2 John 
Vl.Can- 
tacu- 
zene. 


7 Cle- 
ment 
VI. 
May 7. 


37 Al- 
fonso 
XI. 


13 Pe- 
dro 
IV. 


33 Jo- 
anna 
11. 


16 Yu- 
sef Ben 
Ismail. 


21 Phi- 
lip VI. 

de Va- 
lois. 


3Chas. 
I. 


2Chas. 
IV. 


1349 


750—751 


3 


8 


25 


38 


14 


IChas. 
II. 

the 
Bad. 


17 


22 


4 


' 1 




1350 


751-752 


4 


9 


26 


1 Pe- 
ter the 
Cruel. 


15 


2 


18 


1 John 
II. the 

Good. 


5 


A „ , , 




1351 


752—753 


5 


lo- 


27- 


2 


16 


3 


19 


2 . 


6 


5 


1352 


753—754 


6 


ll 

d. Dec. 

6. 

1 In- 
nocent 
VI. 
Dec. 18. 


28 


3 


17 


4 


20 




7 


6 


1353 


755 


7 


2 


29 


4 


18 


5 


21 


4 


8 


7 .■ 


1354 


756 


1 John 

Y. re- 
stored. 


3 


30 


5 


19 


6 


1 Mn- 
hamad 
V. Ben 

Yusef. 


5 


9 


8 



























1348 TO 1354 A.D. 



423 



Etpe- 
tilion 
Dates. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


Flan- 
ders. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Hunga- 
ry. 


Russia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1348 


6Andrea 
Dan- 
dolo. 


6 Araa- 

deus 

VI. 


3 LouiR 
II. 


9Wal- 
demar 
111. 


30 Mag- 
nus II. 

Smek. 


16 Ca- 
sirair 
III. 


7 Louis 
I. 


9 Si- 
meon 
I. 


20 Da- 
vid II 
Bruce. 
June7 


22 Ed- 
ward 
111. 
Jan. 25. 


1349 


7 


7 


4 


10 


31 


17 


8 


10 


21 


23 


1350 


8 


8 


5 


11 


32 


18 


9 


11 


22 


24 


1351 


9 


9 


6 


12 


33 


19 


10 


12 


23 


25 


1 
1352 


10 


10 




13 


34 


20 


11 


13 


,^ 


26 


1353 


11 


11 


8 


14 


35 


21 


12 


1 Iwan 
II. 


25 


27 


1354 


1 Mari- 
no Fali- 
ero. 


12 


9 


15 


36 


22 


13 


2 


26 


28 



424 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1348 



1349 



1350 



1351 



Events and Eminent Men. 



A truce between England and France. Louis of Hungary takes possession of 
Naples ; Joanna and her husband take refuge in Provence ; the plague raging 
in Italy, obliges the conqueror to return into his own country ; he puts to death 
the duke of Durazzo and takes with him the child, Charles Martel, his brother 
Andrew's son, and many Italian nobles. Joanna sells Avignon to the pope, who 
gives her husband the title of king ; they return to Naples, War between Can- 
tacuzene and the Genoese of Galata ; the Greek fleet captured before CP. ; the 
senate of Genoa orders the colony to desist from hostilities. Philip of Aragon, 
held for a time in captivity by a conspiracy of his nobles, is rescued by his 
people ; he makes new laws, extending the privileges of the commons, and 
limiting the power of the crown and the grandees. The count of Clermont fits 
out a fleet in Catalonia, for his expedition to the Canary Islands ; the state of 
France and the defence of his lands compel him to relinquish the undertaking. 
Joan, daughter of Edward III., affianced to Peter of Castile, dies of the plague 
at Bordeaux, on her way to Spain. Niccolo Acciaiuoli is appointed by Joanna 
hereditary grand seneschal of Naples and count of Amalfi. Duke Warner again 
appears in Italy, with his band, and is taken into the Neapolitan service. A 
great mortality caused throughout Europe by the plague ; 50,000 are buried 
during the year in the Charter-house yard of London ; in the month of October 
Saragossa loses 300 daily ; two-thirds of the population of Florence perish ; 
among its victims is Giovanni Villani, the historian ; his Chronicle is continued 
by his brother Matteo ; this plague suggests to Boccacio the idea of his De- 
cameron. Caius and Gonville College, at Cambridge, founded by Edmund 
Gonville. Interview of Rienzo with the king of Hungary at Naples. 
Edward defeats a plot to betray Calais, Jan. 1 ; he conquers in single combat the 
French knight, Eustace de Ribaumont. Institution (or revival, see 1192) of 
the Order of the Garter, April 23. Louis of Naples recovers the greater 
part of his kingdom, but loses it again through the defection of duke Warner, 
who takes pay of the Hungarians. Death of Luchino Visconte; his brother, 
the archbishop John, becomes governor of Milan and its dependencies. Joanna 
of Navarre dies in France ; her son, Charles, receives the surname of the BoA, or 
the Cruel, for his severities in repressing some disorders in his provinces. Cle- 
ment declares the Flagellants to be heretics, and issues a Bull against them. 
Bartolo da Sassoferrato, eminent as a jurist. After a series of rapid revolutions, 
Alexius Comnenus III. is acknowledged emperor (the seventeenth) of Trebizond. 
Dauphiny annexed to France, on condition that the king's eldest son should be 
called the Dauphin. Giinther, count of Schwarzberg, is elected king by some of 
the German princes, but resigns at the end of four months. 
Death of Philip, king of France ; the reign of his brother, John, is disturbed by the 
intrigues of Charles of Navarre. Alfonso of Castile is carried off by the plague 
in his camp before Gibraltar, March 26; his son, Peter, set. 16, by his ferocious 
acts obtains the surname of the Cruel. Louis of Huugary again over-runs the 
kingdom of Naples, which he evacuates under a treaty mediated by the pope. 
On the death of Giovanni da Murta, Giovanni di Valente is elected doge of 
Genoa. The seizure of some Venetian ships by the Genoese at Caffa, in the 
Crimea, leads to a furious naval war. Cantacuzene, protected by a Turkish 
force, enters Thessalonica, and recovers part of Macedonia from the Servians ; 
he pays his Turkish mercenaries with money sent from Russia to repair the 
church of St. Sophia ; Callistus I., the newly-appointed patriarch of CP., 
connives at the act, but the clergy are very indignant. The Hungarians 
are improved by their intercourse with Italy ; vines are planted at Tokay. 
Clement, at the end of fifty years, repeats the jubilee ; Rienzo in disguise visits 
Rome. 
The law of high-treason defined by a special Act of the English parliament. 
Zurich joins the Swiss confederation, and is placed at the head of the cantons ; 
the abbot of St. Gall forms an alliance with them. Peter the Cruel puts to death 
Eleanora de Guzman, and persecutes her family, John Visconte, having obtained j 
possession of Bologna, Clement, after threats of excommunication and interdict, 
accepts a sum of money, and grants the investiture. Rienzo seeks Charles IV. 



J. 



1348 TO 1354 A.D. 



425 



Events and Eminent Men. 



at Prague, and is transferred by him to the custody of the pope at Avignon. 
The Genoese fleet, under Paganino Doria, plunders many Venetian towns on the 
Adriatic and in Negropont ; the Venetians and their ally, the king of Aragon, 
send a powerful army into the Archipelago. Cantacuzene leaves John V. 
at Thessalonica, and returns to settle the religious disputes at CP. Nice- 
phorus Gregoras, the historian, is confined in the monastery at Chora, and ill- 
treated for his heresy. Winrich von Kniprode grand master of the Teutonic 
knights in Prussia ; industry and commerce begin to flourish in that country ; 
schools and hospitals are established there. Corpus Christi, or Benedict, 
College, Cambridge, founded ; also Trinity Hall, by William Bateman, bishop of 
Norwich. 

The parliament, by a statute of Prsemunire, still farther limits the papal power 
in England. Naval battle in the Bosphorus, Feb. 13 ; the Genoese defeat the 
Venetians and Aragonese under Nicoletto Pisani, assisted by the Greek fleet ; 
they compel Cantacuzene to sign a treaty, May 6, which gives them the entire 
command of the Black Sea. John V. is encouraged by his partizans of Thessa- 
lonica to commence war against Cantacuzene. Glaris and Zug join the Swiss 
league. Death of Obizzo, marquis d'Este ; he is succeeded by his son, Aldro- 
vandino III. 

Alliance of Genoa with Louis of Hungary ; their fleet, commanded by Antonino 
Grimaldi, defeated by the Venetians and Aragonese off Linghiera, in Sardinia, 
Aug. 29 ; the Genoese, in despair, place themselves under the protection of John 
Visconte ; he restores their confidence, and improves their city ; among otlier 
useful works, he erects for them a public clock. Fra Moriale, a knight of 
Rhodes, collects a condottiere band in Italy ; Deodati de Gozon, grand master of 
the Order, not being able to check such private adventures of his knights, 
resigns his office. Marriage of Peter the Cruel to Blanche de Bourbon ; in three 
days he deserts her, and devotes himself to his mistress, Maria de Padillia. 
John V. is driven to the isle of Tenedos by the Turkish allies of Cantacuzene, 
who breaks his treaty with Anne of Savoy, and proclaims his own son, Matthew, 
joint emperor. The canton of Berne accedes to the Swiss confederation. Simeon, 
grand duke of Russia, dies of the plague ; his nephew, Iwanll., does homage to 
the Golden Horde, as his successor. Death of Maximus Planudes, the Greek 
collector of the fables ascribed to ^sop. 

Robert Stuart, regent of Scotland, sui-prises the town of Berwick. Rienzo ap- 
pointed senator of Rome ; puts to death Fra Moriale ; fails in his attempt on 
Palestrina; is assassinated, Sep. 8. The cardinal Alboraoz restores order in 
Rome. Petrarch accompanies an embassy sent by John Visconte to Venice, 
which endeavours without success to restore peace between that republic and 
Genoa. Paganino Doria captures or destroys the Venetian fleet at Sapienza, in 
the Morea, Nov. 4, and takes the admiral, Pisani, prisoner. Death of Andrea 
Dandolo, Sep. 7. Marino Faliero elected doge of Venice. Sicily distracted by 
two rival factions and a minor's reign ; Niccolo Acciaiuoli conquers Palermo, 
Trapani, and a large part of the island for the king of Naples. Death of John 
Visconte ; his nephews, Matteo, Beniabo, and Galeazzo, jointly succeed him. 
John v., assisted by some Genoese ships, surprizes CP., and regains his throne. 
Cantacuzene retires into a monastery as the monk Joasaph. Nicephorus Gre- 
goras is released from his confinement. The patriarch Callistus having been 
deposed by Cantacuzene for refusing to crown Matthew. John V. deposes Phi- 
lotheus, who performed the ceremony, and restores Callistus. Charles IV. in- 
troduces a feudal constitution in Bohemia ; he proceeds to Italy and aiTiA es at 
Mantua, but refuses to join the league against the Visconti. Yusef, king of 
Granada, is stabbed by a madman in a mosque; his son, Muhamad, succeeds 
him. Inez de Castro murdered by order of her husband's father, Alfonso, king 
of Portugal. Peter of Castile imprisons his queen. Suleiman, son of Orchan, 
repairs the walls of Gallipoli, which had been thrown down by an eartli- 
quake, and brings over a colony of Turkish families, Avho permanently 
occupy the place. The title of lord mayor given to the chief magistrate of 
London. 



3 11 



426 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



Hegi- 

RA. 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



1355 



1356 



1357 



1358 



1359 



757 



758 



759 



760 



761 



Popes. 



2 John 4 Inno 
V. re- cent VI. 
stored. Dec. 18. 



1360 



1361 



762 



763 



1362 764 



1363 



765 



Port- 
ugal. 



31 Al- 
fonso 
IV. 

the 
Brave. 



32- 



1 Pe- 
ter I. 

the Se- 
vere. 



Cas- 
tile. 



Spain. 
Ara- Nav- Moors, 

GON. ARRE. 



France. Bohe- 
mia. 



6Pe 

ter the 
Cruel. 



20 Pe- 
dro 
IV. 



10 • 



c?.Sep.l2, 
1 Urban 
V. 
Oct. 31. 



7Chas, 
II. the 
Bad. 



22- 



23- 



10- 



24 It 



25- 



13- 



10 



2Mu- 
hamad 

Y.Ben 



6 John 
II. the 

Good. 



10 

Chas, 
I. 



26 



27- 



28- 



llsmail 
II. 



lAbu 
Said. 



IMu- 
hamad 
V. re- 
stored. 



9Chas, 

iv: 



12- 



13- 



Ger- 

MANY. 



13- 



15- 



15 



18 



1355 TO 1363 A,D. 



427 



Repe- 
tition 


Doges 
OF Ve- 


Savoy. 


Flan- 


Den- 


Swe- 


Po- 


Hun- 


Russia. 


Scot- 


Eng- 


Dates. 


nice. 




ders. 


mark. 


den. 


land. 


gaby. 




land. 


land. 


1355 


IGio- 
vanni 
Grade- 
nlgo. 


13 Ama- 
deus VI. 


10 Louis 
II. 


16 

Wal- 
demar 
III. 


37 

Mag- 
nus II. 

Smek. 


23 Ca- 
simir 
III, 


14 Louis 
I. 


3Iwan 
II. 


27 David 

IL 

Bruce. 
June 7. 


29 Ed- 
ward 
III. 

Jan. 25. 


1356 


1 Gio- 
vanni 
Delfino. 


14 


11 


17 


38 


24 


15 


4 


28 


30 


1357 


2 


15 


12 


18 


39 


25 


16 


5 


29 


31 


1358 


3 


16 


13 


19 


40 


26 


17 


6 


30 


32 


1359 


4 


17 


14 


20 


41_ 


27 


18 — 


1 Dmi- 
tri III. 


31 


33 


1360 


5 


18 


15 


21 


42 


28 


19 


2 


32 


34 


1361 


ILo- 

1 renzo 
Celso. 


19 


16 


22 


43 


29 


20 


3 


33 


a5 


1362 


! 2 

i 


20 


17 


23— 


u- 


30 


21 


1 Dmi- 
tri IV. 


34 


36 


1363 

ij 


3 — 


21 


18 


24 


45 


31 


22 


2 — 


35 


37 



428 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.O. 



1355 



1356 



1357 



1358 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1359 



Charles, king of Navarre, is treacherously seized and impiisoned in France ; his 
brother Philip, and Geoffrey d'Harcourt, enter into alliance with Edward III. 
War renewed. The prince of Wales conducts an army to Guyenne, crosses the 
Garonne, and over-runs Languedoc. P2dward lands at Calais, and invades the 
northern provinces ; he comes back to England, repels an incursion of the Scotch, 
recovers Berwick, and advances to Edinburgh ; Balliol resigns to him his claims 
on the crown of Scotland, for a pension, Charles IV. is crowned at Milan 
Jan. 6, and at Rome April 5. Marino Faliero, doge of Venice, accused of a con- 
spiracy against the nobles, is beheaded, April 17, set. 80, on the great staircase of 
the ducal palace. The Venetians conclude a disadvantageous peace with the 
Genoese ; the latter employ their fleets on the coast of Africa, and take Tripoli. 
Death of Louis, the young king of Sicily; his brother, Frederic, at a still more 
tender age, is supported by the Aragonese. Matteo Viscoute dies, Sep. 26 ; his 
two brothers continue to act in concert. 

Battle of Poictiers, Sep. 19 ; John, king of France, taken prisoner by Edward, the 
Black Prince ; the dauphin Charles escapes, and assumes the government during 
his father's captivity. The Golden Bull, prepared by Bartolo da Sassoferrato, is 
promulgated by the emperor, as the fundamental law of the Germanic consti- 
tution. General resistance of Northern Italy to the brothers Visconti ; the 
marquis of Montferrat takes Asti from them ; the Genoese recover their inde- 
pendence, and re-elect their former doge, Simon Boccanegra. Louis, king of 
Hungary, renews his hostilities against the Venetians. Matthew Cantacuzene 
struggles to regain his lost throne. John V. obtains the friendship of Orchan. 
Wickliffe publishes his "Last Age of the Church." Sir John Mandeville 
returns from his Travels, and writes his account of them. 

The prince of Wales brings his prisoners to London, and is triumphantly received. 
May 24. Edward concludes a treaty with the captive king, which the dauphin 
rejects. Distress of France ; Charles of Navarre escapes from his prison, and 
makes active war ; the States create internal discord by their endeavours to 
restrict the royal prerogative. David, king of Scotland, is released for a ransom, 
after a confinement of eleven years. Peter I., having succeeded his father, Al- 
fonso, on the throne of Portugal, punishes the murderers of Inez de Castro, and 
transfers her remains to the royal sepulchre of Alcoba9a, with funeral honours. 
Louis of Hungary takes Zara, Trau, and Spalatro, from the Venetians. Count 
Lando, chief of another irregular band, is employed by the league against the 
brothers Visconti, whose army is defeated on the Oglio with great loss. The 
rebellion of Louis, duke of Durazzo, obliges Acciaiuoli to raise the siege of 
Catania, and return to Naples. Cardinal Albomoz recalled from Rome to Avignon. 
Matthew Cantacuzene is given up to John V. by the Servians, and compelled to 
abdicate. Timour's first campaign against the Irakians. 

Violent commotions in France ; the authority of the dauphin disregarded ; the 
marshals of Normandy and Burgundy murdered ; insurrection of the peasantry, 
or war of La Jaquerie ; Edward's lieutenant, the Captal de Buche, rescues the 
dauphin's wife and the ladies of her court from their violence at Meaux. Edward 
respects the truce to which he had agreed in his treaty with the king. Peter 
of Aragon supports Henry de Trastamare, son of Eleanor de Guzman {see, 1330 
and 1351), in his claims on the crown of Castile. Peter the Cruel puts to death 
his brother, Ferdinand, with others of the royal family, John, prince of Aragon, 
and many Castilian grandees. The Venetians by a treaty of peace resign Dal- 
matia and I stria to the king of Hungaiy, and agree to style their doge only 
duke of Venice, expunging from his title their share of the empire of Romania, 
acquired in 1204. Peace concluded between the Visconti and their enemies. 
The duke of Durazzo reconciled with the king of Naples. Cardinal Albomoz 
again sent as legate to Rome. Orchan's son, Suleiman, killed by a fall from 
his horse. The barony of Corinth granted to Niccolo Acciaiuoli. 

Edward's terms of peace not being accepted, be invades France again, and lays 
siege to Rheims. Pavia surrenders to Galeazzo Visconte ; Bernabo besieges Bo- 
logna. Innocent makes a vain effort to restore peace between Castile and 
Aragon, and turn their arms against the infidels. Peter continues his atrocities, 



355 TO 13G3 A.D. 429 



Events and Eminent Men. 



and puts to death his aunt, Eleanor, queen of Aragon. Mnhamad, king of Gra- 
nada, deposed by his brother, Ismail, retires into Africa. Death of Orchan ; his 
son, Amnrath, or Murad I., becomes sultan of the Ottomans. Timour takes 
Samarcand, and conquers Maveralnaher, or Transoxiana. Margaret, daughter of 
Waldemar, king of Denmark, betrothed to Haco, king of Norway. John of 
Gaunt marries Blanche, daughter of the earl of Lancaster, great-grandson of 
Henry III., and receives the title of duke of Lancaster. 

Edwaixl desists from his attack on Rheims, and advances unopposed to the gates 
of Paris ; treaty of peace signed at Bretigni, May 8 ; the king of France set 
free, for a large ransom ; his daughter, Isabella, is betrothed to the young son of 
Galeazzo Visconte, who assists him in paying the stipulated price for his libera- 
tion ; the lands of Vertus in Campagne are settled on the son, with the title of 
count. Bologna is given up to the legate, cardinal Albomoz ; Bemabo, defying 
threats of excommunication, persists in the siege, till he is driven away by a 
body of Hungarians, invited by the legate ; these auxiliaries plunder the terri- 
tories of Modena and Parma. The condoUiere Anichino di Mongardo infests 
Naples. Ismail, the usurper of Granada, is slain by his chief minister, Abu 
Said, who seizes the throne. Amurath takes Ancyra and Demotica. Wicklifife's 
controversy with the Mendicants at Oxford. John Milicz, archdeacon of Prague, 
opposes the prevalent superstition and errors of the age. Cantacuzene retires 
to Mount Athos, and writes his History, Boccacio introduces Leontius Pilatus 
to teach Greek at Florence. 

The insurrectionary bands in France defeat the royal army under James de 
Bourbon, at Brignais, near Lyons, April 2. Blanche de Bourbon, aet. 25, poisoned 
by order of Peter the Cruel, in her prison at Medina Sidonia, with her companion, 
Isabella Lara, widow of prince John of Aragon ; Maria de Padillia, Peter's fa- 
vourite mistress, dies soon afterwards. Bemabo Visconte renews the siege of 
Bologna ; the king of Hungary refuses farther assistance against him. The pope 
and the marquis of Montferrat invite into Italy a number of soldiers disbanded 
from the English army. The violence of the plague suspends all military 
operations ; the doge of Venice dies of it, and Aldrovandino d'Este ; during the 
minority of his son, Obizzo IV., his brother, Nicholas, takes the reins of govern- 
ment. Galeazzo Visconte founds the university of Pavia. Muhamad leaves Africa 
and comes to Ronda; he is proclaimed again at Malaga, and applies to Peter 
of Castile for support. Amurath takes Adrianople, and makes it his residence. 

Edward fomis Guienne and the adjoining provinces into the principality of Aqui- 
tain, for his son, the Black Prince ; he celebrates his fiftieth year by a general 
amnesty, and a confirmation of Magna Charta. An Act of parliament orders 
the French language to be discontinued in law pleadings and documents, and 
English to be used in all the courts. Death of Louis, king of Naples ; Joanna 
marries James of Aragon, son of the deposed king of Majorca, but stipulates 
that he shall not assume the regal title. Abu Said visits Peter of Castile to 
ask his friendship, and is treacherously slain by him ; Muhamad re-ascends the 
throne of Granada. The Desht-Jitteh, or Getes, begin to manifest their jealousy 
of Timour. Philotheus restored patriarch of CP. 

The king of France returns to England, on account of some difficulties in executing 
the treaty. London is visited by the king of Cyprus, who is endeavouring to 
incite Europe to a new crusade ; David of Scotland, being there also at the same 
time, Edward III., his son, the Black Prince, and the three foreign sovereigns, 
are entertained by Sir Henry Pikard, who had been lord mayor in 1357. Ber- 
nabo Visconte is excommunicated by the pope, and defeated by the League ; the 
forces of his brother, Galeazzo, are routed by the marquis of Montferrat, as- 
sisted by Otho of Brunswick and the English mercenaries ; count Lando slain 
at Novara. The English enter into the service of the Pisans, and obtain a 
victory for them over the Florentines. Gabriel Adomo elected doge of Genoa. 
Marriage of Haco, king of Norway, to Margaret, the future '• Semiramis of the 
North" ; the Swedes, displeased by this marriage, offer their throne to Albert of 
Mecklenburg, a son of Magnus Smek's sister. Amurath turns his arms against 
the Bulgarians and Servians; from the former he takes Philippopolis, and from 
the latter Serres. Timour's first campaign against the Getes in Maveralnaher. 



430 



FEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1364 



1365 



1366 



1367 



1368 



Hegiea. 



766 



767 



769 



770 



771—772 



1370 



772—773 



773—774 



1372 



774—775 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 

11 John 
V. re- 



13 ■ 



19 ■ 



Popes. 



3Ur 

ban V 
Oct.31 



8 Pe- 
ter I. 

the 
Severe. 



1 Fer- 
di- 
nand. 



d. Dec. 
19. 

1 Gre- 
gory 
XI. 

Dec.30 



Port- 
ugal, 



Spain. 

Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tile. gon. arre. 



15 Pe- 
ter the 
Cruel. 



1 Hen- 
ry II. 



29 Pe- 
dro 
IV. 



32- 



33- 



34- 



35- 



16 

Chas. 
II. the 
Bad. 



20- 



21- 



22- 



. 36 23- 



3Mu 
hamad 
V. re- 
stored. 



France, 



1 Chas. 

Y.the 
Wise. 



Bohe- 
mia. 



19 

Chas. 
I. 



20- 



22- 



23- 



25- 



26- 



Ger- 

MANY 



18 

Chas, 
IV. 



20- 



22- 



23- 



25- 



1364 TO 1372 A.D. 



431 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1364 



1365 



1366 



1367 



1368 



1369 



1370 



1371 



1372 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



4 Lo- 
renzo 
Celso. 



Savoy. 



22 Ama- 
deus VI, 



1 Marco 23 • 
Cornaro. 



24 ■ 



1 An- 
drea 
Conta- 
reno. 



Flan- 
ders. 



19 Louis 
II. 



20 . 



25 Wal- 
demar 
III. 



26 ■ 



25 . 



27 . 



28- 



29 ■ 



30 ■ 



22 



23 ■ 



Den- 
mark. 



27 . 



28 . 



29 ■ 



Swe- 
den. 



1 Al- 
bert. 



33- 



Po- 

LAND, 



32 Ca- 
simir 
III. 



25 • 



32 ■ 



33 . 



Hun 

GARY. 



Louis 

I. 



25- 



4 35 26- 



36 



37- 



1 Lou 



Scot- 
land. 



36 Da- 
vid II. 
Bruce. 

June 7. 



27 7 



28 



30- 



37. 



38- 



39- 



40- 



Eng- 

LAND. 



38 Ed- 
ward 
III. 

Jan. 25. 



39 ■ 



40 • 



41 

h. Rich- 
ard II. 

h. Hen- 
ry IV. 

42 



43 

<?. Qu. 
Philip- 
pa. 






1 Ro- 
bert II. 
Stuart. 
Feb. 22, 



2 46 



45 ■ 



432 



FEOM THE TEAU 



A.D. 



1364 



1365 



1366 



1367 



1368 



Events and Eminent Men, 



The king of France dies, April 8, in the palace of the Savoy, at London. Bertrand 
du Guesclin defeats the army of the king of Navarre in Normandy, and takes 
its commander, the Captal de Buch, prisoner ; he is himself afterwards defeated 
and captured, Sep. 29, at Auray, by the Breton forces under John Chandos ; the 
count Charles de Blois is slain, and John de Montfort is acknowledged duke of 
Brittany. France harassed and plundered by " Companies" of disbanded soldiers, 
commanded by Sir Matthew Goumay, Sir Hugh Calverly, and others. Treaty 
of Union between Bohemia and Austria. Peace between the Visconti and the 
Italian States. Sir John Hawkwood takes the command of the English in the 
pay of Pisa ; they are defeated by the Florentines ; a treaty of peace follows 
between the two republics. Albert takes the throne of Sweden. Chaucer writes 
his Canterbury Tales. Carlsbad founded. 

Peter the Gruel renders himself so odious to his subjects, that Henry de Trasta- 
mare revives his claim to the throne of Castile, and obtains permission from 
Charles V. of France to enlist the " Companies" in his service ; Du Guesclin 
negotiates with their leaders, and organizes the army. Marriage of Leopold, 
duke of Austria, to Verde, daughter of Bemabo Visconte. Death of Niccolo 
Acciaiuoli. Frederic of Sicily recovers Palermo and Messina. The king of 
Cyprus and the knights of Rhodes, with some Venetian and English volunteers, 
surprize Alexandria, which they abandon, taking with them a large booty, 
Haco invades Sweden ; he is defeated by Albert at Enkiopiug, and his father, 
Magnus, made prisoner. A treaty of commerce between Amurath and the re- 
public of Ragusa. Timour quarrels with his brother-in-law, Houssein. Uni- 
versity of Vienna founded. The monastery of Sumelas, near Trebizond, endowed 
by Alexius III. 

The pope claims the tribute, which had been previously paid by England ; an Act 
of parliament, 40 Edward III., resists the demand, and declares the concessions 
made by king John to be illegal and invalid. Du Guesclin marches to Avignon, 
extorts a large sum from the pope, leads his forces into Castile, expels Peter, 
and places Henry on the throne ; the tyrant takes refuge in Guienne, and 
appeals to the Black Prince. A new league formed against the Visconti ; Bemabo 
by a large army overawes Genoa. Petrarch, by his letters, supports the people 
of Rome, urging the pope to make their city his residence again: Urban orders 
his palaces to be prepared for his reception. Alexius III. of Trebizond defeated 
by the Turkoman tribes ; the imperial notary, Panaretos, writes his Chronicle 
of that empire. Wickliffe dismissed from the wardenship of Canterbury Hall. 
Houssein, defeated by Timour, retires to Balkh. 

The Black Prince espouses the cause of Peter, recalls the " Companies" from 
Henry's army, defeats him at Najara, April 3, takes Du Guesclin prisoner, 
restores Peter to his throne, and restrains the cruelty of the perfidious tyrant, 
who, in return for the services rendered him, refuses the stipulated pay to his 
allies ; Edward leaves him to his fate. Birth, at Bourdeaux, Jan. 6, of Richard, 
son of the prince of Wales, by his marriage with his cousin, Joan, the Fair Maid 
of Kent, daughter of Edmund, earl of Kent {see 1329, 1330). Urban returns to 
Rome. Death of cardinal Albomoz. Marriage of Marco, son of Beraabo Vis- 
conte, to Isabella, daughter of Stephen, duke of Bavaria. After a short recon- 
ciliation between Timour and Houssein, and a defeat of the Getes, their war is 
renewed ; Timour takes Balkh ; Houssein made prisoner, is tried by sound of 
trumpet,' condemned and put to death by thiee of Timour's chiefs. Death of 
Peter king of Portugal ; he is interred at Alcoba9a, in the tomb of Inez de 
Castro. The Kremlin of Moscow built by Dmitri IV. 

The nobles of Aquitain refuse to pay the taxes levied by the Black Pnnce for the 
charges of his Castilian campaign, and appeal to the king of France. Bertrand 
du Guesclin is set at liberty, collects another army, and returns to Spain ; Peter 
is supported by the Moors of Granada. Alai-med by the progress of Amurath, 
John IV. treats with Urban for the re-union of the two churches. The king of 
Cyprus visits Rome, to urge a crusade ; the pope tries in vain to rouse the West 
against the Ottomans. The emperor Charles marches into Italy and levies 
contributions. Marriage of Violante, daughter of Galeazzo Visconte, to Lionel, 



13G4 TO 1372 A.D. 



433 




duke of Clarence, second son of Edward III.; Petrarch, present at the festi- 
vities, is placed at the " table of the princes ;" the death of Lionel soon follows. 
Bemabo Visconte makes an inroad on the Mantuan territories. Timour conquers 
the Getes, and is inaugurated sovereign of Balkh ; the chiefs all make submis- 
sion to him. Milicz is imprisoned at Rome for preaching his doctrines. 

The king of France breaks the treaty of peace, by citing the prince of Wales to 
answer for his conduct towards his subjects ; Edward answers that he will 
attend at the head of 60,000 men. War renewed ; Edward III. appeals to the 
parliament, who grant subsidies, and urge him to re-assume the title of king 
of France. Death of Queen Philippa, at Windsor, Aug. 14, and of Blanche, wife 
of John of Gaunt. Peter the Cruel defeated, March 14, and slain March 23, at 
Montiel, near Almagro, set. 35. Henry is acknowledged king of Castile ; the 
king of Portugal claims the throne. John of Gaunt marries Constance, Peters 
eldest daughter, and in her right he also claims the crown of Castile ; her 
sister Isabella becomes the second wife of Edmund, earl of Cambridge, fourth 
son of Edward III. The emperor John V. visits Rome, and confonns to the Ca- 
tholic church, without obtaining the expected succours. The emperor Charles 
returns to Germany. Bemabo Visconte takes Sir John Hawkwood and his 
band into his pay. On the death of Lionel, duke of Clarence, De Spenser, with 
some English retainers, takes possession of the lands given by Galeazzo as his 
daughter's dowry, and sells them to the marquis of Montferrat ; the marquis 
takes De Spenser and his followers into his service. 

The declining health of the prince of Wales causes his return to England ; most 
of the territories acquired by his and his father's victories are recovered by 
Charles V. Du Guesclin recalled from Spain and appointed constable of France ; 
Chandos, constable of Guienne, falls in battle ; the Captal de Bach made pri- 
soner ; Sir Robert KnoUes marches his army, unopposed, from Calais to Paris, 
but obtains no permanent advantages. Henry, the new king of Castile, fails in 
an attempt to take Ciudad Rodrigo from the Portuguese, who invade his kingdom, 
while he has to defend himself against the king of Granada, and the united 
forces of Aragon and Navarre. Urban V. returns to Avignon, where he dies, 
Dec. 19; his successor, Gregory XL, continues to reside there. Galeazzo Vis- 
conte takes Casal from the marquis of Montferrat. On the capture of San- 
Miniato by the Florentines, Filippo Borromeo, one of its citizens, takes refuge 
in Milan, and is the founder of an illustrious family. The Genoese depose 
Gabriel Adorno, and elect Domenico da Campofregoso. Death of Casimir, king of 
Poland, the last of the Piast dynasty ; the Poles elect Louis, king of Hungary, 
to be their sovereign, by a capitulation on which their constitution is based. 
The emperor John V. detained at Venice for payment of his debts, released by 
his son Manuel ; he returns with disgrace to CP. The Getes invade JVIaveral- 
naher, but retire on Timour's approach ; the Carismians resist him. Angelo, 
son of Niccolo Acciaiuoli, mortgages Corinth to his relation Nerio. Wickliffe 
denies the pope's right to tribute from England. The first stone of the Bastile 
laid, April 22, by Aubriot, provost of Paris. i 

The English parliament petitions the king to employ no churchmen in any olfice ' 
of the State, and threatens to resist by force the oppressions of papal authority. 
Death of David, king of Scotland, Feb. 22, get. 47 ; he is succeeded by Robert, ' 
the first of the Stuarts, son of his sister Margery. Beraabo Visconte obtains ' 
possession of Reggio. Wickliffe receives the degree of Doctor of Divinity at 
Oxford. Ferdinand, king of Portugal, offends his people by his marriage with 
Eleanor Tellez. Sir Walter Maary builds the Carthusian monastery in London 
(La Chartreuse), now the Charter-house. 

Siege of Rochelle by Bertrand du Guesclin ; the earl of Pembroke, proceeding with 
a fleet and army to relieve the place, is captured by the Castilian admiral, Poc- 
canegra, and a French fleet. Peace concluded between Naples and Sicily. A 
quaiTel for precedence between the consuls of Venice and Genoa, in Cyprus, 
leads to a ncAV war. Death of John Palseologus, marquis of Montferrat. The 
Carismians submit to Timour. llaco, having again invaded Sweden, obtains 
the release of his father Magnus, who soon afterwards dies in Norway. 

3 I 



434 



FEOM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



Hegira. 



1373 775-776 



1374 



776—777 



East- 
ern Em- Popes. Port- 
ugal. 



20 John 
V. re- 

I stored. 



4 Gre- 
gory 
XL 

Dec.30 



1375 1777—778 22 



1376 



1377 



1378 



1379 



1380 



778—779 



779-780 



'80—781 



'81—782 



782—783 



23 . 



24 ■ 



25 • 



7 Fer- 
di- 
nand 



5 Hen- 38 Pe- 



Spain. 

Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tile. gon. arre. 



France. 



ry 11 



droIV. 



39- 



25 

Chas. 
II. the 
Bad. 



26- 



12 Mu- 

hamad 
V. re- 
stored. 



40- 



d. Mar. 
27. 
1 Ur- 
ban VI. 
Apr. 9. 
Cle- 
ment 
VII. 1 
Oct.31 
2 2 



-314- 



BOHE- 
MIA. 



10 Chas. 

Y.the 



28 27 
Chas. Chas. 
I. IV. 



29- 



-43- 



1 John 44- 
I. 



45- 



32- 



18- 



30- 



Ger- 

MANY. 



29- 



32- 



IWen- 
ceslas 
IV. 



IWen 
ceslas. 



16 • 



1 Chas. 
VI. 



1373 TO 1380 A.D. 



435 



Repe- 
tition 


DOOES 

OK Ve- 


Savoy. 


Flan- 


Den- 


Swe- 


Po- 


Hun- 


Russia. 


Scot- 


Eng- 


Dates. 


nice. 




ders. 


MAKK. 


den. 


land. 


gary. 




land. 


land. 


1373 


7 An- 
drea 
Conta- 
reno. 


31 Ama- 
deusVl. 


28 Louis 
II. 


34 Wal- 
demar 
III. 


10 Al- 
bert. 


4 Lou- 
is. 


32 

Louis 
I. 


12 Dmi- 
tri IV. 


3 Ro- 
bert 
II. 

Stuart. 
Feb.22 


47 Ed- 
ward 
III. 

Jan. 25. 


1374 


8 


32 


29 


35 


11 


5 


33 


13 


4 


48 


1375 


9 


33 


30 




12 


« 


34 


14 


5 


49 


1376 


10 


34 


31 


1 Olaf 
IV. 


13 


7 


35 


15 


6 


50 

d. Prince 
ofWales. 


1377 


11 


35 


32 


2 


14 


8 


36 


16 




51 

d. June 
■21. 

1 Rich- 
ard II : 
J uue 22; 


1378 


il2 


36 


33 


3 


15 


9 


37 


17 


8 


'— 


1379 


13 


37 


34 




16 


10 


38 


18 — 


9 


3 


1380 


14 


38 


35 


5 


17 


11 


39 


19 


10 


4 

























A36 



FROM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



1373 



1374 



1376 



1377 



Events and Eminent Men. 



John of Gaunt lands at Calais with a large force, and marches to the South; the 
French avoid a general battle, but harass him by constant skirmishes; he 
reaches Bordeaux with his army so diminished, that he desists from farther 
enterprizes. Henry of Castile invades Portugal, laesieges Lisbon, and compels 
Ferdinand to sign a treaty of peace. Gregory exacts a tenth of the ecclesiastical 
revenues in many countries, to defray the expenses of the war against the Vis- 
conti ; he excommunicates them, and takes Sir John Hawkwood into his service ; 
all Lombardy is desolated by these contests. The Venetians make war on 
Francesco da Carrara, lord of Padua ; the dukes Albert and Leopold of Austria, 
and Louis, king of Hungary and Poland, send him an auxiliary force, but he is 
compelled to subscribe a humiliating treaty of peace. The Genoese attack 
Cyprus and take Famagosta ; the king is obliged to own himself their feudatory, 
and pay them an annual tribute. Gregory forbids the knights of Rhodes to 
assist the attack on Cyprus, and assigns to them an annual payment out of the 
tithes of that island, for the defence of Smyrna. Birth of John Huss, July 6, at 
Hussinetz, in Bohemia. Winchester College founded by William of Wykeham. 

The ravages of the plague dispose the belligerent States to lay down their arms. 
A truce is concluded between England and France. Castile and Aragon are 
reconciled by the treaty of Almazan. The Visconti and their enemies agree to 
a truce. Bernabo's hunting excursions are as oppressive as his wars ; he keeps 
5000 hounds at the expense of his peasantry, and punishes with death all in- 
fractions of his game-laws. Wicklifife is appointed one of seven ambassadors 
to represent to the pope the grievances of the church in England. Death of 
Petrarch, at Arqua, near Padua, July 18, set. 70. 

Death of Waldemar, king of Denmark : Margaret claims the throne for her son, 
Olaf, set. 5, to which her sister's son, a younger Albert, of Mecklenburg, also 
pretends. The papal legate makes an inroad on the territory of the Florentines, 
who engage Sir John Hawkwood in their service, and repel the invasion. Death 
of James of Aragon, third husband of queen Joanna. The emperor John V., sum- 
moned to the Ottoman camp, leaves his son, Andronicus, as regent, who conspires 
to retain the throne, and unites with Saoudgi, eldest son of sultan Amurath ; 
the two rebels are overcome by their fathers, and are both deprived of their eyes. 
Andronicus, to gain the support of the Genoese, cedes to them the island of 
Tenedos. New College, Oxford (first called St. Mary of Winchester), founded 
by William of Wykeham ; he is employed by Edward III. to build a new castle 
at Windsor, for which each county in England is assessed to furnish its quota 
of workmen. Death of Boccacio, set. 62. 

Death of the Black Prince, June 8, set. 46 ; the parliament, fearing intrigues against 
the rights of his young son, petition the king to remove from court his 
mistress, Alice Pierce, and John of Gaunt; Edward complies, and declares 
Richard Prince of Wales and heir to the crown. The Florentines excite a ge- 
neral revolt in the papal States, and obtain possession of Bologna, for which 
they are excommunicated, an interdict laid on their city, and all Christians are 
authorized to seize a Florentine whenever they find him, rob him of his property, 
and sell him for a slave. Gregory hires a mercenary force of Bretons, which 
he sends to recover his dominions ; he then leaves Avignon, embarks at Mar- 
seilles, and arrives in Italy. Joanna, queen of Naples, marries Otho, duke of 
Brunswick, but withholds from him the regal title. Wenceslas, son of the em- 
peror Charles, is elected king of the Romans. The States of Denmark choose 
Olaf for their king, under the regency of his mother, Margaret. The blind 
Andronicus is confined by his father in the tower of Anemas. Death of Frederic 
III., king of Sicily, July 27; his daughter, Maria, succeeds him, as queen of 
that island and duchess of Athens. Muhamad cultivates the arts at Granada, 
constructs the Azake, or public hospital, and embellishes the city with other 
buildings. Wicklifife appointed parish-priest of Lutterworth and prebendary of 
Westbury ; charges of heresy against him are sent to Rome. Macarius, pa- 
triarch of CP. 

Death of Edward III., at Richmond, set. 64; his grandson, Richard, set. 11, is 
crowned, July 16; the parliament appoints a council of regency, composed of 
three bishops, two earls, and four knights ; for the first time the members of the 



1373 TO 1380 A.D. 



437 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1378 



1379 



1380 



House of Commons choose a speaker ; Peter Delamere is selected for the office ; 
they banish Alice Pierce, and confiscate the estates given her by the late king. 
The truce with France expires, and is not renewed. Gregory makes his entry 
into Rome, Jan. 17, but soon afterwards fixes his residence at Anagni ; his over- 
tures are rejected at Florence. Charles of Navarre persists in his ambitious 
schemes ; his kingdom is invaded by the Castilians, and he loses most of his 
provinces in France ; Cherbourg is held by the English ; his sons, Charles and 
Peter, and his daughter, Joanna, are captured by the French ; the first, on his 
way to join his father's army, and the two last, at Breteuil, in Normandy ; they 
are taken to Paris, and kindly treated by the king, their uncle. 

Fruitless incursions of Sir Hugh Calverley, governor of Calais, into Picardy, and 
the duke of Lancaster into Brittany. Death of Gregory XL, followed by the 
" Great Schism of the West." After having appointed Urban VL, the cardinals 
annul their act, protesting that they were overawed by the people of Rome, and 
elect Clement VII. ; both popes maintain their respective claims, and excom- 
municate each other and their opponents ; Urban resides at Rome, Clement at 
Avignon, and all Europe is divided; England adheres to Urban, and France to 
Clement ; Urban creates twenty-six new cardinals. Death of the emperor Charles 
IV., at Prague, Nov. 29; his son, Wenceslas, succeeds him in Germany, and 
inherits Bohemia ; Sigismund has Brandenburg, and John, Lusatia. Death of 
Galeazzo Visconte, Aug. 4 ; his son, John Galeazzo, count of Vertus, succeeds 
him, and obtains possession of Asti; Bernabo marries his daughter, Valentina, 
to Peter Lusignan, king of Cyprus. Silvester de'Medici heads a revolt of the 
people of Florence, which is soon suppressed. The Genoese imprison their 
doge, Campofregoso, and elect Niccolo di Guarco ; their countrymen at Galata 
assist the escape of Andronicus, who again rebels. The Venetians endeavour 
to acquire Tenedos ; their admiral, Victor Pisani, defeats the Genoese fleet, com- 
manded by Louis del Fiesco. Wickliffe, condemned by a papal Bull, escapes 
imprisonment, through the protection of the duke of Lancaster, and the decease 
of Gregory. 

A capitation, or poll-tax, imposed on the people of England by the parliament, 
April 25. The two popes come to open war ; Urban proclaims a crusade against 
his rival and queen Joanna ; he employs the company of St. George, by whom 
the Bretons, in the service of Clement, are defeated, and the castle of S. Angelo 
taken. Peace between Castile and NavaiTe, followed by the death of Henry, 
May 30, set. 47 ; he is succeeded by his son John. The emperor John V. is made 
prisoner by his son, Andronicus, who usurps the throne ; the Venetians propose 
to liberate the captive, and obtain from him an order for the delivery of Tenedos 
into their hands ; their fleet is totally defeated near Pola, May 6, by the Ge- 
noese, whose admiral, Lucian Doria, falls in the battle ; his successor, Peter 
Doria, advances to attack the city of Venice, and makes himself master of Chi- 
ozza and Malamocco ; the Venetians sue for peace, which is refused to them ; 
they are roused by this to most vigorous exertions for self-defence. Francesco 
da Can'ara lays siege to Treviso, which is relieved by Bernabo Visconte. Charles 
of Durazzo, sent by Louis of Hungary against the Venetians, is diverted by 
Urban VI. to attempt the conquest of Naples. The disciples of Wickliffe form 
themselves into a society of itinerant preachers, to whom the name of Lollards 
(borrowed from Antwerp, see 1800) is given. Nilus patriarch of CP. 

The duke of Gloucester, the king's youngest uncle, marches with 10,000 men from 
Calais to Brittany ; the duke of Burgundy, at the head of a large army, avoids 
a battle. Death of Bertrand du Guesclin, July 13. Charles V. dies, Sep. 16, 
succeeded by his son Charles, set. 12 ; the oppressive measures of the young 
king's uncles cause violent commotions through all France. Urban excommu- 
nicates Joanna, and absolves her subjects from their allegiance to her ; at his 
instigation. Charles of Durazzo, or dalla Pace, marches with his Hungarian army 
to attack Naples, and arrives at Rome. The Genoese fleet and army at Chiozza 
sun*ender to the Venetians. Francesco da Carrara again besieges Treviso. Death 
of the Venetian admiral, Victor Pisani. On the decease of Haco, his widow, 
Margaret, undertakes the regency of Norway for her son Olaf. Timour invades 
Persia. Wickliffe commences his English translation of the Scriptures. 



438 



FROM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



1381 



1382 



1383 



Hegira. 



783—784 



784-785 



785-786' 



East- 
ern Em- Popes. 

PIRE, 



28 John 
V. re- 
stored. 



4 Ur- 
ban 
VI. 

Apr. 9. 

Cle- 
ment 

VII. 4 

Oct.31 



1384 



1385 



6-787 



788 



1386 789 



1387 



f90 



30 . 



31 



Port- 
ugal. 



15Fer- 
di- 
nand 



16- 



3 John 
I. 



-6 1 John 
I. 



33 



10—10 



Spain. 
Oas- Ara- Nav- Moors.Ifrance. 

TILE. GON. ARRE. 



46 Pe- 
dro 
IV. 



-47- 



48- 



33 

Chas. 
11. the 
Bad. 



34- 



20 Mn- 
hamad 
V. re- 
stored. 



49- 



50- 



35- 



36- 



37- 



22- 



23- 



2 Chas. 4Wen- 



VI. 



Bohe- 
mia. 



IJohnlChas, 
I. III. 

the No- 
ble. 



26- 



ceslas 
IV. 



4Wen- 
ceslas. 



Ger- 
many 



TO 1387 A.D. 



-139 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 

1381 


DOQES 

OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savov. 


Flan- 
ders. 


Den- 

MAKK. 


Swe- 
den. 

18 Al- 
bert. 


Po- 
land. 


Hun- 
gary. 


Russia. 


Scot- 
land: 

11 Ro- 
bert II. 
Stuart. 
Feb.22. 


Eng- 
land. 

5 Rich- 
ard 11. 
June 22. 


15 An- 
drea 
Conta- 
reno. 


39 Ama- 
deus 
VI. 


36 Louis 
II. 


6 01af 
IV. 


12 
Louis. 


40 

Louis 
I. 


20 Dmi- 
tri IV. 


1382 


IMi- 
chele 
Moro- 
sino. 
1 Anto- 
nio Ve- 
niero. 


40 


37 


7 


19 


1 Ma- 
ria. 


1 Ma- 
ria. 


21 


12 


6 

m. Anne 
of Bobe- 
niia. 


1383 


2 


1 Ama- 

dens 

VII. 


38 

Annex- 
ed to 
Burgun- 
dy. 


8 


20 


2 


2 


22 — 


13 


'" 


1384 


o — — 


2 




Naples. 


9 


21 


IHed- 

wig. 


3 


23 


14 


8 


1385 


4 


3 


1 La- 
dislas. 


10 


22 


2 


4 


24 — 


15 


9 


1386 


5 


4 


2 


11 


23 


3 

and 
Lfidis- 
las 11. 


^— 


25 


16 


10 


1387 


6_ 


5 


3 


1 ]\rar- 
garet. 


24 4 


6 

with 
Sigis- 
inund. 


26 


17 


11 




















• 





440 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1381 



13S2 



1383 



13S4 



EVENT3 A>'D EmIXENT MeN. 



The people of England exasperated by the poll-tax ; the abbey of Bury St. Ed- 
mund's plundered by the mob. Insurrection of Wat Tyler ; London in posses- 
sion of his lawless multitude ; while threatening the king in Smithfield, he is 
killed by the lord mayor, Walworth ; Richard's courage and presence of mind 
put an end to the rebellion. Another band, under John the Litester, is overcome 
and dispersed, near Northwalsham, by De Spenser, bishop of Norwich {see 1369;. 
The Venetian admiral. Carlo Zeno. restores the maritime ascendancy of the re- 
public ; its rulers abandon their designs of territorial aggrandizement, and to 
save Treviso from Francesco da Carrara, give it up to Leopold, duke of Austria. 
Peace concluded under the mediation of Amadeus of Savoy. Patents of nobility 
given to thirty citizens of Venice, who had distinguished themselves in defence 
of the city. Charles of Durazzo conquers Naples and occupies the throne ; Jo- 
anna and her husband remain captives ; her dominions in Provence are given by I 
pope Clement to the duke of Anjou. League of the free cities in Germany to | 
maintain their privileges. Francis Crispo assassinates Nicholas III., duke of 
Naxos, and seizes the duchy. Through the intercession of the king of Castile, 
the family of Charles of Navarre are liberated from their cominement in Paris. 
The duke of Lancaster holds a court of minstrels at Toulouse. An Act of par- 
liament surreptitiously obtained against heretics. John V. escapes from his 
prison ; under the protection of Amurath. he is restored to his throne, and reigns 
at CP. as joint emperor with his son, Andronicus, who resides at Selymbria. 
The chancellor of Oxford prohibits Wickliflfe's preaching against Transubstan- 
tiation. 

Marriage of king Richard, Jan. 14, to Anne, sister of Wenceslas, king of Germany 
and Bohemia. Expedition of the duke of York to assist the Portuguese in their 
war against Castile, anil support John of Gaunt's claim to the crown of that 
kingdom ; Portugal obtains an honourable peace, but the claim of the English 
prince is disregarded. Defeat of the Flemings at Rosebecque, near Ypres, by a 
French army. Continued tumults in France ; insurrection of the Maillotins at 
Paris. The' duke of Anjou attacks Charles, the new king of Naples, who puts 
Joanna to death, and engages Sir John Hawkwood in his service. Death of 
Louis, king of Hungary and Poland : he is succeeded by his daughter, Maria, 
betrothed to Sigismund, margrave of Brandenburg. The doctrines of Wickliffe 
are condemned as heretical by Courtenay. archbishop of Canterbury : he is com- 
pelled to retire from Oxford to Lutterw-orth ; the young queen, and her mother- 
in-law, Joan, widow of the Black Prince, save him from severe pimishment. 
L'rban appoints the bishop of Norwich commander of a crusading force ga- 
thered in England against the supporters of Clement. Conrad ZOllner von 
Rothenstein, Teutonic grand master in Prussia. The English parliament repeals 
the Act of the preceding session against heretics. 

Unsuccessful crusade of the bishop of Norwich in Flanders. Urban visits Naples, 
where he obtains dignities, lands, and advantageous marriages for his relatives. 
The plague destroys a great part of the duke of Anjou's army, and deprives him 
of his most important ally, Amadeus VI. of Savoy, Tumults in Genoa; the 
doge, Niccolo di Guarco. is deposed, and Leonardo de Montano appointed in his 
place. Frederic, king of Portugal, marries his only child, Beatrice, to John I. 
of Castile ; on his death, Oct. 20. ^et. io, the Portuguese resist the union of the 
two kingdoms, and elect John, natural son of their former sovereign, Peter I. 
The emperor Wenceslas attempts to reform the dissolute habits of the priest- 
hood, and is hated by them. Turkistan conquered by Timour. 

On the decease of Louis, count of Flanders, his teiTitories descend by inheritance 
to Philip, duke of Burgundy, and constitute henceforth part of that duchy. The 
duke of Anjou dies at Bari'; the remains of his army disperse. The arrogance 
of Urban produces discord between him and Charles of Naples. The duke of 
Austria sells Treviso to Francesco da Carrara. John of Castile invades Portugal 
and besieges Lisbon. Birth of Henry of Viseu, son of John, king of Portugal. 
The Poles transfer their crown from Maria to her sister, Hedwig. Manuel, 
second son of John V.. crowned joint emperor at CP. Death of Wickliffe, Dec. 30, 
at Lutterworth. The Fishmongers' Company in London founded. 



TO 13S7 A.D. 



441 



EVKNT.S AND KmiNENT MkK. 



1387 



Fruitless expedition of Richard II. into Scotland ; the Scotch make an incursion 
into England to as little purpose ; their French auxiliaries return home. Sir 
John Holland, son of the princess of Wales by her first marriage, and half- 
brother to the king, kills Lord Stafford in a private quarrel; Richard refusing to 
pardon the murderer, his mother dies of grief at Wallingford. Battle of Alju- 
barrotte, near Leyria, July 29; 30,000 Castilians defeated by 2500 Portuguese, 
commanded by their king, and the constable Nunho Alvarez Pereira ; the inde- 
pendence of Portugal established ; the convent of Batalha built to commemorate 
this victory. Urban in Nocera ; six cardinals, accused of a plot against him. are 
degraded, imprisoned, and put to the torture ; he excommunicates Charles, and 
lays Naples under an interdict ; Charles orders the interdict not to be observed, 
and besieges Nocera ; Urbau escapes to Salerno, and thence by sea to Genoa. 
Charles, invited to Hungary, leaves Naples to his son, Ladislas, under th<? re- 
gency of his mother, Margaret. Fall of Bernabo Visconte : treacherously seized 
by his nephew, John Galeazzo, he soon afterwards dies in prison, Dec. IS, 
aet. 66; all his dominions submit to John Galeazzo, who relieves them from op- 
pressive taxation, restores their privileges, and becomes the greatest potentate 
in Italy. 

Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, king Richard's favourite, is created marquis of 
Dublin, duke of Ireland, and governor of that island, for life. Michael de la 
Pole, earl of Suffolk, and chancellor, is impeached by parliament, and deprived 
of his of&ce. John of Gaunt charged with disloyalty ; the queen intercedes for 
him, and he is allowed to take an army to Spain ; he lands at Corunna, July 25, 
and in alliance with the king of Portugal, to whom he marries his daughter, Phi- 
lippa, invades Castile to claim the crown. The duke of Gloucester, Richard's 
uncle, induces parliament to appoint a commission of fourteen persons to execute 
the sovereign power in the kingdom for a year. The king of France collects a 
large armament at Sluys to invade England ; some of his ships are taken by the 
Eaglish, and the rest dispersed by a storm. At the intercession of the king of 
England, Urban pardons Adam Easton, one of the accused cardinals ; the other 
five are barbarously murdered, without any proof of their guilt, and protesting 
their innocence to the last ; two other cardinals, fearing his violence, escape, 
and join his rival, Clement. Charles of Durazzo assassinated, in Hungary : 
queen Maria imprisoned. Urban gives Naples to Louis, son of the late duke 
of Anjou. At the request of her subjects, Hedwig marries Jagellon, grand-duke 
of Lithuania, who takes the name of Ladislas II., and unites his territories to 
Poland ; the Lithuanians abandon paganism. Battle of Sempach, July 9 ; Leo- 
pold of Austria totally defeated by the Swiss. Timour conquers Georgia. Nerio 
Acciaiuoli, governor of Corinth, obtains possession of Athens and Thebes, 
Urban's conduct provokes the disrespect of the Genoese ; he retires to Lucca. 
Marriage of Joanna of Navarre to John V., duke of Brittany, Sep. 11. The 
Duorao of Milan built by John Galeazzo Visconte. 

Consultation of Richard II. at Nottingham, with Sir Robert Tresilian and the 
other judges ; they declare the late commission to be a criminal act, and the 
authors of it punishable with death. The duke of Gloucester, and Henry, earl 
of Derby, John of Gaunt's eldest son, accuse the kiug's friends and ministers 
of treason, and compel them to flight ; the duke of Ireland retires to the Ne- 
therlands. Chasles the Bad, king of Navarre, accidentally burnt to death, Jan. 1. 
at Pamplona, aet. 56 ; his son, Charles the Noble, inherits the throne. Peter IV., 
king of Aragon, dies, Jan. 5, at Barcelona, set. 76, is succeeded by his son, John I. 
Civil war in Naples; Margaret maintains courageously the rights of her son 
Ladislas ; Otho of Brunswick, at first employed against her, enters into her 
service. John Galeazzo Visconte, assisted by Sir John Hawkwood, takes Ve- 
rona and Vicenza; marriage of his only daughter, Valentina, to Charles de 
Valois, brother of the king of France. Death of Olaf, the young king of Den- 
mark and Norway, set. 17 ; his mother, Margaret, is acknowledged queen of 
both countries. Sigisraund, with a Bohemian army, liberates Maria, and takes 
upon himself the government of Hungary. The conquests of Amurath extend 
from Cilicia in the East, to Albania in the West. Autonius IV. patriarch of CP.' 



3 K 



442 



FROM THE YEAR 



A.D. 


Hegi- 

RA. 


East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 


Popes. 


Port- 
ugal. 


Spain, 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 

TILE. GON. ARRE. 


France. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


Ger- 
many. 

11 

Wen- 
ceslas 


1388 


791 


35 John 
V. re- 
stored. 


llUrbaii 

VI. 

April 9. 
Clement 

VII. 11 
Oct. 31. 


6 John 
I. 


10 

John 
I. 


2 John 
I. 


2Chas. 
III. 

the 
Noble. 


27 Mu- 
hamad 
V. re- 
stored. 


9 Chas. 
VI. 


11 

Wen- 
ceslas 
IV. 


1389 


792 


36 


Urbnn 
d. Oct. 18. 

1 Boni- 
face IX. 

Nov. 2. 
Clement 
VII. 12 


7 


11 


3 


3 


28 


10 


12 


12 


1390 


793 


37 


2 13 


8 


1 Hen- 
ry III. 


4 


4 


29 


11 — 


13 


13 


1391 


794 


1 Ma- 
nuel II. 


3 14 


f) 


2 


5 


5 


lYusef 
11. Ben 
Muha- 
mad. 


12 


14 


14 




1392 


795 


2 


4 15 


10 


3 


6 


6 


2 


13 


15 


15 


1393 


796 


3 


5 16 


11 


4 


7 


7 


3 


14 


16 


16 


1394 


797 


4 


6 

Clement 
d. Sep. 16. 
Benedict 
XIII. 1 
Sep. 28. 


12 


5 


8 


8 




15 


17 


17 


1395 


798 


5 


7 2 


13— 


6 


1 Mar- 
tin I. 


9 




16 


18-— 


18 


1396 


799 


6 


8 3 


14 


7 


2 


10 


1 Mu- 
hamad 
VI. 

BenYu- 
sef. 


17 


19 


19 


1397 


800 


7 


9 4 


15 


8 


3 


11 


2 


18-— 


20 


20 


1398 


801 


8 


10 5 


16 


9 


I 


12 


3 


19 


21 


21— 





1388 TO 1398 A.D. 



443 



Repe- 
tition 
Dat^s. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


Naples. 


Den- 
mark. 


SWE- 
DEN. 


Po- 
land. 


Hun- 
gary. 


Rus- 
sia. 


Scot- 
land. 

18 Ro- 
bert II. 
Stuart. 
Feb. 22. 


Eng- 
land. 


1388 


7 Anto- 
nio Ve- 
niero. 


6 Ama- 

deus 

VII. 


4La- 
dislas. 


2 Mar- 
garet. 


25 Al- 
bert. 


>Hed- 

wig 
and 
Ladis- 
las II. 


7 Ma- 
ria 
with 

Sigis- 
mund. 


27 Dmi- 
tri IV. 


12 Rich- 
ard 11. 
June 22. 

6. Henry V. 


1389 

1390 
1391 


8 

10 


8 

1 Ama- 

deus 

VIII. 


5 

6 

7 


4 

5 


1 Mar- 
ii;aret, 
Qu. of 
Den- 
mark 
and 
Nor- 
way. 

3 


6 


8 

9 

IQ 


1 Vas- 
sili II. 

2 

3 


19 

20 

rf. Apr. 19. 
1 Robert 

HI. 
April 19. 
2 


13 

14 






1392 


11 


2 


8 


6 


4 


9 — - 


ISi- 

gis- 
mund 

alone. 


4 


3 jl6 


1393 


12 


3 


9 


7 


5 


10 


2 


5 


4 jl7 


1394 


13 


4 


10 


8 


6 


11 


3 


6 


5 


18 

rf.Q.Anne. 


1395 


14 


5 


11 


9 


7 


12 


4 


7 


6 


19 


1396 


15 


6 


12 


10 


8 — 


13 


5 


8 


7 


20 

;/i. Isabel- 
la ot 
Valois. 


1397 


16 


7 


13 


11 


9 


14 


6 


9 


8 


21 


1398 


17 

1 


8 


14 


12 


10 


15 


7— 


10 


9 


22 

























444 



FROM THE TEAR 




1388 



1389 



1390 



1391 



1392 



1393 



Violent proceedings of the duke of Gloucester's party ; the judges, Sir Robert 
Tresilian, and Sir Nicholas Brembre, with Lord Beauchamp of Holt, Sir James 
Berners, Sir Simon Eurley, and others, unjustly executed for treason. Battle of 
Otterburne (Chevy Chace), Aug. 15; a private feud, not a national quarrel ; the 
earl of Douglas slain by Percy {Hotspur), who is afterwards made prisoner ; the 
result of the day uncertain. Urban claims the kingdom of Naples ; while pro- 
ceeding at the head of an army to put down the two contending parties, he is 
thrown from his mule, and lamed ; his troops mutiny and disperse, and he is 
conveyed to Kome. Overthrow of the house of Carrara by a powerful league; 
John Galeazzo Visconte takes Padua, and the Venetians recover Treviso. The 
Swedes offer their crown to Margaret. 

Richard II. asserts his right to govern for himself; he gives the office of chan- 
cellor to William of Wykeham. John of Gaunt resigns his pretensions to Castile, 
and returns to England. On the death of Urban, the schism is continued by the 
election of Boniface IX. Marriage of Ladislas, the king of Naples, to Constance, 
daughter of Manfred, count of Chiaramoute ; his rival, Louis of Anjou, is crowned 
at Avignon by Clement. The duke of Bourbon and a Genoese fleet unsuccess- 
fully attack Tunis. Albert, king of Sweden, defeated and made prisoner at 
Falkioping, by Margaret, who reigns over the three northern kingdoms. The 
Servians defeated at Kossova by Amurath, who is killed after the battle by 
one of the conquered nobles ; his son, Bajazet I. (jlderim), succeeds him. Victory 
of the Swiss at Nafels ; the Austrians treat for peace. 

Cession of the duchy of Guienne by Richard II. to John of Gaunt, for life. The two 
popes mutually excommunicate each other. Boniface makes great efforts to 
support Ladislas in defending Naples against Louis of Anjou. John Galeazzo 
Visconte attacks Bologna ; the Florentines send Sir John Hawkwood to oppose 
him, and assist Francesco Novello da Carrara to recover Padua. Venice and 
Ferrara join the league against Visconte. Another jubilee replenishes the 
papal treasury. Jacopo da Campofregoso doge of Genoa. Conrad von Wallen- 
rode Teutonic grand-master in Prussia. Bajazet compels John V. to destroy new 
fortifications which he is constructing, and summons Manuel to attend him witii 
a Greek contingent at the siege of Philadelphia, which surrenders to him. Ma- 
nuel III., eighteenth emperor of Trebizond, succeeds his father, Alexius. 

The transfer of Guienne causes dissatisfaction among the people ; Richard revokes 
the grant. Sir John Hawkwood, by his skilful manoeuvres, foils the Milanese 
in their war against Florence and Padua. Death of the emperor John V. Ma- 
nuel escapes from Bursa, and succeeds his father, only as a vassal of the 
Ottomans. Witold, an independent Lithuanian prince, maintains a harassing 
warfare against the Teutonic knights ; Henry Bolingbroke, earl of Derby, leaves 
England, and assists the Order as a volunteer in these campaigns. Marriage of 
Maria, queen of Sicily, to Martin, nephew of John I. of Aragon. Death of Mu- 
hamad V., king of Granada; his son, Yusef, succeeds him. 

The Liberties of London, seized by Richard, are restored through the queen's in- 
tercession and the submission of the citizens. Robert de Vere, Richard's 
fonner favourite, accidentally slain during a boar-hunt in Brabant. The par- 
liament confirms the " Statute of Provisors," and by other Acts restrains the 
papal power. The king of France attacked by fits of melancholy madness ; his 
uncles resume the government; cards are invented, or introduced, for his amuse- 
ment in his lucid intervals. Through the mediation of Boniface, and Caracciolo, 
gland master of Rhodes, a treaty of peace terminates the hostilities in Northeni 
Italy, but the coalesced States maintain their union to guard against the en- 
croachments of Visconte. By the death of queen Maria, Sigismund becomes ! 
sole sovereign of Hungary. Ladislas appoints Witold grand-duke of Lithu-i 
ania. Timour attacks the Golden Horde in Kapzak. University of Erfurt j 
founded. Antonio di Montaldo doge of Genoa. I 

A rebellion in Ireland. Visconte makes a vain effort to drain the Lake of Mantua, I 
by diverting the waters of the Mincio. Violent commotions in Genoa ; four rivals 
attempt to expel Montaldo from the dogeship ; he retains the office. Origin of 
the Mercers' Company in London. 



1388 TO 139S A.D. 



44o 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of Anne of Bohemia, the " Good Queen Anne," at the palace of Shene, in 
Richmond, June 7, a3t.27. Sigismund favours a revolt of the Bohemian nohles, 
who keep his brother, Wenceslas, for a time in captivity, but soon set him free 
again. Death of Clement VII. ; his cardinals elect Benedict XIII., and the 
schism continues. Renewed discord at Genoa ; doges rise and fall almost monthly. 
Sir John Ilawkwood dies in the service of Florence, and is interred there with 
fimeral honours. Death of Constance of Castile, wife of John of Gaunt ; also of 
the countess of Derby, his son's wife. Nerio Acciaiuoli obtains the title of duke 
of Athens, and dying soon afterwards, leaves his territories to his natural son, 
Antonio. Conrad von Jungingen grand master of the Teutonic knights in 
Prussia. Nicholas de Clemangis, rector of the University of Paris, publishes 
his work De Buina Ecclesice, exposing the corruptions of the church. 

Richard, endeavouring in person to suppresss the Irish insurrection, is recalled to 
England by the agitation arising from the spread of Wickliffe's doctrines ; the 
favourers of them appeal to parliament. Vain attempt of the university of 
Paris to heal the schism of the church. John Galeazzo Visconte obtains from 
Wenceslas the titles of duke of Milan and count of Pavia. Ladislas fails in his 
efforts to dislodge Louis of Anjou from the city of Naples. Death of John, king 
of Aragon ; his brother, Martin, succeeds him. 

Marriage of Richard II., at Calais, Nov. 1, to the French king's daughter, Isabella 
of Valois, only nine years old. A truce for 25 years concluded between England 
and France. John of Gaunt marries Katharine Swinford, daughter of Paon de 
Rouet, a knight of Hainault ; their son, John Beaufort, and other children, born 
before their marriage, are legitimized by the king and the pope. Battle of Ni- 
copolis, Sep. 28 ; Sigismund, king of Hungary, with a confederate army of French 
princes and nobles, other European chivalry, and knights of Rhodes, defeated 
by Bajazet, The Greek emperor sends Emanuel Chrysoloras to implore as- 
sistance from the Christians of the West ; after having completed his mission, 
the ambassador is engaged by the government of Florence to teach Greek. The 
Genoese place themselves under the protection of France. Margaret obtains 
the recognition of her sister's grandson, Erik the Pomeranian, as her successor 
in Denmark. The dissection of dead bodies in the surgical schools in France 
authorized by a royal edict. A council at London condemns the doctrines of 
Wickliffe. Callistus II. patriarch of CP. The convent of La Certosa, near 
Pavia, built by the duke of Milan. 

The duke of Gloucester arrested on a charge of high treason, and sent to Calais, 
where he dies suddenly. The earl of Arundel beheaded ; the earl of Warwick 
banished. Henry Bolingbroke, earl of Derby, created duke of Hereford, the earl 
of Nottingham duke of Norfolk, and other peers receive higher titles. Ladislas 
recovers the Terra di Lavoro, and other portions of the kingdom which Louis of 
Anjou had occupied. Hostilities recommenced by the duke of Milan against 
the Florentines and Gonzaga of Mantua, who are supported by their allies. 
The Teutonic knights commence a naval war, and take Wisby. Union of 
Calmar, June 17 ; Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, agree to a treaty, by which 
they are combined into one kingdom ; Erik is croAvned as its future head. 

Quarrel of the dukes of Hereford and Norfolk ; they are both banished by Richard. 
Mortimer, earl of March, presumptive heir to the throne, and governor of Ireland, 
is slain by a rebel force in that island. Wenceslas and the French government, 
in concurrence with the council of Paris, ineffectually endeavour to terminate 
t|ie schism of the church ; France withdraws from obeying Benedict. Peace 
concluded. May 11, between the confederates and the duke of Milan ; he fails in 
an attempt to surprize Pisa. Ladislas gains the support of Marzano, the ad- 
miral of Naples, and many other influential nobles. Marshal Boucicault arrives 
at CP. with a fleet and troops to assist the emperor Manuel. Bloody strife in 
Genoa ; the French governor, the bishop of Meaux, withdraws to Savona. The 
Teutonic knights complete their conquest of the Isle of Gothland ; Margaret 
attempts, without success, to recover it from them, but by the treaty of Copen- 
hagen obtains the right of redeeming it for an equivalent. John Huss, professor 
of theology at Prague. Froissart writes his Chronicles. Matthew I. patriarch 
of CP. 



446 



FROM THE TEAR 





1 


East- 






Spain. 








A.D. 


Hegiea. 


ern Em- 


Popes. 


Port- 


Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 


France. 


Bohe- 


Ger- 


1399 




pire. 




ugal. 


TILE. GON. ARRE. 




mia. 


many. 


802 


9 Ma- 


11 Bo- 


17 


10 


5 Mar- 13 


4Mu- 


20 Chas. 


22 


22 






nuel II 


niface 


John 


Henry 


tin I. 


Chas. 


hamad 


VI. 


Wen- 


Wen- 








IX. 


I. 


III. 




III. 


VI.Be7i 




ceslas 


ceslas. 








Nov.2. 








the 


Yusef. 




IV. 










Bene- 








Noble. 
















dict 
























XIII 6 
























Sep.28 


















1400 


803 

i 


10 


12— 7 


18 


11 




14 


^ 


21 


23 


IRu-l 
pert, 

Count 
Pala- 
tine. 


1401 


804-805 


11 


13— 8 


19 


12 


^ 


15 


6 


22 


24 


2 


1402 
1403 


j 
805-806 

806—807 ^ 

1 


12 

13 


14— 9 
15—10 


20 

21 


13 

14 


8 

9 


16 

17 


8 — 


23 

24 


25 

26 


3 


4 


1404 


807-808 


14 


16 

rf.Oct.l. 
1 In- 
nocent 
VII. 
Oct.17. 
Bene- 
dict 
XIII. 
11 


22 


15 


10 


18 


9 


25 — 


27 


5 


1405 


808-809 


15 


2—12 


23 


16 


11 


19 


10 


26 


28 


g 




1406 


809-810 


16 


3 

rf.Nov.6 
1 Gre- 
gory 
XII. 
Nov. 
30. 

Bene- 
dict 
XIII. 


24 


1 John 
II. 


12 


20 


U 


27 


29 


7 


1 






1 









































1309 TO 140G AD. 



447 



Repe- 


DOOES 




















tition 


OF Ve- 


Savoy. 


Naples. 


Den- 


Swe- 


Po- 


Hunga- 


Rus- 


Scot- 


Eng- 


Dates. 


nice. 






mark. 


den. 


land. 


ry. 


sia. 


land. 


land. 


1399 


18 Anto- 


9 Araa- 


15 La- 


13 


11 


16 La- 


8 Sigis- 


11 


10 Ro- 


23 Rich- 




nio Ve- 


dens 


dislas. 


Mar- 


Mar- 


dislas 


miind 


Vassi- 


bert III. 


ard 11. 


1 


niero. 


VIII. 




garet. 


garet, 
Qii. of 
Den- 
mark 
and 
Nor- 
way. 


alone. 


alone. 


li 11. 


Apr. 19. 


June 22 to 
Sep. 19. 
1 Henry 
IV. 
Sep. 30. 


1400 


1 Mi- 

chele 
Steno. 


10 


16 


14 


12 


17 


9 


12 


11 


2 


1401 


2 


11 — 


17 


15 


13 


18 


10 


13 


12 


3 


1402 


3 


12 


18 


16 


14 


10 


11 


14 


13 


4 




frt. Joanna 






















oLNavarie. 


1403 


4 


13 


19 


17 


15 


20 


12 


15 


14 


5 


1404 


5 


u — 


20 


18 


16 


21 


13 


16 


15 


6 


1405 


6 


15 


1 1 


19 


17 


22 


14 


17 


16 


7 


1406 


7 


16 


22 


20 


18 


23 


15 


18 


1 James 
1. 
April 4. 


8 

























448 



FROM THE TEA 



A.D. 



1399 



1400 



1401 



1402 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of John of Gaunt ; his lands are withheld by Richard from his son, thr 
banished duke of Hereford. Richard embarks for Ireland, leaving the duke of 
York regent. The new duke of Lancaster claims his inheritance and lands, 
July 4, at Ravenspar, in Yorkshire, with a few attendants, who, by the accession 
of his frfends, are soon increased to a numerous army. Richard returns fron 
Ireland, is deserted by his army, surrenders himself to Henry, Aug. 20, is de- 
posed by the parliament, Sep. 29, and sent a prisoner to Pontefract castle ; 
Henry TV. takes the throne. Benedict, besieged in Avignon by a French army, 
surrenders, and promises to abdicate on condition of Boniface doing the same. 
The San Severini come over to Ladislas, and assist him to recover the city of 
Naples ; Louis of Anjou, deserted by all, returns to Provence. Gherardo d'Ap-i 
piano sells Pisa to the duke of Milan. Marshal Boucicault returns to France, 
Dec. 10 ; the emperor Manuel accompanies him to seek assistance in Western 
Europe, leaving his nephew, John of Selymbria, regent at CP. By the death of 
his queen, HedAvig, Ladislas II. becomes sole sovereign of Poland. Timour 
takes Delhi, and returns from the conquest of Hindostan to Samarcand. The 
Bianchi, or White Penitents, produce a great impression in Northern Italy ; the 
hymn, " Stabat mater dolorosa," is first composed and sung by them in their pro- 
cessions. Death of John V., duke of Brittany ; his widow, Joanna, governs the 
duchy for her young son, John VI. 

A plot against Henry IV. defeated ; the earls of Kent, Salisbury, and Huntingdon, 
lords Lumley and Spenser, and other conspirators, suffer death ; the young queen, 
Isabella, who had taken part in it, is made prisoner, and confined at Haver- 
inge-atte-Bower ; soon after this event, Richard is murdered, sat. 34. Marriage of! 
Henry's eldest daughter, Blanche, to Louis of Bavaria. Wenceslas, deprived of 
his German crown, retains that of Bohemia : Frederic, dake of Brunswick, 
chosen as his successor, is killed in a fray; the electors then appoint Rupert of 
Bavaria, count Palatine. The emperor Manuel, received with great honours at 
Venice, visits France and England. The jubilee at Rome is disturbed by an in- 
surrection of the Colonna family ; the plague carries off many of the pilgrims : 
Boniface forbids the Bianchi to enter Rome, and suppresses their processions 
Bajazet's designs against CP. are interrupted by the approach of Timour, who 
invades Syria and sacks Aleppo. Death of Chaucer. 

Revolt of Owen Glendower in Wales. The Scots invade England, retire on 
the advance of Henry, and are pursued by him to Edinburgh. Isabella, 
Richard's virgin-widow, refuses a proposal of marriage with Henry, prince ot 
Wales, and is allowed to return to France. An Act of parliament is passed foi 
the punishment of heretics ; its first victim is William Sawtre, parish priest o1 
St. Osyth, London, who, for denying Transubstantiation, and professing the 
principles of Wickliffe, is burnt alive in Smithfield, Feb, 19. Rupert enters 
Italy to repress the ambition of the duke of Milan, and -is defeated by him, 
Oct. 21 ; Leopold, duke of Austria, is taken prisoner. Marshal Boucicault 
appointed governor of Genoa, restores order there. Timour takes Damascus and 
Bagdad. Huss confessor to the queen of Bohemia. Birth of Francesco Sforza, 
July 23, at S. Miniato. Death of Froissart; his Chronicle is continued by Mon- |i 
strelet, from 1400. 

Marriage of Henry IV., at Eltham, April 3, by proxy, to Joanna of Navarre, 
widow of the duke of Brittany. Defeat of the Scots by the Percies at Homedon 
Hill ; Archibald, earl of Douglas, Morduc, earl of Fife, the earls of Angus, 
Murray, and Orkney, with many other nobles and gentry, captured. Henry 
offends the earl of Northumberland, by forbidding him to ransom his prisoners. 
Wenceslas, unpopular with his subjects, is for a time held in captivity by his 
brother, Sigismuud, and restored to freedom ; Ladislas of Poland refuses the 
crown of Bohemia, which is offered to him. Sigismund sells the province of 
Neumark, on the right bank of the Oder, to the Teutonic knights. Rupert 
returns to Germany. The duke of Milan obtains possession of Bologna, and at 
the summit of power is carried off by the plague, Sep. 3, at Marignano, aet. 55; 
his sons divide his dominions : the eldest, Gion Maria, succeeds to Milan and 
the title. Death of Maria, queen of Sicily ; her husband, Martin, remains 



TO 1406 A.D. 



449 




sole sovereign of the island. Timour invades Asia Minor. Battle of Angora, or 
Ancyra, July 28; Bajazet totally defeated and made prisoner, dies in captivity ; 
civil wars follow among his sons. The " Confrerie de la Passion" licensed by 
royal letters patent to exhibit sacred dramas, or Mysteries, in France. Death of 
Sir John Gower, the English poet, A large comet is seen. 

Queen Joanna arrives in England; her marriage is again solemnized at Win- 
chester, and she is crowned at Westminster, Feb. 26. The earl of Northum- 
berland releases his prisoner, Douglas; conspiracy between them and Owen 
Glendower, to place Mortimer, earl of March, on the throne. Battle of yhrews- 
dury, July 21 ; defeat of the confederates, Harry Percy {Hotspur) slain ; Henry 
of Monmouth, prince of Wales, performs his noviciate in arms; the earl of 
Northumberland pardoned. The power of the Visconti declines ; Bologna and 
Penigia are recovered by pope Boniface; Sienna and other cities revolt; the 
Guelf and Ghibelin factions revive ; Florence and Venice prepare to take ad- 
vantage of these disorders. Ladislas of Naples, invited by some nobles to 
Hungary, finds Sigismund too firm on his throne, and abandons the enterprize. 
Return of the emperor Manuel to CP. from an unsuccessful journey; Marshal 
Boucicault, having escorted him with a Genoese fleet, provokes the Venetians, 
and is defeated by their admiral, Carlo Zeno, near Modon. An Act of parliament 
restricts the dealings of merchant strangers^ who visit England. A Bohemian 
knight, Hieronjmius Faulfisch (Jerome of Prague), returns from Oxford to his own 
country, and, in conjunction with John Huss, preaches Wickliffe's doctrines. 
Laonicus Chalcocondylas records the observations made in the West, by the 
emperor Manuel and his followers. 

! Henry IV. and the lords oppose a petition of the House of Commons, that the re- 
venues of the church should be applied to the service of the State. On the 
death of Boniface, the Roman cardinals elect Innocent VII. ; Benedict persists 
in not abdicating, and the schism goes on. The Visconti continue to lose their 
possessions. The Venetians obtain Vicenza, and Verona surrenders to Fran- 
cesco da Carrara. The elector of Mentz and other German princes join in the 
league of Marbach, to oppose Rupert, Death of Philip, duke of Burgundy ; his 
son, John the Fearless, is involved in a struggle with the duke of Orleans, for 
the regency of France. Margaret claims Holstein and Schleswig on the demise 
of Gerard VI. The Teutonic knights obtain Samogitia from the king of Poland, 
and reach the summit of their prosperity. Timour returns to Samarcand, and 
celebrates his triumph. 

Insurrection of the earl of Northumberland, and Scrope, archbishop of York ; the 
earl escapes into Scotland ; the archbishop is taken, condemned by a civil judge, 
Sir William Fulthorpe, and beheaded. Owen Glendower defeated by the prince 
of Wales, at Monmouth, May 11 ; still maintains himself in his mountain- 
retreats. Venice conquers Padua and Verona ; Francesco da Carrara and his 
sons are murdered, and the family becomes extinct. Timour, on his march to 
China, dies at Otran, April 1, set. 69; his vast conquests fall in pieces. Wal- 
singham writes his English History. The duke of Albany, brother of the king 
of Scotland, usurps absolute power, and puts to death his eldest nephew, David. 
The estates of the earl of Northumberland confiscated ; the Isle of Man granted 
to Sir John Stanley. An Act of parliament prohibits any one, not possess- 
ing twenty shillings a year in land, from apprenticing his sons to any 
trade. 

Philippa, daughter of Henry IV., goes to Denmark, contracted in marriage to 
Erik, Margaret's destined successor. Robert, king of Scotland, sends his 
youngest son for security to France, who is captured on his way by the English. 
On the death of Robert, April 4, the young prince, set. 9, succeeds to the throne 
as James I., but is detained and educated in London ; the duke of Albany, mean- 
while, is regent. Death of Innocent VII., and election of Gregory XII. Gerson, 
chancellor of the university of Paris, proposes a general council, to terminate 
the schism of the church. Pisa conquered by the Florentines, Oct 9. Death of 
Henry III., king of Castile, Dec. 25. aet,27 ; his brother, Ferdinand, is appointed" 
regent to the infant king, John II. 

3 L 



450 



FEOM THE TEAR 



























A.D. 


Hegiba, 


East- | 
EE?J Em- 
pike. 


Popes. 


Port- 
ugal. 


Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tile. gon. arre. 


France. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


Ger- 
many. 


1407 

U08 


BlO-811 
811—812 


17 Ma- 
nuel II. 

18 


2 Gre- 
gory 
XII. 
Nov. 30. 
Bene- 
dict 
XIII. 
14 
Sept.28. 

3—15 


25 

John 
I. 

26 


2 John 
II. 

3 


13 

Mar- 
tini. 

14 


21 

Chas. 
HI. 

the 
Noble, 

22 


12 Mu- 
hamad 
VI. 

BenYu- 
sef. 

lYusef 
III. 

BenYu- 

sef. 


28 Chas. 
VI. 

29 


30 

Wen- 
ceslas 
IV. 

31 


8 Ru- 
pert, 

Count ' 
Pala- 
tine. 

n 


J 


1409 


812-813 


19 


4-16 
1 A- 

lexaii- 
derV. 
JunelS. 


27 


± 


15 


23 

• 


2 


30 


32 


10 




1410 


813-814 


20 


5-17 
d. A- 

lexan- 
der, 
May 3. 
iJohn 
XXIII. 
May 17. 


"n 


5 


16 


24 


3 


31 : 


33 


1 Si- 1 
gis- i 
mund. 




1411 


814-815 


21 


6—18 
2 John 
XXIII. 


29 


6 




25 


4 


32 


31 


1 




1412 


815—816 


22 


7—19 
3 


30 


7 


1 Fer- 
di- 
nand 

the 
Just, 


26 


5 


33 . 


35 


3 


1413 


816—817 


23 


8—20 
4 


31 


8 


2 


27 


6 


34 


36 


4 


1414 


817-818 


24 


9-21 
5 


32 


9— 


3 


28 


7 


35 


37 


5 



1407 TO 1414 A.D. 



451 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


Naples. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Hunga- 
ry. 


Russia 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


U07 


8Mi- 
chele 
Steno. 


17 Ama- 
deus 
VIII. 


23 La- 
dislas. 


21 

Mar- 
garet. 


19 Mar- 
garet, 
Queen of 
Denmark 
and Nor- 
way. 


24 La- 
dislas 
II. 

alone. 


16 Sigis- 
raund 

alone. 


19 Vas- 
sili II. 


2Jas. 
I. 
Apr. 4. 


9 Hen- 
ry IV. 
Sept. 30. 


1408 


9 


18 


24 


22 


20 


25 


17 


20—^ 


3 


10 


1409 


10 


19 


25 


23 


21 ' 


26 


18 


21 — 


4 


11 


1410 


11 


20 


26 


24 


22 


27 


19 


22 


5 


12 


1411 


12 


21 


27 


25 


23 


28 


20 


23 


6 


13 


1412 


13 


22 


28 


1 E- 

rik 

VII. 


lErik 
XIII. 


29 


21 


24 




14 


1413 


14 


23 


29 


2 


2 


30 


22 


25 


8 


d. Mar. 20. 
1 Hen- 
ry V. 
Mar. 21. 


1414 


1 Tom- 
maso 
Moce- 
nigo. 


24 


1 Joan- 
na II. 


3 


3 


31 


23 


26 


9 


2 



452 



FEOM THE TEAB 




1407 



1408 



1409 



1410 



The earl of Northumberland and lord Bardolf, endeavouring to raise another re- 
bellion, are defeated and slain at Bramham, by Sir Thomas Rokesby. Death of 
Owen Glendower ; Wales becomes tranquil, and Henry's reign from this time 
undisturbed. The government of France distracted by the animosities of the 
leading families ; the duke of Orleans assassinated at the instigation of the duke 
of Burgundy. The rival popes agree to a conference at Savona, which Gregory 
at last evades. Bajazet's sons, Suleiman, Isa, and Mousa, gradually restore 
portions of his subverted empire, but remain at enmity with each other. Ulrich 
von Jungingen grand master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. 

Valentinar, widow of the duke of Orleans, demands justice on her husband's as- 
sassins ; the duke of Burgundy, proclaimed an enemy of the State, occupies Paris 
with his army, and drives out the royal court. The two popes interchange 
hollow professions of a desire for peace, but neither abdicates ; France renounces 
obedience to either of them ; Benedict takes flight to Perpignan ; Gregory fixes 
himself at Lucca. Ladislas of Naples takes possession of Rome. The cardinals 
of both parties retire to Pisa, and call a general council for the following year. 
The Venetians obtain Patras in the Morea. Death of Martin, king of Sicily; 
his father inherits the island, and unites it to the kingdom of Aragon. Sforza da 
Cortignuola, father of Francesco, distinguishes himself in the service of Niccolo 
d'Este, marquis of Ferrara, and defeats Ottobuono, lord of Parma and Reggio, 
but sustains afterwards a check. 

Council of Pisa; the two popes refuse to appear; they are deposed, and Alexander 
V. elected, who is obeyed as the true pope by the greater part of Europe ; Gre- 
gory is still reverenced in Bavaria, Friuli, and Naples, and holds his council at 
Cividale. Benedict is upheld by Aragon, and calls his council at Perpignan. 
The three popes mutally excommunicate, revile, and condemn each other, and 
all their opponents. The adherents of Alexander dispossess Ladislas of the city 
of Rome. Unsuccessful attempt of Boucicault to surprise Milan ; during his 
absence the Genoese overpower and expel their French garrison, and place them- 
selves under the protection of the marquis of Montferrat; the marshal returns 
to France. Sforza overcomes Ottobuono, who is treacherously slain. Parma 
and Reggio submit to Niccolo d'Este ; Sforza rewarded for his services by the 
lordship of Montecchio. Louis of Anjou, under the auspices of pope Alexander, 
revives his pretensions to the throne of Naples. A grand tournament in London 
between the marshal of Hainault and the earl of Somerset ; the mystery of " the 
Creation of the World" is exhibited by the parish clerks. Huss and Jerome 
make many converts at Prague ; the orthodox professors and students secede, 
and found the university of Leipzig. 

The Commons again urge Henry IV. to use the temporalities of the church for 
the benefit of the people, and petition for a mitigation of the Acts against he- 
retics ; the king rejects their prayer, and orders the execution of Bradby, a 
condemned Lollard, in consequence of which, they refuse to vote supplies. The 
young duke of Orleans marries the daughter of the count d'Armagnac, whence 
his faction takes the name of Armagnacs, and fiercely contends with the Bur- 
gundians; both parties court the alliance of the king of England. Death of: 
pope Alexander ; John XXTII. elected in his place ; new excommunications ar© i 
fulminated by the papal trio. Louis of Anjou is recognized at Rome ; his fleet, \ 
conveying an army from Provence, on its way to Naples, is totally defeated and 
driven back by the Genoese allies of Ladislas. On the decease of Rupert, Si- 
gismund, brother of Wenceslas, and king of Hungary, is raised to the throne of 
Germany ; some of the electors choose Jodocus, or Josse, margrave of Moravia, 
whose death soon after puts an end to the dispute. War between Castile and 
Granada ; Antequera surrenders to the regent Ferdinand. Death of Martin, 
king of Aragon, the last of his ancient line: five candidates claim the vacant 
throne. The Teutonic knights defeated at Tannenberg by the Poles audi Lithu- 
anians, July 15, with great loss ; their grand master falls in the battle ; his 
successor, Henry von Plauen, concludes a treaty at Thorn, by which be re- 
linquishes Samogitia. Bajazet^s son, Suleiman, is surprised by his brother, 
Mousa, and slain. Euthymius II. patriarch of CP. The Cordwainers' Company 
(workers in Spanish leather from Cordova), founded in London. 



11407 TO 1414 A.D. 



453 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Henry IV. supports the duke of Burgundy by an auxiliary force under the earl 
of Arundel. Pope John excommunicates Ladislas, who is defeated by Louis, at 
Roccasecca, May 19 ; through want of money and provisions, the conqueror is 
compelled to retreat, and goes back to Provence. The Aragonese appoint nine 
judges or commissioners, to examine and decide on the claims of the candidates 
for their crown, Appenzel invites the protection of the Swiss cantons against 
the abbot of St. Gall. War between Hungary and Venice. John Huss excom- 
municated, and forbidden to preach. University of St. Andrew's founded. The 
Guildhall, London, built. 

Henry IV. transfers his alliance from the Burgundians to the Orleanists. The 
prince of Wales insults the chief justice, Sir William Gascoigne, and is com- 
mitted by him. Sforza leaves the papal service, and enters into the Neapo- 
litan; a treaty of peace ensues between Ladislas and John XXIIL, who 
mutually recognize each other. Gregory is desired by the king of Naples 
to leave Gaeta, and removes to Rimini, The cruelties of Gian Maria Visconte, 
duke of Milan, provoke a conspiracy, and he is assassinated; his brother, 
Philip Maria, re-unites all that remains of their father's extensive dominions. 
The Hungarians penetrate to Treviso, but are defeated by the Venetians, who 
recover part of Friuli. Antonio Doria, with a Genoese fleet, infests the coast 
of Catalonia. The Aragonese commissioners decide in favour of Ferdinand, 
who, on ascending the throne awarded to him, resigns the regency of Castile, 
Margaret, set. 60, dies at Flensburg, while negotiating a treaty with the princes 
of Holstein and Schleswig ; Erik succeeds, in virtue of the Union of Calmar. 
Sigismund urges a reform of the church, and is supported by Gerson in calling 
for a general council to carry it into effect. John Huss publicly bums, at 
Prague, a papal Indulgence ; he and Jerome protest against the doctrine and 
sale of them. 

Death of Henry IV., at Westminster, set. 47. Henry V. discards his former asso- 
ciates, and reforms his conduct. Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, head of the 
Wicklififites, condemned to death by the bishops, escapes into Wales. Civil 
war of the two factions in France ; atrocious murders in Paris; the whole king- 
dom desolated. Ladislas takes forcible possession of Rome, the castle of S. An- 
gelo, Ostia, Viterbo, and most of the papal States. The pope retires to Florence 
and Bologna, holds a conference with Sigismund at Lodi, and agrees to call a 
general council at Constance. George Adomo doge of Genoa. The duke of 
Milan leagues with Genoa and other States against Sigismund, and prevents his 
receiving the iron crown of Italy. A council held at Rome, before the pope's 
departure, condemns again the writings of Wickliffe, excommunicates John 
Huss, and lays an interdict on every place that harbours him. Michael Kuch- 
meister von Sternberg, Teutonic grand-master, persecutes the Hussites in 
Prussia. Mahomet, son of Bajazet, overcomes his brothers, re-unites Anatolia 
and Romania, and restores the Ottoman empire. Leonardo Bruno Aretino, the 
future historian of Florence, is epistolary secretary to John XXIII. 

Sir John Oldcastle engages in a conspiracy, which is detected ; he again escapes, 
but many of his confederates suffer death. Henry asserts his claim to the 
crown of France, and makes exorbitant demands, to which he receives an in- 
sulting reply. The parliament again recommends that the church lands should 
be seized, to supply the wants of the king's treasury ; 110 alien priories are sur- 
rendered to him. The royal party in France, and the duke of Burgundy, suspend 
their hostilities for a time by the treaty of Arras. Ladislas threatens to besiege 
the pope in Bologna, but is dissuaded by the Florentines ; he dies, Aug. 6, set. 39, 
and is succeeded by his sister, Joanna, widow of William, son of duke Leopold 
of Austria. The Neapolitan army retires from Rome, but retains the castle of 
S. Angelo. Sigismund returns from Italy to Germany, is crowned at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, and attends the council of Constance, Seventeenth General Council, 
which is opened by the pope, Nov. 5 ; his two rivals refuse to appear in person, 
but send their representatives. Peter d'Ailly urges the reforms recom- 
mended by the university of Paris. Erik renews the war against Holstein and 
Schleswig. 



454 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Hegira. 



1415 818—819 



1416 



1417 



1418 



1419 823 



819—820 



821 



East- 
ern Em- Popes. Port- 
fire. UGAL. 



25 Ma- 
nuel II. 



822 



1420 



1421 



1422 



1423 



824 



825 



nedict 
XIII. 

Sept.28. 
John 



May 29 
Gre- 
gory 
abdi- 
cates, 
July 4- 



26 ■ 



27 • 



29 



30 • 



827 



-23 



24 
1 Mar- 
tin V. 
Nov. 11. 



2—25 



3—26 



34- 



John 
I. 



10 

John 

II. 



35- 



36- 



37- 



32 • 



33 ■ 



4-27 38- 



5_28 39 16- 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 

TILE, GON. ARRE. 



France. 



4Fer- 
di' 
nand 

the 
Just. 



29 

Chas. 

III. 

theNo- 
ble. 



1 Al- 
fonso 
V. tJie 
Wise. 



30- 



6—29 



7—30 



40- 



41- 



SYusef 
III. 

Ben Tu- 

sef. 



36 Chas. 
VI. 



32- 



33- 



34- 



6 35 



36- 



37- 



37 • 



38 ■ 



Bohe- 
mia. 



Wen- 
ceslas 
IV. 



39- 



40- 



41- 



40 ■ 



42 ■ 



15 iChas. 

VII. 



1 Mu- 
haraad 
VII. el 
Hayza- 



6Si- 
gis- 
mund 



1 Si- 
gis- 
mund. 



Ger- 
many 



10- 



14- 



1415 TO 1423 A.P. 
















455 




Bepe- 
tition 


Doges 
OF Ve- 


Sa- 


Naples. 


Den- 


Swe- 


PO- HUNGA- 


Rus- 


Scot- 


Eng- 




Dates. 


nice. 


VOT. 


2 Joan- 
na II. 


mark. 


den. 


LAND. RY. 




sia. 


land. 


land. 




1415 


2Tom- 

maso 

Moceni- 


25 Ama- 
deus 
VIII. 


4 Erik 
VII. 


4 Erik 
XIII. 


32 La- 

dislas 
II. 


24 Sigis- 
mund. 


27Vas- 
sili II 


lOJas. 
I. 

AprU 4 


3 Hen- 
Mar. 21. 






! go. 






















1416 


1 
'3 


26 


3 


5 


5 


33 


25 


28 


11 


4 




1417 

1418 


5 


OJ 


4 




6 

7 


31 


26 

27 


29 


12 

13 






28 


5 


7 


35 


30 


6 


y 


1419 
1420 


J 6 

7 


09 


Q 




8 

9 — 


36 

37 


28 

29 


31 








30 


7 


9 


32 


15 


8 

m. Ka- 
tharine 
of Va- 
lois. 


\ 

1 


1421 


8 


31 


8 


10 


10 


38 


30 


33 


16 


9 

b. Hen- 
ry VI. 


: 1422 


9 


32 


9 


11 


11 


39 


31 


34 


17 


10 

rfAug.31. 
1 Hen- 
ry VI. 
Sept- 1- 


1423 


1 Fran- 


33 


10 


12 


12 


40 


32 


35 


18 


2 






cesco 
Foscaro. 











































"^^^ FEOM THE TEAR 




1415 



1416 



1417 



1418 



1419 



The earl of Cambridge, lord Scrope, and others, beheaded, for designing to rebel 
in favour of Mortimer, earl of March, the rightful heir to the throne. Henry- 
embarks at Southampton, Aug. 13, invests Harfleur, Aug. 17, which surrenders, 
Sep. 26; Battle of Agincourt, Oct. 15; Queen Joanna goes in procession from 
St. Paul's to Westminster, to return thanks for the victory. A truce granted to 
France. Henry returns to England, and makes his triumphal entry into London, 
Nov. 23. The king of Portugal engages in a maritime enterprise, and takes 
Ceuta ; he discontinues the use of the Julian period in his dominions, and 
introduces the computation of time from the Christian sera. John resigns the 
popedom, revokes his resignation, is deposed by the council of Constance, and 
imprisoned for the rest of his life ; at last he formally submits. Gregory ab- 
dicates voluntarily, is allowed to retain the dignity of cardinal, and made go- 
vernor of the March of Ancona. Benedict refuses to lay down his office, and 
resists the entreaties, as well as the threats, of Sigismund and Ferdinand, king 
of Aragon, who repair to Perpignan, and hold a conference with him. John Huss 
and Jerome of Prague are invited to Constance, furnished with a safe-conduct by 
Sigismund ; the council perfidiously asserts that no civil power can protect he- 
retics, and by their decree, Huss perishes in the flames, July 6. Joanna, queen 
of Naples, marries James of Bourbon, who deprives her of all authority, 
puts to death her chamberlain and favourite, Pandolfo Alopo, and imprisons 
Sforza. The restless Genoese appoint two new doges in succession, the last of 
whom is Tommaso da Campofregoso The emperor Manuel visits the Morea, and 
attempts to fortify the Isthmus of Corinth. 

An attempt of the French to recover Harfleur is repelled by the duke of Bedford. 
Visit of Sigismund to London and Paris ; he concludes a treaty of alliance with 
Henry, hoping to acquire the former kingdom of Aries. The late disasters of 
France render the animosities of the two factions more virulent. Ferdinand of 
Aragon, infirm in health before his journey to Perpignan, dies on his return, 
April 2, and is succeeded by his son, Alfonso, whose patronage of letters has 
obtained for him the surname of the Wise. Jerome of Prague, victim of the 
same treachery, shares the fate of his brother-reformer, Huss, May 30 ; their 
disciples in Bohemia take up arms to defend the liberty of conscience. Joanna 
of Naples regains her freedom ; her husband is compelled to dismiss his French 
guards, and renounce the regal title ; Sforza is liberated, and receives again the 
office of constable, with new grants of land ; Ariano and some other fiefs are 
given to his son, Francesco. Joseph II. patriarch of CP. George Gemisthus 
Pletho attempts to revive the Platonic philosophy, and reform Greek society. 

Isabella, queen of France, quarrels with the Armagnacs and her son, the dauphin, 
Charles ; she is confined at Tours, and invites the assistance of the duke of Bur- 
gundy, who liberates her, and conquers a great part of the kingdom. The 
council of Constance elects the cardinal Otho Colonna to be pope, who takes the 
name of Martin V. ; Benedict still contumaciously opposes him. The ex-pope, 
Gregory, dies, Oct. 13. Sforza, with a Neapolitan army, dislodges the condot- 
tiere Braccio from Rome ; his son, Francesco Sforza, performs his first feat of 
arms, Oct. 16, and displays the courage of a veteran. Sir John Oldcastle is ap- 
prehended, and suffers death in Smithfield. The Hussites elect Ziska for their 
leader. Alexius IV. nineteenth emperor of Trebizond. Gypsies in Transylvania. 

Henry renews the war in France, conquers the greater part of Normandy, and lays 
siege to Rouen ; the queen and duke of Burgrmdy negotiate with him ; they 
obtain possession of Paris, and of the king's person ; dreadful massacre of their 
opponents; the count d'Armagnac and many of the nobility butchered by the 
populace in their prison ; the dauphin and his adherents transfer their seat of 
government to Poitiers. Close of the council of Constance, April 22 ; the new 
pope returns to Italy, attended by Sigismund and a numerous train. The duke 
of Milan, Philip Maria Visconte, condemns his wife, Beatrice Tenda, to be be- 
headed, for alleged infidelity. 

Surrender of Rouen, Jan. 19 ; Henry pursues his victorious career. The dauphin 
beguiles the duke of Burgundy by a treaty, and when they meet, causes him to 
be assassinated, Aug. 18. Great irritation throughout France. Philip, duke of 



15 TO 1423 A.D. 



457 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Burgundy, and the queen open new negotiations with Henry. Martin V., invited 
to Florence, fixes his residence there. The ex-pope, John, escapes, is pardoned, 
and dies. James of Bourbon returns to France. Sforza appointed gonfalonier 
of the church, recovers Spoleto from Braccio. The duke of Milan, through his 
general, Carmaguola, concludes peace with Genoa, and regains Bergamo. Death 
of Wenceslas ; his brother, Sigismund, inherits Bohemia; the Hussites refuse 
to acknowledge him, and storm the town-hall of Prague ; the Venetians are suc- 
cessful in their war against him, and take Belluno, and other towns. Queen 
Joanna, of England, accused of witchcraft, is arrested by the duke of Bedford, 
confined at Pevensey, and deprived of all her possessions. Sir Richard Whit- 
tington, third time lord mayor of London. 

The treaty of Troyes, May 24, disinherits the dauphin, declares Henry heir to the 
crown of France, and regent during the life of Charles VI., whose daughter, 
Katharine de Valois, he marries, June 3 ; he subdues Sens, and other towns, 
and takes possession of Paris. Henry of Viseu, prince of Portugal, grandson 
of John of Gaunt (see 1386), promotes the study of navigation at Sagrez, near 
Cape St. Vincent, and sends out squadrons, by one of which the island of Madeira 
is discovered. The influence of Alvarez de Luna over John of Castile causes 
troubles in that kingdom. Pope Martin encourages Louis III., of Anjou, to claim 
the crown of Naples, and assists him with an anny. Joanna applies to Alfonso 
of Aragon for protection, and adopts him as heir. Braccio submits to the pope, 
and recovers Bologna for him. Carmagnola re-annexes Cremona, Parma, and 
Brescia, to Milan. The Venetians conquer Friuli and Dalmatia. The pope 
makes his entry into Rome, Sep. 30. Sigismund besieges the Hussites in 
Prague, and is defeated by them at Wissehrad, July 14. 

Battle of Bauge ; a division of the English army defeated by a Scotch auxiliary 
brigade, under the earl of Buchan ; the duke of Clarence slain ; Henry repairs 
the disaster, besieges Meaux, and drives the dauphin beyond the Loire. Jo- 
anna and Alfonso engage Braccio, who stops the progress of Louis. The 
Florentines obtain Leghorn. Genoa surrenders to Carmagnola. Death of sultan 
Mahomet, and accession of Amurath I. John de' Medici gonfalonier of Florence. 
Flight of Jaqueline of Brabant into England. Namur united to Burgundy. 

Surrender of Meaux, May 2. Death of Henry V., at Vincennes, Aug. 31, jet. 35 ; 
his son, nine months old, is proclaimed king of England and France, Humphrey, 
duke of Gloucester, protector of the former kingdom, and John, duke of Bedford, 
regent of the latter. Death of Charles VI., Oct. 22, set. 53 ; the dauphin 
crowned at Poitiers, as Charles VII. Before his death, Henry does justice to 
the queen-dowager, Joanna, and orders the restitution of her lands. Alfonso puts 
an end to Martin's hostilities, by threatening to recognize again Benedict XIII. 
Peace restored to Naples ; Sforza and Braccio unite in its defence ; Louis at 
Rome. Carmagnola governor of Genoa. The Hussites offer Bohemia to La- 
dislas, king of Poland, and Witold, duke of Lithuania ; Korybut, nephew of the 
fonner, is sent to them. Marriage of Albert, duke of Austria, to Elizabeth, 
daughter of Sigismund. Paul Bellizer von Russdorf Teutonic grand-master ; the 
dissensions of the High and Low Germans weaken the Order ; they are defeated 
by the Poles and Lithuanians, and lose Sudauer. Gypsies first appear in Italy. 

League against France renewed at Amiens, April 17 ; the duke of Bedford marries 
Anne, sister of the duke of Burgundy. Defeat of the French and Scotch, at 
Crevant sur Yonne, by the earls of Salisbury and Suffolk. James, king of 
Scotland, released after a captivity of seventeen years, marries a daughter of 
the earl of Somerset. Joanna, and her favourite, the seneschal Caracciolo, 
quarrel with Alfonso, whose adoption she annuls, and takes Louis of Anjou in 
his place ; war ensues. Alfonso, during a voyage to Aragon, attacks and plunders 
Marseilles. The duke of Milan supersedes Carmagnola, and appoints Guido 
Torello to command the Genoese fleet sent to assist the queen of Naples. Amu- 
rath besieges CP., and for the first time uses cannon, ill-constructed and ill- 
served ; he is compelled to raise the siege. The death of Yusef, king of Granada, 
and accession of his son, Muhamad el Hayzari (the left-handed), followed by 
tumults and rebellions. The council summoned at Pavia is transferred to Siemia. 

3 M 



458 



FEOM THE TEAS 



A.D. 



1424 



1425 



1426 



1427 



1428 



1429 



1430 



Hegi- 



829 



831 



832 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



34 Ma- 
nuel II. 



1 John 
VI. 



Popes, 



8 Mar- 
tin V. 
Nov. 11- 
Benedict 
XIII. 31 
Sept. 28. 
d Nov. 2 
Clement 
VIII. 1 



10 3 



1431 835 



1432 836 



42 

John 
I. 



43- 



11 4 



12 5 



13 - 

Clement 
resigned. 
July 26. ' 



Port- 
ugal. 



19 

John 
II. 



20- 



44- 



45- 



46- 



48- 



rf.Feb.l9. 
1 Euge- 
nius IV. 
March 3. 



2 50- 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 

TILE. GON. ARRE. 



France, 



10- 



21- 



22- 



23- 



49- 



25 



26- 



27 17- 



9 Al- 
fonso 
V. the 

Wise. 



38 

Chas. 

III. 

the 
Noble. 



IBlan- 
che II. 
and 
John 
II. 



12- 



2Mu 
hamad 
VII. el 
Hayzor 



10 11 



3 Chas, 
VII. 



6Si- 
gis- 
mund 



Bohe- 
mia. 



15Si- 

gis- 
mund, 



Ger- 
many, 



20- 



1424 TO 1432 A.D. 



459 



Repe- 
tition 
Date^. 



1424 



1425 



1426 



1427 



1428 



1429 



1430 



1431 



1432 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



2 Fran- 
cesco 
Foscaro. 



34 Ama- 
deus 
VIII. 



35 . 



Savoy. 



Naples. 



11 Joan- 
na II. 



12 . 



37 ■ 



38 ■ 



13 E- 
rik 
VII. 



14- 



39 ;16 



40 



18- 



Den- 

MAKK. 



13 E- 

rik 
XIII 



Swe- 
den. 



41 La- 
dislas 
II. 



42 



Po- 
land. 



Hun- 
gary. 

33 Sigis- 
mund. 



34 . 



43 35 ■ 



44- 



18 46 



19 119- 



-47- 



20- 



-20— 



48- 



10 



42 . 



-49- 



36 ■ 



37 ■ 



38. 



39 . 



40 ■ 



Russia. 


Scot- 


Eng- 




land. 


land. 


36 Vas- 
sili II. 


19Ja8. 1. 
April 4. 


3 Henry 
VI. 

Sept 1. 


1 Vas- 
sililll. 


20 


4 


2 


21 


5 


3 


22 


6 


4 


23 


7 


5 


24 


8 


6 


25 


9 


7 


26 


10 




27 


11 



460 FROM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1424 



1425 



1426 



1427 



1428 



Defeat of the combined French and Scotch armies by the duke of Bedford, at 
Vemeuil, Aug. 27 ; the earls of Buchan and Douglas, the counts of Aumale, 
Tonnerre, and Ventadour, slain; the duke of Alenjon, the marshal La Fayette, 
and many nobles, taken prisoners. The duke of Gloucester offends the duke of 
Burgundy, by marrying Jaqueline, duchess of Brabant, and claiming her here- 
ditary States of Holland and Hainault. Visit of the duke of Bedford to England, 
to appease this quarrel. Naples taken by the Genoese allies of queen Joanna. 
Sforza Attendolo drowned in crossing the river Pescara ; his son, Francesco, 
takes the command of his forces. Defeat and death of Braccio, at Aquila. Pe- 
rugia recovered by the pope, and Capua restored to Naples. The duke of Milan 
defeats the Florentines, dismisses Carmagnola from his service, and appoints 
the cardinal Jacopo Isolani governor of Genoa. The council of Sienna dissolved, 
and ordered to be held in 1431, at Basle. Death of Benedict XIII.; two refrac- 
tory cardinals continue the schism by electing Clement VIII. in his place. 
Death of Ziska, the Hussite general ; Procopius Easa conducts the war against 
Sigismund. The emperor concludes an ignominious treaty of peace with Amu- 
rath. 

Dissension between the duke of Gloucester and the bishop of Winchester, composed 
by the duke of Bedford. Reconciliation with the duke of Burgundy. The duke 
of Britanny withdraws from the English alliance ; his brother, the count of 
Richemont, is appointed, by king Charles, constable of France. Queen Katharine 
marries Owen Tudor, and retires into private life. League of Florence and 
Venice against the duke of Milan ; he takes Francesco Sforza into his service, 
and they employ Carmagnola. Death of the emperor Manuel, aet. 77 ; his son, 
John VI., inherits the empire, reduced now to the city of CP., a few neighbouring 
towns, Thessalonica, and part of the Morea. Charles III., of Navarre, is succeeded 
by his daughter, Blanche, and her husband, John, brother of Alfonso of Aragon. 
John de' Medici is sent ambassador from Florence to Venice. John and Hubert 
van Eyck, masters of the early Flemish school, invent painting in oil. Death 
of Peter d'Ailly, archbishop of Cambray, and chancellor of the university of 
Paris. Poggio Bracciolini (1380—1459) revives literature. 

Siege of Montargis ; the earl of Warwick compelled to abandon it by the bastard 
of Orleans, afterwards count de Dunois. The duke of Bedford forces the duke of 
Britanny to break off his alliance with France. Carmagnola takes Brescia ; the 
dukes of Savoy and Mantua join the league against Milan. The pope creates 
twelve cardinals, among whom is Beaufort, bishop of Winchester. The Hussites 
extend their conquests into Saxony and Meissen. John, king of Navarre, Henry, 
prince of Aragon, and the principal nobility of Castile, combine against Alvarez 
de Luna. Bursbai, sultan of Egypt, makes Cyprus tributary, and threatens 
Rhodes. The university of Louvain founded. Muhamad el Hayzari is ex- 
pelled by his cousin, Muhamad el Zaquir (the drunkard), who for a short time 
occupies the throne of Granada as Muhamad VIII. Lubeck and the Baltic 
Hanse Towns support the duke of Hoi stein against Erik. 

The constable de Richemont withdraws from the French court, disgusted by the 
deference of Charles to his minister, de la Tr^mouille. The duke of Milan gives 
up Vercelli to the duke of Savoy, and induces him to secede from the league. 
Under the mediation of Sigismund and the pope, Venice and Florence agree to 
a congress at Ferrara, to treat of peace with Milan. Alvarez de Luna banished 
from the court of Castile. The Hussites defeat an army of the empire at Mies. 
Lincoln College, Oxford, founded by Richard Fleming. Constantine, the fa- 
vouiite brother of the emperor John VI., appointed despot of Clarentza, in the 
Morea ; the historian, Phranza, is in his service as great chamberlain. 

The siege of Orleans is begun by the earl of Salisbury, who is killed by a cannon- 
ball ; the earl of Suffolk takes the command. Peace concluded at Ferrara, April 
18 ; Brescia, Bergamo, and part of the lands of Cremona, are ceded to Venice. 
Francesco Sforza, accused of treachery, is saved by his friend, Guido Torello, 
but remains two years unemployed. Alvarez de Luna recalled by the king of 
Castile. The usurper of Granada is put to death, and Muhamad VII. restored 
to the throne. The Hussites carry their victorious arms into Silesia. Death of 
John de' Medici, founder of the illustrious family at Florence. 



1424 TO 1432 A.D. 



461 



Events and Eminent Men, 



Battle of Herrings, Feb. 12 ; Sir John Fastolfe brings a convoy of stores to the 
camp before Orleans ; Joan of Arc relieves the city, May 4 ; the siege raised, 
May 8; the earl of Suffolk taken prisoner at Jergeau. Defeat of the English, 
at Patay, June 13 ; the lords Talbot and Scales taken ; Sir John Fastolfe dis- 
graced. Coronation of Charles, at Hheims, July 17. Henry VI. crowned at 
Westminster, Nov. 6. Termination of the schism of the West ; Clement VIII. 
abdicates, and is appointed by the king of Aragon bishop of Majorca. Brabant 
added to the duchy of Burgundy. Tlie Hussites refuse to negotiate for peace 
with Sigismund. Death of Gerson, chancellor of the university of Paris. 

Henry VI. is taken over to France, and croAvned at Paris, Dec. 17. Joan of Arc 
made prisoner at Compi^gne by the Burgundians (May 24), is sold by them to 
the duke of Bedford. The Florentines besiege Lucca, and are repelled by Fran- 
cesco Sforza, secretly employed by the duke of Milan. Venice and Florence 
renew their league. Thessalonica taken by Amurath. Poggio Bracciolini writes 
his Dialogue De Varietate Fortunce. Philip, duke of Burgundy, institutes the 
Order of the Golden Fleece, on his marriage with Isabella, daughter of John, 
king of Portugal, and to commemorate the manufacturing prosperity of the Ne- 
therlands. Phranza, sent on an embassy to the Ionian Islands, is captured by a 
Catalan cruizer, and obliged to ransom himself and his companions. 

Joan of Arc, condemned for sorcery and heresy, is dishonourably and inhnmanly 
burnt at Rouen, Jan. 14. The English power in France declines rapidly. Eu- 
genius, on taking the papal chair, deprives the Colonna family of their offices, 
in which his predecessor, Martin, had placed them ; their resentment and rebel- 
lion cause great disturbance at Rome ; their rivals, the Orcini, are patronized. 
Venice and Florence again at open war with the duke of Milan ; the Venetian 
general, Carmagnola, routed by Francesco Sforza, at Soncino, May 17, and their 
fleet on the Po destroyed, near Cremona, May 23 ; their ally, the marquis of 
Montfen-at, defeated by Sforza, is saved from entire ruin by his relation, Ama- 
deus, duke of Savoy. The combined fleets of Venice and Florence defeat the 
Genoese near Portofino, Aug. 27. Carmagnola is suspected of treachery by the 
Venetian govenament. Sigismund is crowned king of Italy, at Milan, Nov. 25. 
Muhamad refuses to pay his stipulated tribute ; the Castilians invade Granada; 
Alvarez de Luna defeats the Moors on Mount Elvira ; Yusef Aben Alahman, 
proclaimed king, dies in six months, and Muhamad is restored. Victory of the 
Hussites at Tauss, over the army of the empire. Opening of the council of 
Basle, under the presidency of Julius Cesarino, July 23 ; first session, Dec. 14 ; 
this, the Eighteenth General Council, commences its proceedings by declaring 
itself, in all spiritual matters, superior to the pope. The German prelates 
present a memorial on the grievances of their church, previously agreed to by a 
national synod, held at Mentz. Nicholas de Clemangis urges the refonns before 
recommended by Gerson and d'Ailly. Cosmo de' Medici, inheritor of his father's 
wealth, uses his influence in Florence to promote the arts and literature, and 
collects around him the learned men of Italy. Agnes Sorel first introduced at 
the court of Charles VII, A violent earthquake in Spain. 

The count of Dunois takes Chartres, and relieves Lagni. Death of the duchess 
of Bedford, and marriage of the duke to Jaqueline of Luxemburg. Defection 
of Philip, duke of Burgundy, from the English cause. Eugenius commands the 
council to assemble at Bologna ; they disobey his orders, and continue to hold 
their sittings at Basle ; he refuses the imperial crown to Sigismund. Carmagnola 
imprisoned at Venice, put to the torture, and beheaded. May 5. The king of 
Aragon arrives with a fleet in Sicily, and renews his project of obtaining the 
succession to Naples. Boleslas, the successor of Witold, the Lithuanian prince, 
commences hostilities against Poland ; Ladislas deposes him, and places 
Witold's brother, Sigismund, on the throne. The Portuguese navigators, sent 
out by prince Henry, discover the Azores. The wars of the Hanse towns, and 
Holstein, with Denmark, open the trade of the north to the English and Hol- 
landers. Bertrandon de la Brocqui^re, a Burgundian knight, visits the East, 
and on his return writes an account of his travels. -dEneas Sylvius secretary to 
the council of Basle. 



462 



TEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. Hegira. 



1433 



1434 



1435 



1436 



1437 



837—838 



838-839 



839—840 



840—841 



841—842 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



Popes, 



9 John 
VI. 



3Eu- 
geni- 
us IV. 
Mar.3. 



1438 



1439 



842—843 



843—844 



1 Ed- 
ward, 
or Du- 
arte. 



13- 



Port- 
ugal. 



28 

John 
II. 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tile. gon. arre. 



France. 



30- 



9 — 
Felix 
V. 



32- 



1 Al- 
fonso 

Y,the 
Afri- 
can. 



18 Al- 
fonso 

V. the 
Wise. 



19- 



9 Blan- 
che II. 
and 

John 

U. 



10- 



20- 



22- 



33- 



34- 



11 Mil 
hamad 
VII. el 
Hayza- 



12 Chas. 
VII. 



13 . 



13- 



12- 



24 



16- 



BOHE- 
MIA. 



15 Si- 24 Si- 
gis- gis- 
mund. mund, 



15 • 



Ger- 
many. 



25- 



26- 



27- 



19 

rf.Dec.8 
1 Al- 
bert. 



28- 

d.Dec.8 
1 Al- 
bert 
II. 



1433 TO 1439 A.D. 



463 



Repe- \ 
tition ] 
Dates. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


Naples. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Hun- 

GARY. 


Russia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1433 


11 Fran- 
cesco 
Foscaro. 


43 Ama- 
deus 
VIII. 


20 Joan- 
na II. 


22 E- ' 
rik 
VII. 


22 E- 
rik 
XIII. 


50 La- 
dislas 
II. 


42 Sigis- 
mund. 


9 Vassi- 
li III. 


28 Jas. 

T. 
AprU4. 


12 Hen- 
ry VI. 

Sept. 1. 


1434 


12 


44 


21 


23 


23 


ILa- 
dislas 
III. 


43 


10 


29 


13 


1435 


13 


45 


1 Al- 
fonso of 
Aragon. 


24 


24 


2 


44 


11 


30 


14 


! 1436 

1 


14 


46 


2 


25 


25 


3 


45 


12 


31 


15 


1437 


15 


47 


3 


26 


26 




46 

rf Dec. 8. 
1 Eliza- 
beth and 
Albert 
of Aus- 
tria, 


13 


iJas. 
II. 
Feb. 21. 


16 




:1438 

i 


16 


48 


1 


27 


27 


5 


2 


14 


2 


17 


i 

, 1439 


17 


49 

Pope Fe- 
lix V. 


5 


1 Chris- 
topher 
III. 


28 


6 


3 


15 


3 


18 



464 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1433 



Events a.nd Eminent Men. 



1434 



1435 



1436 



Congress of Arras ; the English commissioners withdraw ; the duke of Burgundy 
claims many concessions from Charles VII., and continues to treat with him ; 
he acquires Holland and Hainault. Nicholas, marquis d'Este, the pacificator of 
Italy, mediates a treaty, which the belligerents sign at Ferrara, April 26. Si- 
gismund crowned emperor at Rome, May 31. The duke of Milan secretly au- 
thorizes Francesco Sforza to occupy the March and city of Ancona. The Hussites 
divide into two sects, the Calixtines and Taborites ; the former, satisfied by the 
concessions made to them by the council of Basle, secede from the league. The 
peasants of Dalecarlia revolt ; Engelbrechtson, a nobleman, places himself at 
their head, and drives Erik's officers out of Sweden. Cosmo de' Medici founds 
the university of Florence ; through the intrigues of his enemies, he is banished. 
The Portuguese, for the first time, explore the coast of Africa beyond Cape Bo- 
jador. Death of John I., king of Portugal, Aug. 12, set. 77 ; he is succeeded by 
his son, Edward. Belgrade given up to Sigismund by the Servians. 

The council of Basle limits and defines the papal authority. Eugenius confirms 
the March of Ancona to Francesco Sforza for his life, and appoints him gon- 
falonier of the church. Nicholas Fortebraccio takes Rome ; Eugenius escapes 
in disguise, and retires to Florence. Cosmo de' Medici recalled by the Florentines, 
and his enemies are banished. The Calixtines join the imperial ai-my, and 
defeat the Taborites at Bohmisch-Brod. Death of Louis of Anjou ; Joanna is 
beset by adverse factions. Amadeus, duke of Savoy, retires into a hermitage 
at Ripaglia, near the Lake of Geneva, leaving the regency of his States to his 
sons. Death of Ladislas, king of Poland, set. 90 ; the States assume the re- 
gency during the minority of his son. 

The treaty of Arras concluded, Sep. 22. The duke of Burgundy announces to the 
English council his alliance with the king of France. Death of queen Isabella, 
Sep. 30, and of the duke of Bedford, Dec, 14; his office of regent is taken by the 
duke of York. The aunats, or first-fruits, hitherto paid to the pope, are abolished 
by the council of Basle. The condottiere Fortebraccio is defeated and slain at 
Capo del Monte. Death of queen Joanna ; she bequeaths her dominions to 
Regnier d' Anjou, who, being a prisoner in the hands of the duke of Burgimdy, 
sends his queen, and his son, Louis, to take possession ; the pope asserts his 
claim, and supports it by an army. Alfonso, king of Aragon, another compe- 
titor, lays siege to Graeta ; in a naval battle with the Genoese, near the isle of 
Ponza, Aug. 5, he is defeated and made prisoner, with his brother, the king of 
Navarre, and many of his principal nobles ; the captives are sent to Milan ; the 
duke releases them without a ransom, and enters into a league with Alfonso 
against the pope. The Genoese, angry at losing the fruits of their victory, 
expel their Milanese masters, and restore their own independent government. 
Alfonso's brother, don Pedro, takes Gaeta. The Calixtines, deceived in the ex- 
ecution of their treaty, reunite with the Taborites ; Sigismund concedes the 
fourteen points demanded by them, on which they submit to him, and allow 
him to enter Prague. Erik, by a treaty of peace, relinquishes the greater part 
of Schleswig to the duke of Holstein, and makes concessions at Stockholm, 
which restore tranquillity in S^veden. War renewed in Granada ; the Castilians 
take Huesca. Charles Canutson, regent, or statholder, in Sweden. Death of 
Antonio, duke of Athens; his widow employs Chalcocondylas (father of the his- 
torian) to negotiate with Amurath, for his support ; Phranza is sent by Con- 
stantine to treat with him for the surrender of Athens and Thebes. 

Paris retaken by the French, The duke of Burgundy besieges Calais, but retires 
on the approach of the duke of Gloucester. Eugenius, invited to return to 
Rome, fixes his residence at Bologna. Genoa joins the league of Florence and 
Venice ; Francesco Sforza is taken into their service. Alfonso arrives at Gaeta, 
and is acknowledged by many towns in the Abbruzzo and other provinces. 
Treaty of Iglau between Sigismund and the Hussites. Erik withdraws from 
the government, but returns at the request of his subjects. The duke of Glou- 
cester separates queen Katharine from Owen Tudor ; she is compelled to retire 
to the abbey of Bermondsey ; her husband confined in Newgate ; their three 
sons committed to the care of the earl of Suffolk's sister. Remarkable severity 



1433 TO 1439 A.B. 



465 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1437 



of the winter. Fend of the cantons Schweiz and Glaris against Zurich, for the 
county of Toggenburg. Constantine visits Constantinople, and is selected 
by his brother as heir to the imperial throne. Nerio II. expels Antonio's widow 
from Athens, and banishes Chalcocondylas. Jaqueline of Luxemburg, widow of 
the duke of Bedford, marries Sir Richard Woodville; they are the future parents 
of Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV. 

Triumphal entry of Charles VII. into Paris; James I., of Scotland, set, 40, mur- 
dered at Perth, April 20, by his uncle, the earl of Athol ; during the minority 
of his son. Sir William Crichton and Sir Alexander Livingston are regents of 
the kingdom. The council of Basle summons the pope to appear and answer 
various charges brought against him ; he answers by a Bull, dissolving the 
council, and calling another at Ferrara, where he invites the Greek emperor, 
John, to attend, and arrange for the union of the two churches. Death of the 
emperor Sigismund, Dec. 8, set. 70 ; his daughter, Elizabeth, and her husband, 
Albert of Austria, succeed him in Hungary; Albert is also chosen king of Ger- 
many and Bohemia ; the greatness of the House of Habsburg begins. Death 
of Joanna of NavaiTe, queen-widow of Henry IV., at Havering Bower, July 9, 
aet. 67, and of queen Katharine, in Bermondsey Abbey, set. 36. All Souls' 
College, Oxford, founded by Chicheley, archbishop of Canterbury. Origin of 
the Vintners' Company in London. Erik retires to Wisby. Unfortunate expe- 
dition of the Portuguese against Tangier ; prince Ferdinand, taken by the 
Moors, dies in captivity. Phranza is employed by Constantine to negotiate 
with Amurath. 

Albert crowned king of Hungary, Jan. 1, recognized by the diet of Francfort, 
March 20, and soon afterwards crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, The fathers of the 
council of Basle continue their sittings, declare Eugenius contumacious, and 
decree the suspension of his authority. The council of Ferrara opened, Jan. 8, 
by cardinal Nicholas Albergati ; declares that of Basle at an end ; the pope arrives 
there, Jan. 27, and the Greek emperor, John, March 4, followed by the patriarch 
of CP., and the prelates of his church. The pragmatic sanction of Bourges 
declares the pope subordinate to a general council, and annuls his fiscal rights 
in France. Regnier d'Anjou regains his liberty, and arrives in Naples. All 
Italy is distracted by the petty wars of its different States. The duke of Milan 
induces Sforza to return to his service, by promising to give him his daughter 
in marriage. Cosmo de' Medici goes as ambassador to revive the cooling friend- 
ship of Venice for Florence. The plague rages in all parts of Europe ; it is 
aggravated in England and France by a direful famine. Laurence Koster, of 
Haerlem, originates the first idea of printing, by cutting letters on blocks of 
wood, and produces his Speculura humance Salvationis. Edward (Duarte), king of 
Portugal, dies of the plague, at Thomar, Sep. 19, set. 47 ; his son, Alfonso, set. 6, 
has his uncle, Henry of Visen, for his guardian and regent. Some Hussites 
offer the crown of Bohemia to Casimir of Poland ; he brings an army to support 
them ; they are defeated by Albert, at Tabor. 

Eugenius removes his council from Ferrara to Florence, where an ostensible union 
of the Latin and Greek churches is signed, July 6. The council of Basle de- 
poses Eugenius, June 25, and renews the schism of the church by electing Ama- 
deus, the hermit-duke of Savoy, who accepts the papal dignity under the name 
of Felix V. ; all the parties to this proceeding are excommunicated. Albert of 
Austria undertakes an expedition against tlie Turks, which is interrupted by 
his sudden death, Oct. 27 ; his widow, Elizabeth, gives birth to a sou, named 
Ladislas, who is sent into Austria to be brought up. The Venetians, hard 
pressed in their war, send ambassadors to Florence; the gonfalonier, Cosmo 
de' Medici, renews the league with them- Francesco Sforza, irritated by the 
broken promises of the duke of Milan, engages in their service, and restores 
victory to their arms. The Danes depose Erik, and elect his nephew, Chris- 
topher, to be their king. The Russian patriarch, Isidore, on his return from 
Florence, is deposed by his indignant countrymen. Amurath conquers Servia, 
but fails in his attempt on Belgrade. Masaccio, the Florentine painter, prepares 
the way for the modem style of that school. The Drapers' Company, London, 
founded. _^ — 

3 N 



466 



PEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Hbgira. 



1440 



1141 



844r-845 



845—846 



East- 
ern Em- Popes. 

PIRS. 



1442 846-847 



1443 



1444 



16 John 10 Eu- 
VI. 

IV. 

Mar. 3. 
Felix 
V. 2 
Nov. 17. 

11— 3 



12— 4 5- 



847—848 



848—849 



1445 849-850 



1446 



20 ■ 



850—851 



851—852 



Port- 
ugal. 



3 Al- 
fonso 
V. the 

Afri- 
can, 



35 

John 
II. 



Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 
tile. gon. arre. 



France, 



36- 



25 Al- 
fonso 
V. the 
Wise. 



IGBlan- 
Che II. 



13— 6 



14— 



38- 



16— 8 



rf.Feb.23. 

1 Ni- 
cholas 

V. 
Mar. 6. 
Felix 

V. 9 



27- 



28- 



29- 



18 Mu- 
hamad 
VII. el 
Eayza- 



Jolmll. 
alone. 



19 21 



30- 



19 Chas. 
VII. 



20 . 



Bohe- 
mia. 



20- 



21 . 



22 . 



1 La- 
dislas 
III. 



Ger- 
many. 



1 Fre- 
deric 
IV. 



22 



-23- 



iMu 

hamad 
VIII 

Aben 



24 . 



25. 



26- 



1440 TO 1447 A.D. 



467 



tit ion 1 
Dates. 



1440 



1441 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



18 Fran- 
cesco 
Foscaro 



Savoy. 



1442 ;20 



1443 



1444 



1445 



!'1446 



1447 



23- 



24 . 



25 



Naples. 



50 Ama- 6 Alfon- 
deasVIIl. so of 
PopeFe- Aragon. 
lix V. 



52 . 



53 ■ 



54 • 



55 • 



56 - 



Den- 
mark. 



2 Chris- 
topher 
III. 



1 Chris- 
topher. 



Swe- 
den-. 



Po- 
land. 

7 La- 
dislas 
III. 



Hun- 
gary. 

1 Eli- 
zabeth, 
and 
Ladis- 
lasIV. 

king of 



16 V^as- 
fiili III. 



3rf. E- 

liza- 

beth. 

Ladis- 

las 

alone. 



ICa- 
simir 
IV. 



iLa. 

dislas 

v., \iTig 
of Bo- 
hemia, 



Russia. 



4Ja«.II. 19 Hen- 
Feb.21. ryVI. 
Sep. 1. 



6. Edward 



Scot- 
land, j 



Eng- 
land. 



22 ■ 



24 — 

»n, Marga- 
ret cf 
Anjoa. 



468 FKOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1440 



1441 



1443 



1444 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The duke of Orleans, taken prisoner at Agincourt, is released for a ransom. Death 
of the earl of Warwick, while regent in France. Revolt of the dukes of Bourbon 
and Alen^on, with many other nobles, against Charles VII. Frederic, count of 
Tyrol, elected king of Germany. The Bohemians choose Albert's infant son, 
with two regents ; Meinhard, a Catholic, and Ptarsko, a Hussite. At the 
request of her subjects, under the advice of John Huniades, Elizabeth marries 
Ladislas, king of Poland, and associates him on the throne of Hungary. Al- 
fonso of Aragon takes Aversa and besieges Naples. The Swedes elect Christo- 
pher for their sovereign. The Greek emperor is received with great dissatis- 
faction on his return to CP. ; no real union of the churches is effected. The 
Turks attack Rhodes, and are defeated by the knights. League of Marienwerder 
against the Teutonic Order; the grand master resigns. Metrophanes II. 
patriarch of CP. 

The Castilian grandees, and Henry, prince of Asturias, compel the king, by force 
of arms, to dismiss Alvarez de Luna. Death of Blanche, queen of Navarre ; 
her rights descend to her son, Charles, prince of Viana ; his father retains the 
throne, and long discord ensues between them. A general peace concluded in 
Italy. The generals of the duke of Milan claim portions of his territories ; he 
puts an end to their pretensions, by marrying his daughter, Bianca, to Francesco 
Sforza. The Venetians, by treachery, obtain Ravenna. Death of Nicholas, 
marquis d'Este. Henry VI, founds Kiug's College, Cambridge, and Eton College, 
Conrad von Erlichshausen Teutonic grand master in Prussia. Hadji Kerai 
separates from the Golden Horde, and establishes the independent khanate of 
Crim Tartary, or the Crimea, where he has long to contend with the Genoese. 

Intrigues and cabals of the cardinal-bishop of Winchester against the duke of 
Gloucester ; the duchess, for imputed witchcraft, is condemned to do penance 
in St. Paul's church, and to be imprisoned for life; her confessor, Boliug- 
broke, and Margery Jordan, of Eye, are hanged for alleged participation 
in her crime. Alfonso takes the city of Naples, and the whole kingdom submits 
to him. Regnier d'Anjou returns to Provence. Death of Elizabeth ; her hus- 
band, Ladislas, remains king of Hungary ; his general, John Huniades, by his 
victories, repels the Ottoman invasion of Transylvania. George Castriot(Scan- 
derbeg) distinguishes himself in the Ottoman army. The African Moors redeem 
some of their countrymen from captivity in Portugal, by paying their ransom 
in gold-dust and black slaves, from the coast of Guinea ; this gives rise to the 
slave-trade. John Faust improves Koster's invention, sets up a press at Mentz, 
and begins by printing the Tractatus Petri Hispani. Amurath resigns the sceptre 
to his son, Mahomet II., and retires to Magnesia. Christ College, Cambridge, 
founded. 

Close of the council of Basle. Eugenius leaves Florence, and fixes his residence 
again in Rome ; he acknowledges Alfonso, king of Naples, and employs him to re- 
cover the March of Ancona for him from Francesco Sforza ; this produces a neiv 
war. Sforza defeats his most able adversary, Niccolo Piccinino, at Monteloro, 
Nov. 8. Scanderbeg escapes from the Ottomans, seizes Oroya, and maintains 
an independent principality in Albania. John Huniades crosses the Danube, 
takes Nissa (Naissus) and Sofia, and defeats the Ottoman army, at Kunobitza, 
in the defiles of the Balkan, Dec. 24 ; Amurath is recalled from his retirement, 
and resumes the command. 

Cardinal Beaufort prevails over the duke of Gloucester in the English councils ; 
under his influence, the earl of Suffolk concludes a treaty with France, May 28, 
and negotiates a treaty of marriage between Henry VI. and Margaret, daughter 
of Regnier d'Anjou ; the county of Maine ceded to her uncle. At the request of 
Frederic, king of Germany, the dauphin, assisted by his best generals, employs 
a part of the French army against Switzerland. Battle of St. Jacob's on the 
Birs, near Basle, Aug. 26 ; for ten hours 1600 Swiss resist 30,000 veterans, and 
all perish ; the conquerors lose 10,000 men, and are deterred from encountering 
more of such resolute defenders of their country. The duke of Burgundy purchases 
Luxemburg. George von Podjebrad succeeds Ptarsko as the Hussite co-regent 
of Bohemia. The victories of Huniades induce Amurath to solicit peace ; treaty 



1440 TO 1447 A.D. 



469 



Events and Eminent Men. 



of Segedin ; Servia restored ; the Hungarian frontier evacuated, and a truce for 
ten years concluded ; the papal legate, Julian Cesarino, persuades Ladislas to 
break the truce. Battle of Varaa, Nov. 10 ; triumph of the Ottomans ; the king 
and the legate perish ; Huniades escapes, Amurath retires again to Magnesia. 
Piccinino sustains another defeat at Montemilone, and his son, Francis, who is 
made prisoner, at Monte Olmo, Aug. 23 ; Niccolo repairs to Milan, by desire of 
the duke, and dies there, Oct. 15. John Guttenberg invents cut metal types, 
and commences printing the first edition of the Bible. Birth of Leonardo da 
Vinci. Death of Brunelleschi, the architect, and of Leonardo Bruno Aretino, 
the secretary and historian of Florence ; .both patronized by Cosmo de' Medici; 
the Library of Florence founded by him. The Portuguese discoveries are ex- 
tended to Cape Verde. First entrance of the Cossacks into Russia. 

The marriage of Henry and Margaret, already celebrated by proxy, is duly so- 
lemnized on her arrival in England, April 22 ; the queen joins the duke of Glou- 
cester's enemies. The earl of Suffolk created a duke. Variance between Sforza 
and his father-in-law, the duke of Milan. To fill their vacant throne, the Hun- 
garians elect Ladislas, the young son of Albert, already king of Bohemia, and 
appoint John Huniades regent. The Poles offer their crown to Casimir, duke 
of Lithuania, who for some time refuses, but at last accepts it. Eugenius 
deposes the archbishops of Cologne and Treves, for their adherence to the council 
of Basle. The insubordination of the Janizaries compels Amurath to leave his 
retreat again ; he leads them to attack the Morea. Chalcocondylas, now in the 
service of Constantine, is deputed to propose terms of peace, and imprisoned by 
Amurath for his arrogant demands. Vassili, grand prince of Moscow, is taken 
prisoner by the Golden Horde. Gregory III. patriarch of CP. The king of Gra- 
nada is deposed by his nephew, Muhamad Aben Ozmin; another of his nephews, 
Muhamad Aben Ismail, is encouraged by the king of Castile to claim the throne. 
Owen Tudor, having escaped from his persecutors into Wales, is appointed by 
Henry VI. keeper of the royal parks of the principality. 

The electors of Germany, assembled at Francfort, threaten to declare for Felix V., 
unless Eugenius restores the deposed archbishops, and acknowledges the liberties 
of their national church. The Hungarians call upon Frederic to give up to them 
their young king, and on his refusing, invade Austria, ^neas Sylvius is the tutor 
of Ladislas in Frederic's court. Sforza, excommunicated by Eugenius, and hard- 
pressed by the papal and Neapolitan forces, is supported by Florence and Venice. 
Amurath breaks through the fortified hexamilion of the isthmus of Corinth ; Con- 
stantine is allowed to retain his despotat, as a tributary of the Porte ; Laonicus 
Chalcocondylas witnesses these operations, afterwards described by him. Alexius 
IV. murdered by his son, John IV., who occupies his throne, as twentieth emperor 
of Trebizond. Cardinal Bessarion promotes the study of Plato's philosophy. 
Syropolus writes his History of the Council of Florence. George von Peurbach 
professor of astronomy at Vienna. The embankment of the river Meuse gives 
way, near Dordrecht, April 17 ; a large tract of country is inundated, many thou- 
sand lives lost, and the Lake of Bies-Bosch formed. 

The duke of Gloucester murdered at Buiy St. Edmund's, Feb. 28 ; his enemy, 
cardinal Beaufort, dies six weeks afterwards. The county of Maine is given up; 
Sir Francis Surienne, the governor of Mans, resists, but is forced to surrender 
by the count Dunois. By the advice of -<Eneas Sylvius, Eugenius assents, by a 
concordat, to the demands of the German electors, soon after which he dies, 
Feb. 23, and is succeeded by Nicholas V. Death of Philip Maria, duke of Milan, 
the last of the Visconti, Aug. 13 ; his son-in-law, Sforza, claims the inheritance 
of his States, which is disputed by Alfonso, king of Aragon and Naples, Charles, 
duke of Orleans, and other princes. The Milanese restore their republican go- 
vernment, and appoint Sforza their captain ; he musters a powerful army ; 
Pavia submits to him, and he takes Piacenza by storm. Amurath leads a large 
force against Scanderbeg, and besieges Oroya, but is discomfited, and withdraws. 
The new pope, Nicholas V., patronizes men of learning, and founds the Library 
of the Vatican. The first grammar-schools established in London. The Ha- 
berdashers' Company, London, originated. 



470 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1448 



1449 



1450 



1451 



1452 



1453 



Hegira. 



852—853 



854 



855 



857 



East- 
ern Em- 
pire. 



1 Con- 
stantiue 
XIV. 



Popes. 



2 Ni- 
cholas 

V. 
Mar. 6. 
Felix 

V. 10 
Nov.17. 

3 

Felix 

abdi- 
cates, 
April 7- 



1454 859 



1455 



860 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



Fall of 
CP. 



3 Maho- 
met II, 



Port- 
ugal. 



11 Al- 
fonso 

Y.the 
Afri- 
can. 



43 
Johnll. 



46- 



16- 



Spain. 
Gas- Ara- Nav- Moors. 

TILE. GON. ARRE. 



France. 



33 Al- 24 
foTiSO Johnll. 
Y.the 
Wise. 



34- 



35- 



1 Hen- 
ry IV. 

the 
Weak. 



4 Mu- 
hamad 
VIII. 

Aben 



25 



27- 



28- 



38- 



29- 



rf.Mar24. 

1 Cal-I 
listus 
III. 

April 8.1 



30- 



27 Chas. 
VII. 



28 • 



29 . 



30 ■ 



1 Mu- 
ll amad 
IX. 

Aben 
Ismail 



9La- 
dislas 
III. 



32 . 



33 . 



34 . 



Bohe- 
mia. 



13- 



16- 



Ger- 

MANY. 



9 Fre- 
deric 
IV. 



ills TO Ufjf) A.D. 



471 



Jiepe- 
titioji 
Data's. 

1448 



1449 



1450 



1451 



1452 



1453 



1454 



11455 



Doges 
OF Ve- 


Savoy. 


Naples. 


Den- 


Swe- 


XICE. 






mark. 


den. 


26 Fran- 
cesco 
Foscaro. 


58 Araa- 
deusVIll. 
Pope Fe- 
lix V. 


14Alfon- 
so of 
Aragon. 


1 Chris- 
tiau I. 


IChas. 
VIII. 


27 


59 

abdicates 
as pope. 


15 


2 


2 


!28 


60 


16 


3 




29 


1 Louis. 


17 


4 


4 


30 


2 


18 


5 


5 


31 


3 


19 


6 


6 


32 


4 


20 — 


7 


7— 


33 


5 


21 


8 


8 



Po- 
land. 



4Ca- 
simir 
IV. 



Hun- 
gary. 



4La- 
dislas 
Yoking 
of Bo. 



Rus- 
sia. 



24 Vas- 
sililll. 



25- 



26^ 



27- 



29- 



Soot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


12Jas.TI. 


27 Hen- 
ry VI. 
Sep. 1. 


13 


28 


14 


29 


15 


30 


16 


31 


17 


32 

b. Edward 
Prince of 
Wales. 
b. Richard 
111. 


18 


33 


19 


34 



472 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1448 



1449 



1450 



1451 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Surienne, receiving no pay, subsists his troops at free q^uarters in Britanny ; the 
duke demands compensation; Charles VII. supports his claim, and prepares to 
renew his war against England. The English nation, tired of the contest, and 
the government, influenced by the queen and her favourites, make no provision 
for the defence of their French provinces. Frederic of Germany, without the 
concurrence of the diet, agrees to another concordat at Vienna, in which he sa- 
crifices some of the privileges gained by the former. Sforza defeats the Vene- 
tians at Caravaggio, Sep. 15 ; quarrels with the Milanese ; enters into a league 
with Venice, and prepares to conquer Milan. Death of John Palseologus VI. ; 
accession of his brother, Constantine, the last emperor of CP. Dissolution 
of the Union of Calmar ; on the decease of Christopher, the Swedes and Nor- 
wegians take Charles Canutson for their king ; Christian, duke of Oldenburg, 
is chosen by the Danes- Vassili, grand prince of Moscow, after his release by 
the khan of the Golden Horde, is seized by Dmitri Schemjaka, and de- 
prived of his sight; his boyars regain the throne for him. Queen's College, 
Cambridge, founded by queen Margaret. Huniades defeated by Amurath at 
Cossova. 
War renewed in France ; Charles and his generals conquer Normandy ; the duke 
of Somerset surrenders Rouen, and retreats to Harfleur, Nov. 4. Richard Mor- 
timer, duke of York, suppresses a rebellion in Ireland, and renders himself 
popular by the mildness of his government. Amadeus, duke of Savoy, resigns 
his papal title, and goes back to his hermitage, at Ripaglia. The Venetians 
league with the Milanese against Sforza; he persists in his enterprize, and 
blockades Milan. Death of Ulug Beg, grandson of Timour, celebrated for his 
study of astronomy and chronology. Louis von Erlichshausen, Teutonic grand- 
master in Prussia. George von Podjebrad expels his colleague, Meinhard, and 
governs Bohemia by himself alone. 
A small reinforcement sent by the English government into France, is dispersed 
by the count de Clermont, at Formigny. The conquest of Normandy is com- 
pleted, and the count Dunois invades Guienne. General discontent prevails in 
England. The queen's arrogance and partiality for France render her unpopular; 
her minister and favourite, the duke of Suffolk, is accused of treason, banished, 
and murdered at sea ; his successor, the duke of Somerset, is equally disliked. 
Insurrection of Jack Cade suppressed, by the defeat of the rebels near Rochester, 
and the death of their leader, killed by Iden, a gentleman of Sussex. Public 
attention begins to be fixed on the duke of York's personal merits, and his prior 
right to the throne, derived from his mother, the daughter of Philippa, the only 
child of the duke of Clarence, second son of Edward III., while that of the Lan- 
caster family descends from John of Gaunt, Edward's third son. Milan surrenders 
to Sforza, and he is proclaimed duke. Pope Nicholas mediates peace between 
Alfonso and the republics of Florence and Venice. Another jubilee at Rome ; 
200 persons smothered or drowned by the pressure of the crowd on the bridge of 
S. Angelo ; the large sum collected on this occasion is employed by Nicholas in 
works of charity and public improvements. The Portuguese colonize the Azores. 
Death of Agnes Sorel. The crown of Norway transferred from Charles, king of 
Sweden, to Christian, king of Denmark. 
The weakness of Henry, the influence of the queen, and the treachery of the 
ministers, allow Guienne to be conquered by Dunois, without a struggle. The 
duke of York returns from Ireland ; the parliament petitions for the removal of 
the duke of Somerset and his colleagues. Death of Amadeus, duke of Savoy, 
late Felix V., Jan. 7. The pacific spirit of Nicholas V. gives Italy the first year 
of tranquillity known there for many ages ; among his new edifices are the 
palace of S. Maria Maggiore, and the church of S. Theodore. Venice, however, 
is preparing a league against the duke of Milan, who forms alliances with 
Florence, Genoa, and Mantua. The flourishing commerce of the Venetians 
makes them rich and powerful. Death of Amurath ; his son and successor, Ma- 
homet II., prepares to attack CP. Embassy of Phranza to Trebizond and 
Georgia, to negotiate a marriage for Constantine. 



1448 TO 1455 A.D. 



An 



A.D. 



1452 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The duke of York raises an array ; after an interview with the king in Kent, he 
retires to his castle, at Wigmore, on the borders of Wales. A deputation of 
Gascon lords invites the support of the English government to restore their 
province to its former allegiance. Frederic, king of Germany, is married at 
Rome, to Eleanora, sister of the king of Portugal; he receives from Nicholas 
the imperial crown, and the iron crown of Italy, visits Alfonso at Naples, and 
creates the marquis Borso d'Este duke of Modena and Reggio. War begins 
between the Venetians and the duke of Milan, and their allies. Mahomet 
erects a fort at Asomaton, on the Bosphorus, within five miles of CP. Isidore, 
the former patriarch of Russia, now a cardinal, arrives at CP., and celebrates, 
in St. Sophia, a new Union of the Greek and Latin churches. Great preparations 
are made on both sides for the siege and defence of CP, League of amity between 
the Swiss confederacy and France. Peter Schafer, Faust's son-in-law, introduces 
the use of cast metal types. Struggle between James II. of Scotland and the 
nobles ; he stabs the earl of Douglas with his own hand, in Stirling Castle. 
John of Navan-e disinherits his son, the prince of Viana. 

Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, is sent to Guienne with 8000 men ; Bordeaux and 
other towns open their gates to him; he is defeated and slain, set. 80, at Cas- 
tillon, July 20. The English have now lost all their possessions in Francei 
except Calais. The birth of Edward, prince of Wales, Oct. 13, prevents that 
amicable adjustment of the duke of York's claims, for which he had been willing 
to wait. Mahomet forms the siege of CP., April 6 ; takes the city by assault, 
May 29 ; death of the emperor Constantine ; final extinction of the Roman 
empire. Mahomet grants toleration to the Christians, and appoints Gennadius 
II. patriarch of the Greek cliurch. Conspiracy of Porcaro at Rome ; forbearance 
of Nicholas ; obstinacy of the conspirators ; they are condemned and executed. 
Kindness of Nicholas to the fugitives from CP. ; they assist the progress of 
literature in Italy. Sforza invites Regnierd'Anjou to oppose Alfonso of Naples: 
war of plunder and devastation in Tuscany and Lombardy. The emperor Fre- 
deric gives up the custody of young Ladislas, who is crowned at Buda and 
Prague. Alvarez de Luna, after having been 33 years all-powerful in Castile, 
is abandoned by the king to his enemies, accused of various crimes, condemned, 
and beheaded at Burgos, July 5, Austria created an archduchy by the em- 
peror. 

Mental aberration of Henry VI. ; committal of the duke of Somerset to the 
Tower ; the duke of York appointed protector. Hostilities cease between Eng- 
land and France, without any formal treaty of peace. Regnier d'Anjou returns 
to France. Treaty of peace between Milan and Venice concluded at Lodi, 
April 9; Alfonso refuses his adhesion. The Prussian cities of the Marien- 
werder league (s«^ 1440) renounce their allegiance to the Teutonic knights, 
and place themselves under the protection of the king of Poland. The knights 
of Rhodes refuse to pay tiie t:.ibnte demanded by Mahomet. The University of 
Glasgow founded. Death of John II., king of Castile, at Valladolid, July 20. 
set 49 ; his son, Henry, succeeds him. Muhamad Aben Ismail takes the throne 
of Granada from his cousin ; provokes war with Castile ; is defeated, and loses 
Fort Ximena. 

Recovery of king Henry ; release of Somerset ; the protectorate annulled ; begin- 
ning of the civil war ; the Yorkists take the White Rose for their party emblem, 
and the Lancastrians the Red ; victory of the former at St. Alban's, May 22 ; the 
duke of Somerset, earls of Northumberland and Stafford, and lord Clifford, slain ; 
the king made prisoner; the duke of York re-appointed protector by the parlia- 
ment. Nicholas prevails on Alfonso to assent to the peace of Lodi, Jan. 26, and 
to join him, with Milan, Florence, Venice, and the other Italian States, in a 
league for resisting the Ottoman power ; soon after which, this, the best of tlie 

, popes, dies, March 24 ; Alfonso Borgia, elected in his place, takes the name of 
Callistus III. Edmund, earl of Richmond, eldest son of Owen Tudor and queen 
Katharine, marries Margaret Beaufort, daughter and heiress of John Beaufort, 
duke of Somerset, grandson of John of Gaunt. The Douglas family, overcomt 
in their contest with the king, take flight into England. 



474 



FROM THE YEAB 



A,D. 



1456 



1457 



1458 



1459 



1460 



1461 



1462 



1463 



Hegi- 

BA. 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



861 



6 Maho- 
met II. 



2 Callis- 
tus III, 
April 8. 



20- 



4 21- 

L Aug. 8. 
IPiusII. 
Aug. 21. 



864 



865 



867 



Popes. 




Spain. 
Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tile. gon. arre. 



France, 



3 Hen- 
ry IV. 



Weak. 



23- 



24- 



25- 



26- 



41 Al- 
fonso 
V.the 
Wise. 



42- 



IJohn 
II. 

king' of 
Navar- 
re, 



-10 



32 
Johnll, 



3 Mu- 

hamad 

IX. 

Ahen 
Ismail. 



34 
hingnf 

A 



36- 



35 Chas. 
VII. 



1 George 
von Po- 
diebrad. 



39 • 



1 Louis 
XI. 



Bohe- 
mia. 



17 La- 
dislas 
III. 



Ger- 
many, 

17Fre- 
deric 
IV. 



19- 



20- 



21- 



22- 



23 



1456 TO 1463 A.D. 



475 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Doges 
OP Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


Naples. 


Den- 

MAKK. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


HUN- 

GAKY. 


Russia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1456 


34 Fran- 
cesco 
Foscaro. 


6 Louis. 


22Alfon- 
soof 
Aragon. 


9 Chris- 
tian I. 


9Chas. 
VIII. 


12 Ca- 
simir 
IV. 


12 La- 

dislasV 
kin? of 
Bohe. 
mia. 


32 Vas- 
sih III. 


20Jas. 
II. 
Feb. 21. 


35 Hen- 
ry VI. 
Sep. 1. 


1457 


IPas- 
quale 
Malipi- 
ero. 


7 


23 


10 


10 


13 


13- 


33 


21 


36 


1458 


2 


8 


1 Ferdi- 
nand I. 


11 - — 


11 — 


11 ■' ■ 


1 Mat- 
thias 
Corvi- 
nus 
Huni- 
ades. 


34 


22 


37 

b. Henry 

vn. 




1459 


3 


9 


2 


12 


12 


15 


2 


35 


23 


38 


1460 


4 


10 




13 


13 


16 


._ 


36 


24 

rf.Au§:.3 

IJas. 
III. 


39 


1461 


5 


11 


4 


14 


14 


17 


4 


37 


2 


Deposed 

1 Ed- 
ward IV, 
March 4. 


1462 


1 Chris- 

toforo 

Moro. 


12 


5 


15 


15 


18 


5 


1 Iwan 
III. 


3 


2 


1463 


2 


13 


6 


16 


16 


19 


6 


2 


4 


3 


j 























476 



FKOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1456 



1457 



1458 



1459 



1460 



Events and Eminent Men. 



In the duke of York's absence, the queen indHces the lords to reinstate Henry in 
his full regal power. The demands of the German princes for a better-secured reli- 
gious freedom are frustrated by the arts of ^neas Sylvius, and the subsei'vience of 
the emperor. Callistus fails in his efforts to excite a crusade against the Turks. 
Athens and Thebes conquered by Mahomet. Siege of Belgrade ; Mahomet is 
repulsed by Huniades, who dies in a month after his victory, ^neas Sylvius, 
bishop of Sienna, obtains from Alfonso the redress of some grievances in his 
diocese. Naples and the south of Italy visited by a most destructive earth- 
quake. Magdalen College, Oxford, founded by William of Waynflete, bishop 
of Winchester. A large comet seen in June and July. 

The duke of York, and the earls of Salisbury and Warwick, escape a plot to seize 
their persons ; the two first to their respective castles, and the third to his go- 
vernment of Calais. The electors of Germany, dissatisfied with their emperor's 
want of energy, propose to appoint a king of the Romans, as his coadjutor. Al- 
fonso, king of Aragon and Naples, makes war on Genoa, and quarrels with the 
pope. The council of Ten, at Venice, depose their doge, Francis Foscaro, after 
a reign of 34 years ; on hearing the bells ring to celebrate the election of his 
successor, he dies of grief. The eldest son of Huniades kills his enemy, count 
Cilly, is condemned and executed ; his brother, Matthias Corvinus, is imprisoned 
in Bohemia. Death of Ladislas ; his two thrones are disputed, and not filled 
till the next year. An Ottoman fleet plunders some maritime villages in Scio 
and Rhodes. Charles VTII., expelled from Sweden by the archbishop of Upsal, 
retires to Dantzic ; Christian restores, for a short time, the Union of Calmar, 
and is crowned at Stockholm. The Book of Psalms, from the press of Faust 
and Schlifer, at Mentz, is the earliest printed work with its date. Isidore II, 
patriarch of CP. 

Apparent reconciliation of the York and Lancashire parties, celebrated by a pro- 
cession to St. Paul's. Siege of Genoa. Death of Alfonso V., at Naples, June 27, 
set. 64 ; his natural son, Ferdinand, succeeds him in Naples ; his brother, John, 
king of Navarre, unites that kingdom with Aragon and Sicily. Pope Callistus 
claims Naples, and endeavours to rekindle war in Italy, prevented by his death, 
Aug. 9; his successor, ^neas Sylvius (Pius II.), acknowledges Ferdinand, 
strives to preserve peace, and unite all States in resistance to the Turkish ag- 
gressions. Matthias, son of Huniades, is called by the Hungarians from his 
prison to ascend their throne. George von Podiebrad is chosen king of Bohemia. 
David, twenty-first and last emperor of Trebizond, succeeds his brother, John, 
to the exclusion of his nephew, Alexius, a minor, SBt. 4. Pocock, bishop of 
Chichester, deposed for favouring the opinions of Wickliflfe. Laurentius Valla, 
and George of Trebizond, are among the learned men whom Alfonso V. patro- 
nized. Death of Edmund, earl of Richmond (see 1455), leaving an infant son, 
afterwards king Henry VII. Jehosaphat I. patriarch of CP. ; the succession of 
patriarchs is from this time very uncertain. 

Civil war renewed in England ; the Yorkists, under the earl of Salisbury, defeat 
the Lancastrians, with the death of their commander. Lord Audley, at Blore 
Heath, Sep. 23 ; the earl of Warwick brings over his forces from Calais ; the 
Yorkists assemble at Ludlow ; on the desertion of Sir Andrew Trollop, they 
disperse ; the duke goes to Ireland, and Warwick returns to Calais. Pius calls 
a congress at Mantua, but cannot form a general league against the Turks. 
Ferdinand is disturbed in Naples by rebellious nobles, and the hostilities of 
John, son of Regnier, duke of Anjou. Pietro da Campofregoso is killed in an 
attempt to recover Genoa. Silesia submits to Podiebrad. Death of Poggio 
Bracciolini, Oct. 30, and of Gianozzo Manetti, eminent for his proficiency in 
Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. Franciscus Philelphus writes his History, and John 
Hardyng his Chronicle of England. The Genoese, driven from Phocaea and 
Pera, establish alum-works in the isle of Ischia ; others are planted by John 
di Castriot, for the pope, at Tolfa, near Civita Vecchia. 

Warwick lands in Kent with another army ; defeats the royalists at Northampton, 
July 10 ; the duke of Buckingham, earl of Shrewsbury, lords Beaumont and 
Egremont, and Sir William Laurie, fall in the battle ; lord Grey de Ruthin deserts 



1456 TO 1463 A.D. 



4/7 




and joins the conquerors ; the king is taken prisoner. The duke of York attends 
the parliament, Oct 7 ; is declared heir to the crown, which Henry is to retain 
for his life ; the queen obtains an army in Scotland, and is joined by the 
northern barons ; battle of Wakefield, Dec. 24 ; the duke of York defeated and 
slain ; his second son, the earl of Rutland, killed by lord Clifford ; the earl of 
Salisbury wounded, taken prisoner, and beheaded. James II., of Scotland, killed 
by the bursting of a cannon, at the siege of Roxburgh Castle, Aug. 3, jnt. 29 ; his 
son, a minor, set. 7 ; contest for the regency. Civil war between the emperor 
Frederic and his brother, Albert. Thurgau conquered by the Swiss. Defeat of 
Ferdinand, on the river Samo, July 7 ; the pope and Sforza send him reinforce- 
ments. Christian, king of Denmark, inherits Holsteln and Schleswig. Mahomet 
expels the despots Demetrius and Thomas, and conquers the Morea. The Por- 
tuguese penetrate to the coast of Guinea, and discover the Cape de Verde 
Islands. The Aragonese nobles demand that the prince of Viana shall be de- 
clared heir to the throne ; his father imprisons him. Guttenberg completes his 
first edition of the Bible, begim 1444. The university of Basle founded. 

Battle of Mortimer's Cross, near Ludlow, Feb. 2 ; Edward, the new duke of York, 
defeats Jasper, earl of Pembroke, and disperses his army ; Owen Tudor is taken 
prisoner, and beheaded. Second battle of St. Albau's, Feb. 17 ; the earl of War- 
wick is routed, and the king falls again into the hands of his own party ; on the 
approach of tjie duke of York, the royalists retreat into the northern coun- 
ties. Henry VI, dethroned, and Edward IV. proclaimed, March 4. Battle of 
Towton, near York, March 29 ; after this total defeat, Henry and Margaret es- 
cape into Scotland, and obtain a promise of assistance by giving up Berwick, 
Coronation of Edward, June 29 ; his title is confirmed by the parliament, Nov. 4, 
and an Act of attainder passed against all the Lancastrians. Death of Charles 
VII. of France, July 22, set. 58 ; his son, Louis XL, involves himself in a contest 
with his principal nobles. The Genoese recover their independence, and quarrel 
in the choice of doge ; three are successively elected in the first year. Scander- 
beg, having concluded peace with Mahomet, brings a body of Albanians to sup- 
port Ferdinand in Naples. Mahomet takes Sinope and Trebizond ; the dethroned 
emperor, David, is sent, with his family, to Mavronoros, near Serres. Death of 
the prince of Viana ; he bequeaths his rights in Navarre to his sister, Blanche ; 
Ferdinand, John's second son, becomes hereditary prince of Aragon. Sir John 
Grey, of Groby (lord Ferrers), husband of Elizabeth Woodville, dies of his 
wounds, received in the second battle of St. Alban's ; his estates are confiscated, 
and his widow goes to her mother, at Grafton castle. Prince Henry of Viseu, 
father of Portuguese naval enterprize, dies at Sagrez, Nov. 13, set. 77 ; before his 
death, he sends Peter Covilham and Alfonso Paiva, overland, to explore India. 

Queen Margaret goes to France to seek assistance. A French force takes Aln- 
wick castle. The emperor Frederic, besieged in Vienna, is relieved by George, 
king of Bohemia. Gibraltar taken from the Moors by John Guzman, duke of 
Medina Sidonia. Blanche, heiress of Navarre, is betrayed by her father into 
the hands of her sister, Eleanora, wife of Gaston de Foix, immured in the castle 
of Orthes, and poisoned. John of Anjou defeated by Ferdinand, at Troja, Aug. 18. 
Accession of Iwan III., grand prince of Moscow. Gallant defence of Lesbos by 
Raymond Zacosta, grand master of Rhodes ; Mahomet takes Mitylene, 

Escape of Margaret and her French auxiliaries from shipwreck, at Bamborough ; 
they are joined by a force from Scotland; are defeated by lord Montague, 
April 24, at Hedgeley Moor ; again totally defeated, and their party ruined, 
at Hexham, May 15 ; flight of Margaret and her son to Flanders ; Henry is 
concealed by his friends in Lancashire. John of Anjou, abandoned by his best 
general, Jacopo Piccinino, leaves Naples to king Ferdinand, and withdraws 
to the isle of Ischia. Pius excommunicates George of Bohemia, and retracts 
all the opinions and measures which he advocated when secretary to the 
council of Basle. Conference between the kings of France and Castile, at Fon- 
tarabia ; the artful policy of Louis XL prolongs discord in Spain. The em- 
peror renounces his claims on Hungary. Matthias Corvinus defeats the Turks 
in Bosnia. 



478 



:from the teab 



A.D. 



1464 



1465 



1466 



Hegira. 



870— S71 



871—872 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



14Mako 
met 11. 



Popes. 



7 Pius 
II. 

1 Paul 
II. 

Aug. 31. 



1467 



1468 



872—873 



873—874 



874—875 



1470 



1471 



875—876 



876-877 



18 ■ 



20 ' 



27 Al- 
fonso 
Y.the 
Afri- 
can. 



Port- 
ugal. 



11 Hen- 
ry IV. 

the 
Weak. 



32- 



33- 



rfJuly26 
1 f ■ 
tusIV. 



34- 



SPAIN. 

Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, 
tjle. gon. arre. 



France. 



John 
II. 

ing of 



40 
JohnTI. 

kitig of 

dragon- 



42- 



12- 



11 Mu- 

hamad 
IX. 

Ahenls- 
mail. 



1 Abul 
Hassan. 



45- 



4 Louis 
XI. 



von Po- 
diebrad 



Bohe- 
mia. 



25Fre. 
deric 
IV. 



26- 



27- 



28- 



12 



ILa- 
dislas 
IV. 



Ger- 
many. 



32- 



UGl TO 1471 A.D. 



479 



Eepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1464 



1465 



1466 



1467 



1468 



1469 



1470 



1471 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



3 Chris- 
toforo 
Moro. 



INiccolo 
Trono. 



Savoy. 



14 Louis, 



1 Ama 
deus IX. 



Naples, 



Den- 
mark. 



7 Ferdi-17Chris- 
uand I. tian I, 



10 . 



20 . 



22 - 



23 . 



24 



Swe- 
den. 



17 Chas. 

vm. 



20 ■ 



21 . 



22 ■ 



1 Sten 
Stnre, 
Protector. 



Po- 
land. 



20 Ca 
simir 
IV. 



22- 



23- 



25- 



26- 



HUN- 

GARY. 



7 Mat- 
tliias 
Cor vi- 
llus 
Huni 
ades. 



Rus- 
sia. 



3 1 wan 
III, 



Scot- 
land. 



5 Jas. 
III. 

Aug ; 



6 - 

i. princess 
Elizabeth. 



Eng- 
land. 



4 Ed- 
ward IV, 
March 4. 

m. Eluabeth 

Woodville 



480 



PEOM THE TEAB 




1464 



1465 



1466 



1467 



1468 



The earl of Warwick is sent to negotiate a treaty of marriage between the king 
and the princess Bona, of Savoy. Romantic interview and marriage of Edward 
and Elizabeth Woodville {see 1436 and 1461) ; he presents her as qneen to his 
court at Reading, Sep. 29. Heniy is betrayed into the hands of his enemies, and 
confined in the Tower of London. Contest between John II. and the Catalonian 
nobility ; they invite Pedro, prince of Portugal, to take the throne of Aragon. 
Henry IV. declares his daughter, Joanna (supposed to be illegitimate), heiress 
of Castile ; Pacheco, marquis of Villena, the archbishop of Toledo, and the prin- 
cipal grandees, conspire to maintain the rights of his brother, Alfonso, and his 
sister, Isabella. Pius goes to Ancona to assemble an armament against the 
Turks •, he dies there, Aug. 15, and the expedition is abandoned. Sforza makes 
himself master of Genoa. John of Anjou returns to France. Death of Cosmo 
de' Medici, Aug. 1, set. 75 ; his son, Pietro, inherits his wealth, but not his ability. 
Charles VIII. restored in Sweden. The Ironmongers' Company established in 
London. 

Coronation of the queen at Westminster, in May ; her great uncle, the count de 
St. Pol, attends the ceremony with a splendid retinue. The earl of Warwick takes 
offence at Edward's marriage. League "For the Public Good" in France, 
headed by the count de Charolais, son of the duke of Burgundy, againt Louis 
XI. ; battle of Mont-lhfery, July 16 ; Louis, by the treaty of Conflans, concedes 
more than he means to perform. The conspirators in Castile proclaim Alfonso 
king. Jacopo Piccinino treacherously murdered at Naples by king Ferdinand, 
with the connivance of the duke of Milan. Death of Louis, duke of Savoy ; 
his son, Amadeus, succeeds him. Civil war in Sweden ; Charles again expelled. 
Matthias Corvinus invites Bonfinius, and other learned men, from Italy to Hun- 
gary ; he founds the University and Library of Buda (Ofen, or Pesth). Death 
of Laurentius Valla. 

Birth of the princess Elizabeth (the future queen of Henry VII.), Feb. 11. Many 
of the ancient nobility are jealous of the Woodville family. The king's 
brother, George, duke of Clarence, attaches himself to Warwick, and marries his 
daughter. Storza sends his son, Galeazzo Maria, with troops to assist the king 
of France ; dies, March 8, set. 65, and is quietly succeeded by his son. The 
Pitti of Florence attempt to overthrow the Medici ; with the assistance of the 
new duke of Milan, the conspirators are discomfited and driven out of the city. 
Matthias Corvinus is urged by the pope to execute the sentence of excommuni- 
cation and deposition against George von Podiebrad, and claim the crown of Bohe- 
mia for himself. The Teutonic knights, worn out by their long warfare, agree to 
the treaty of Thorn ; the greater part of their former territories is incorporated 
with Poland, and the grand master holds the remnant as a fief of that kingdom, 
with Konigsberg for his residence. Athens taken by the Venetians, under 
Victor Capello. On the death of Pedro, prince of Portugal, the Catalonian rebels 
offer the throne to Regnier d' Anjou. John Mliller Regiomontanus composes his 
Ephemerides. Incorporation of the Merchant Tailors' Company, London. 

Edward forms an alliance with Charles the Bold, the successor of his father, Philip, 
duke of Burgundy. Charles VIII. is again restored to his throne in Sweden. 
Death of Scanderbeg, at Lissus, Jan. 17 ; Mahomet conquers Albania. Birth 
of Erasmus, at Rotterdam. Sir John Fortescue educates prince Edward at Angers. 

Marriage of the king's sister, Margaret, to the duke of Burgundy, and league with 
the duke of Britanny. Death of Alfonso, brother of Henry, king of Castile ; 
their sister, Isabella, is declared heiress of the throne. Misgovemment of Ga- 
leazzo Maria, duke of Milan ; his mother, Bianca, retires in disgust to Cremona, 
and dies there ; he marries Bona, sister of the duke of Savoy (the intended queen 
of England) ; her brothers disapprove the connection, but it is concluded by 
Louis XI. Regnier d' Anjou, too old to undertake the expedition, sends his son 
John to Aragon ; he brings with him a French auxiliary force. At the Polish 
diet of Petrikow, two deputies are admitted from each Palatinate. Cardinal 
Bessarion gives his large collection of MSS. to found the Library of Venice. 
Iwan III. repels an invasion of the Golden Horde, and prepares the independ- 
ence of Russia. 



U64 TO 1471 A.D. 



481 



A.D. 



1469 



U71 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Insurrection in YorkwShire ; the insurgents march southward, and defeat Herbert, 
the newly-created earl of Pembroke, near Banbury. July 26 ; the earl of Warwick 
and diike of Clarence come from Calais and offer their services to Edward, who 
accepts them ; many nobles are murdered on both sides, in this at first trivial 
quarrel. Isabella, the heiress of Castile, marries Ferdinand, prince of Aragon ; 
her brother, Henry, offended by this, revokes the proclamation wliich he had 
made in her favour, and transfers the succession again to his queen's (alleged 
illegitimate) daughter, Joanna ; the grandees of the kingdom resist the change. 
James III., of Scotland, marries Margaret, daughter of the king of Denmark, 
and receives as her dowry the Shetland and Orkney Islands, redeemable for 
60,000 florins, which not being paid, the islands remain attached to Scotland. 
Matthias Corvinus is proclaimed king by the Catholics of Bohemia ; George 
von Podiebrad preserves his throne, by the election of Ladislas, son of the king 
of Poland, for his successor. Death of Pietro de' Medici, Sep. 3 ; his sons, Lo- 
renzo and Julian, inherit and share the influence of the family in Florence. 
Heinrich Reuss von Plauen grand master of the Teutonic Order. About this 
time, Peter Covilham {see 1461), his companion having died in India, penetrates 
into Abyssinia, and is detained there. 

Rebellion and defeat of Sir Robert Welles, at Stamford, in Liucolnshire, March 13. 
Warwick and the duke of Clarence escape to France, and enter into a treaty 
with Louis XI. and queen Margaret ; marriage of prince Edward to Warwick's 
daughter, Anne Neville. The duke and earl land at Dartmouth, in Sept., with a 
French army ; the king meets them with his forces near Nottingham, is de- 
serted by the marquis of Montague, and takes flight to King's Lynn, where he 
embarks for Flanders. Henry YI. restored ; Warwick and Clarence appointed 
regents, Oct. 9 ; the queen takes refuge in the sanctuary at Westminster, where 
the prince, afterwards Edward Y., is born, Nov. 1. Death of John of Anjou, 
Dec. 16, at Barcelona ; the Catalonians persist in their rebellion. Charles YIII. 
of Sweden dies, leaving the affairs of the kingdom in great disorder. Negro- 
pont, gallantly defended by the Yenetians under Erizzo, is taken by Mahomet, 
July 12 ; the pope forms a holy league against the Turks, with Naples, Milan, 
Florence, and Modena ; Venice and the knights of Rhodes enter into an alli- 
ance with Uzan Hasan, sultan of Persia. Gaston, son of Gaston de Foix and 
Eleanor, accidentally killed in a tournament, pet. 26. Printing introduced in 
the Sorbonne at Paris ; the first book issued from the press is " Gasparini Per- 
gamensis EpistoIceT Marsilius Ficinus teaches the philosophy of Plato ; warm 
discussions begin between its advocates and those of Aristotle's doctrines. Acade- 
mies are founded at Rome, Florence, and other cities. Pomponius Laetus collects a 
society to study the antiquities of Rome ; he is imprisoned and persecuted for 
his unguardedenthusiasm. Platina writes his History of the Popes. Heinrich 
Reffle von Richtenberg grand master of the Teutonic Order. 

Edward obtains assistance from his brother-in-law, the duke of Burgundy ; lands 
at Ravenspur, in Yorkshire, March 25 ; is admitted into London, April 11 ; 
again consigns the unfortunate Henry to the Tower, and receives the homage 
of the citizens, April 13 ; battle of Barnet, Easter-day, April 14 ; the duke of 
Clarence deserts Warwick, who is defeated and slain ; Margaret and her son 
land on the same day at Weymouth, are defeated and made prisoners, May 4, 
at Tewksbury ; the young prince, set. 18, murdered; his mother committed to 
the Tower, where Henry, set. 50, is killed by Richard, duke of Gloucester, May 1. 
Death of George von Podiebrad. set. 48 ; Ladislas mounts the throne of i3o- 
hemia. Alfonso, king of Portugal, conquers Tangier and Arzilla, and forms 
the province of Algarve " beyond the sea," for which the surname of the African 
is given to him. Death of Gaston de Foix. Eorso d'Este created duke of Fer- 
rara by the pope. The duke and duchess of Milan visit Florence, and are 
magnificently entertained in the palace of Lorenzo de' Medici. William Caxton 
sets up his first printing press in the Almonry of Westminster Abbey. Sten 
Sture, nephew of the late king, defeats Christian near Stockholm, and is elected 
protector of Sweden. Death of Thomas u Kempis. 



6 p 



482 



PEOM THE TEAK 



I A.D. 



1472 



1473 



1474 



Hegira. 



877—878 



878—879 



879—880 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



22Maho- 2 Six- 
met II. tusIV. 
Aug. 9 



Popes. 



1475 



1476 



881—882 



1477 



1478 



1479 



1480 



23 . 



24 . 



25 . 



Port- 
ugal. 



35 Al- 
fonso 

Y.the 
Afri- 
can. 



36- 



884-885 



885-886 



Cas- 
tile. 



Spain. 
Ara- Nav- Moors. 

GON. ARKE. 



France, 



19 Hen- 
ry IV. 



20- 



1 Fer- 
dinand 
and Is 
abella. 



15 

Johnll. 
kins: of 

' >gon 



48 

Johnll. 
king of 



7 Abnl 
Hassan 



12 Louis 
XI. 



50- 



39- 



40- 



30 . 



20- 



52- 



53- 



Bohe- 
mia. 



2La- 
dislas 
IV. 



16 . 



Union of Cas- 
tile aud Aragon 



42- 



43- 



Saxo- 

NY. 



17 Er- 
nest. 



33Fre- 
derlc 
IV. 



34- 



Ger- 

MANY 



35- 



18 • 



lElea-14 19 • 

nor de| 
Foix. 
1 Fran- 

PllOB. 

bus- 

20 . 



10- 



38- 



39- 



40- 



1472 TO 1480 A.D. 



483 



Repe- 
tition 


Doges 
OF Ve- 


Savoy. 


Naples. 


Den- 


Swe- 


Po- 


Hun. 


Russia. 


Scot- 


Eng- 


Dates. 


nice. 






mark. 


den. 


land. 


GARY. 




land. 


land. 


1472 


2Niccolo 
Trono. 


1 Fili- 
berto. 


15Ferdi- 
nand I. 


25 

Chris- 
tian I. 


2Sten 
Sture 
Protec- 
tor. 


28 Ca- 
simir 
IV. 


15 Mat. 
thias 
Corvi- 
nus Hu- 
niades. 


11 Iwan 
III. 


13 Jas. 
III. 

Aug. 3. 


12 Ed- 
ward IV. 
March 4 

b. Richard, 

dukeo f 
York- 


1473 


INiccolo 
Marcel lo- 


2 


16 


26 


3 


29 


16 


12 


14 


13 




1474 


1 Pietro 

Moce- 

nigo. 


3 - 


17 


27 


4 


30 


17 


13 


15 


14 

b. Prince 
Edward, 
flon of the 
duke of 
Glouces- 
ter. 


1475 


2 


4 


18 


28 


5 ' 


31 


18 


14 


16 


15 — 


1476 


1 Andrea 
Vendra- 


5 


19 


29 


p 


32 


19 


15 


17 


16 






mino. 




















1477 


2 


6 


20 


30 


r — 


33 


20 


16 


18 


17 


1478 


1 Gio- 
vanni 
Moce- 
nigo. 


7 


21 


31 


8 


34 


21 


17 


19 


18 


1479 

1480 


2 

3 


8 

9 


22 

23 


32 
33 




35 

36 


22 

23 


18 

19 


20 

21 


19 

20 


10 



484 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1472 



1473 



1474 



1475 



1476 



1477 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Henry, the young earl of Richmond {see 1458), is sheltered, with his uncle, the 
earl of Pembroke, in Brittany. The Catalonian insurrection finally quelled. 
With some limitations, the Union of Calmar is renewed, but Sten Sture remains 
protector of Sweden. The combined fleets of Venice, Naples, and the pope, 
drive the Turks out of the Archipelago, and plunder Smyrna. Death of cardinal 
Bessarion. The Universities of Ingoldstadt and Treves founded. The Court 
of Common Pleas decides, that entails of land may be barred by a common re- 
covery. A bed of alum, discovered at Volterra, in Tuscany, is claimed and 
appropriated by the government of Florence. Louis XL effects the dissolution 
of the league " For the Public Good," but has still to contend with the duke of 
Burgundy, whose power is increased by the addition of Guelderland and Zutphen 
to his dominions. Philip de Comines enters into the service of Louis. Strife 
between Silvester, archbishop of Riga, and the Teutonic knights in Livonia. 

Marriage of Richard, duke of Gloucester, to Anne of Warwick, widow of prince 
Edward. New commotions arise in France ; the duke d'Alen^on is arrested, and 
the count d'Armagnac assassinated ; the king wishes to have the duke of Bur- 
gundy excommunicated ; the parliament of Paris forbid the intervention of the 
pope. The Turks carry their depredations to the borders of Friuli. The 
printing of musical notes introduced. Birth of Copernicus. 

Alliance of Edward with the duke of Burgundy, and secret treaty with the count 
of St. Pol, constable of France ; preparations for war. Death of Henry, king of 
Castile, Dec. 11, set. 45 ; his sister, Isabella, and her husband, Ferdinand, com- 
mence their joint reign. Alfonso, king of Portugal, is affianced to Joanna, and 
claims the kingdom of Castile ; he takes Zamora. Birth of prince Edward, son of 
the duke of Gloucester, at Middleham Castle. The emperor Frederic refuses to give 
the duke of Burgundy the title of king ; war between them ; Charles conquers Lor- 
raine, and Louis XI. expels Regnier from Anjou. Caxton publishes his first book, 
" The Game and Playe of the GhesseV Birth of Ariosto, and of Michael Angelo. 

Edward embarks his army at Portsmouth, June 20, and lands at Calais ; his allies 
fail in their engagements ; a truce concluded, Aug. 29, followed by the peace of 
Pecquigni ; queen Margaret ransomed, and restored to her father. The duke of 
Burgundy reconciled to Louis, gives up to him the coimt of St. Pol, who is con- 
victed of treason, and beheaded. Year of jubilee at Rome ; a new papal decree 
having ordained the recurrence of the festival four times in each century ; 
the concourse of pilgrims small. Sixtus alienates many lands of the church to 
endow members of his family : vain protests of the cardinals. The Venetians 
become masters of the island of Cyprus. Caffa, and the other Genoese ports in 
the Crimea, taken by the Turks ; Meugheli Kerai, khan of the Crim Tartars, 
becomes tributary to them ; they are defeated at Rakowitz, by Stephen, vaivode 
of Moldavia. Catharine Hall, Cambridge, founded. 

The duke of Burgundy invades Switzerland ; is defeated at Granson, near the 
Lake of Neuchatel, April 5, and at Murton, or Morat, June 20. Ferdinand of 
Castile recovers Zamora, and defeats Alfonso near Toro; Alfonso applies to 
Louis XL for assistance, which he cannot obtain. Death of Isabella, duchess of 
Clarence. Marriage of Matthias Corvinus to Beatrice, daughter of Ferdinand 
of Naples. Assassination of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan, Dec. 26 ; he 
is succeeded by his son Gian Galeazzo Maria, set. 8, under the regency of his mo- 
ther, Bona. The Turks invade Croatia; Scodra, or Skutari, in Albania, is 
bravely and successfully defended against them by Antonio Loredano. Sten Sture 
founds the University of Upsal ; he checks the nobility and priesthood by sum- 
moning deputies of the towns and peasantry to attend the national Diet. The 
Greek grammar of Constantine Lascaris printed at Milan. Lorenzo de' Medici 
sends Janus Lascaris to collect MSS., and patronizes Demetrius Chalcocondylas 
and Angelo Politiano ; the Platonic academy of Florence rises under his auspices. 
Sir Peter d'Aubusson elected grand master of Rhodes. 

Edward IV. conceives suspicions against his brother, the duke of Clarence, which 
are encouraged by Richard, duke of Gloucester ; two of his friends, Burdet and 
Stacy, are tried and executed. Richard, the duke of York, the king's second 
son, aet. 5, is affianced to Anne Mowbray, set. 3, heiress of the duke of Norfolk. 



1472 TO 1480 A.D. 



485 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The duke of Burgundy aspires to conquer Lorraine, and lays siege to Nancy; 
he is attacked by the Swiss, defeated, and falls in battle, Jan. 5. Louis XI. seizes 
part of his dominions ; the rest are transferred to the house of Austria, by the 
marriage of his only daughter, Mary, with Maximilian, son of the emperor Fre- 
deric. War renewed between the emperor and Hungary. Marriage of Ferdinand 
of Naples to Joanna, daughter of the king of Navarre and Aragon. Matteo del 
Fiesco raises a revolt at Genoa, and is discomfited by Frospero Adorno. Iwan 
III. discontinues the tribute to the Golden Horde. The progress of the Turks 
alarms Venice. Martin Tmchses von Wetzhausen Teutonic grand master in 
Pnissia. First attempt to translate the Bible from the Vulgate into German. 

Condemnation and death of the duke of Clarence, Feb. 18. Conspiracy of the 
Pazzi and others, abetted by Sixtus IV., against the Medici ; Julio assassinated, 
April 26, in the cathedral of Florence, during the elevation of the host; Lo- 
renzo, slightly wounded, escapes ; most of the conspirators massacred by the 
people ; the rest judicially punished. The pope lays an interdict on the city, 
for having put to death the archbishop of Pisa, and imprisoned the cardinal 
legate, accomplices in the crime ; he then, with Ferdinand of Naples, makes 
war on the Florentines, who are supported by Louis XL, the regent of Milan, 
Venice, Fen-ara, and Rimini; the emperor Frederic and Matthias Corvinus send 
ambassadors to protest against the conduct of the pope ; he disregards their 
remonstrances, and urges the Swiss to invade Milan. The Genoese restore their 
ancient form of government, and elect Battistino Fregoso for their doge. Abul 
Hassan refuses to pay tribute, and renews the war with Castile. Matthias Cor- 
vinus obtains Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia ; he protects the Bohemian Brethren, 
descendants of the Hussites. Iwan III. takes Novogorod, and puts an end to its 
republic. 

Variance between the king of Scotland and his nobles ; his brother, the duke of 
Albany, escapes into England. Death of John II., king of Aragon and Navarre, 
at Barcelona, Jan. 19, set. 82; his son, Ferdinand, inherits Aragon and its de- 
pendencies, which are now united with Castile, under Ferdinand and Isabella ; 
his daughter, Eleanora, by her mother's right, succeeds in Navarre, but enjoys 
the fiTiit of crime (see 1461, 1462; for a very short term, dying at Tudela, Feb. 12 ; 
the crown descends to her grand-son, Francis Phrebas de Foix. Alfonso of Por- 
tugal defeated at Albuera, Feb. 24, makes peace with Castile ; Joanna takes 
the veil at Coimbra. Pope Sixtus demands of the Florentines the expulsion of 
Lorenzo de' Medici, and that he shall be sent a prisoner to Rome. Lodovico 
Sforza U Moro, uncle of the young duke, is admitted into Milan, and acquires 
great power there. Lorenzo de' Medici goes, Dec. 5, to Naples, and treats in 
person with king Ferdinand. The Venetians agree to a peace with the Turks ; 
they give up Lemnos, Skutari, and other strong places ; retain Nauplia, Mo- 
nemvasia, and other fortresses in the Morea, and pay a tribute for the liberty 
of trading in the Black Sea. Matthias Corvinus repulses the Turks at Weis- 
senburg, in Transylvania. The archbishop Silvester, defeated by the Livonian 
knights, dies in captivity. Christian founds the University of Copenhagen. 
John Burchard, of Wesel, imprisoned by the archbishop of Mentz, for op- 
posing indulgences and other practices of the church. Lincoln College, Oxford, 
founded 1427, completed by Rotherham, bishop of Lincoln. 

Lorenzo de' Medici obtains the friendship of Ferdinand ; treaty between them, 
March 6; anger of the pope. Siege of Rhodes by the Turks, May 23 ; D'Au- 
busson and his knights repel them with great loss in a general assault, July 
26. They take Otranto by storm, Aug. 21. Sixtus meditates flight into France, 
forgives Ferdinand, forgoes his animosity against Lorenzo de' Medici, and con- 
cludes a treaty with Florence, Dec. 3. Lodovico Sforza drives away the ministers 
and friends of his late brother, and rules absolutely, in the name of his nephew ; 
the duchess Bona withdraws from Milan. The Inquisition introduced into Spain 
by cardinal Ximenes. War renewed between the emperor Frederic and Matthias 
Corvinus. Death of Regnier d'Anjou ; his daughter, Margaret, late queen of 
England, resigns all her claims on his States to Louis XI., for a pension, and re- 
tires to Dampierre, near Saumur. 



486 
















FEOM THE 


rEAB 


A.D. 


Hegi- 


Otto- 
man Em- 


Popes. 


Port- 


Spain. 
Kvi* Nav- Moors. 


France. 


Bohe- 


Ger- 


Saxo- 




BA, 


pire. 




ugal. 


Araoon. ARRE. 




mia. 


many. 


ny. 


1481 


887 


1 Baia- 
zet il. 


llSixtus 
IV. 
Aug. 9. 


IJohn 
II. the 

I'erfeet. 


8Fer- 
dinand 
and Is- 
abella. 


3 Fran- 
cis Ph«- 
bus. 


16 Abul 
Hassan. 


21 Louis 
XI. 


11 La- 

dislas 
IV. 


42Fre- 
deric 
IV. 


18 Er- 
nest. 


1482 


888 


2 


12 


2 


9 


4 


17 


22 


12 


43 


19 


1483 


889 


3 


13 


3 


10 


1 Ca- 
tharine 
and 
John 
d'AI- 
bret. 


18 


1 Chas. 
VIII. 


13 


44 


20 


1484 


890 


■" 


14rf.Ang.12. 

1 Inno- 
cent VIII. 

Aug. 29. 


4 


11 


2 


1 Abn 
Abdal- 
lah. 
Abdal- 

lah el 
Zagal. 1 


■~ 


14 


45 


21 — : 


1485 


891 


5 


2 


5 


12 


3 


2 2 


3 


15 


46 


22 


1486 


892 


6 


3 


6 


13 


4 


3 3 


4 


16 


47 


1 Fre- 
deric 
III. 


1487 


893 


7 


4 


7 


14 


5 


4 4 


5 


17 


48 


2— 



























481 TO 1487 A.D. 



4H7 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1481 



1482 



1483 



1484 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



4 Gio- 
vanni 
Moce- 
nigo. 



Savoy. 



Naples. 



10 Fili- 
berto. 



1 Chas.I 



1485 



1486 



1487 



Den- 
mark. 



24Ferdi- IJohn I 
naud 1. 



25 



1 Marco 
Barba- 
rigo. 



1 Agos- 
tino Bar 
barigo. 



28 • 



11 Sten 
Sture 
Protec- 
tor. 



Swe- 
den. 



Po- 
land. 



37 Ca- 
simir 
IV. 



38- 



Hunga- 
ry. 



24 Mat- 
thias 
Corvi- 
nil 8 Hu- 
niades. 



20 1- 

wdn III. 



39- 



26 • 



40 27 



41- 



Rus- 

SIA. 



22 Jas. 
III. 
Aug. 3- 



23- 



22- 



28 . 



24- 



-30 . 



25- 



26- 



SCOT- 
LAND. 



Eng- 
land. 

21 Ed- 
ward IV. 
March 4- 



25- 



26- 



23 - 
d. April 9. 



1 Rich- 
ard III. 



2 — 

d.QAnne. 



3 - 
dAua:.22. 

1 Hen- 
ry VII. 
Aug.; 



2 - 

m Elii.beth 
of York. 

b. Prince 
Artlior- 



28- 



488 



FEOM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



1481 



1482 



1483 



1484 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Treaty of marriage between the dauphin of France and the princess Elizabeth of 
York ; Louis breaks the contract, and urges the king of Scotland to make war 
on England. Maine and Provence united to France. Death of Alfonso V., king 
of Portugal, at Cintra, July 28, set. 49 ; his son, John II., from the events of his 
reign, receives the surname of the Great, or the Perfect. The parliament of Evora 
restricts the privileges of the nobility. All the States of Italy (except Venice) 
unite with the kings of Castile and Aragon, Portugal, and Hungary, in a general 
league, and recover Otranto from the Turks, Sep. 10. Freyburg and Solothum 
join the SavIss confederacy. Death of Christian I.; his son, John, succeeds him 
on the throne of Denmark. The Nogay Tartars crush the Golden Horde in the 
battle of Bielawesch ; the independence of Russia is established. Riga resists 
the Teutonic knights. Death of Mahomet II., May 31 ; his son, Bajazet II., 
and Dschem (or Zizim) contend for the succession ; the former prevails ; the 
latter takes refuge in Egypt. The plague proves fatal to Francis Philelphus, 
and to Bartolommeo Platina, librarian of the Vatican. Caxton prints, " The 
Bole of Tulle of OUe Age,'' (Cicero de Senectute). 

James of Scotland prepares to invade England : Archibald Douglas {Bell the Cat), 
and other disaffected lords, refuse to proceed ; they hang Cochran, earl of 
Mar, and other royal favourites, on Lauder Bridge ; the king is made prisoner, 
but released on the approach of the dukes of Gloucester and Albany, with an 
English army, who recover Berwick {see 1461), advance to Edinburgh, and 
enforce a treaty of peace. Seclusion of Louis XI. in his castle of Plessis les 
Tours ; his son, the dauphin, set. 12, is affianced to Maximiliau's daughter, 
Margaret, set. 3. Defeat of the Moors in Granada ; Alhama taken and Loxa 
besieged ; revolt of Abu Abdallah against his father. The Venetians commence 
a war against the duke of Ferrara, which for a time embroils Italy, till the pope, 
who had sided with them, concludes a treaty of peace, Dec. 12. Matthias Cor- 
vinus takes Heimburg and Bruck. Zizim seeks an asylum in Rhodes, and 
passes thence into France. Christian's second son, Frederic, claims Schleswig, 
under his father's will ; his brother, John, divides the duchy with him. The 
" Folicronicon'' printed by Caxton. Birth of OEcolampadius. Death of Mar- 
garet of Anjou. Establishment of the Clothworkers' Company, London, 

Death of Edward IV., April 9, set. 42 ; accession of his son, Edward V., ?et. 13. 
Usurpation of Richard III., June 26. Murder of Edward, and his brother, the 
duke of York, in the Tower ; their mother, with her daughter, takes refuge in 
the sanctuary at Westminster ; her brother, earl Rivers, and other members of 
the Woodville family, put to death, June 13. Lord Hastings beheaded. Jane 
Shore condemned to do penance, and reduced to poverty. Conspiracy of the duke 
of Buckingham, and Henry, earl of Richmond ; Buckingham detected and ex- 
ecuted, Nov. 3 ; Richmond returns to Britanny. Death of Louis XL, at Plessis 
les Tours, Aug. 30, set. 60 ; his son, Charles VIIL, set. 13, succeeds, under the 
regency of his sister, Anne, married to the Sire de Beaujeu, brother of the duke 
of Bourbon. The Union of Calmar renewed ; Sweden and Norway acknowledge 
John I., but the former retains Sten Sture as protector, or administrator. The 
Venetians, disregarding all the remonstrances of other States, continue their 
hostilities against Ferrara ; pope Sixtus excommunicates them for persisting in 
the course, which he at first abetted and concurred in. Conspiracy among the 
nobility of Portugal to reverse the orders of the parliament of Evora ; the 
duke of Braganza and many others beheaded. Abul Hassan compels the 
Spaniards to raise the siege of Loxa ; repulses them at Malaga ; fails in his 
attempt to recover Alhama. Abu Abdallah taken prisoner at Lucena, is re- 
leased by Ferdinand, and encouraged to persist in his rebellion. Birth of Martin 
Luther, Nov. 10, at Eisleben, in the county of Mansfeld. Caxton's English 
translation of the Lord's Prayer. Birth of Rabelais. 

Death of prince Edward, son of Richard III. The queen dowager, Elizabeth, is 
persuaded to leave her sanctuary, and place herself and her daughters in the 
hands of the usurper. The earl of Richmond withdraws from Britanny into 
France, where many English exiles join him. The regent of France assembles 
the States General at Tours, which manifest a very independent spirit. The 



J481 TO 1487 A.D. 



489 



A.D. 



1485 



1486 



1487 



Events and Eminent Men. 



intestine discord of the Moors assists the progress of FerJinand in Granada. 
Abul Hassan resigns his crown to his brother Abdallah tl Zayal^ (the vigorous,) 
who has to contend with his brother, Abu Abdallah (called by Christian writers 
Boabdil). Peace re-established in Italy by the treaty of Bagnalo, Aug, 7 ; the 
duke of Ferrara is compelled to relinquish to the Venetians Rovigo and other 
portions of his hereditary States. Pope Sixtus persecutes the Colonna family ; 
puts to the torture and jDeheads the prothonotary Lodovico ; favours the Orsini ; 
gratifies the cupidity of his own relations, and more particularly promotes the 
ambitious designs of his nephew (or son) count Girolamo Riario ; his projects 
are interrupted by his death, Aug. 12, when the persecutions, which he had in- 
stituted, cease, and his favourites are exposed to the animosity of the Romans. 
Birth of Ulrich Zuinglius. Christopher Columbus applies in vain to John II. 
of Portugal, and Henry VII. of England, to afford him the means of exploring 
the Western Ocean. 

Death of queen Anne, March 16, set. 31. Richard applies to the pope for a dis- 
pensation to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York. Landing of the earl of 
Richmond, at Milford Haven, Aug. 7. Battle of Bosworth, Aug. 22 ; Richard 
slain, ffit. 33. Accession of Henry VII. ; Coronation, Oct, 30. His uncle, 
Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke, created duke of Bedford ; Lord Stanley, earl of 
Derby, and Edward Courtenay, earl of Devonshire. Ferdinand takes Ronda and 
other towns, and again lays siege to Loxa. Birth of Katharine of Aragon, future 
queen of England, at Alcala de Henares, Dec. 16. Matthias Corvinus takes 
Vienna and Neustadt. Rebellion of the barons of Naples against the heavy 
taxes imposed on them. Moncenigo, doge of Venice, dies of the plague. The 
sweating sickness, from Sep. 21 to the end of Oct., carries off two lord mayors, 
a sheriff, six aldermen, and many thousand other persons, in London. Wynkyn 
de "Worde prints his Polycronicon. Columbus opens his views to Ferdinand of 
Spain, and receives no encouragement from him. A great eclipse of the sun, 
March 16. 

The houses of York and Lancaster united by the marriage of Henry to Elizabeth, 
daughter of Edward IV., Jan. 18; birth of Arthur, prince of Wales, Sep. 20. 
Henry unpopular ; insurrection of lord Lovel and the Staffords put down by the 
duke of Bedford ; imposture of Lambert Simnel ; he is croAvned at Dublin. 
The duke of Orleans having quarrelled with the regent, and retired into Bri- 
tanny, a war is kindled between that duchy and France ; siege of Nantes. 
Maximilian, archduke of Austria, elected king of the Romans Surrender of 
Loxa ; Ferdinand defeats Abdallah el Zagal, and lays siege to Velez Malaga. 
The Aragonese are excited to revolt by the severities of the Inquisition, and 
put to death the chief inquisitor, Peter Arbue. Innocent encourages the rebel- 
lion in Naples, and invites the duke of Lorraine to claim that kingdom ; 
Ferdinand of Spain, the duke of Milan, and Lorenzo de' Medici, unite their 
good offices to preserve peace in Southern Italy. Bartholomew Diaz reaches, 
but does not pass, the southern extremity of Africa, to which he gives the 
name of Cabo Tormentoso (Cape Stormy), afterwards called the Cape of 
Good Hope. Death of George of Trebizond, translator of the Greek Fathers into 
Lat'n. 

Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, sends troops to support Lambert Simnel ; he 
lands in Lancashire ; battle of Stoke, near Newark, June 6 ; the earl of Lincoln, 
lord Lovel, and the leaders of the rebellion, perish in the field ; Simnel is spared, 
and employed as a turnspit in the king's kitchen. Coronation of the queen, 
Nov. 20, Henry's offered mediation, to settle the dispute in France, is rejected. 
Surrender of Velez Malaga ; the dissensions of the Moors still assist the progress 
of Ferdinand, and after taking other towns, he invests New Malaga. Lorenzo 
de' Medici recovers Sarzana from the Genoese; they place themselves again 
under the protection of the duke of Milan. Marriage of Lorenzo's daughter, 
Maddalena, to Franceschetto Cibo, the pope's son. Iwan III. takes Cazan, and 
makes its khan prisoner. 



O Q 



490 



FEOM THE YEAB 



A.D. 


Hegi- 

RA. 


Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 


Popes. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


France. 


Port- 
ugal. 


Spain. 
Castile Nav- MoORS. 

&ABAeoN. ARRE. 


Ger- 
many. 


Saxo- 
ny. 


1488 


894 


8 Baja- 
zet II. 


5 In- 
nocent 
VIII. 

Aug. 29 


18 La- 
dislas 
IV. 


6 Chas. 
VIII. 


8 John 
II. the 
Perfect 


15 Ferdi- 
nand and 
Isabella. 


6 Ca- 
tharine 
and 
John 
d'Al- 
bret. 


5 Abu 

Abdal- 

lah. 
Abdal- 

laheZ 
Zagal. 5 


49Fre- 
deric 
IV. 


3 Fre- 
deric 
III. 


1489 


895 


9 


6 


19 


7 


9 


16 — 


7 


6 6 


50 


4 


1490 


896 


10 


7 


20 

Hun. 
gary. 


8 


10 


17 


- 


7 7 


51 


a- 


1491 


897 


11 


8 


21 


9 


11 


18 


9 


8 


52 


6 


1492 
1493 


898 
899 


12 

13 


9 

d.Jnlv25. 

1 A- 

lexan- 
der YI. 
Aug.ll. 

2 


22 

23 


10 

11 


12 

13 


19 

20 


10 

11 


Con- 
quered 
by Fer- 
dinand. 


53 

IMax- 
imili- 
anl. 


8 


Bran- 
den- 
burg. 


18John. 


1494 


900 


14 


3 


24 


12 


14 


21 


12 


19 


2 


9 


1495 


901 


15 


y^ 


25 


13 


1 Ema- 
nuel. 


22 


13 


20 


3 


10 





1488 TO 1495 A.D. 



491 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Ddges 

OF VE- 
1 NICK. 


Savoy. 


Naples. 


Den- 

MAHK. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Hun- 
gary. 

31 Mat- 
thian 
Corvi- 
nus 
H unl- 
ades. 


Russia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1488 


3 Agos- 
tino 
Barba- 
rigo. 


7Clias.I. 


31 Ferdi- 
nand I. 


8 John 
I. 


ISSten 
Stiire 
Protec- 
tor, 


44 Ca- 
sirair 
IV. 


27 Iwan 
III. 


1 James 
IV. 
Juuell. 


4 Hen- 
ry \n. 

Aujf 2'2. 


1489 


4 ' 


1 Chas. 
11. 


32 


9 


19 


45 


32 


28 


2 


6 Princess 
Margaret.' 


1490 


5 


2 


33 


10 


20 


46 


1 Ladis- 
las VI. 

king of 
Bohemia. 


29 


3 


6 

J 


1491 


6 

! 


3 


34 


11 


21 


47 


2 


30 


4 


b Henry i 
VIII. 


1492 


7 


4 


35 


12 


22 


IJohn 
Albert. 


3 


31 


5 


8 


1493 


i 


5 


36 


13 


23 


2 


4 


32 


6 


9 


1494 


i 


6 


1 Alfon- 
so II. 


14 


24 


3 


5 — 


33 


i 


10 


1495 


i 
1 
10 


7 


1 Ferdi- 


15 


25 


1 


6 


34 


i 


11 





492 



TEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1489 



1490 



1491 



1492 



Events and Eminent Men. 



James III. of Scotland defeated by his barons near Bannockbum, and murdered 
in Beaton's Mill, June 11 ; his son inherits the crown. Defeat of the Bretons, 
at St. Aubin, July 28; the duke of Orleans prisoner. Death of Francis II., 
duke of Brittany ; distress of his subjects, and contests for the hand of his 
daughter, Anne. Malaga submits to Ferdinand ; he advances against Guadix 
and Almeria. Zizim, Bajazet's brother, is at his own desire conveyed to Civita 
Vecchia. The Homer of Demetrius Chalcocondylas printed at Florence. 
Birth, Nov. 29, of the princess Margaret, the future queen of James IV. of Scot- 
land. Henry VII, sends an auxiliary force into Brittany ; confusion in the 
province ; intrigues for the marriage of the duchess ; return of the English army. 
Bartholomew, brother of Christopher Columbus, tries to arouse maritime en- 
terprise in England. Surrender of Guadix, Almeria, and Baza, to the Spaniards. 
Reception of Zizim by the pope, March 14, Creation of cardinals, D'Aubusson, 
grand master of Rhodes, and John, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, set. 14, afterwards 
pope Leo X. Ferdinand of Naples excommunicated and deposed, for refusing 
to pay his annual tribute to the pope ; marriage of his grand-daughter, Isa- 
bella, to the duke of Milan. Death of John Wessel, professor of theology at 
Groningen. Johann von Tieflfen, grand master of the Teutonic Order. 
Anne of Brittany betrothed to Maximilian, king of the Romans. Death of Al- 
fonso, son of the king of Portugal, by a fall from his horse, during the festivities 
after his nuptials with Isabella, eldest daughter of the Spanish sovereigns. 
Abdallah el Zagal gives up to Ferdinand his remaining territories, and retires 
to an estate allotted to him ; his nephew still holds out in Granada. War 
between Bajazet and Kaitbai, sultan of Egypt; both send ambassadors to 
Rome ; the Ottoman requesting the pope to keep his brother, Zizim, in safe cus- 
tody, and offering a pension for his maintenance ; the Egyptian proposing that he 
should be released, and supported in his claim to the throne. Death of Mat- 
thias Corvinus, set. 47 ; Ladislas, king of Bohemia, is elected by the Hungarians ; 
Maximilian contends unsuccessfully for the crown, but recovers the Austrian 
provinces which Matthias had conquered. Marriage of Lodovico Sforza il More 
to Beatrice of Ferrara. A more perfect German version of the Bible is 
published. Elizabeth, widow of Edward IV., retires into the convent of Ber- 
mondsey. 
Queen Elizabeth gives birth, at Greenwich, June 28, to a son, afterwards Henry 
VIII. Charles VIII. sends back to her father his affianced bride, Margaret ; 
compels Anne of Brittany to break her engagement to Maximilian, and marries 
her himself ; this unites Brittany to France ; Henry VII. and Maximilian league 
against him. To prepare for a war, Henry levies a benevolence on his people, and 
the parliament, Oct. 27, grants a supply. Ferdinand begins the siege of Granada. 
The rivalry of the two lately-married princesses, Isabella and Beatrice, is the 
beginning of discord in Milan. Marriage of the duke's sister, Anna Sforza, 
to Alfonso d'Este, son of the duke of Ferrara. After a struggle of many years, 
Riga submits to the Livonian knights of the Teutonic Order. 
Henry lands his army at Calais, Oct. 6, and lays siege to Boulogne. Charles agrees 
to pay him 745,000 crowns, and an annual tribute of 25,000 ; peace is concluded, 
and France retains Brittany. Imposture of Perkin Warbeck; he lands at Cork 
and gains partisans ; is invited to the court of France ; dismissed after the peace 
ofEstaples; received and protected by the duchess of Flanders. Surrender of 
Granada, Jan. 2 ; end of the dominion of the Moors in Spain ; Abu Abdallah 
receives a pension, and retires into Africa. After seven years of application, 
Columbus obtains from Ferdinand, in his camp before Granada, the means of 
undertaking his voyage of discovery ; sails from Palos, Aug. 3 ; arrives, Oct. 12, 
at one of the Bahama islands, which he names S. Salvador, after which he 
reaches Cuba and Hispaniola. Death of Lorenzo de' Medici, April 7, 83t. 44 ; 
his eldest son, Pietro, takes his station in Florence. The cardinal Rodrigo 
Borgia, elected pope, takes the name of Alexander VI. On the death of Ca- 
simir, set. 64, the Poles choose his son, John Albert, to succeed him. The queen 
dowager, Elizabeth, dies in the convent of Bermondsey. Expulsion of the 
Jews from Spain. 



1488 TO 1495 A.D. 



493 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Many of the English nobility, deceived by Perkin Warbeck, concert measures 
in his favour ; Sir Robert Clifford insinuates himself into their confidence, and 
betrays their schemes ; he discovers and publishes the history of the impostor. 
Death of the emperor Frederic, Aug. 20, aet. 78 ; his son, Maximilian, succeeds 
him ; the first who takes the title of emperor of Germany, without being 
crowned at Rome ; he marries Bianca Maria Sforza, sister of the duke of Milan, 
and concludes a peace with France at Senlis ; by which Artois and Franche Comt6, 
the dowry of his daughter, Margaret, are restored to him. Charles VIII. restores 
also to Spain, by the treaty of Narbonne, the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne. 
Cadiz given up to Ferdinand. Columbus arrives at Lisbon, March 4, and is re- 
ceived by Ferdinand and Isabella at Barcelona, April 15 ; commences his second 
voyage, Sep. 25. The pope divides the yet undiscovered regions of the New 
World between the Spaniards and Portuguese, by a line, which, in the progress 
of discovery, he is obliged to correct, by removing it 370 leagues further west- 
ward. Defeat of the Turks in Transylvania, by Ladislas, and in Syria, by Kaitbai. 
The duke of Milan being now of full age, his uncle, Lodovico, intrigues to 
retain his power as regent ; he creates discord between the pope and Ferdinand 
of Naples, and invites the king of France to revive the Anjou claim on that 
crown. The Court of Requests instituted in London. 

Henry punishes the Flemings for their support of Perkin Warbeck, by stopping 
their trade with England. Sir William Stanley, and other favourers of the 
pretender, are condemned and executed. Sir Edward Poynings, governor of Ire- 
land, induces the parliament of that country to pass the Act, which bears his 
name, giving full force there to all the laws of England. Warbeck fails in an 
attempt to land in Kent. Ferdinand of Naples prepares to resist the threat- 
ened invasion, but dies, Jan. 25, set. 70 ; his son, Alfonso, conciliates the pope. 
Charles sends agents into Italy, one of whom is Philip de Comines. The Neapo- 
litan fleet defeated near Genoa, Sep. 8. Death of the duke of Milan (supposed 
to be poisoned by his uncle), Oct. 22, set. 25 ; his widow, Isabella, and her children, 
are sent to the castle of Pavia ; to the exclusion of her eldest son, the emperor 
Maximilian invests Lodovico with the dukedom. Submission of Florence to 
Charles, and expulsion of Pietro de' Medici and his brothers, Nov. 9. Zizim is 
placed by the pope in the castle of S. Angelo, and the knights who had attended 
him are sent back to Rhodes. Aldus Manutius sets up his press at Venice. 
Death of John Plcus de Mirandola, set. 33, and of Angelo Politiano, aet. 40. 

Warbeck retires to Flanders ; is unsuccessful in Ireland ; favourably received by 
James IV. in Scotland, and married to Katharine Gordon, daughter of the earl 
of Huntley. Charles enters Rome, Jan. 1 ; he is urged to depose Alexander, 
whose scandalous mode of life had given universal offence, but concludes a treaty 
with him, and continues his progress, Jan. 28. Alfonso resigns the crown of 
Naples, Jan. 23, to his brother Ferdinand, and retires to a monastery at Mazzara, 
in Sicily, where he dies, Nov, 19. Zizim, who by treaty had been delivered 
into the hands of Charles, is carried off by a slow poison, previously administered 
to him. Cardinal Csesar Borgia, given by the pope as a hostage, makes his 
escape. Ferdinand retires to the isle of Ischia ; Charles enters Naples, Feb. 24; 
alarmed by his rapid success, the emperor Maximilian, Ferdinand of Spain, the 
pope, Venice, and Lodovico of Milan league against him ; leaving a part of his 
army to occupy his conquests, Charles quits Naples, May 20 ; reaches Rome, 
June 1 ; the pope retires to Perugia ; Charles breaks through the allied forces, 
posted on the river Taro to intercept him, July 6 ; arrives at Turin ; concludes 
a separate treaty with Lodovico, at Vercelli, Oct. 10, and returns to France. 
Pisa regains independence. Supported by a Spanish and papal army, under 
Gonsalvo Fernandez di Cordova, and Prosper Colonna, Ferdinand II. enters 
Naples again, July 7, and recovers a great part of his kingdom. The diet of 
Worms establishes the Imperial Chamber of Wetzlar. Wirteraburg created a 
duchy. John, king of Portugal, oppressed by grief for the loss of his son, Alfonso 
{see 1490), and the pope's refusal to legitimize his natural son, George, dies of the 
dropsy, at Albuera, Sep. 14 ; his cousin, Emanuel, succeeds. Jamaica discovered 
by Columbus, May 3. Alliance of the Valais with Switzerland. 



494 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1496 



1498 



1499 



1500 



Hegiha. 



902 



903—904 



904—905 



905—906 



906—907 



1501 1907—908 



1502 



908—909 



Otto- 




man Em-;Popes 


FIRE. 




16 Baja- 


5Alex- 


zet II. 


andei 




VI. 




Aug. 11 


17 


6 


18 


7 


19 


8 


20 


9 


21 


10 


22 


11 



BoHE- France. 

MIA. 



26 La- 
dislas 
IV. 

king nf 
Hun- 
gary. 



14 Chas, 
VIII. 



2Ema- 
nuel. 



29- 



30- 



32- 



15 • 



1 Louis 
XII. 



Port- 
ugal. 



23Fer-14Ca- 
dinaud Itharine 
and Is- and 



Spain. 
Cas- Nav- Ger- 
tile. arre. many 



abella. 



24- 



25- 



26- 



John 
d'Al- 
bret. 



4Max- 
imili- 
an I. 



Saxo- 
ny, 



Bran 

DEN- 
BTTRG. 



llFre- 2IJ0I111, 
deric 
III. 



22- 



28- 



20- 



13- 



15- 



■16- 



23 



1 Joa- 
chim I. 



1496 TO 1502 A.D. 



495 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



U96 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



Savoy. 



,,11 Agos-i 1 Philip 
1 1 tino I 11. 

Barba- 

rigo. 



1497 !l2 . 



1498 



1499 



1500 



1502 



13 . 



15 ■ 



1 Leo- 
nardo 
Lore- 
dano. 



1 Fili- 
berto II. 



Naples. 



1 Fre- 
deric. 



Den- 
mark. 



SWE- PO- 
DEN. LAND. 



HuNGA- Russia. 

RY. 



,16 !26Sten 5John| 7 Ladis- 
Johnl.i stiire lAlbert. las VI 
Protec- 
tor. \ 



king of 
Bohemia. 



1 John 
II. Icing 
of Den. 
mark and 
Norway. 



18- 



19 



20- 



Conquer- 
ed by- 
France 
and 
Spain. 



Bbuns- 

WICK 
LUNE- 
BURG. 

25 Hen- 
ry I. 



35 1 wan 
III 



9 Jas. 
IV. 
Junell 



136- 



',10 ■ 



1 Alex- 12- 
ander. 



Scot- 
land. 



Eng- 
land. 



12 Hen- 
ry VII. 
Aug. :" 



-13 



-14 - 

b Princess 
Mary. 



88- 



40- 



-il5 



■16 ■ 



■17 - 
1- Prince 
Arthur to 
Katharine 
of Araj?on. 

ilargaret 
to James, 
kins of 
Scotland. 



-18 — 

d. Prince 
Arthur- 



496 



PROM THE TEAI 



A.D. 



1496 



1497 



1498 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The king of Scotland, with Warbeck, makes au inroad into Northumberland, but 
retreats before an English army. Encouraged by the success of Columbus, Heniy i 
sends out John Cabot, and his son, Sebastian, on a voyage of discovery. Co-' 
lumbus returns from his second voyage. Marriage of Philip, son of the emperor 
Maximilian, and Mary of Burgundy {see 1477), to Joanna, second daughter f 
Ferdinand and Isabella. The duke de Montpensier, French viceroy in Naj. 
dies at Pozzuolo, Oct. 19; his garrisons capitulate, and return to Fran. 
Ferdinand, on the point of regaining full possession of his kingdom, dies, Oct. 5, 
and is succeeded by his uncle, Frederic. The Venetians occupy Brindisi. 
Otranto, and other ports, as security for subsidies advanced by them. Maximilian 
enters Italy with an army ; quarrels with the Venetians, and returns to Germany, 
Emanuel, in his treaty of marriage with Alfonso's Avidow, Isabella, eldest 
daughter of the Spanish sovereigns, agrees to expel all Jews and Mohammedans 
from Portugal; he fits out an expedition, under Vasco de Gama, to explore the 
eastern seas ; departure from Belem, July 9. The Florentines besiege Pisa. 
Jesus College, Cambridge, founded by John Alcock, bishop of Ely. 

Insurrection in Cornwall ; the rebels, headed by lord Audley, march into Kent, 
encamp at Eltham, are defeated on Blackheath, June 22 ; the leaders are ex 
ecuted, the multitude pardoned. The Scottish king makes another invasion, 
finds Norham castle well defended, and goes home again ; a truce concluded, 
and Warbeck dismissed ; the Flemings refuse him shelter, on which Henry 
allows them to renew their commercial intercourse with England. The adventurer 
still gathers some adherents in the West, with whom he attempts to besiege 
Exeter; his followers submit to the king's army at Taunton, and he takes 
refuge in the sanctuary at Beaulieu, in the New Forest. The marriage of 
Emanuel and Isabella is solemnized, Sep. 30. Maximilian's daughter, Margaret 
{see 1491), is maiTied in April, at Burgos, to John, the only son of Ferdinar. 
and Isabella; in Oct. the young prince dies, S ten Stu re offends the Swedish 
nobility, is defeated, and deprived of his protectorate, by John, who enforces the 
union of Calmar, is crowned at Stockholm, and his son. Christian, is declared 
his successor. Divorce of the pope's daughter, Lucretia Borgia, from Joh 
Sforza. The church lands of Benevento and others are secularized by the 
pope, re-constituted into a duchy, and given to his son, John, who is assas- 
sinated seven days afterwards; the crime is imputed to his brother, Cassar 
Borgia, who had laid aside his cardinal's purple, and resumed the position of a 
layman. The Grisons allies of the Swiss cantons. Vasco de Gama passes th 
Cape of Good Hope, and arrives at Calicut. The Medici repulsed from thv 
gates of Florence. Birth of Philip Melancthon, Cabot discovers Newfound- 
land, and the coast of North America, as far as that part now called Virginia 
University of Aberdeen founded. Maximilian licenses the fairs of Leipzig. 

Surrender of Warbeck ; he confesses his imposture; his life is spared, but he i: 
exposed to the derision of the populace, and detained in custody. A fit of apo- 
plexy ends the life of Charles VIII., at Amboise, April 7, aet. 28 ; the succession 
goes into the Orleans family, and Louis XII. takes the throne of France ; by 
grants to Caesar Borgia, and creating him duke of Valence, he obtains a papal 
Bull for his divorce from his first wife, a daughter of Louis XI., and marries 
Anne of Brittany, widow of his predecessor ; he asserts his claims to the duch. 
of Milan, and the kingdom of Naples. Columbus, in his third voyage, discovers 
Trinidad. Vasco de Gama, having laid the foundation for the Portuguese empire 
in India, returns to his countiy. Birth of Henry's daughter, Mary, the future 
queen of Louis XII., and afterwards married to the duke of Suffolk. The Ve- 
netians, under the pretence of assisting Pisa, endeavour to gain possession of i1 
for themselves ; the duke of Milan aids the Florentines in prosecuting the siege 
Savonarola, a Dominican, with two of his disciples, burnt at Florence, May 23, 
by desire of the pope, for preaching the necessity of reform in the church ; hii 
Life written by John Francis Picus Mirandola. Frederic, duke and elector o: 
Saxony, grand master of the Teutonic Order. An Act of parliament forbids th( 
Company of Merchant Adventurers to exclude other merchants from the trad( 
of the Low Countries. 



M96 TO 1502 A.D. 



497 



A.D. 



1499 



1500 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Warbeck plots with the earl of Warwick to effect their escape from the Tower; 
hanged at Tyburn, Nov. 16; the earl, the last of the male line of the Planta- 
genets, beheaded, Nov. 28. The Florentines, unsuccessful against Pisa, behead 
their general, Paolo Vitelli. Alliance of France and Venice, conquest of Milan: 
flight of Lodovico Sforza into Germany, with his family and treasure; entry ol 
Louis, Oct. 6; Cremona acquired by the Venetians. Jean Jaques Trivulce, 
marshal of France, governor of the conquered State. Voluntary submission of 
Genoa. The emperor Maximilian makes war on the Swiss, is defeated, and 
concludes a treaty of peace at Basle. The Turks enter the Venetian States, and 
ravage Friuli. Ojeda, a former companion of Columbus, and Amerigo Vespucci, 
a Florentine, are employed by Emanuel to explore the New World; they 
discover Brazil ; and Amerigo, writing an account of their voyage, calls the new 
continent after himself, America. Death of Marsilio Ficiuo, translator ol 
Plato, and restorer of Greek philosophy, in Italy, Oct. 1. Ferdinand compels 
all the Moors in his kingdom to embrace Christianity, or quit the land. 

Henry VII., to avoid the plague raging in London, takes his family to Calais ; 
interview there with Maximilian's son, Philip, governor of the Netherlands : 
projected marriage of his son, just born at Ghent (the future emperor Charles Y.)', 
with Henry's young daughter, Mary. The oppression of the French provokes a 
revolt in Milan; Lodovico Sforza returns with an army of Swiss mercenaries, 
by whom he is at last betrayed into the hands of his enemies, and consigned for 
the remaining ten years of his life to the castle of Loches, in Berry. The year 
of jubilee affords a pretext for the sale of Indulgences in all countries, without 
requiring the purchasers to visit Rome. Murder of Alfonso of Aragon, third 
husband of Lucretia Borgia, ascribed to her brother, Csesar. Columbus, the 
victim of false accusations, is brought back to Spain a prisoner. Pedro Alvarez 
Cabral sails from Lisbon, March 8, with a fleet of thirteen ships, destined foi 
India; driven by storms out of his course, he arrives at Brazil, and shares the 
glory of being its first discoverer; pursuing his voyage, he visits Quiloa, Mo- 
zambique, and the eastern coast of Africa. Corte Keal, also sent out by the 
king of Portugal, explores the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Labrador, as far as 
Hudson's Bay. Modon and Coron taken from the Venetians by the Turks. The 
Florentines renew the siege of Pisa, which they again abandon with great loss. 
War of independence in Ditmarsch ; the king of Denmark defeated at Meldorf. 

MaiTiage of Arthur, prince of Wales, to Katharine, daughter of Ferdinand and 
Isabella of Spain, Nov. 14, and of the princess Margaret, to James, king of 
Scotland. Maximilian forms the Aulic Council. Conquest and partition oi 
Naples by France and Spain; the armies conmianded by the duke de Nemours, 
and Gonsalvo de Cordova ; the duchy of Anjou given to Frederic, which he 
holds till his death, Sep. 9, 1504. The pope creates his son, CsBsar, duke of Ro- 
magna, having aided him in acquiring possession of the territory by force, 
fraud, perfidy, and murder ; Faenza, the last city that holds out, capitulates on 
terms that are violated, and its lord, Astorgio de' Manfredi, a youth of 17, bar- 
barously put to death. Sten Sture regains his ascendancy in Sweden. The 
duke of Saxony, as grand master of the Teutonic Order, refuses homage to 
Alexander, who succeeds his brother, John Albert, on the throne of Poland. 
Basle and Schafhausen join the Swiss confederacy. Ismail I. founds the Sofi 
dynasty in Persia. Luther studies at Erfurt. 

Death of prince Arthur, April 2, set. 16 ; his young widow retires to the palace of 
Croydon ; the king projects her marriage to his son, Henry, now prince of Wales. 
Sebastian Cabot returns from his voyage; his report encourages Eliot, and 
some Bristol merchants, to undertake expeditions, Columbus, on his fourth 
voyage, reaches the isthmus of Panama. Continued atrocities of Ca3sar Borgia ; 
by the same course of villany he makes himself master of Urbino and other 
cities ; marriage of his sister, Lucretia, to her fourth husband, Alfonso d'Este, 
son of the duke of Ferrara. The kings of France and Spain begin to quarrel 
about the division of their plunder. Juan de Nova Castella, tlie Portuguese 
admiral, returning from India, discovers the island of St. Helena, May 21. Henry 
VII, builds his chapel in Westminster. University of Wittenbeig founded. 

3 B 



498 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Hegira. 



1503 



1504 



1505 



1506 



1507 



1508 



1509 



1510 



9-910 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



23 Baja- 
zetll. 



910—911 



911—912, 



912—913 



913—914 



914—915 



25 - 



26 - 



27 . 



28 - 



12 A- 

lexan- 
derVI. 
Aujf. li 
d. 18. 

1 Pius 
III. 

Sept. 22 

of.Ont.jlS 

- Ju- 

linsll. 
Nov. 1 
2 



915— 91 e 29 ■ 



Popes. 



9Ema-30Fer-21 Ca 
nuel. 1 dinand iharine 



10 31 22- 

d. Isa- 
bella. 



916—917. 



30 8- 



Port- Spain, 

UGAL. I 



Nav- 
arre. 



and Is- 
abella 



and 
John 
d'Al- 
bret. 



32Fer- 
dinand 

alone. 



-'33- 



23- 



34- 



35- 



25- 



37- 



BOHE- 

MIA. 

33 La- 

dislas 
IV. 
king of 
Him- 
qary. 



34- 



27- 



28- 



35- 



36- 



37- 



Bran- 

DEN- 
BURG. 



5 Joa- 
chim 
I. 



Saxo- 
ny. 



18Fre- 
deric 
III. 



20- 



27- 



28- 



22- 



23- 



25- 



Bruns- 

WICK. 



26 Hen- 

yi. 



30- 



31- 



Ger- 

MANY. 



11 Max- 
imilian 
I. 



13 • 



32 17 



33- 



1503 TO 1510 A.D. 



499 



ti ion 
Dates. 

1503 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


France. 


Den- 
mark 


SWE- 
]>EN. 


Po- 
land. 


Hunga- 
ry. 


Russia 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


3 Leo- 
nardo 
Lore- 
dano. 


7 Fili- 
berto IL 


6 Louis 
XII. 


23 
John I. 


1 Svante 
Sture, 
Frottc- 
tor. 


3Alex- 
ander. 


l4Ladis- 
las VI. 

king of 
Bohemia, 


42 1 wan 
111. 


16Jas. 

IV. 

Junell 


19 Hen- 
ry VII. 

Au(f. 22. 
d. Queen 
Elizabeth 


1504 


1 


ICharles 
III. 


7 


24 


2 


4 


15 


43 


17 


20 


1505 


5 


2 


8 


25 


3 


5 


16 


IVas- 
sili IV. 


18 


21 


1508 


6 


3 


9 


26 


4 


1 Si- 
gis- 
mund 
I, 


17 


2 


19 


22 


1507 


7 


4 


10 


27 


5 


'- 


18 


3 


20 


23 


1508 
1509 


8 




11 

12 


^9 , 


7 


4 


19 

20 


4 

5 


21 

22 


24 

rf-Apr. 21. 
1 Henry 
VIII. 

April 22. 

m. Katha- 
rine of 
Aragon. 


29 


1510 


10 


7 — — 


13 


30 


8 


5 


21 


6 


23 


2 

























500 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1503 



1504 



1505 



1506 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of queen Elizabeth, Feb. 11, after giving birth to a princess, who survived 
only a few days. Pope Julius grants a dispensation for the prince of Wales, 
aet. 12, to be contracted in marriage to Katharine, his brother's widow, ast. 18; 
the contract is signed. Henry employs Erapson and Dudley to extort money 
from his subjects. Alexander VI. dies suddenly, SBt. 72, while he and his son 
are contriving still greater enormities; his successor, Pius II., lives only 22 
days after his election. Julius II. deprives Csesar Borgia of his ill-gotten spoils, 
and imprisons him. Gonsalvo de Cordova defeats the French, April 28, at Ci- 
rignuola, where the duke de Nemours is killed; enters Naples, May 14; takes 
the fort Del' Uovo, by springing a mine; gains a decisive victory, Dec. 28, on 
the Garigliano, where Pietro de' Medici loses his life, and the whole kingdom of 
Naples becomes subject to Spain. The Portuguese commander, Albuquerque, 
on his way to India, discovers Zanzibar. Death of D'Aubusson, grand master of 
Rhodes, June 30, set, 80. Death of Sten Sture ; Svante Sture succeeds to his 
influence in Sweden, and is supported by the people, in opposition to the crown, 
the nobility, and the priesthood. Peace concluded between Iwan III. and the 
Teutonic knights of Livonia. Venice makes peace with the Turks, and cedes 
to them Santa Maura. 

A parliament, Jan. 25 ; the Commons appoint Dudley their speaker; a subsidy is 
voted to the king, though he is known to be in no want of money. Death of 
Isabella, queen of Spain, Nov. 26, set. 53 ; the kingdom of Castile passes to her 
daughter, Joanna, and her husband, Philip ; in their absence, Ferdinand still 
continues to govern. Columbus returns from his fourth and last voyage. Treaty 
of Blois ; proposed betrothal of Charles, set. 4 (son of Philip, see 1500), to Claude, 
daughter of Louis XII., whose dowry is to consist of Britanny, Tranche Comt6, 
and Milan. Maximilian's daughter, Margaret, who, after the death of her first 
husband (see 1497), married Filiberto, duke of Savoy, is, by his death, again a 
widow. The Venetians, jealous of the new Indian trade of the Portuguese, 
incite the Mamelukes of Egypt, and Zamorin, sovereign of Calicut, to commence 
hostilities against them. Csesar Borgio is released from confinement on con- 
ditions which he violates, is again captured and sent a prisoner to Spain, where 
he soon afterwards dies in a skirmish in Navarre ; while the other domains taken 
from him are restored to the church, Venice retains Faenza and Rimini. The 
citizens of Naples resist by violence the introduction of the Inquisition. Pope 
Julius begins to practise the nepotism which he condemned in his predecessor. 
Pisa is again besieged by the Florentines. 

The intrigues of the earl of Suffolk in Flanders cause many arrests in England, 
and some executions ; among those Avho suffer death is Sir James Tyrrel, the 
accomplice in the murder of Edward V. and his brother. Henry, prince of 
Wales, by his father's desire, signs a secret protest, June 27, against his mar- 
riage with his brother's Avidow. Peace between France and Spain ; Louis XII. 
claims Milan, and gives up all that he holds or claims in Naples, as the dowry 
of his niece, Germaine de Foix, who is married to Ferdinand. Death of Iwan 
III., by whom the Russian empire is now consolidated. Luther becomes a monk 
at Erfurt, and begins his Scriptural researches. Francesco de Almeira, Portuguese 
viceroy, establishes factories along the coast of Malabar, and his fleets interrupt 
the Egyptian and Venetian commerce. 

Philip and Joanna, on their way to assume the government of Castile, are driven 
by a stoiTQ into the harbour of Weymouth ; entertained at Windsor ; negotiations 
there ; the earl of Suffolk given up to Henry, and confined in the Tower ; pro- 
posed marriage between Henry and Margaret, Philip's sister; revived project of 
uniting his son, Charles, to the princess Mary; neither contract signed. Death 
of Philip, at Burgos, Sep. 25, set. 28; insanity of his widow ; their son, Charles, 
aet. 6, is declared heir of Spain and the Netherlands, and Ferdinand, aet^ 3, of the 
Austrian States ; the minority of Charles, and the incapacity of his mother, 
leave his grandfather, Ferdinand, still the actual king of Castile ; the emperor 
Maximilian, standing in the same degree of relationship, claims the regency ; 
angry discussions follow. The States General of France forbid the alienation of 
the provinces, contemplated by the treaty of Blois, and annul the contract ; the 



1503 TO 1510 A.D. 



601 



1509 



1510 



Events and Eminent Men. 



princess Claude is affianced to Francis, count of Angoulerae, presumptive heir 
to the throne. Pope Julius leads his army against Perugia and Bologna ; en- 
couraged by him, the Genoese expel their nobles and tlie French. Ferdinand 
of Spain visits Naples. The sugar-cane brought to Ilispaniola from the Canaries. 
Death of Columbus, at Valladolid, May 20, set. 64. Bramante d'Urbino begins St. 
Peter's, at Rome; Julius lays the first stone, April 18. The University of 
Francfort on the Oder founded by the elector of Brandenburg. Ladislas secures 
the eventual union of Hungary with Austria, by the double betrothment of his 
just-bom son, Louis, to Maria, the youngest daughter of the deceased Philip, and 
of his own daughter, Aima, to Maria's brother, Ferdinand. The Great Harry, 
the first ship of the royal navy of England. 

Margaret of Savoy, appointed governess of the Netherlands, concludes a commer- 
cial treaty with England ; Wolsey negotiates with her. Louis XII. comes to 
crush the revolt in Genoa; conference between him and Ferdinand at Savona. 
Gonsalvo retunis to Spain. Portuguese settlements formed on Ormus by Al- 
buquerque, and on Ceylon by Lorenzo de Almeida; Madagascar visited by 
Tristan d'Acunha. Ximenes, archbishop of Toledo, created a cardinal, and 
minister to Ferdinand. Margaret, mother of Henry VII., gives an additional 
endowment to Christ College, Cambridge. 

The emperor Maximilian enters Italy with an army ; the Venetians refuse him a 
passage ; after some months of unsuccessful war, he concludes a truce, leaving in 
their hands Trieste, and many other places ; the league of Cambray concluded 
Dec. 10, by Margaret, regent of the Netherlands, and the cardinal de Rohan, am- 
bassador of France and legate of the pope ; the emperor, the kings of France and 
Spain, and the pope, coalesce against Venice ; they are aftei'wards joined by the 
dukes of Savoy, Mantua, and Ferrara. Luther professor of philosophy at Wit- 
tenberg. By the advice of Covilham, the Abyssinians send Matthew, an Ar- 
menian merchant, to request the assistance of the Indian Portuguese against 
the Mahometans. 

Death of Henry VII., at Richmond, April 21, aet. 52 ; Henry VIII. marries Ka- 
tharine of Aragon, June 3 ; they are crowned at Westminster, June 24. Pro- 
clamation to encourage complaints ; arrest of Empson, Dudley, and their accom- 
plices. Wolsey, employed by Henry VII. just before his death, on a mission to 
Maximilian, at Brussels, is introduced to the new king by Fox, bishop of Win- 
chester. The Venetians endeavour, by concessions, to avert the storm which 
threatens them ; their overtures rejected ; they prepare to defend themselves ; 
are totally defeated, at Agnadello, May 14, by Louis XII., and lose all their late 
acquisitions. The other confederates jealous of France ; the Venetians recover 
Padua, and rise again in power. Pisa taken by the Florentines, June 8. Cam- 
paign of cardinal Ximenes in Africa ; Oran taken. Diego Columbus, son of 
Christopher, governor of Spanish America. Albuquerque refers the Abyssi- 
nian envoy to the government at Lisbon. St. John's College, Cambridge, founded 
by Margaret, mother of Henry VII., soon after which she dies, June 29. Lu- 
ther preacher at Wittenberg. Erasmus visits Oxford. Death of the historian, 
Philip de Comines. St. Paul's School, London, founded by Dr. Colet. 

The court of Henry VIII. the scene of gaiety, in which the treasures of his 
father are profusely lavished. Wolsey dean of Lincoln, and almoner to the 
king. Act of attainder against Empson and Dudley ; they are executed, Aug. 17. 
Pope Julius designs his Holy League against France, in which he is joined by 
Venice, and the Swiss ; he makes war on the duke of Ferrara ; courts Henry VIII. 
Ferdinand of Spain, desists from the war in Italy, and prosecutes that in Africa, 
where he conquers a large portion of the northern coast. Maximilian acts in con- 
cert with Louis XII., and calls a council at Tours, at which some cardinals attend. 
The Spaniards form their first settlement on the mainland of America, at Pa- 
nama. The Portuguese conquer Goa, and extend their commerce to Sumatra. 
Cardinal Ximenes founds the Universities of Alcala de Henares (Complutum) 
and Santiago de Compostella. Imther, on a deputation to Rome, witnesses the 
corruption in the papal court. Erasmus teaches Greek at Cambridge. 



592 



FROM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



1511 



917—918 



HBaiRA. 



1512 918—919 



1513 



920 



1514 



921 



1515 



1516 



922 



923 



Otto- 
man Em- Popes. 

PIRE. 



31 Baja- 
zet 11. 



9 Juli- 
us II 
Nov. 1. 



ISeliml. 



rf.Feb 20. 

1 Leo 
X. 
Marai. 



Port- 
ugal. 



17Em- 
anuel 



20- 



21- 



22- 



Spain. 



38Fer- 
dlnanJ 



29 Ca- 

thaiine 

and 

John 

d'Al- 

bret. 



Con- 
quered 
by Fer- 



Dukes 

OF Ba- 

VAUIA 



41- 



42- 



IChas, 
I. 



Nav- 
arre. 



41 La- 13Joa- 
dislas cbimi 
IV. 

king of 
Hun- 



42- 



6 Wil- 
liam 1. 



Bohe- 
mia. 



Bran- 
den- 
burg. 



43- 



44- 



45- 



1 Lou- 
is I. 

kiuf; of 
Hun. 



16- 



Sax- 

ONY. 



26Fre- 
deric 
III. 



27- 



34 Hen 
ry I. 



35- 



28- 



29- 



30- 



Bruns- 

WICK. 



37- 



Ger- 

MANY. 



19 Maxi- 
milian I. 



20 . 



21 . 



22 . 



23 ■ 



24 . 



1511 TO 1516 A.D. 



503 



tition 1 


DOGKS 

OF Ve- 
nice. 


1 
Savoy. Ifbancb. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Hunga- 
ry. 


Rus- 
sia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1511 \ 


11 Leo- 
nardo 
Lore- 
dano. 


8Chas. 114 Louis 
III. 1 XII. 


31 John 
I. 


OSvante 
Sture, 
Pro- 
tector. 


6Si- 

gis- 

raund 


22Ladis- 
las VI. 

kin^ of 
Bohemia. 


7Vas3i- 
lilV. 


24Jas. 
IV. 

Jane 1) 


3 Henry 
Vlil. 

April 22. 


i 
1512 1 

i 

i 


12 


9 


15 


32 


1 Sten 
Sture, 
the 

Younger 


7 


23 


8 


25 


4 


j 
i 

1513 ; 

i 


13 


10 


16 


1 Chris- 
tian II. 


2 


8 


24 


9 


28 

rf.Sep. 9. 

1 Jas. 
V. 


5 


1514 

1 
i 


u- 


11 


17 


2 


3 


9 


25 


10 


2 


6 


1515 


15 


12 


1 Fran- 
cis I. 


a 


4 


10 


26 


11 


3 


7 


1516 


16 


13 


2 


4 


5 


11 


1 Louis 
II. ki)ig 
of Bohe. 
tnia. 


12 


4 


8 

6. Princess 
Mary. 



504 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1511 



1512 



1513 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Queen Katharine gives birth to a son, Jan. 1, who dies in Febniary. Pope Julius 
conducts in person the siege of Mirandola, during a most severe winter; entars 
the breach, Jan. 21 ; loses Bologna, May 21 ; defeated by Trivulce, retires to 
Ravenna. Gaston de Foix, governor of IMilan, and the emperor Maximilian, 
continue hostilities against Ferrara and Venice. The council of Tours removed 
to Pisa, and thence to Milan, is excommunicated by Julius. Ferdinand of Spain 
joins the Holy L^ugue, and prevails on Henry VIII., by a treaty, signed Dec. 20, 
to co-operate with him. The Portuguese establish themselves at Malacca, 
which becomes the centre of their trade with the neighbouring islands, and with 
China. Bajazet Avishes to resign his sceptre to his eldest son, Achmet; the Ja- 
nizaries demand the sultanship for his younger and more warlike son, Selim. 
Nicholas Machiavelli secretary of state at Florence. 

Hem-y VIII. declares war against France, and obtains a subsidy from the parliament. 
The marquis of Dorset lands an English army at Fontarabia, and is deceived by 
Ferdinand, who conquers Navarre for himself, instead of joining his allies to in- 
vade Gruienne ; the English forces return home in disgust. An indecisive sea-fight 
near Brest. Raymond de Cardona, viceroy of Naples, with a combined Spanish 
and papal army, besieges Bologna; Gaston de Foix raises the siege, Feb. 7 ; 
recovers Brescia and Bergamo from the Venetians, Feb. 19 ; gains the battle of 
Ravenna, April 11, and falls on the field in the hour of victory, ast. 24. The 
cardinal Jolm de' Medici is taken prisoner by the French. Ravenna, Faenza, 
Rimini, Forli, and other cities, surrender to the conquerors. Julius opens his 
Lateran council. May 3. The emperor Maximilian breaks off his alliance with 
France ; his troops join the Swiss in invading Milan, and restoring the duchy to 
Maximilian Sforza, son of Lodovico, the former duke. Rescue of the cardinal 
John de' Medici; he and his brother are conducted to Florence by the Spanish 
army, where they resume the former influence of their family. Giano Fregoso 
expels the French from Genoa, and is appointed doge. Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, 
invited to Rome under the semblance of pardon, is treacherously imprisoned by 
Julius ; Fabrizio and Marco Colonna, who had pledged their word for his safety, 
forcibly release him, and secure his return to Ferrara. On the death of Svante 
Sture, his son, Steno, is elected protector by the Swedes. Albert von Branden- 
burg Culmbach, Teutonic grand master, refuses homage to Poland. Selim oc- 
cupies the Ottoman throne ; Bajazet and his other sons are put to death. 
Florida discovered by the Spaniard, Juan de Leon. 

Invasion of France by Henry VIII., June 30; Wolsey attends as secretary; the 
emperor Maximilian joins the English army, Aug. 12 ; siege of Terouanne ; 
victory of Guinegate (Battle of Spurs), Aug, 16; surrender of Terouanne, and of 
Tournay, Sep. 24; the admiiiistration of the revenues of the see given to 
Wolsey ; Scotch invasion of England ; defeat and death of James IV., by the 
earl of Surrey, on Flodden Field, Sep. 9 ; Henry returns to London, Oct. 22. 
Louis XII. concludes a truce for a year with Fierdinand, and an alliance, offensive 
and defensive, with Venice. Death of pope Julius ; John de' Medici elected, 
takes the name of Leo X. ; appoints Peter Bembo and Jacopo Sadoleto his 
secretaries, and Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, gonfalonier of the church. Having 
obtained Parma and Piacenza from the duke of Milan, he engages for the 
defence of that duchy a large body of Swiss, who totally defeat the Frencli ge- 
nerals La Tremouille and Trivulce, at Novara, June 6. The Venetians defeated 
by Prospero Colonna, near Vicenza, Oct. 7. Palermo made the seat of the Si- 
cilian viceroyalty, and of a tribunal of the Inquisition. The canton of Appenzel 
added to the Swiss League. Death of John, king of Denmark, set. 59; his son, 
Christian II., succeeds him, but is not acknowledged in Sweden. Vasco Nunez 
de Balboa crosses the isthmus of Darien, and reaches the Pacific Ocean. Reuchlin 
accused of heresy for preserving Hebrew books from the flames. Brazen-Nose 
College, Oxford, founded by William Smith, bishop of Lincoln, and Richard 
Sutton.' Henry VIII. declines to prosecute the war against his sister, Margaret, 
on whom the regency of Scotland devolves for her sou, James V. Sir Fabricius 
Caretto grand master of Rhodes. 



1511 TO 1516 A.D. 



r>05 



A.D. 



1514 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1515 



1516 



Peace between England and France, Aug. 7. Death of the French queen, Anne of 
Brittany, Jan. 9 ; marriage of her daughter, Claude, to Francis, count of Angon- 
leme (see 1506), May 18, and of Louis XII. to Mary, sister of Henry VII I., Oct. 
9. Anne Boleyn is one of her suite ; his other sister, Margaret, marries 
Douglas, Earl of Angus, on Avhich the Scottish nobles appoint the duke of 
Albany regent; another son of Henry and Katharine, bom Nov., dies in a few 
days. The French lose all their remaining forts in Italy; Leo X. deceives the 
duke of Ferrara, and keeps Modena and Keggio. The Venetians still make 
head alone against their numerous enemies. The council of Pisa, or Milan, 
after having been transferred to Lyons, is finally closed, having effected nothing ; 
that of the Lateran continues its sittings, but its protection of ecclesiastical 
abuses hastens the coming Reformation. Smolensko renounces its subjection 
to Poland, and becomes part of Russia. Ambassadors from Portugal present to 
Leo X. an elephant, a panther, with other animals and products of their new 
temtories in the East. Sultan Selim defeats the Persian Shah Ismael at Kal- 
deroon, Aug. 17, and takes Tauris. Mulhausen admitted an ally by the Swiss 
Cantons. Death of Bramante d'Urbino. Raffaelle continues the building of St. 
Peter's. Henry VIII. sets the example of emancipating his serfs. Peter Dunne 
convicted of heresy ten days after his death; his body is disinterred and burnt 
in Smithfield, Dec. 20. Reuchlin defended by Melancthon against his accusers, 
and acquitted by Leo X. Wolsey archbishop of York. 

Death of Louis XII., Jan. 1, set 53 ; he is succeeded by his son-in-law, Francis I.: 
his young widow marries Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, with whom she re- 
turns to London, and they are kindly received by Henry and Katharine, Anne 
Boleyn is retained in the service of queen Claude. "Wolsey created cardinal, 
papal legate^ and lord chancellor. League against France by the emperor, the pope, 
Ferdinand of Spain, Florence, Milan and the Swiss Cantons. Francis enters 
Italy, recovers Genoa, defeats the allies at Marignano, Sep. 13 and 14; the duke 
Maximilian Sforza relinquishes Milan to him, and retires into France on a pen- 
sion. The Venetiiins take Bergamo and Peschiera, and besiege Brescia. Con- 
ference between Francis and Leo X. at Bologna; peace concluded between them. 
Francis abandons the Pragmatic Sanction and agrees to anew Concordat; the 
nope promises to restore Modena and Reggio to Alfonso d'Este, and again deceives 
liim. Marriage of Julia de' Medici to Filiberto of Savoy, Christian of Denmark 
marries Isabella, daughter of the late archduke of Austria, Philip. Gonsalvo 
de Cordova dies at Grenada, Dec. 2, Albuquerque, on his return from Ormus to 
Goa, finding himself superseded by Lopez Suarez, dies of vexation. Rio de la 
Plata discovered by Juan Diaz de Solis. 

Birth of the princess (afterwards queen) Mary at Greenwich, Feb. 18. Margare^, 
Henry's sister, takes refuge at his court from the troubles in Scotland, leaving 
her son, James V., under the care of the regent, Albany. ' Death of Ferdinand, 
king of Spain, Jan. 23, set 64; he is succeeded by his eldest grandson, Charles 
(see 1506). Continued hostilities in Italy; the emperor Maximilian enters with 
a large aiTny, which want of money compels him to disband. The Venetians 
take Brescia and besiege Verona. Francis concludes a treaty of peace at Noyon 
with the emperor and the king of Spain, and atFreyburg with the Swiss Cantons. 
Death or Julian de' Medici ; Leo seizes by force the duchy of Urbino, and gives 
it to his nephew, Lorenzo ; he narrowly escapes being captured by some 
Moorish pirates on the coast near Civita Lavinia. On the death of Ladislas, 
his son, Louis, inherits Bohemia and Hungary. Revolt of Sicily. Death of 
John d'Albret, the expelled king of Navarre ; his son, Henry, is allowed by 
Francis to retain the small province north of the Pyrenees with the title of king. 
Selim invades Syria ; Khansou Ghori, sultan of Egypt, defeated and slain near 
Aleppo, Erasmus publishes his Greek Testament, with a Latin translation and 
notes. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded by Richard Fox, bishop of Win- 
chester. 



3 s 



506 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Hegi- 

RA. 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



Popes, 



eSeliml. 



5 Leo 
X. 
Mar.ll. 



1518 



925 



23 E- 

maiiii- 
el. 



Port- 
ugal, 



Spain. 



2Chas.I. 



1519 I 926 



1520 



927 



Dukes 
OF Ba- 
varia. 

10 Wil- 
liam 1. 



1 Soli- 
man H 



1521 



928 



2 Lou- 
is I. 

king of 
Hunguyy. 



Bohe- 
mia. 



Bran- 

^ DEN- 
BURG, 



19Joa- 
cliiml. 



Saxo- 
ny. 



32Fre- 
deric 
III. 



40 Hen- 
ry I. 



4 

Emper- 
or of Ger- 
many. 
Clias. V, 



26- 



20- 



33- 



21- 



Bruns- 

WICK. 



Ger- 
many. 



25 
Maxi- 
milian 
I. 



41- 



34- 



IChas, 
V. 

king of 
Spat 



IJohn 
III. 



22- 



43 . 



44 . 



1517 TO 1621 A.D. 



507 



Eepe- 
tilion 
Dat^s 

1517 



1518 



1519 



1520 



1521 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



17 Leo- 
nardo 
Lore- 
dauo. 



14 Chas. 
III. 



18 ■ 



16 • 



20 • 



1 Anto- 
nio Gri- 
mani. 



Savoy. 



France, 



3 Fran- 
cis 1. 



Den- 

MAUK, 

6 Chris- 
tian 
II. 



8 

king of 



Swe- 
den. 

6 Sten 
Sture, 
the 
Younger. 



13- 



1 Chris- 
tian II. 

king of 
Denmark- 



Po- 
land. 

12 Si- 
gis- 
mund 
I. 



2Lonis 
U.kit.g 

of iiu. 
hernia. 



Hun- 
gary. 



15 ■ 



Russia. 



ISVassi- 
lilV. 



Scot- 
land, 

5James 
V. 
Sep. 9 



Eng- 
land. 



9 Henry 
VIII. 
April 2i. 



12 ■ 



508 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1518 



1519 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Luther resists in Wittenberg, Oct. 31, the sale of Indulgences by Tatzel, a Do- 
minican friar, employed to carry into effect the papal Bull. The Lateran council 
having reversed the acts of Constance and Basle, closes, March 16 ; this apparent 
restoration of the pope's power animates the opposition to him ; Leo creates 
thirty-one cardinals, July 31, from whom he obtains 200,000 golden ducats. The 
duke of Urbino regains his duchy, and again expelled, is allowed to retire to 
Mantua, with his personal property and his library. Verona surrenders to mar- 
shal Lautrec, Jan. 26, who restores it to Venice ; Francis renews his league 
with the republic. Cardinal Petrucci beheaded for attempting to poison Leo X.; 
his accomplice, cardinal Eendinello de' Sauli, is condemned to perpetual impri- 
sonment. Charles, king of Spain, leaves the Netlierlands, and arrives at Villa 
Viciosa, Sep. 19 ; cardinal Ximenes dies at Roa, set. 80, having printed, at his 
own expense, the Polyglot Bible, named Complutensian, from the university of 
Complutum (Alcala de Henares), where he is interred in the church of St. Ilde- 
fonso. The revolt of Sicily suppressed. Gustavus Troil, archbishop of Up- 
sal, deposed for endeavouring to restore the Danish government in Sweden, 
Egypt conquered by the Ottomans. The Portuguese trade with China at Macao ; 
negro slaves introduced into Hispaniola. " Evil May-day ;" more than 200 
London apprentices condemned for a riot against foreigners ; at the intercession 
of Queen Katharine and the king's two sisters, they are pardoned, except the 
ringleaders. The sweating sickness rages in London. 

Oxford the royal residence, during the disease in London. Henry, by a treaty 
with Francis, restores Tournay, and agrees to a marriage between the princess 
Mary and the dauphin ; the children are solemnly betrothed, Dec. 16. Wolsey 
receives from Francis a pension of 12,000 livres, as an equivalent for the 
revenues of the see of Tournay ; he is appointed sole legate, and is now at the 
summit of his greatness ; the proceedings of his legatine court excite popular 
discontent, and are checked by the king. Peace concluded between the emperor 
and Venice. Christian II. invades Sweden, LeoX. eludes the perfoimance of his 
promise to restore Modena and Reggio ; fails to excite a crusade against the 
Turks ; the clergy resist the tax of the tenth of their incomes, imposed by him 
for that purpose. Luther defends himself before the Diet of Augsburg; he refuses 
to retract, and writes his letter to the pope ; he is supported by Frederic, elector 
of Saxony. Melancthon professor of Greek at Wittenberg. Another German 
translation of the Scriptures is printed. Leo X. issues a Bull, Nov. 9, forbidding 
all disputes about Indulgences. Conquest of Arabia by the Turks. Home 
and Hayraddin Barbarossa found the piratical States of Barbary. Silveyra 
opens the Portuguese trade with Bengal. Dr. Linacre obtains letters patent 
from Henry VIII., Oct. 23, for the establishment of the Royal College of Phy- 
sicians in London. 

Death of the emperor Maximilian, Jan. 12, set. 60. The kings of France and Spain 
compete for his crown ; Henry VIII. becomes a candidate too late, and withdraws. 
Charles I. of Spain, elected June 28, is Charles V. in Germany; the two com- 
petitors strive for pre-eminence in Europe ; both seek the alliance of the king of 
England, and the favour of his minister ; Henry inclines first to Francis, and 
stands godfather to his second son, Henry. During the vacancy of the empire, 
Frederic of Saxony, as regent, represses the turbulence of the Wiirtemburg 
duke Ulrich, and encourages Luther, who denies at Leipzig the pope's supre- 
macy ; Melancthon, (Ecolampadius, and Carlstadt take part in the controversy ; 
Zuinglius denounces at Zurich the sale of Indulgences and corruptions of the 
church ; the town-council support him. Death of Lorenzo de' Medici, the papal 
duke of Urbino ; his consort, Maddalena, dies nearly at the same time, in giving 
birth to a daughter, Katharine, the future queen of France. Leo annexes Ur- 
bino to the States of the church, and sends his cousin, the cardinal Julius, to 
Florence ; instead of giving up Modena and Reggio, he attempts to take Ferrara 
itself from the duke. The Genevan reformers, oppressed by the duke of Savoy, 
apply to Freyburg for assistance, and call their union Eidgenossen (oath- 
colleagues), which the French form into Huguenots. The Diet of Thom declares 
war against the Teutonic knights. Fernando Cortes attacks Mexico. Leo- 
nardo da Vinci, on a visit to Francis I., dies in his arms, set. 75. Spain and 



1617 TO 1521 A.D. 



509 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Portugal both claim the Moluccas. Fernando de Magelliaens sails on his ex 
pedition. Death of Dean Colet, founder of St. Paul's School. Magdalen Col- 
lege, Cambridge, founded by the duke of Buckingham. 

Henry agrees to meet Francis at Ardres, near Calais ; the emperor Charles arrives 
unexpectedly in England, May 26, and is cordially entertained by the king and 
his aunt, queen Katharine, at Canterbury ; he secretly ingratiates himself with 
Wolsey, by promising to assist in making him pope at the next vacancy. 
Henry and his court proceed to Calais, May 30. Field of the Cloth of Gold, 
June 3—24. Interview of Henry and Katharine with Charles, and his aunt, 
Margaret, governess of the Netherlands, at Gravelines and Calais, July 10— 
14. Coronation of Charles, as emperor, at Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 22i Defeat of 
a plot, instigated by Leo X., to assassinate the duke of Ferrara. The Flemings, 
appointed by Charles to offices in Spain, cause commotions among the grandees, 
as well as the people. Steno Sture defeated and killed in the battle of Eogesund. 
Christian crowned at Stockholm, Nov. 8; cniel massacres in Sweden; Gustavus 
Vasa escapes to Dalecarlia. The Turkish preparations for invading Hungary 
are stopped by the death of sultan Selim, at Adrianople, set. 54 ; he is succeeded 
by his son, Soliman. Luther publishes his treatises, " On the Babylonish Cap- 
tivity of the Church," and " On Christian Liberty ;" Leo issues a Bull of excom- 
munication against him, June 16, which Luther buras publicly, at Wittenberg, 
Dec. 10. Eck defends the Komish church ; Miltitz endeavours to conciliate the 
reformers. Cortes takes the city of Mexico, which he is afterwards obliged to 
abandon. Death of Montezuma. Magelhaens, after having passed through the 
Straits which bear his name, discovers the Ladrone and Philippine Islands ; 
he is killed by the natives. The Portuguese send Roderigo de Lima to treat 
with the Abyssinians, who now need no assistance ; he is detained in the country, 
with his physician, Bermudez, and other attendants. Death of Raflfaelle d'Ur- 
bino, {et. 87. Publication of the Complutensian Polyglot. 

The duke of Buckingham executed for high-treason. May 17 ; the office of con- 
stable of England, inherited by him from the Bohuns, is forfeited by his attain- 
der, and never renewed. Francis begins war against Charles, by invading 
Navarre ; Henry and Leo oJBFer to mediate ; congress at Calais, of no avail ; 
Wolsey meets the emperor at Bruges, Nov. 24, and concludes a treaty with him 
and the pope. The title of '* Defender of the Faith" given to Henry by Leo X., 
for his book against Luther. Leo first treats with Francis, and urges him to 
commence hostilities against Spain, then forsakes him, and enters into an accord 
with the emperor, May 8. Charles and Francis command against each other in 
Flanders; the chevalier Bayard distinguishes himself. The French, under 
Andre LespaiTe, are repulsed at Logrono ; he is defeated and made prisoner, 
at Heniega, and the Spaniards recover Navarre. Lautrec abandons Milan on 
the approach of Prospero Colonna : Francis Maria Sforza, son of Lodovico, is 
appointed duke. Leo turns his arms against Alfonso of Ferrara, whom he excom- 
municates, and lays an interdict on his lands ; the duke, in a printed manifesto, 
exposes the treachery and iniquity of the papal proceedings ; he is saved by the 
death of Leo, who is attacked by illness, Nov. 25, and dies, Dec. 1, set. 46. Solemni- 
zation of the double marriage (see 1506), destined to unite Hungary and Bohemia 
with Austria. Soliman commences his war against Hungary, and takes Belgi'ade. 
Death of Emanuel, king of Portugal, set. 52 ; his son, John, succeeds him. Livonia 
an independent duchy, under Walter von Plettenberg, provincial grand master of 
the Teutonic knights ; truce with Poland concluded at Thorn. Cortes completes 
the conquest of Mexico ; death of Guatimoziu. After the death of Magelhaens, 
Cano conducts the squadron to the Moluccas. Diet of Worms, April 4 ; Luther 
appears and defends himself, April 16 ; edict condemns him and his writings. 
May 8; Frederic of Saxony places him in safety at Wartburg, where he begins 
his German version of the Bible ; Melancthon publishes an exposition of his 
doctrines; Erasmus settles at Basle, and takes a middle course in the great 
controversy. Ignatius Loyola, wounded at the siege of Pampeluna, forms his 
first ascetic habits. Gustavus Vasa and the Dalecarlian peasants rout the army 
of Christian. On the death of their grand master, Cairetto, the Rhodian 
knights elect in his place Sir Philip Villers de I'lsle Adam. 



510 
















FROM 


THE TEAB j 


A.D. 


Hegt- 

RA. 


Otto- 
man Em- Popes. 

PIRE. 


Port- 
ugal. 


Spain. 


Dukes 
OF Ba- 
varia. 


Bohe- 
mia. 


Bran- 
den 

BURG. 


Saxo- 
ny. 


Bruns- Ger- 

WICK. MANY. 


1522 


929 


3 Soli- 
man II. 


1 A- 
drian 
VI. 

Jan. 9. 


2John 
111. 


rChas.I. 

i7nper- 
jv of Ger- 
many, 
Dhas. V. 


LSV^il- 
lia^ I. 


7 Lou- 
is I. 

kinir of 
Hun- 
Sary. 


24Joa- 
cliiml. 


37Fre- 

deric 

III. 


i5 Hen- 
ry 1. 


iChas. 
V. 

king of 
bpain, , 


1523 


930 


4 


2 

rf.Sep.l4. 

1 Cle- 
ment 
VII. 

Nov, 19. 


3 


8 — 


16 


8 


25 


38 


46 






1524 


931 


5 


2 


4 


9 


17 


9 


26 


or» 


47 


6 




1525 


932 


6 


3 


5 


10 


18 


10 

united 
to 

Hun- 
gary 
and 
Aus- 
tria. 


27 


IJohn 


48 


7 


1526 


933 




4 


6 


11 


19 


Prus- 
sia. 


28 


2 


49 


8 


2 Al- 
bert. 


1527 


934 


8 


5 


7 


12 


20 


3 


29 


3 


50 


9 



1522 TO 1527 A.D. 



511 



Repe- 
tition 
iDates. 

1522 



1523 



1 Andrea 
Gritti. 



France. 



19 Chas, 
III. 



20 . 



8 Fran- 
cis I. 



1524 



1525 



22 ■ 



1526 



1527 



24 . 



Dkn- 

MAKK. 



lOChris 
tian II. 

king- of 
Sweden 



1 Frede- 
ric I. 



Swe- 
den. 



3 Chris- 
tian II 

kitig of 



I Gusta- 
vus 
Vasa 



Po- II UN- Russia. 

LAND. GAKY. 



17 Si- [7 Lon- 
gis- I is II, 
iniind|*»''^«>y 
j^ Bofte- 



IS- 



IS Vas- 
sili IV 



-20 . 



-21 



- 1 Fer- 

jdinand 

Oj A UK' 

tria. 



Scot- 
land. 

lOJas. 
V. 

Sep. 9. 



Eng- 
land. 

14 Hen- 
ry VIII. 
Apr. 22, 



512 



PROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1522 



1523 



1524 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1525 



Charles breaks his promise to Wolsey, and obtains the papacy, Jan. 19, for 
Adrian VI., his former tutor, leaving Germany under the vicariate of his 
brother, Ferdinand, and the Netherlands well governed by his aunt, Margaret, 
he visits England again, May 26 ; soothes Wolsey by new promises and bribes ; 
prevails on Henry to declare war against France ; embarks at Southampton, 
July 6, and arrives at Santander, July 23 ; his presence restores order and tran- 
quillity. The earl of Surrey, with a fleet and army, invades France ; plunders 
Morlaix, besieges Hedin, and comes back, after a fruitless campaign. War 
with Scotland ; the regent, Albany, advances to Solway Frith ; his army refuses 
to proceed, and he concludes a truce with lord Dacres. Prospero Colonna defeats 
Lautrec, at La Bicocca, April 22; takes Genoa, May 30 ; the French are driven 
out of nearly all Italy. The duke of Urbino recovers his States. Rhodes 
surrenders to the Turks, Dec. 20 ; De I'lsle Adam, and his surviving knights, 
retire into Sicily. The Diet of Nuremberg sends to the pope a memorial of 
grievances, and demands a general council. Hasty changes, promoted by Carl- 
stadt, produce disturbances at Wittenberg. Luther emerges from his retreat to 
appease them; he publishes his New Testament, and his Reply to Henry VIII. 
Cano returns with the ships of Magelhaens by the Cape of Good Hppe, and 
arrives at Seville, having completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, in 
1154 days. Death of Reuchlin, aet. 67. Anne Boleyn is recalled from France, 
and appointed maid of honour to queen Katharine. 
Henry assembles a parliament, April 15; Sir Thomas More speaker; supplies 
sparingly granted ; the time of levying them arbitrarily anticipated. Venice, 
and the duke of Ferrara, join the league against Francis; the enemies who 
attack him on all sides, gain no permanent advantage. Flight of the duke of 
Bourbon into Germany. Admiral Bonnivet commands the French army in 
Italy, with the chevalier Bayard under him ; they make no important progress. 
Death of Adrian VI., Sep. 14; Julius de' Medici elected, Nov. 19, takes th^ 
name of Clement VII. Wolsey sees the emperor's insincerity, and turns against 
him. Death of Prospero Colonna, Dec. 30 ; the duke of Bourbon takes the 
command in Italy. Gustavus Vasa king of Sweden. Christian, expelled by 
his subjects, takes refuge in Flanders : Frederic, duke of Holstein, is called to 
the throne of Denmark and Norway. Luther's opinions are widely propagated 
in the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, Poland, and Hungary. A trans- 
lation of the Bible is circulated in the Netherlands. Pilgrimage of Loyola to 
Palestine. Insurrection of the German peasants, headed by Munzer. Death of 
William Lily, the grammarian, first master of St. Paul's School. 
Retreat of Bonnivet ; death of Bayard ; the French driven out of Italy ; the duke | 
of Bourbon invades Provence ; siege of Marseilles. Charles's allies jealous of 
his success. Francis collects a large army, and passes Mount Cenis ; the im- 
perialists retire into Italy ; the French re-occupy Milan, and besiege Pavia ; | 
Venice maintains neutrality; Clement concludes a secret treaty for himself! 
and Florence, with Francis. Treaty of Malmo ; the independence of Sweden 
recognized; theunionofCalmar dissolved; Denmark and Norway remain united ; 
the island of Gothland given up to the Danes. Vassili makes unsuccessful 
war on the Tartars of Casan. Faber, a descendant of Timur, reigning in Cabul, 
takes Lahore. First discovery of Peru, by Pizarro and Almagro. Luther ab- 
jures his monastic vows ; his nionastery is secularized by the elector of Saxony. 
League of Ratisbon ; cardinal Campeggio induces some German princes and 
bishops to support the established religion. Controversy begins among the Re- 
formers respecting the Eucharist; Carlstadt withdraws to Strasburg, where 
Martin Bucerand Fabrieius Capito adopt his opinions. Melancthon, professor 
of theology, at Wittenberg. The New Testament translated into Danish. Loyola 
returns from his pilgrimage and studies at Barcelona. Birth of Camoens. 
Henry Fitzroy, the king's natural son, by lady Talbois, is created duke of Rich- 
mond and Somerset ; queen Katharine, annoyed by Wolsey's ostentation, pro- 
vokes his resentment ; he insinuates into Henry's mind doubts as to the validity 
of their marriage, and excites his admiration of Anne Boleyn ; her father is 
created viscount Rochford, and treasurer of the household. Pavia defended by 
Antony de Leyva ; the duke of Bourbon, marquis of Pescara, and Lannoy, viceroy 



1522 TO 1.V27 A.D. 



r,i3 



Events and Eminent Men. 



of Naples, march to its relief; battle of Pavia, Feb. 24; Francis taken prisoner, 
and his amiy destroyed ; Louis de la Tremouille, the admiral Bonnivet, and the 
duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, slain; among the prisoners are Henry, the 
titular king of NavaiTe, and Ferdinand Castriota, marquis of S. Angelo, a de- 
scendant of Scanderbeg. Francis conveyed to Madrid ; the Spaniards, masters of 
Milan, leave the duke only a nominal sovereignty ; they refuse to let the pope 
have Reggio ; he negotiates with Venice. Charles gives his youngest sister, 
Katharine, in marriage to the king of Portugal, to whose sister, Isabella, he also 
contracts himself. Henry VIII. breaks off his alliance with Spain, and concludes 
a treaty, Aug. 30, with Louisa, mother of Francis, and regent. Great discontent 
excited in England by the king's attempt to raise money without authority ol 
parliament ; the insurgents submit, and are pardoned. Albert, the Teutonic 
grand master, embraces Lutheranism, secularizes the lands of the Order, and is 
declared duke of Prussia. Death of Frederic, elector of Saxony ; his successor, 
John, assists the Reformation. The mass abolished m Zurich. Luther marries 
Katharine de Bora. The insurgent peasants defeated at Frankenhausen, and 
Munzer beheaded. The Order of Capuchins takes its rise. Wolsey uses his 
legatine power to suppress several small monasteries, and with their revenues 
endows Christ Church College, Oxford, as also a school at his birth-place, 
Ipswich ; he presents to Henry his new palace at Hampton Court. 

Treaty of Madrid, for the release of Francis, Jan. 17 ; he arrives in France, 
March 18; refuses to surrender Burgundy; concludes the treaty of Cognac, or 
Holy League, with the Venetians, the pope, and other Italian States, May 22, tc 
which Henry VIII. accedes. Marriage of Charles to Isabella of Portugal, at 
Seville, March 3 ; he promises Milan to the duke of Bourbon. Soliman invades 
Hungary ; battle of Mohacz, Aug. 26 ; defeat and death of Louis, set. 20 ; some 
magnates elect John von Zapolya, vaivode of Transylvania, to be his successor, 
others acknowledge the claim of Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, who is quietly 
received in Bohemia ; civil war enfeebles Hungary, and assists the progress ot 
the Turks ; the union of these two kingdoms to the house of Habsburg dates from 
this time. The elector of Saxony, and Philip, landgrave of Hesse, enter into a 
league at Torgau, which other princes join at Magdeburg, for their mutual 
support in the exercise of the reformed religion. The Diet of Spires resolves, 
that all the States of Germany are free to choose their own religion; the arch- 
duke Ferdinand, as vicar of the empire, signs and promulgates the decree. Con- 
ference between Reformers and Papists, at Hamburg. Publication of Luthers 
German Liturgy, and Tyndal's English version of the New Testament. Loyola 
studies at Alcala de Henares ; his zeal excites the jealousy of the Inquisi- 
tion. Francis Guicciardini, a Florentine officer, is actively employed in the wars, 
of which he afterwards writes the History. Hans Holbein comes to London. 

Rome stormed by the imperialists, May 6; the duke of Bourbon killed while 
mounting to the assault; dreadful massacre and pillage; the pope a prisoner 
in S. Angelo. A new treaty between England and France, May 29 ; stipulation, 
that Francis, or his son, the duke of Orleans, shall espouse the princess Mary. 
Wolsey's embassy, July 11— Sep. 16. The question of Henry's marriage begins 
to be publicly discussed. Mission of Dr. Knight, to negotiate with the pope 
for a divorce ; he is admitted to him in S. Angelo. The Medici expelled from 
Florence, and the republican government restored. The duke of Ferrara takes 
Modena, and the Venetians Ravenna. Lautrec, with a French army, re-enters 
Italy ; conquers Genoa, Alessandria, Novara, Pavia, and nearly all the duchy of 
Milan; marches towards Rome. After many negotiations for ransom and peace, 
Clement escapes in disguise from his confinement, Dec. 8, and reaches urvieto. 
Ferdinand crowned king of Hungary, at Buda ; John von Zapolya retires first 
into Poland, and then among the Turks. Marriage of Henry d'Albret, titular 
king of Lower Navarre, to Margaret, sister of Francis I., distingiiished for her 
talents, and her patronage of learned men. The Diets of Odensee, in Denmark, 
and Westeras, in Sweden, establish religious liberty. Albert, duke of Prussia, 
marries Dorothea, princess of Denmark. Philip, landgrave of Hesse, founds, 
at Marburg, the first Lutheran university. Death of Nicholas Machiavelli, set. 58. j 

3 T 



514 



from: the I'KAR 



: 1528 



1530 



Hegira. 



935 



937—938 



1531 938—939 



1533 



939-940 



Otto- i 

MAN Em- Popes. 

PIRE. 



9 Soli- 
man II, 



6 Cle- 
ment 
VII. 
Nov. 19. 



Port- 
ugal. 



8 John 
111. 



Spain. 



9 II 



13Chas 
I. em- 

iperor of 
Gernia- 



Baya- 

RIA. 



21 Wil- 
liam I 



Prus- 
sia 



4 Al- 
bert. 



24 i 7' 



-25- 



Bean- 

DEN- 
BURG. 



30Joa- 
chim 
I. 



Saxo- 
ny. 



4 John 



5 — 



Bruns- 
wick 



5i Hen 
ry I. 



10 

Gha: 
V. 



Gee- 
many, 



IS 26- 



35- 



1 John 1 Er- 14- 



Frede- 
ric. 



nest I, 



15 



1528 TO 1533 A.D. 



515 



Sepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1528 



1529 



Doges 

OF Ve- 
nice. 



6Andrea 
Gritti. 



-I 1531 



11532 



Savoy. 



25 Chas. 
III. 



Feanck, 



14 Fran- 
cis 1. 



Den- 
mark. 



6 Frede- 



Swe- 
den. 



Po- 
land, 



Hun- 
gary 



6 Gusta- 23 Si- 3 Fer- 
vus I gis- jilinand 

L 



24 Vas- 
sili IV. 



8 8 



28 . 



4 25 



Russia. 



Scot- 
land. 

16Jas. 
V 

Sept. 9 



Eng- 
land. 



27- 



28- 



27 • 



20 Hen- 
ry VIII 
a pril 22. 



22 



1 Iwan 
IV. 



23 



20- 



24 

»«. Anne 
Boieyn. 



25 

i. Prince; 
Elizabei-h. 



516 mOM THE TEAli 



1528 



1529 



1530 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Lautrec and the Venetians invade and nearly conquer Naples. Andrew Doria, 
after defeating and capturing a Spanish fleet, suddenly withdraws from assisting 
this enterprize, and returns to Genoa. Lautrec, and his successor, the marquis 
de Saluces, die of the plague, which carries off many thousands of the French 
army ; the imperialists, under the prince of Orange, recover the whole kingdoii). 
The duke of Brunswick brings a large reinforcement to Leyva, in Milan ; takes 
Pavia ; is repulsed at Lodi ; the plague attacks his men, and he returns to 
Germany. The emperor Charles V., although so powerful, is so poor, that he 
cannot pay his armies, and they subsist by plunder. The Venetians, under the 
duke of Urbino, retake Pavia. Andrew Doria restores the independence of 
Genoa. The pope, overawed by Charles, and veering as the fortune of war 
changes, temporizes in the affair of Henry's divorce ; after long hesitation, the 
king's envoys, Gardiner and Fox, obtain from him a commission for the car- 
dinals, Campeggio and Wolsey, to try the question. James V. of Scotland frees 
himself from the power of the Douglas family, and banishes them ; commence- 
ment of the Reformation in that kingdom ; Patrick Hamilton condemned by 
Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrew's, and burnt. Visit of De I'lsle Adam to Henry 
VIII., who recommends him to accept Malta for the seat of his Order. Death 
of Albert Durer, the head of the German School, set. 57. 

Campeggio and Wolsey open their commission. May 23 ; Katharine appeals to the 
pope, who evokes the cause to Rome. Treaty of Barcelona, between the emperor 
and the pope, June 29, stipulates for the restoration of the Medici at Florence. 
Peace between Charles and Francis, concluded at Cambray, Aug. 5, by Margaret, 
governess of the Netherlands, and Louisa of Savoy. Charles arrives at Genoa, 
Aug. 12 ; in his progress through Italy, makes peace with Venice, and other 
States ; meets Clement, at Bologna, Nov. 5. Florence refuses submission to the 
Medici, and is besieged by the prince of Orange. Fall of Wolsey, Oct. 18 ; Sir 
Thomas More appointed chancellor. First interview of Henry with Dr. 
Thomas Cranmer, fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, by whose advice the 
opinions of all the universities in Europe are taken, on the validity of his mar- 
riage with his brother's widow. The parliament, Nov. 3, passes Acts for re- 
forming and regulating the clergy ; impeaches Wolsey ; Cromwell defends him 
in the House of Commons. The Moluccas are given up to Portugal by Charles V. 
Pizarro invades Peru. Soliman overruns Hungary, besieges Vienna, Sep. 22, 
is forced to retire, Oct. 15. John von Zapolya is crowned at Buda. Diet of 
Spires ; the reformers deliver a protest against its decisions, April 19, and are 
thence called Protestants. First meeting at Schmalkalden. Conference at 
Marburg, Oct. 1. The Valais joins the Swiss confederacy. Oecolampadius 
completes the Reformation at Basle. Hans Holbein patronized by the new 
chancellor. Sir Thomas More. Birth of Palestrina. 

Cranmer and Anne Boleyn's father, now earl of Wiltshire, convey to the pope the 
opinions of the universities, and Henry's notice, that he will not admit any 
citation to Rome. Death of Wolsey, at Leicester Abbey, Nov. 28, set. 59. Co- 
ronation of Charles at Bologna, as king of Italy, Feb. 22, and as emperor (the last 
crowned out of Germany), Feb. 24. Filibert, prince of Orange, killed in a battle 
before Florence ; surrender of the city, Aug. 12, after a siege of ten months; 
Alexander de' Medici appointed chief magistrate for life, with the title of duke 
of Penna ; the office made hereditary in his family. The isles of Malta and 
Gozo, and the city of Tripoli, in Africa, given to the Knights Hospitallers, for 
the permanent residence of their Order, March 23. Charles decides in favour of 
the duke of Ferrara, Dec. 21, his long struggle against the papal claims on his 
States. Luther draws up the Articles of Torgau. The Confession of Augsburg 
presented by the Protestant princes, June 25, to the Diet held in that city. Final 
decree of the Diet, Nov. 19, against the Protestants. Mendoza first viceroy of 
Spanish America. The duke of Savoy besieges Geneva, to restore the bishop, 
who had been expelled by the Refoniiers. Death of Andrea del Sarto, of the 
Florentine School, set. 42. The poet Vida, who had been patronized by Leo X., 
is still favoured by Clement. Death of Margaret, governess of the Netherlands, 
set. 50. Death of Sannazarius. 



1528 TO 1533 A.D. 



517 



Events and Eminent Men, 



A parliament, Jan. 16; the attoniey-j^eneral indicts tlie clergy for having in- 
fringed the " Statute of Provisors ;" they throw themselves on the king's mercy, 
are heavily fined, and pardoned; in their supplication, they address him as 
"supreme head of the church." Katharine resists every effort made to give her 
consent to a divorce ; Henry finally separates from her, June 14 ; she retires to 
Ampthill. Ferdinand, the emperor's brother, is elected king of the Romans : 
crowned at Fraucfort, Jan. 11. Clement resists the emperor's award till Oct. 12, 
when he gives up Modena to the duke of Ferrara, but from that time he begins 
to incline again in favour of Francis. Berne, Freyburg, and Zurich, compel the 
duke of Savoy to abandon the siege of Geneva. The Catholic cantons defeat 
the Zvirichers, at Cappel ; Zuinglius slain, set. 47. Christian TI., encouraged by 
his brother-in-law, the emperor, lands in Norway, and claims his lost throne. 
The Protestant princes unite in the league of Schmalkalden. Bui linger succeeds 
Zuinglius, and establishes the reformed worship in Zurich. Death of Oeco- 
lampadius, aet. 49. Michael Servetus publishes a treatise on the Errors of the 
Trinity. Death of Louisa of Savoy. 

A parliament, Jan. 15, prohibits the payment of annats, or first fruits, to the see 
of Rome. Henry, again cited by the pope, refuses to attend or to send a proxy ; 
renews his treaties with Francis, during an interview with him at Calais and 
Boulogne, Oct. 11 ; is married to Anne Boleyn, Nov . 14, by Rowland Lee, afterwards 
bishop of Coventry ; appoints Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury; Sir Thomas 
More resigns the office of chancellor. May 16, which the king gives to Sir Thomas 
Audley. The Ottomans advance again towards Germany ; the Diet of Nurem- 
berg secures religious liberty to the Protestants, till the meeting of a Free 
General Council, and raises a large army to oppose the invaders ; on the approach 
of this force Soliman retires. Definitive annexation of Britanny to France. 
The Florentines are persuaded by the historian, Guicciardini, and Baccio Va- 
lori, to surrender their liberties, May 1, and appoint Alexander de' Medici 
their absolute ruler and duke. Ancona treacherously seized by the papal general, 
Gonzaga. Clement arrives at Bologna, Dec. 8, to hold another conference with 
the emperor, who urges him strenuously to call a general council. Christian II. 
is captured by the Danes, and confined in Sonderburg till his death, in 1559. 
Albert, duke of Prussia, is put to the ban of the empire, but maintains himself 
against the German knights. John Calvin, or Chauvin, a native of Noyon, 
begins to preach at Paris. Conquest of Ten-a Firma ; Porto Bello and Cartha- 
gena founded; mines of Zacotecas discovered. Christ-Church College, Oxford, 
additionally endowed by Henry. The Protestant clergy introduce the custom of 
attiring themselves in black. 

Appeals to Rome prohibited by act of parliament, Feb. 4. Archbishop Cran- 
mer opens his consistorial court at Dunstable, May 10 ; declares Henry's marriage 
with Katharine unlawful and invalid. May 23 ; ratifies that with Anne Boleyn, 
May 28 ; she is crowned, June 1 ; birth of the princess Elizabeth at Greenwich, 
Sep. 7. The pope declares all Cranmer's proceedings null and void. Francis 
endeavours to mediate between Henry and Clement. The conference at Bologna 
continues to the end of February with little satisfaction to either the emperor or 
pope. Ambassadors from Portugal arrive there, accompanied by Alvarez, 
chaplain of Roderigo de Lima (see 1520), who, released from Abyssinia, misrepre- 
sents the sentiments of David, king of that country. Charles returns to Bpain. 
Meeting of the king of France and the pope at Marseilles, Oct 11. Marriage of 
Henry, duke of Orleans, second son of Francis, to Katharine de' Medici, Oct. 27. 
Death of John George, marquis of Montferrat, last of the family of Palseologus; 
leaving no heir, great contentions arise for the succession, which are referred to 
the emperor's decision. Cortes conquers Cuzco and Quito, the capitals of Peru. 
Magaret, queen of Navan'e, sister of Francis, avows heretical opinions ; her 
mysteries, farces, and novels give a great impulse to the literary efforts of France. 
The Gargantua of Rabelais published. The writings of Henry Howard, earl of 
Surrey, and Sir Thomas Wyatt refine the English language, and inspire a taste 
for poetry in the higher orders. Death of Ariosto, set. 59. 



51S 



FROM THE TJBAli 



Otto- 
I A.D, Heqiba. man Em- Popes. 
riRE. 



1534 



941—942 



1535 942—943 



1536 943—944 



1537 944—945' 



1538 



945—946 



15 Soli- 
man IJ, 



Cle- 
ment 
VII. 

^Sep 25 

1 Paul 
Til. 
Oct, 12. 



Poet- 

UGAL, 



19Cbas, 
I. em- 
peror of 

Germa- 



1539 946—947 



947—948 



20 — 

i 
I 



Dukes 
OF Ba- 
varia, 



27 Wil 
liam I, 



20- 



28- 



Prtjs- 

SIA. 



10 Al- 
bert. 



Bran- 
den- 
burg. 



Saxo- 



36 Joa- 3John 
chim I. Fre- 
deric. 



30- 



5 IS 23 31 



19 



1 Joa- 
chimll 



Bkuns 

WICK. 



3 Er- 
nest I, 



Ger- 
many, 



leChas. 
V. 



5 8- 



6 9- 



)'U TO 1540 A.D. 



>I9 



Eepe- 
lit'um 
Dates. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 

12 An- 
drea 
Gritti, 


Savoy. France. 


D EX- 
MA KK. 


SWE- 
1>KN. 


P(»- 

LANl). 

29Si- 
gio- 
muud 
I. 


H UK- 
GAB V. 



9 Fer- 
(linaud 
I. of 
Aus- 
tria. 


Russia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1534 


31 Chas. 
III. 


20 Fran- 
cis 1. 


1 Chris- 
tian 111. 


12GUS- 

taviis 

Vasa. 


2 Iwan 
IV. 


22Janie8 
V. 
Sep. 9. 


26 Hen- 1 

rv yiiij 

April 22. 


1535 


13 

1 
1 


32 


21 


2 


13 


30 


lo- 


3 


•23 


27 


1536 


1 

•14 


33 


22 




14 


31 


ll- 


4 


24 


28 

d Anne 

Boleyn. j 
m. Jane 1 
Seymour,' 


1537 


|l5 


34 


23 


4 


15 


32 


12 




25 


29 

b. Prince 
E.lward- 
d. Jane 
Seymour. 


1538 


16 


35 


24 




16 


33 


13 


6 


26 


30 

■ 


1539 


! 

' 1 Pietro 
Lando, 


36 


25 




17 


34 


14 


7 




1 

i 

31 j 


1540 


2 

1 

i 
j 


37 


26 


7 


18 


35- 


15 


8 


28 


32 

.«.Anne of; 
Cleves, 
divorced, 

m.Kuh^riae' 

Howard j 



520 



TKOM THE YEAH 



A.D 



1534 



1535 



1536 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The parliament, Jan. 15, confirms all Cranmer's sentences, and settles the suc- 
cession to the crown on the issue of the king's second marriage, March 30. 
Decree of the pope and cardinals against Henry, March 23. Another parliament, 
Nov. 3, declares the king to be the only supreme head on earth of the English 
church, and completes the final breach with Rome ; Sir Thomas More, and 
Fisher, bishop of Rochester, refuse to take the new oaths ; are committed to the 
Tower, and attainted. Revolt of the earl of Kildare in Ireland, encouraged by 
the emperor, is suppressed. Elizabeth Barton, the maid of Kent, and the accom- 
plices of her imposture, executed, April 20. Death of Clement; cardinal Alex- 
ander Farnese, elected pope, takes the name of Paul III. HayraddinBarbarossa, 
after having ravaged the coast of Italy, takes Tunis. The new pope fails in an 
attempt to seize Camerino for his son, Peter Louis ; creates his grandson, Alex- 
ander, a cardinal, set. 14. Death of Alfonso, duke of Ferrara ; his son, Hercules II., 
succeeds him. Christian III. inherits Denmark on the death of his father, 
Frederic I. The Sound opened to the Netherland merchants. Lubeck and the 
Hanse Towns make war on Denmark and Sweden, and excite revolts in favour of 
Christian II. Expulsion of the bishop of Geneva. The duke of Savoy fails in 
an attempt to restore him. Francis supports the Protestants in Germany, and 
persecutes them in France. The Anabaptists, under John of Leyden, gain pos- 
session of Munster. Loyola collects his first religious society in Paris. First 
complete edition of Luther's German Bible published in three vols. fol. Death 
of Antonio AUegri Correggio, head of the school of Parma, set. 40. Nicholas 
Copernicus, a native of Thorn, studies the true system of the universe. Tyn- 
dal retires to Antwerp; his translation of the New Testament is bought up 
and publicly burnt by Tonstal, bishop of London. Canada discovered by Cartier, 
a French navigator. 

Persecution of all who deny Henry's supremacy ; Fisher, after being created a car- 
dinal, is beheaded, June 22, and Sir Thomas More, July 6, set. 53. Cromwell, 
appointed vicar-general, sends commissioners for the visitation of monasteries. 
The pope excommunicates Henry, and lays his kingdom under an interdict, Aug. 
30 ; these once-dreaded fulminations are treated with contempt in England, and 
disregarded in other countries. Deputies from Florence complain to the em- 
peror of the usui-pation and misgovernment of Alexander de' Medici. Successful 
expedition of Charles V. and Andrew Doria against Tunis and Bona. Death of 
Francis Sforza, duke of Milan ; John Paul Sforza, a natural son of Ludovico il 
Moro, claims the succession, and dies suddenly at Florence. Leyva takes pos- 
session of the duchy for the emperor. Francis revives his claim and enters 
Savoy. Cortes founds Lima; the Peruvians revolt; Almagro attacks Chili. 
Paraguay settled by the Spaniards, and Buenos Ayres built. Truce between Fer- 
dinand and John von Zapolya. Christian III. and Gustavus Vasa defeat the 
revolted Danes and the Hanse Towns at Assens and near Boraholm. Calvin 
publishes the first exposition of his tenets, Olivetan translates the Scriptures 
into French. Tyndal and Miles Coverdale publish a more correct English ver- 
sion of the Bible. James V. of Scotland refuses to meet Henry and concert 
common measures for shaking off the yoke of Rome. The use of tobacco first 
known in Europe. 

Death of Katharine at Kimbolton, Jan. 6, aet. 50. The parliament, Feb. 4, passes 
an act for suppressing the lesser monasteries ; 376 of them granted to the king. 
The union between England and Wales completed. The convocation orders a 
new English version of the Scriptures, under the superintendence of Cranmer, 
Latimer, and other prelates. Anne Boleyn, accused of infidelity, committed to 
the Tower, May 2, without any proof of crime ; some of her attendants are exe- 
cuted, her brother, viscount Rochford, beheaded. May 17, and she undergoes the 
same fate. May 19. Marriage of Henry to Jane Seymour, May 20. The parlia- 
ment, June 8, settles the succession on the issue of this union. Insurrections in 
Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, and other parts, excited by the priesthood ; suppressed 
by the duke of Norfolk. Charles offers Milan to the duke of Angouleme, third 
son of Francis, who demands it for his second son, the duke of Orleans ; war con- 
tinued. The king of France takes Turin and attempts to surprise Genoa. The 



TO 1540 A.B. 



o21 



Events and Eminent Men. 



emperor invades Provence, loses half his army and his best general, Leyva, hyi 
sickness and want, marches back to Italy, and embarks for Spain, Nov. 15. 
Montferrat given to the duke of Mantua. Sudden death of the dauphin ; on sus- 
picion of having poisoned him, Count Sebastian Montecnccoli is cruelly put to 
death. James V. marries Magdalen, eldest daughter of Francis, who dies soon 
after her arrival in Scotland. Copenhagen surrenders to Christian III. Peace 
with the Hanse Towns ; order restored, and the Protestant religion established 
in Denmark. The League of Schmalkalden renewed for ten years. The pope 
endeavours to support his authority by a new Bull, In coend Drmiini. The ana- 
baptists of Munster suppressed ; John of Leyden put to death, June 2. Calvin 
preaches at Ferrara, is expelled, and settles at Geneva. Death of Erasmus, at. 
69. Reginald de la Pole, Peter Caraffa, and Jacopo Sadoleto, created cardinals. 
Final subjugation of Peru; discovery of California by Cortes. Death of Garci- 
laso de la Vega. 
Continued insurrections in England ; the leaders executed by martial law. Lords 
Hussey and Darcy beheaded. Birth of Edward, prince of Wales, Oct. 12 : death 
of Jane Seymour, Oct. 24. Alexander de' Medici assassinated, Jan. 6 ; Cosmo 
succeeds him. Truce for three months between France and Spain, Nov. 14. 
Castro in Apulia taken and plundered by the Turks ; they recommence war 
against Venice, and attack Corfu. Under the influence of his favourite sultana, 
Roxelana, Soliman concludes a treaty Avith Francis I. Igr^atius Loyola and his 
disciples are favourably received at Korae. Conquest of New Granada. 
General suppression of monasteries, and destruction of relics in England. Lambert 
disputes with the king in Westminster hall, and is burnt ; some anabaptists 
undergo the same punishment ; the marquis of Exeter and others executed for a 
conspiracy with cardinal de la Pole. Congress of Nice, Truce for ten years 
between France and Spain, June 18; accidental but friendly interview of Charles 
and Francis at Aigues Mortes. League against the Turks ; sea-fight off Prevesa ; 
Doria abandons his Venetian allies to be defeated by Barbarossa. The lakes 
Lucrinus and Avemus destroyed, and the Monte Nuovo formed, by a volcanic 
eruption, Sept. 29. Conquest of Arabia by the Turks. Marriage of James V. to 
I Mary, daughter of the duke of Guise. Dissensions among the Spaniards in 
i America; Almagro killed by Pizarro. League of Nuremberg between the em- 
peror and the Koman catholic princes of Germany. Peter Bembo created a cardinal. 
The parliament, April 28, passes the law of the six articles, confirms the surrender 
of the monasteries, and provides for new bishoprics. The English translation of 
the Bible allowed to be freely circulated. Anne of Cleves arrives in England, 
Dec. 27. The heavy taxes imposed on the Flemings cause a revolt at Ghent; 
on his way to suppress this insurrection, Charles passes through France, and 
arrives at Fontainebleau at the end of the year. The Venetians treat with the 
Turks for peace. Dissolution of the Spanish Cortes. Cranmer's Bible published. 
Calvin, at the head of the church of Geneva, founds the university there. The 
monastery of St Bartholomew, in London, converted into a hospital. 
Marriage of Henry to Anne of Cleves, Jan. 6. Disgrace of Cromwell, attainder 
and execution, July 2S. Divorce of Anne ; she passes the rest of her life in Eng- 
land, quietly retired, and enjoys her dowry. The king marries Katharine Howard, 
Aug. 8. Protestants and Catholics are alternately persecuted, according to the 
royal caprice. The parliament, April 12, confirms these measures and suppresses 
the Knights Hospitallers in England. Charles V. at Paris, Jan. 1, promises Milan 
to the duke of Orleans ; gives it, Oct. 12, to his own son, Philip. Submission of 
the Flemings ; they are punished by still heavier taxes, and the citizens of 
Ghent are deprived of their franchises and privileges ; many take refuge in Eng- 
land. Peace concluded between Venice and the Ottoman porte; the republic 
surrenders Napoli di Romania, Malvasia, and all her i-emaining possessions in 
the Morea. Death of John von Zapolya ; his infant son, John Sigismund, is sup- 
ported by the Turks in opposition to Ferdinand. Orellana explores the river 
of the Amazons ; Cortes returns to Spain. The society of the Jesuits organized, 
and their statutes approved by the pope. Trinity College, Cambridge, founded by 
Henry VIII. Cherry trees brought from Flanders, and planted in Kent. Death 
of Guicciardini, aet. 58, 



o r 



522 



TROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1541 



1542 



1543 



1544 



1545 



1546 



1547 



Hegiba. 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



948-9 



22 Soli- 
man II. 



949—950 



950—951 



951-952 



24 . 



25 . 



953 



954 



955 



27 . 



28 • 



Popes. 



8 Paul 
III. 
Oct. 12. 



Port- 
ugal. 



-I John 
III. 



22- 



23- 



25- 



Spain, 


Dukes 
OF Ba- 
varia. 


Prus- 
sia. 


26Cha8. 
I. em- 
peror 
of Ger- 
many. 
Chas. 
V. 


34 Wil- 
liam I. 


17 Al- 
bert. 


27 


35 


18 


28 


36 


19 


29 


37 


20 


30 


38 


21 


31 


39 


22 


32 


40 


23 



IJban- 

den 
burg 



Saxo- 
ny. 



7Joa-'lOJohn 
chlmll^rede- 
II. ric. 



10- 



13 



Bruns- 
wick. 



10 Er- 
nest I, 



14- 



IHen 
ryll. 
and 
Wil- 
liam. 



Ger- 
many, 



23Cha? 
V. 

king of 
Spain, 



24- 



27- 



28 



29- 



1511 TO 1547 A.D. 



523 



tit ion 
Dates. 



Doges 
OF Vk- 

NICE. 



3 Pietro 
Lando 



1542 



1543 



1545 



4546 



1547 



Savoy. 



38 Chas. 
III. 



FfiANCK. 



27 Frau- 
ds I. 



1 Fran 
cesco 
Donato. 



40 ■ 



28 . 



Den- 
mark. 



8 Chris- 
tian III. 



Swe- 
den. 



Po- 
land. 



19 Gus 
tavus 
Vasa. 



36Si- 
gis- 
mundl 



37- 



IIUN- 
OARY. 

16Fer- 
dinand 

\'^ 
Aus- 
tria. 



Russia. 



Scot- 
land. 



9 Iwan 
IV. 



30 ■ 



32 



1 Henry 14 
II. 



21 38 



18^ 



29 J as. V. 
Sept 9. 



Eng- 
land. 

33 Hen- 
ry VIII. 
April -I'l 



40- 



.30 34 

d. Dec. 14- rf Kahirii, 

1 Mary. Howard. 



35 

m. Katha- 
rine Parr, 
Lady La- 
timer. 



20- 



36 ■ 



38 • 



d Jan. 28, 

- Ed- 
wardVIJ 

Jau. i8. I 



524 



FROM TRY. TEAE 



AD. 



1541 



1542 



1543 



1544 



Events anl Eminent Men. 



An insurrection in Yorkshire, supposed to have been instigated by cardinal de la. 
i Pole, causes his mother, the dowager countess of Salisbury, to be beheaded, May 
27. Portions of the monastic revenues applied to endow new bishoprics : West- 
j minster, Peterborough, Chester, Gloucester, and Oxford founded. The history of 
Katharine Howard's early life revealed to the king. Two French envoys, on 
their way to Constantinople, seized and killed in Italy ; Francis demands satisfac- 
tion, and contracts leagues with Denmark, Sweden, and the Protestant States of; 
Germany. During a conference at Lucca, Sep. 10, the emperor again urges the , 
pope to hold a general council. Contrary to the advice of Andrew Doria, Charles ' 
undertakes his disastrous expedition against Algiers, Oct. 18— Dec. 3. Soliman i 
defeats Ferdinand and takes Buda ; he adds Hungary to the Ottoman empire, and ! 
give ! only Transylvania to the son of Zapolya. Diet of Katisbon ; the firs 
" Interim" refers the religious controversies to a general council. Maurice, dnk 
of Saxony, although a Protestant, refuses to join the League of Schraalkaldei- 
Tlie king of Portugal invites Francis Xavier and other Jesuits to undertakt ; 
missions in his colonies. Pizarro assassinated by Almagro's son, who is exe-| 
cuted by the governor, Decastro. Death of Carlstadt, the reformer of Basle ; and \ 
of the mysticist, Theophrastus Paracelsus. i 

The parliament, Jan. 6, passes bills of attainder against Katharine Howard and the j 
viscountess Rochford, who are beheaded, Feb. 13. War with Scotland, defeat of: 
the Scottish army at Solway, Nov. 24 ; birth of Mary, queen of Scots, Dec. S : \ 
death of her father, James V., Dec. 14. Cardinal Beaton obtains the regency in j 
her name. Henry takes the title of king of Ireland, that island being erected ' 
into a kingdom by act of parliament. The bishopric of Bristol instituted. War j 
renewed between France and Spain ; the dauphin besieges Perpignan, and 
is repulsed ; armies march, plunder and destroy the defenceless, but make no 
conquests. The pope issues a Bull, May 22, calling a general council to as= ; 
semble at Trent, Nov. 1 ; approved by the Diet of Spires, the meeting deferred ; 
Gardiner endeavours to restrict the reading of the translated Scriptures, Cranmer 
successfully resists the attempt. The Portuguese admitted to trade with Japan : 
Francis Xavier and his brother Jesuits arrive in India. Las Casas delivers : 
Charles V. a protest against the cruelties practised on the native American 
courts are established for their protection. Tlie South of Europe devastated h 
flights of locusts. Syracuse and other towns in Sicily nearly destroyed h 
earthquakes. 

Treaty with Scotland for the marriage of prince Edward to the young queen ; or 
structed by cardinal Beaton and the French party. Henry is reconciled to tli 
emperor, and concludes a league with him against France. The parliament, .la, 
22, grants supplies and enacts that the king's book, " The Erudition of a Christia ,; 
Man," is to be received as the standard of religious faith. Marriage of Henry to 
Katharine Parr, widow of lord Latimer, July 12. The pope, offended by the em- 
peror's league with a heretic, seeks an interview with him, which Charles 
avoids ; they meet for a few hours at Busseto, June 22. and part unsatisfactorily. 
Paul disappointed in his in-oject of obtaining Milan for his son. Campaign of 
Charles against the duke of Cleves, ally and general of Francis. Siege of Nice 
by the French, under the count d'Enghien, assisted by a Turkish fleet under 
Barbarossa. Progress of the Turks in Hungary; Gran, Fiinfkirchen and Stuhl- 
weissenburg submit to them. Marriage of Philip, prince of Spain, to Maria, 
daughter of the king of Portugal. Hermann, archbishop and elector of Cologne, 
favours the protestant opinions, and invites Melancthon and Bucer to reform his 
church. Death of Copernicus, get. 70 ; in fear of persecution, he defers till his last 
days the publication of his great work, De Orbium Coelestium Eevolutionibus. An- 
drew Vesalius of Brussels publishes his celebrated work on Anatomy, with plates 
by Titian. Death of Luther's adversary, Eck, protector of the university of 
Ingolstadt. 

Queen Katharine prevails on Henry to restore his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, 
to the right of succession, which is enacted by the parliament, Jan. 14. Gardiner, 
bishop of Winchester, fails in an attempt to prejudice the king against Katharine 
on account of her adhering to the Protestant faith. War with Scotland ; the earl 



TO lol7 A.D. 



525 




of Hertford, after taking Edinburgh, Haddington, and other towns, abandons them, 
and returns to England. Defeat of the imperialists by the French, at Ceresuola, 
April 14. War with France; Henry entrusts the regency to his queen, and 
lauds at Calais, July 14; takes Boulogne, Sept. 14, and besieges Montreuil. The 
emperor advances to the river Marne, and concludes a separate treaty of peace 
with Francis at Crespy, Sep. 18. Henry returns to England, Sep. 30. The pope, 
Nov. 30, calls the council of Trent to meet Marcli 25. The Diet of Spires 
makes concessions to the Protestants, which irritate the pope. Holstein and 
Schleswig divided by the king of Denmark with his brotliers. The Diet of 
Westeras declares the throne of Sweden hereditary in the family of Gustavus 
Vasa, and Protestantism to be the religion of the land. Cranmer is permitted to 
publish an English litany. The university of Konigsberg founded. Birth of Tasso. 

The French attempt a landing in England ; are repulsed near the Isle of Wight, 
and return to their own ports. The parliament, Nov. 23, places at the king's dis- 
posal the revenues of the universities, and of all similar institutions. The 
queen intercedes for Cambridge, of which, as well as of Oxford, the endowments 
are preserved. Death of the duke of Orleans, set. 23, soon after having received 
the emperor's promise of his daughter, Maria, with the duchy of Milan for her 
dowry. The pope alienates Panna and Placentia to his son, Peter Louis Famese, 
with the title of duke. The council of Trent, the nineteenth and last general 
council, opened Dec. 13. Persecution of the Waldenses. Discovery of the mines 
of Potosi. Birth of Don Carlos of Spain, July 8. 

Peace with France and Scotland, at Campe, June 7. Disease inflames Henry's 
petulance ; but to the last he protects Cranmer. Persecution of Anne Askew 
and others. Queen Katharine, although most affectionate, escapes only by 
great prudence from the machinations of Gardiner and Wriothesley. The duke 
of Norfolk and the earl of Surrey committed to the Tower. Death of Luther, 
Feb. 18, set. 62. The archbishop of Cologne deprived of his see by the pope, and 
of his electorate by the emperor. Diet of Ratisbon. The Protestants reject the 
acts of the council of Trent. The elector of Saxony and landgrave of Hesse put 
to the ban of the empire. League between the emperor and the pope, June 22. 
Charles collects an army, and commences hostilities against the Protest- 
ants. Maurice, the Protestant duke of Saxony, sides with him and attacks the 
electorate. The duke of Wirtemberg, the elector palatine, and many imperial 
cities, submit. Protestants persecuted in Scotland ; Wishart burnt ; assassina- 
tion of cardinal Beaton, May 28. Socinus founds an Anti-Trinitarian Society in 
Italy. Death of the cardinal Peter Bembo, set. 76, and Jacopo Sadoleto. Death 
of Hayraddin Barbarossa. Death of Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk. Birth 
of Tycho Brahe. St. Bartholomew's Hospital incorporated by Henry VIII. 

The earl of Surrey beheaded, Jan. 19. A bill of attainder passed, Jan. 14, against 
the duke of Norfolk, who is saved by the death of the king, Jan. 28, set. 56- 
The earl of Hertford created duke of Somerset, regent or protector to Edward VI., 
set. 10. Wriothesley, earl of Southampton, deprived of the chancellorship and 
excluded from the council. The neAv government promotes the Reformation. 
War with Scotland ; defeat of the Scots at Pinkey, Sep. 10. The parliament, 
Nov. 4, repeals the law of the six articles, and most of the arbitrary acts passed 
during Henry's reign. Marriage of queen Katharine to Sir Thomas Seymour, 
the protector's brother. Death of Francis I., March 31, set. 53; he is succeeded 
by his son, Henry, whose queen is Katharine de' Medici. Conspiracy of Fiesco, 
count of Lavagna, at Genoa, Jan. 2. The pope's son, duke of Parma, suspected of 
beiug an accomplice in this plot, is assassinated, Sep. 10; his son. Octavius, suc- 
ceeds him. The emperor detaches the marquis of Brandenburg from the Pro- 
testant league ; defeats them at Miihlberg, April 24 ; the elector of Saxony 
made prisoner, is deprived of his States ; the landgrave of Hesse treacherously 
seized after the battle. The pope orders the council to be transferred from Trent 
to Bologna ; the emperor forbids the prelates of Germany to remove. Insuirection 
of Naples against the introduction of the Inquisition. Cranmer's first book of 
Homilies published. John Knox preaches in Scotland. Lselius Socinus retires 
from Italy into Switzerland. St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, founded. Birth of 
Cervantes. 



526 



FROM THE YEAE 



A,D. 


Hegi- 


Otto- 
man Em- 


Popes 


Port- 


Spain. 


Dukes 
OF Ba- 


Prus- 


Bran- 
den- 


Saxo- 


Bruns- 


Ger- 




RA. 


pire. 

29 Soli- 
man II. 




ugal. 




varia. 


sia. 


burg. 


ny. 


wick. 


many. 


1548 


S56 


15Paul 
III. 

Oct. 12. 


28 John 

III. 


.33Chas. 
I. tw- 

peror 

of Ger- 
many. 

Chas. 
V. 


41 Willi- 
am I. 


24 Al- 
bert. 


14 Jo- 
achim 
II. 


IMau- 
rice. 


3 Henr\ 
II. and 
Wil- 
liam. 


aoCbas. 
V. 

king of 
Spaiu. 


1549 


957 


30 


16 

(/.Nov. 10 


29 — - 


34 


42 


25^— 


15 


2 


4 


31 — 


1550 


958 


31 


1 Ju- 
lius 
III. 

Feb. 8. 


30 


35 


1 Albert 
III. 


26 


16 


3 


5 


32 


1551 


959 


32 


2 


31 


36 


2 


27 


17 


4 


6 


33 


1552 


960 


33 


3 


32 


37 


3 


28 


18 


5 


7 


j 
34 


1553 


961 ' 


34 


4 


33 


38 


4 


29 


19 


1 Au- 

,'US tus. 


8 


35 


1551 


962 


35 


5 


34 


39 


5 


30 


20 


2 


9 


36 



1543 TO 1551 A.D. 



527 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


DOOES 

OP Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


France. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Hun- 
gary. 


Russia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1548 


4 Fran- 
cesco 
Dona to. 


45 Chas. 
111. 


2 Henry 
11. 


ISChris- 
tian in. 


26 Gns- 
tavus 
Vasa, 


1 Si- 

gis- 

mund 

If. 

Au- 
gus- 
tus. 


23Fer- 
dinand 

I. of 
Aus- 
tria. 


16 Iwan 
IV. 


7 Mary 
Dec, 14. 


2 Ed- 
ward VI. 
Jan. 28. 


1549 


i 


46 


3 


16 


27 


2 


24 


17 


8 


3 


1550 


1 

t 
1 


47 


4 


17 


28 


3 


25 


18 -^ 


9 


4 


1551 


7 


48 


5 


18 


29 


4 


26 


19 


10 


5 


1552 


8 


49 


6 


19 — 


30 — ' 


5 


27 


20 


11 


6 


1553 


1 Marco 
Antonio 
Trevi- 
sano. 


1 Ema- 
nuel Fi- 
liberto. 


7 


20 


31 — 


6 


28 


21 


12 


7 

d. July 6 
1 Mary. 
July 6. 


1554 


1 Fran- 
cescoVe- 
niero. 


2 


8 


21 


32 


7 


29 


22 


13 


2 

m. Pl.iiip 
of Spain- 



528 



FIiO?vI THE TEAK 



A.D. 



1548 



1549 



1550 



1551 



1552 



Events and Emjnent Men. 



Progress of the Reformation in England ; images removed from churches ; the 
communion service introduced. The queen of Scotland taken to France and affi- 
anced to the dauphin; a French force arrives in Scotland, besieges Haddington, 
is driven back by the earl of Shrewsbury. Death of queen Katharine ; her lins- 
band, now lord Seymour, and high admiral, quarrels with his brother ; intrigues 
of Dudley, earl of Warwick ; Seymour committed to the Tower. Marriage of 
Jane d'Albret, daughter of Henry, king of Navarre (see 1527), to Anthony de 
Bourbon, descended in the male line from Louis, first duke of Bourbon, son of 
Robert, fifth son of Louis IX. The emperor gives the electorate of Saxony to 
duke Maurice, leaving to John Frederic only Thuringen ; he holds a Diet at Augs- 
burg, where he issues another *' Interim," that satisfies neither Protestants nor 
Catholics ; the pope very indignant that a temporal prince should frame a reli- 
gious creed ; he endeavours to contract a new alliance with the king of France, 
who visits Italy, but finds the principal States very averse to war. Charles calls 
his son Philip into Germany ; gives his daughter, Maria, in marriage to his 
brother Ferdinand's son, Maximilian, whom he deputes as his vice-gerent in 
Spain. The Leipsic " Interim," prepared by the elector Maurice, is accepted by 
some Protestants. Bucer, Fagius and other learned foreigners in Oxford, assist 
in reforming the English church. The university of Jena founded. Introduc- 
tion of the orange-tree from China into Portugal. 
Lord Seymour beheaded, March 20. The Book of Common Prayer adopted. The 
clergy allowed to marry. Discontent of the people ; in Devonshire the insur- 
gents are defeated by lord Russel. Rett's rebellion in Norfolk, suppressed by 
the earl of Warwick. Gardiner and Bonner committed to the Tower. Conspiracy 
in the council against Somerset ; he is sent to the Tower, and resigns the protec- 
torship ; fined and released, Dec. 23. The earl of Warwick, head of the council. 
Lord RuBsel created earl of Bedford. The pope resumes Parma, which his grandson 
Octavius refuses to give up; death of Paul III. Nov. 10, set. 82; the papal chair 
vacant three months. Dragut Rais, the successor of Barbarossa, besieges Tripoli, 
which is defended by the knights of Malta. Francis Xavier goes to Japan. The 
Jesuits arrive in Brazil. Somerset House built by the protectoi-. 
The council concludes peace with France and Scotland, March 24: Boulogne re- 
stored. Agreement for a marriage between Edward VI. and Elizabeth, daughter 
of the French king. Gardiner deprived of the see of Winchester. The bishopric 
of Westminster united to London, and given to Ridley. Conception built, for 
the seat of government in Chili. Giorgio Vasari, a Florentine artist, publishes 
his Lives of the Painters. Death of Paul Fagius. Birth of Sir Edv/ard Coke. 
Arbitrary proceedings of the regency to enforce religious uniformity. More bishops 
displaced. The princess Mary endeavours to escape to her cousin, the emperor, 
who, by his protest, obtains for her permission to celebrate mass privately. War- 
wick created duke of Northumberland. The duke and duchess of Somerset, with 
many of their friends, accused of conspiracy, Oct. 16 ; he is brouglit to trial, 
Dec. 1, and condemned. The duke of Parma invites the support of the French 
king ; the pope concludes a league with the emperor. Charles employs force to 
establish his '* Interim," in Germany ; many of his friends are alienated. The 
elector Maurice forms a secret combination with many Protestant princes. The 
Turkish fleets ravage the coast of Sicily ; fail in an attack on Malta ; but compel 
the knights to surrender Tripoli. Ferdinand obtains possession of Transylvania. 
The council of Trent opened again. May, 1. Henry II. recalls all the French 
prelates. Death of Martin Bucer, aet. 60. Socinus goes into Poland. The Steel- 
yard Company (see 1232) lose their privileges. St. Thomas's Hospital, London, 
founded. Origin of Shrewsbury school. 
Execution of Somerset, Jan. 22, followed by that of many of his friends. Parlia- 
ment, Jan. 23, passes the first Act to make provision for paupers ; after sitting five 
years, refuses to concur in some of Northumberland's measures, and is dissolved, 
April 15. Instructions to sheriffs to influence the electors in their choice of 
members. Tonstal deprived of the bishopric of Durham. The king attacked 
by the measles and small-pox, which bring on symptoms of a consumption. The 
elector Maurice concludes his treaty with the king of France and the German 



1548 TO 1554 A.D. 



529 



Events and Eminent Men. 



princes, Jan. 15 ; occupies the passes of the Tyrol, and surprises the emperor at 
Inspruck, who escapes with difficulty to Willach ; the fathers of the church take 
flight from Trent. April 28 ; treaty of Passau ; the landgrave of Hesse is set at 
liberty, the " Interim " revoked, and religious freedom secured to the Protestants. 
The king of France takes Metz, Toul, Verdun, and all Lorraine ; prohibits the 
exportation of money, and threatens to shake off the yoke of Rome ; the pope, 
finding his treasury empty, concludes a separate treaty, April 29, leaving the 
duke of Parma in possession of his States. Soliman recommences war in Hun- 
gary, takes Temeswar and Vesprim, is repulsed at Eger. Andrew Doria is 
obliged to retire before a Turkish fleet, July 15, leaving seven of his ships. 
Death of Paul Jovius the historian, of Frances Xavier, the Jesuit missionary, 
and of Hermann, the deposed archbishop of Cologne. French tragedy originated 
by the Cleopatra of Etienne Jodelle. Death of Leland the antiquary. 

The parliament, March 1, divides the diocese of Durhani ; its regalities are given 
to Northumberland. A new settlement of the crown, June 21, excludes the prin- 
cesses Mary and Elizabeth, as well as the young queen of Scotland, and gives the 
succession to the next heiress, the lady Jane Grey, wife of lord Guildford Dud- 
ley, and eldest daughter of Thomas Grey, marquis of Dorset and duke of Suffolk, 
by his marriage with Frances Brandon, only surviving child of Mary, second 
daughter of Henry VIIL, married {see 1514- i5) to Charles Brandon, duke of Suf- 
folk. Sir James Hales refuses to sign the patent; Cecil, secretary of state, at- 
tests the king's signature. Death of Edward VI., July 6, itt. 16. Lady Jane Grey 
proclaimed against her will. Mary escapes to Framlingham, asserts her claim, 
and is supported by the nation. Retirement of lady Jane Grey, July 16. North- 
umberland beheaded, Aug. 22. Imprisonment of lady Jane, her husband and father. 
The Catholic religion restored. The duke of Norfolk and the deposed bishops 
released ; Gardiner lord chancellor. The parliament, Oct. 5, repeals all the 
statutes of the late reign Avith regard to religion. Negotiations for the queen's 
marriage with the emperor's son, Philip. The emperor is driven from the siege 
of Metz, and leaves the king of France in possession of all his conquests. Albert, 
margrave of Brandenburg, persists in a predatory warfare against the Catholics ; 
he is defeated at Sievershausen by the elector Maurice, and compelled to lay down 
his aiTDS ; but the conqueror falls in tlie battle. The French, supported by a Tur- 
kish fleet, conquer the greater part of Corsica from tlie Genoese. Jane of Navarre 
(see 1548) gives birth to a son at Pau, the future Henry IV. of France. An En- 
glish captain, Canseller, discovers the passage round the North Cape to Arch- 
angel ; the czar Iwan encourages the trade thus opened. The Spaniards penetrate 
to New Mexico, and the Portuguese extend their settlements in Brazil to the 
river Plata. Socinus preaches successfully in Poland. Michael Servetus per- 
secuted at Vienne in Dauphiny for his " Christianismi Restitutio," escapes to 
Geneva, meaning to seek refuge in Poland ; under the influence of Calvin, he is 
condemned and burnt there. Birth of Edmund Spenser. Death of Rabelais, set. 70. 
Edward VI. founds Christ's Hospital, London; incorporates and adds to the en- 
dowments of St. Bartholomew's and St. Thomas's. 

The treaty for Mary's marriage signed, Jan. 15. Sir Thomas Wyatt fails in his 
rebellion, and is executed, Feb. 6 ; the princess Elizabeth sent to the Tower. 
Lady Jane Grey, set. 17, and her husband, beheaded, Feb. 12 ; her father, Feb. 23. 
The parliament, April 5, reunites the bishopric of Durham, to which Tonstal is 
restored ; refuses to revive the laws of the six articles, and against heresy, is dis- 
solved, May 5. Philip arrives at Southampton, July 10; is married to the 
queen at Winchester, by bishop Gardiner, July 25. The new parliament, Nov. 
12, allows the legate, cardinal de la Pole, to reconcile England to the pope; but 
stipulates, that the alienated church property shall be secured to its present 
holders ; Philip is not permitted to be crowned, or to have any authority in the 
country. His father gives up to him Naples and Sicily. The Saxon princes 
settle their differences by the treaty of Naumburg. Andrew Doria, now set. 84, 
recovers the greater part of Corsica for the Genoese. Birth of Sir Philip Sidney. 
Mary of Guise, the queen-mother, regent in Scotland. Trinity College, Oxford, 
founded by Sir Thomas Pope. Death of Holbein, set. 56. 

— 



530 



TROM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



Hegt- 

RA.. 



i Otto- 1 

MAN Em- Popes. 

I riRE, 



1555 



,36 Soli- 
mau II, 



1556 



6 Julius 

111. 

Feb. 8, 
d. Mar. 5. 

1 Mar- 
cellusll. 

April 9. 
d. April bO. 

1 Paul 

IV. 

May 23. 



37 . 



Port- 
ugal. 



3-5 John 

111. 



36- 



1557 



965 



1558 



Dukes 
of Ba- 
varia. 



40Clias. 
1. em- 
peror of 
Germa- 
ny. 
Chas. 
V. 



Chas. 

resigns. 
1 Phi- 
lip II. 



6 Al- 
bert 
III. 



I Bran- 
Prus- den- 
sia. burg. 



31 Al- 
bert. 



138 . 



1559 967 



1 Se- 
bas- 
tian. 



1560 



5 

d. a us. IS, 
1 Pius 
IV. 
Dec 24. 



Saxo- Bruns- 

NY. WICK. 



Ger- 
many 



32-- 



V. 

hxng of\ 
iSpain 



23- 



38- 



21 Joa- 3 Au- 10 Hen- srChas. 
chimll.l gus ry II. 
tus, and 

I Wil- 
liam. 



12 Wil-39- 
liam. 

alone. 



35 25 



7 14 



36 !26 ' 8 15 



1 Per- 
il inand 
1. 



1555 TO 15G0 A.D. 



531 



Repe- 
tition I 
Dates,, 



1555 



1556 



1557 



Doges 
OP Ve- 
nice. 

'2 Fran- 
cesco 
Veni- 
ero. 



1 Loren- 
zo Pri- 
uli. 



1558 



1559 



1560 



SAvor, 



• Eman- 
uel Fi- 
liberto. 



France. 



9 Hen- 
ry II. 



22 Chris- 
tian 111. 



Den- 
mark. 



Swe- 
den. 



Po- Hun- 
land. GARY. 



23 • 



33 Glis- 
tavus 
Vasa. 



34 ■ 



8 Si- |30Fer- 
gis- diaand 
[mund 



II. 

A.U- 
^ustus. 



35 • 



25 



36 



l; Fran- 
cis II 



1 Chas. 
IX. 



1 Frede- 
ric II 



37 



Aus- 
tria- 



23 I wan 
IV. 



Russia. 



Scot- 
land. 



HMary. 
Dec. 11 



24. 



32 

United 
to Ger- 
many 



WlR- 
TEM- 
BEEG. 

9 Chris- 
topher 



25 . 



1 Erik 
XIV. 



Eng- 
land. 

3 Mary. 
July 6. 



-I o - 
d. Nov. 17. 
1 Eliza- 
beth. 
Nov- 17 



28- 



532 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1555 



1556 



1557 



1558 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Cardinal de la Pole recommends that the English Protestants should be mildly 
treated; Gardiner urges severity ; his opinion prevails, and a court for the trial 
of heretics is opened under his presidency, Jan. 28. His first victim, John Rogers, 
a prebendary of St. Paul's, is burnt in Smithfield, Feb. 4. Ridley and Latimer 
suffer at Oxford, Oct. 8 ; seventy-two are sacrificed at the stake this year. The 
pope demands the restitution of church-lands and Peter's pence; Mary gives up 
all that are still held by the crown. The parliament, Oct. 21, refuses a subsidy, 
and rejects bills proposed for facilitating persecution. Death of Oardiner, Nov. 
12. Heath, archbishop of York, appointed chancellor. Philip leaves London, 
Aug. 26; sails from Dover, Sep. 4; receives the Netherlands, by his father's re- 
signation, Oct. 25, and appoints the duke of Savoy governor. The Diet of Augs- 
burg, Sep. 25, confirms the treaty of Passau and the religious freedom of the 
Protestants. Death of Julius IIL, Feb. 8, and of Marcellus II., April 30; their 
successor, Paul IV. (cardinal John Peter Caraffa, founder of the Theatines and 
restorer of the Inquisition), although now set. 80, begins to create general con- 
fusion by his arrogance and nepotism ; despoils the Colonna family, gives their 
lands and dignities to his own relatives ; and enters into a league with the king 
of France to take Naples from the emperor, Cosmo de' Medici, having assisted 
the Imperialists to take Sienna, in expectation of obtaining it for himself, is 
disappointed by Charles V., who gives it to his son Philip. Death of Henry 
d'Albret; Lower Navarre descends to his daughter, Jane, and her husband, An- 
tony de Bourbon. Sternhold and Hopkins complete the version of the Psalms in 
English metre. Death of Polydore Virgil. John Kn o with Calvin at Geneva. 

Cranmer suffers at Oxford, March 21, aet. 67. The total number of Protestants burnt 
in England this year is 94 ; many others fined, imprisoned, or their property con- 
fiscated. Cardinal de la Pole appointed archbishop of Canterbury ; is deprived of 
his legatine power by the pope. A truce for five years concluded between the 
emperor and the king of France, at Versailles, Feb. 5. Charles V. resigns Spain 
and all its dependencies to his son, Philip, FelD. 6, In Sept. he gives up the im- 
perial dignity to his brother, Ferdinand, king of the Romans, and retires to the 
monastery of St. Just, near Placencia, in Spain. Paul IV. claims the disposal of 
the German empire, and deters the electors from acknowledging Ferdinand's title ; 
he administers the government in his brother's name. The pope absolves the 
king of France from the obligations of the truce just concluded, and prevails upon 
him to renew the war, according to his treaty, for the conquest of Naples. Philip 
cedes Piacenza to the duke of Parma, and obtains his alliance ; he sends the duke 
of Alva to invade the papal territories , the duke of Guise brings a French army 
to assist the pope, and induces the duke of Ferrara to join him. Death of Ignatius 
Loyola, set. 65, and of Johan. Sleidan, the historian of the Reformation. 

Philip arrives in England, March 20; having obtained a declarationof war against 
France, June 7, he departs, July 7. The earl of Pembroke is sent to the Nether- 
lands with 10,000 men, and joins the army commanded by Emanuel Filibert, duke 
of Savoy. Defeat of the French at St. Quentin, Aug. 10 ; their commander, the 
constable Montmorency, taken prisoner. To commemorate this victory, Philip 
afterwards builds the Escurial, and proposes to give the queen's sister, Elizabeth, 
in marriage to the duke of Savoy. Henry II. recalls the duke of Guise from 
Italy, and the pope is compelled to make peace, Sep. 14. Inquisitorial powers 
granted to Bonner for punishing heresy, are exercised by him with revolting 
barbarity; 79 victims perish at the stake this year. Congregation of reformers 
in Scotland. Deed of union signed at Edinburgh, Dec. 3. Ambassadors from 
Russia conclude a commercial treaty at London, May 1. Death of Anne of Cleves, 
in her palace at Chelsea, July 16, set. 41. The College of St. John the Baptist, Ox- 
ford, built by Sir Thomas V^hite, an alderman of London, and Gonville College, 
Cambridge, enlarged by Dr. John Caius. Sir John de Valette, elected grand 
master of the knights of Malta, founds the city and fortress which bear his name. 

Calais taken by the duke of Guise, Jan. 7. The parliament, Jan. 20, grants supplies. 
Unsuccessful expedition against Brest ; victory of the Spaniards at Gravelines, 
July 13, assisted by the English fleet. Marriage of the queen of Scots to the 
dauphin Francis, April 18. Elizabeth refuses proposals of marriage, made by 



1555 TO 1500 A.D. 



533 



Events and Eminent Men. 



the king of Sweden, for his son Erik. Bonner having condemned 39 more to the 
flames, is stopped by the death of queen Mary, Nov. 17, fet. 43, and the acces- 
sion of Elizabeth, who turns away from him when he is presented to her ; she 
adds eii^ht Protestant members to her council of state, and appoints Sir Nicholas 
Bacon lord chancellor, and Sir William Cecil secretary of state ; releases all who 
are imprisoned, and recalls all who are exiled ; orders the celebration of mass to 
be discontinued in her cliapel, and the service to be read in English. Philip 
makes her an offer of marriage, which she rejects. Ferdinand I. is acknowledged 
as emperor, and crowned at Frankfort, March 14. Charles V. celebrates his own 
obsequies ; soon after which, Sep. 21, he dies in his retirement, set. 59. The bel- 
ligerents in Flanders agree to a suspension of arms, Oct. 17, Death of cardinal 
de la Pole, Nov. 18 ; a pestilential fever carries off twelve bishops. Death of the 
philologist Julius Caesar Scaliger, The Salters' Company, London, founded. 

Coronation of Elizabeth, Jan. 15; the surviving bishops, all Catholics, refuse to 
olficiate ; the bishop of Carlisle is prevailed on to perform the ceremony. The 
pope denies her right to the crown: she recalls her ambassador from Eorae. 
The Protestants greatly predominate in the new parliament, Jan. 25, and restore 
the religious institutions of Edward VI., May 8. Dr. Kitchen, bishop of Landaff, 
takes the oath of supremacy; all the other bishops refuse, and are degraded; 
Mathew Parker archbi.shop of Canterbury. Peace of Cateau Cambresis, April 2. 
Philip marries Isabella, the French king's daughter, who had been previously 
promised to his son, Don Carlos. Savoy restored to Emanuel Filibert, who marries 
Margaret, sister of Henry II. Return of Philip to Spain, leaving his sister, 
Margaret, duchess of Parma, governess of the Netherlands; he refuses the order 
of the G-arter. sent by Elizabeth. Henry II,, accidentally wounded at a tourna- 
ment, dies, July 20, ffit. 41 ; his son, Francis II. , husband of Mary Stuart, succeeds, 
set. 16; France is governed by his mother, Katharine de' Medici, and his wife's 
uncles, the duke of Guise and the cardinal of Lorraine. John Knox returns 
from Geneva, and promotes the Reformation in Scotland; the queen regent 
opposes it by persecution, and French troops are sent to support her ; the lords 
of the congregation apply to Elizabeth for assistance. In Spain the Inquisition 
begins its reign of terror; the archbishop of Toledo is imprisoned; cardinal 
Granville, bishop of Arras, attempts to introduce the tribunal into the Nether- 
lands ; the resistance of the people is encouraged by William of Nassau, prince 
of Orange, and the count Egmont. The councillor, Anne Dubourg, the first 
victim of persecution in France, suffers on the Place de Greve, Dec. 23. The 
people of Rome break open the prisons of the Inquisition, set free its captives, 
pull down part of its palace, and destroy its records. The pope is compelled by 
the notorious vices of his nephews to banish them from Rome ; he dies soon 
after this, set, 84, and is succeeded by cardinal John Angelode' Medici, Pius IV. 
The Index Expurgatorius, or list of books prohibited by the coimcil of Trent, 
is carried into effect by a papal commission. Cardinal Henry, regent of Por- 
tugal, allows the Jesuits to educate his nephew, and govern the kingdom, 

Elizabeth sends a fleet and army to assist the Scotch reformers. Death of the 
queen regent, June 10. Treaty of Edinburgh, July 5. The French evacuate 
Scotland, and stipulate that Mary shall renounce her claim on the throne of 
England, Mary and her husband refuse to ratify this treaty. Her subjects 
abolish the mass, and establish the Presbyterian church. Rebellion of Shan 
O'Neale in Ireland. Ascendancy of the House of Guise in France ; league of 
Amboise against them ; arrest of the king of Navarre and the prince de Conde. 
Death of Francis IE, Dec, 5; his brother, Charles IX., succeeds, £et. 10; Kath- 
arine retains the regency, and coalesces with the reformers to counteract the 
Guise family ; the duke de Conde is saved, the constable de Montmorenci re- 
called, and the king of Navarre appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom. 
Pius IV. acknowledges the emperor Ferdinand. Death of Gustavus Vasa, 
Sep, 29, pet. 70 : his son, Erik, succeeds him ; his younger sons have Finland, East 
Gothland, and Sudermania. Deathof Andrew Doria, Nov. 25 set. 94; andof Melanc- 
thon, a?t. 63. Birth of Anninius. Annibale Caracci, and Maximilian de Bethune, 
afterwards the duke of Sully. Westminster School founded by Elizabeth. 



53 4 



FnOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1561 



Hegira. 



9—970 



Otto- 
man Em- Popes. 

PIRE. 



42 Soli- 
man II, 



1562 970-971 



1563 



1564 



971—972 



972-973 45 



1565 



1566 



3 Pius 
IV. 

Dec. 24 



973-974 



974-975 



975—976! 



46 . 



1 Selim 
II. 



Port- 
ugal. 



5 Se- 
bas- 
tian. 



Spain. Bava- Prus- 

RIA. SIA, 



6 Phi- 
lip II. 



12 Al- 
bert 
III, 



13- 



.37 Al- 
bert. 



1 Pius 10- 
V. 

Jan. 7. 



Bran- 
den- 
burg. 



27 Jo- 
acliim 
II. 



28- 



39- 



40- 



Saxo-Bruns- 

NY. i WICK. 



9 Au- 16 Wil- 
gustus, liam. 



29- 



43- 



31- 



32- 



33- 



18- 



20- 



Ger- 

MANY, 



4Fer- 
diuaud 
I, 



1 Max- 
imili- 
an II 



561 TO 1567 A.D. 



D^.) 



Repe- 
tition 
Date^. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


France. 


Den- 
ma KK. 


Swe- 
den. 

2 Erik 
XIV. 


Po- 
land. 


WlR- 
T EM- 
BERG. 


Russia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1561 


3Giro- 

lamo 

Priuli. 


9 Ema- 
nuel Fi- 
liberto. 


2 Chas. 
IX. 


3 Fre- 
deric II. 


USi- 
gis- 
mund 
II. Au- 
gustus. 


12 

Chris- 
topher 


29 Iwau 
IV. 


20 Mary. 
Dec. 11. 


4 Eli- 
zabeth. 

Nov. 17. 


1562 


4 

i 


10 — 


3 


4 


3 


15 


13 


80 


21 


5_ 


1563 


! 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 
1 


11 — 


4~ 


5 




18 


14 


31 


22 


6 


158-1 


6 


12 


5 


6 


5 


17 


15 


32 


23 


7 


1565 


i 

1 
! 


13 


6 


7 


6 


18 


16 


33 


24 


8 


1566 


: 8 — 


14 


7 


8 


7 


19- 


17 


34 


25 


9_ 


1567 


1 Pietro 

Lore- 

dano. 


15 


8 


9 


8 


20 


18 


35 


resigns, 
July 24. 
1 flames 
VI. 


10 

























536 



TBOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1561 



1562 



1563 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Return of queen Mary to Scotland, Aug. 19 ; she is molested by John Knox and 
her subjects, for her adherence to the Catholic faith, and seeks the good-will of 
Elizabeth, but offends her by still withholding her assent to the treaty of Edin- 
burgh. The wise government of Elizabeth lays the foundation of England's 
power and prosperity, and gives free scope to the spirit of the nation ; she 
declines many proposals of marriage ; lord Robert Dudley, a son of the late 
duke of Northumberland, becomes her favourite ; she imprisons the earl of 
Hertford, son of the late protector Somerset, for having married, without her 
consent, Katharine, the younger sister of lady Jane Grey. The conference of 
Poissy inflames religious discord in France. The king of Navarre and Mont- 
morenci join the Guise faction, obtain possession of the young king's person, 
and constrain the queen-regent to act with them. Edict against the reformers, 
now called Huguenots {see 1519) ; Conde and Coligni prepare to take up arms. 
The members of the Caraffa family, convicted of many crimes, are condemned 
to death by the pope, March 3, and the sentence executed. The council of 
Trent re-opened, March 10. Depredations of Dragut, the African corsair, in 
Sicily and Tuscany. Pius repairs the fortifications of Ancona, Civita Vecchia, 
and Rome. Cardinal Granvelle, created archbishop of Malines, thwarts the 
mild government of the duchess of Parma in the Netherlands. Naples harassed 
by the Spanish Inquisition. Gotthard Kettler, Livonian grand master of the 
Teutonic knights, converted to Protestantism, erects Courland and Semgallen 
into a duchy for himself. Esthonia and Revel are given up to Sweden, and the 
rest of Livonia to Lithuania. Death of Peter Martyr. Birth of Francis Bacon. 
Merchant Tailors' School instituted. 

Submission and pardon of Shan O'Neale. Elizabeth supports the Huguenots ; is at- 
tacked by the smallpox. Edict of St. Germain in favour of toleration. Massacre 
of Huguenots at Vassy, March 1. Conde and Coligny collect their forces at 
Orleans ; Rouen is taken from them by Antony of Navarre, who dies of a 
wound received there ; arrival of English auxiliaries, Sep. 20 ; Havre de Grace 
given up to them. Defeat of the Huguenots at Dreux ; the hostile commander, 
Montmorenci, is made prisoner by them, but their own general, Conde, falls into 
the hands of the adverse party. Jane d'Albret, on the death of her husband, 
encourages the reformed religion in Navarre, and educates her son, Henry, in 
that faith. The re-opened council of Trent begins its first session, Jan. 18. 
Turin and other towns occupied by the French are given up to the duke of 
Savoy; birth of his son, Charles Emanuel. Maximilian, son of the emperor 
Ferdinand, elected king of the Romans. Truce for eight years between Ferdi- 
nand and Soliman. Poland and Russia attempt to take Esthonia from Sweden. 
Discussions and dissensions of Protestant sects. The elector Palatine leaves 
the Lutheran for the Calvinistic creed, and introduces the Heidelberg cate- 
chism. Paul, son of Aldus Manutius, prints at Rome. Birth of Lopez de la 
Vega. Death of Lselius Socinus. 

Elizabeth evades compliance with the request of parliament, Jan. 12, for a set- 
tlement of the succession to the crown ; they vote a subsidy for the payment 
of her troops in France. Assassination of the duke of Guise, by Poltrot de 
Mere, at the siege of Orleans, Feb. 24; compromiseofAmboise between the two 
factions, March 19; they unite to take Havre de Grace from. the English; the 
plague breaks out in the garrison ; the earl of Warwick capitulates ; his in- 
fected army brings the disease into England ; Elizabeth concludes a peace Avith 
the queen-regent Plans of the Guise family for marrying the queen of Scot- 
land to some foreign prince ; Elizabeth proposes her favourite, Dudley, now 
created earl of Leicester. Close of the council of Trent, Dec. 4. The citizens 
of Milan resist successfully Philip's design of introducing the Inquisition among 
them. Prejudiced against his son, Don Carlos, he invites the archdukes Rudolf 
and Ernest, sons of his cousin, Maximilian, to reside in his court ; he begins to 
build the Escurial. Siege of Oran, by Dragut ; the knights of Malta assist in 
repelling him. The duchess of Parma supports the complaints of the Nether- 
lands against Granvelle's intolerance. War between Denmark and Sweden. 
Diet of Wilna and Synod of Piukzow, in Poland ; the Socinians establish a sepa- 



1561 TO 15G7 A.D. 



537 



A.D. 



EVKNTS AND EMINENT MeN. 



1564 



1565 



666 



1567 



rate church ; they make proselytes in Transylvania. The queen of Navarre 
disregards a citation to Rome, and is excommunicated. 
Lord Henry Darnley, son of the earl of Lenox, proposed as a husband for the 
queen of Scots ; Elizabeth at first approves, and then capriciously objects. 
David Rizzio, Mary's music-master, becomes her secretary and favourite. 
Death of the emperor Ferdinand, July 25, 8?t. 61 ; his son and successor, Maxi- 
milian, establishes a general toleration. Katharine de' Medici commences a 
visitation of the provinces of France, with her son, Charles IX. Pius IV. 
confirms the acts of the council of Trent, and carries into eifect the reforms 
ordered. A numerous sect in England objects to the ceremonies of the church 
and vestments of the clergy, and takes the name of Puritans. A royal edict in 
France fixes the commencement of the year on the first of January. Death of 
Calvin, May 27, set. 55, and of Michael Angelo Buonarotti, set. 90. Birth of 
Shakspeare and of Galileo. The building of the Tuileries commenced. A co- 
lony of Huguenot emigrants planted in Florida by Ribaut, of Dieppe. The 
Manillas, ceded by Portugal to Spain, receive the name of the Philippines. 
Marriage of the queen of Scotland to lord Darnley, July 27 ; rebellion, and banish- 
ment of the earl of Murray and other lords ; they are disowned by Elizabeth. 
Conference at Bayonne, between Katharine de' Medici and the duke of Alva- 
plot for the extermination of Protestants. Philip institutes a rigorous persecution 
in all his States ; attempts to enforce the decrees of the council of Trent in the 
Netherlands by means of the Inquisition. Siege of Malta by the Turks, under 
Mustapha Pasha, May 18 ; valiant defence of the grand master, de Yalette, 
and his knights; Dragut slain, June 18; siege raised, Sep. 20. Death of Pius 
lY., Dec. 9. Death of Conrad Gessner, the naturalist of Ziirich, set. 49. 
Murder of Rizzio, March 9. Birth of James, son of queen Mary, June 19. The 
English parliament, Sep. 30, again urges the settlement of the succession, which 
Elizabeth evades, by declaring her intention to marry ; Paul Wentworth dis- 
tinguishes himself in the House of Commons. Through the influence of Carlo 
Bonx)meo, cardinal Micliele Ghislieri is elected pope, Pius V., Jan. 7; having 
been grand Inquisitor, his elevation is unpopular at Rome. The '* Compromise of 
Breda," a protest against the measures of Philip, is presented to the regent of 
the Netherlands, by 300 nobles ; they are answered by a reproof, as beggars 
{gueux), whence they take the name of Geusen, and prepare for an armed re- 
sistance. The Turks invade Hungary, and take Zigeth ; Soliman dies in his 
camp, during the siege, Sep. 4, set. 71 ; Selim, his son by Roxalana, succeeds, 
and puts to death his five brothers. The Catholic princes contribute to repair the 
fortifications of Malta, and complete the new city of La A^aletta. Death of 
Diana of Poietiers, the former mistress of Henry II. Death of the poet, Vida. 
Elizabeth dissolves the parliament, Jan. 2 ; reproves them for wishing the suc- 
cession settled. Murder of Darnley, Feb. 10; accusation and acquittal of Both- 
well, April 12 ; he carries Mary off to Dunbar, April 24 ; they are man-ied, 
May 15 ; insurrection of lord Hume ; Bothwell, put to flight, escapes to Den- 
mark ; Mary made prisoner at CarbeiTy Hill, June 15; resigns the crown to 
her son, with the earl of Murray for regent, July 24; the Scotch parliament 
ratifies these proceedings, and condemns Mary as an accomplice in the murder 
of her husband. Pius V. fills the dungeons with prisoners brought from all 
parts of Italy, to be tried by the Inquisition ; the archbishop of Toledo is brought 
to the c-astle'of S. Angelo. Philip sends the duke of Alva with an army to the 
Netherlands ; the counts Egmont and Horn are arrested ; the prince of Orange 
escapes into Germany ; the duchess of Parma resigns her office, and returns 
to Italy. Renewal of the civil war in France ; Conde and Coligny fail in their 
attempt to seize the king's person ; they are defeated at St. Denis, Nov. 10 ; 
their adversary, the constable de Montmorenci, is killed. Edict of the queen of 
Navarre in favour of Calvinism. The French colonists in Florida are expelled 
or killed, by the Spaniards, as heretics. Massacre of the Sture family in Sweden 
by Erik. Peace concluded betvreen the Turks and the German empire. The 
Royal Exchange, London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham, Sep. 7. Origin 
of Rugby School. Caraccas, in Venezuela, built by the Spaniards. 



538 



PEOM THE YEAK 



A.D. 


! 
Hegira. 


1568 


976-977 


1569 


977—978 


1570 


978—979 


1571 


979—980 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



9S0— 981 



1573 



981—982 



3 Selim 
II. 



Popes. 



3 Pius 
V. 

Jan. 7. 



12 Se- ISPhi- 
has- lip II. 
tian, 



Port- Spain, 

UGAL.i 



Bava- 
ria. 



19 Al- 
bert 
III. 



20- 



7 

d. May 1- 
1 Gre- 
gory 
XIII. 
May,] 3. 



Prus- 
sia. 



1 Fre- 
deric 
Albert 



23- 



Bran- 

D EN- 
BURG. 



34Joa- 
chim 
II. 



35- 



36- 



Saxo- 

NY. 



Bruns- 
wick. 



16 Au- 
gus- 
tus. 



23 Wil- 
liam. 



18- 



1 John 
George. 



24- 



25. 



20- 



5Max- 
imili- 
anil 



Ger- 
many, 



10- 



156S TO 1573 A.D. 



539 



Tiepe- 
tition 
Dat^s. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


France. 


Den- 
mark. 


SWE- 
DEN. 


Po- 
land. 


WlR- 
T EM- 
BERG. 


Rus- 
sia. 


Scot- 
land. 


Eng- 
land. 


1568 1 

i 
1 

! 


2 Pietro 

Lore- 

dano. 


16 Ema- 
nuel Fi- 
liberto. 


9 Chas. 
IX. 


10 Fre- 
deric II. 


IJohn 

III. 


21 Si- 

raund 
II. Au- 
gustus 


1 Louis 
IIL 


36 Iwan 
IV. 


2 Jas. 
VI. 

July 24. 


11 Eliza- 
beth. 
Nov. 17. 


1569 


3 

i 


17 


10 


11 


2 


22 


2 


37 


3 


12 


1570 1 


' 1 Luigi 
Moce- 
nigo. 


18 


11 


12 


3 


23 


3 


38 


4 


13 


1571 


2 


19 


12 


13 


4 


24 


4 


39 


5 


14 


1572 i 

1573 ; 


3 


20 

21 


13 

14 


14 

15 


e 


25 

1 Hen- 
ry 0/ 
Valois. 


6 


40 

41 


a 


15 

16 


6 


7 

























540 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1568 



1569 



1570 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Escape of Mary from Loch Leven castle, May 2 ; defeat of her army at Langside, 
near Glasgow, May 15; she lands at Workington, in Cumberland, May 16 ; 
Elizabeth refuses a personal interview. Mary is placed at Bolton, under the 
care of lord and lady Scrope ; the regent Murray accuses her of participation in 
her husband's murder ; conference at York, Oct. 4 ; removed to Hampton Court ; 
she declines to answer the charge ; her residence transferred to Tutbury. Fal- 
lacious negotiations for a marriage between Elizabeth and the archduke Charles 
of Austria. Don Carlos of Spain, delivered by his father, Philip, into the hands of 
the grand Inquisitor, Jan. 18, dies in prison, July 30 ; death of his step-mother, 
queen Isabella (or Elizabeth), in premature child-birth, Oct. 3. New edicts 
against the Moors, still resident in Spain, provoke a rebellion, which affords a 
pretext for cruel persecutions. Alva's sanguinary tribunals in the Netherlands 
drive thousands of the wealthiest and most industrious of the population to 
emigrate into England ; the counts Egmont and Horn beheaded, June 5. Wil- 
liam, prince of Orange, enters Brabant with an army, and is driven br.ck. His 
brother, Louis of Nassau, is defeated at Groningen. Peace of Longjumeau, 
between the Huguenots and Catholics, is broken in six months by an attempt to 
arrest Conde and Coligny, and a new edict for religious uniformity. Pius V. 
renews the Bull, " In Coena Domini," and endeavours to exalt the papal power to 
its former height. Carranza, archbishop of Toledo, condemned to death by the In- 
quisition. Some ships, conveying money from Spain to the duke of Alva, are 
detained by Elizabeth at Southampton and Plymouth, Dec. 29. The conduct of 
Erik, king of Sweden, betrays insanity ; he is deposed, and his brother, John, 
takes the throne. Death of Roger Ascham, set 53, of bishop Coverdale, set. 81, 
and of Las Casas, set. 94. Death of Albert, first duke of Prussia. 

Projected marriage of the queen of Scots to the duke of Norfolk ; she is removed 
to Coventry, he is committed to the Tower. Insurrection of the earls of Nor- 
thumberland and Westmoreland, and Leonard Dacre ; flight of the leaders into 
Scotland ; dispersion and severe punishment of their followers ; release of Nor- 
folk, under a solemn pledge to abandon his design. Defeat of the Huguenots at 
Jarnac, by Henry of Anjou, younger brother of Charles IX., March 13. Assas- 
sination of the duke of Cond^ ; his nephew, Henry of Navarre, now set. 16, 
becomes the head and hope of the party. Coligny defeated at Moncontour, 
Oct. 3. Pius V. ordains severe reforms in church and state ; allows no Jews in 
his territories, except in Rome and Ancona ; offends the emperor, the king of 
Spain, and the duke of Savoy, by creating Cosmo de' Medici, and crowning him 
grand duke of Tuscany, and disregards their protests against this and other 
measures. Maximilian sends the archduke Charles into Spain, to dissuade 
Philip from his cruel treatment of the Netherlands, but to no purpose ; Alva 
continues his barbarous course. Luis de Ataide revives the waning power of 
Portugal in India ; capture of Onore. Frederic Albert, the duke of Prussia, 
being a minor, of weak intellect, the elector of Brandenburg is associated with 
him, and obtains the reversion of the duchy from the king of Poland. De- 
structive explosion of a powder-magazine at Venice. Return of Camoens to 
Lisbon. Cardinal Carlo Borromeo, archbishop of Milan, narrowly escapes as- 
sassination in his oratory, Oct. 26. 

The pope excommunicates Elizabeth, and commands her subjects not to obey her, 
Feb. 25 ; a man is hanged for fixing up this idle Bull in London. Assassination 
of the earl of Murray, Jan. 23 ; anarchy in Scotland ; the earl of Sussex, with 
an English army, restores order ; the earl of Lenox appointed regent. Treaty 
of St. Germain-en-Laye, Aug. 15, gives treacherous security to the Huguenots. 
The revolt of the Moors in Spain suppressed by John of Austria ; marriage of 
Philip to his fourth queen, Anne, daughter of the emperor Maximilian, at Se- 
govia, Nov. 12, and of her sister, Isabella, to Charles IX., king of France, Nov. 26. 
Invasion of Cyprus by the Turks ; the powerful allied fleet collected for its 
defence remains inactive through the discord of its commanders, while Nicosia 
and the greater part of the island are conquered. Maximilian gives up Tran- 
sylvania to John Sigismund. The treaty of Stettin restores tranquillity in the 
northern kingdoms. Introduction of the Spanish Inquisition into America. The 



15G8 TO 1573 A.D. 



541 



Events and Eminent Men. 



city of Ferrara nearly destroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 16. The Royal Ex- 
change, London, opened by queen Elizabeth's visit to Sir Thomas Gresham. 
Death of Benvenuto Cellini, a}t. 70. Earl Thomond, encouraged by the pope, 
and the king of Spain, to prepare a rebellion in Ireland, ia detected, and escapes 
into France. 

A parliament, April 2 ; the House of Commons claims liberty of speech for its 
members ; the Puritans keep alive the spirit of independence ; laws passed, de- 
claring it treason to call the queen a heretic, or to publish any Bull or absolution 
of the pope. Delusive negociations for a marriage between Elizabeth and the 
duke of Anjou. Alva opens a secret intercourse with the queen of Scots, and en- 
gages the duke of Norfolk in a new conspiracy ; the duke and the bishop of Ross 
are committed to the Tower. The partisans of Mary seize the castle of Edin- 
burgh ; murder of the earl of Lenox at Stirling, Sep. 4. The earl of Man-e ap- 
pointed regent ; concludes a truce with the queen's party. Charles IX. oifers his 
sister, Margaret, in marriage to young Henry of Navarre, and deceives the Hugue- 
nots by his pretended friendship. Philip resists the jurisdiction claimed by the 
pope in Sicily. General emigration of the Moors from Spain. The surrender 
of Famagosta leaves the Turks masters of Cyprus ; they are signally defeated 
in the Gulf of Lepanto, Oct. 7, by the combined fleets of Spain, the pope, Venice, 
Genoa, and the knights of Malta, commanded by John of Austria. Completion of 
the new city of La Valetta ; the knights take possession of it, Aug. 18. Death 
of John Sigismund of Transylvania ; Stephen Bathori succeeds him. Novouha, 
Portuguese viceroy at Goa. The Thirty-nine Articles adopted as the rule of the 
church of England. Harrow school founded. Birth of Kepler. Jesus College, 
Oxford, founded by Dr. Hugh Price ; endowed by queen Elizabeth. 

Trial and condemnation of the duke of Norfolk, Jan. 12 ; the queen hesitates to ex- 
ecute the sentence ; is urged by the parliament, May 8 ; he is beheaded, June 2. 
Mary is subjected to a more rigorous confinement. Cecil, now lord Burleigh, ap- 
pointed lord treasurer. The earl of Northumberland is given up by the Scotch 
regent, and executed, Aug. 22. Death of the earl of Marre, Oct. 28 ; earl Morton 
succeeds him as regent ; surrender of Edinburgh castle ; pacification of Scotland. 
Elizabeth concludes a treaty with Charles TX., April 11. The leading Huguenots 
are induced to assemble at Paris; Jane, queen of Navai-re, is poisoned there, June 
10 ; her sou Henry, now king of Navarre, is married to Margaret of Yalois, Aug. 
18. Massacre of St. Bartholomew, x\ug. 24. Death of Pius Y., May 1 ; his suc- 
cessor, Gregory XIII. , orders a public thanksgiving for the barbarous murders 
committed at Paris; rejoicing in Spain on the same occasion; mourning in England. 
The revolted Netherlanders fit out ships against the Spanish commerce ; Wil- 
liam of Orange combines them into a systematic plan of operation, under the 
name of Watergeusen ; they take the Briel and Flushing, and are joined by most 
of the cities in Holland and Zealand. Maximilian gives up the government of 
Hungary to his son Rudolf, who is crowned as his successor. Sigismund Au- 
gustus dies without issue, and the race of Jagellonis extinct ; the throne of Po- 
land becomes elective, and several months elapse before it is filled. Death of John 
Knox, set. 67. A new star or comet visible sixteen months in the constellation 
Cassiopeia. The Lusiad of Camoens published. Death of Sepulveda, the Spanish 
historian. Birth of Inigo Jones. 

The nobility and gentry of England offer to raise an army and avenge the slaugh- 
tered Huguenots ; Elizabeth more cautiously supports the Protestants in France 
and the Netherlands. In France they take arms again, and oblige the duke of 
Anjou to raise the siege of La Rochelle, June 25; by a fourth treaty of peace, 
they stipulate for the free exercise of their religion ; in Holland, Alva takes Haar- 
lem, after a vigorous defence, for which he puts its inhabitants to the sword ; 
Alkmaar successfully resists him ; he is recalled by Philip ; the duke of Medina- 
celi refuses his post. The Polish Diet elect Henry, duke of Anjou, for their king, 
May 9, but require him to sign a compact, securing to them full civil and reli- 
gious liberty. Tunis taken by a Spanish expedition under don John of Austria. 
Peace concluded between Venice and the Ottoman porte. Manilla built and made 
the seat of a Spanish viceroy. Death of the French chancellor, L'Hopital. 



542 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


Hegira. 


1574 


982—983 


1575 


983-984 


1576 


984—985 


1577 


986 


1578 


987 


1579 


988 


1580 


989 


1581 


990 


1582 


991 


1583 


1 
992 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 

1 Amu- 
rath III, 



XIII. 
May 13. 



Dukes 
Port- of Ba 

UGAL. VARIA 



18 Se- 
bastian. 



25 Al- 
bert 
III. 



-19- 



21- 



1 Hen- 
ry the 
cardi- 
nal. 



Annex- 
ed to 
Spain 



Hol- 
land, 

3 Wil- 
liam 
Prince 
of O- 
range. 



WlR- 
TEM-; 
BERG. 



7 Lou- 
is III. 



7 Fre- 
deric 
Albert. 



28- 



1 Wil- 
liam II 



Prus- 
sia. 



Bran- 
den- 
burg, 



11 11 



13 13- 



14 14 11 



4 John 
George, 



5 



Saxo- 
ny. 



22 Au- 
gustus 



Bruns- 
wick. 



Ger- 
many 



29 Wil- 11 Max 
liam. imili- 
au II, 



7 25 



26- 



27- 



28 35 ■ 



31 . 



32 ■ 



33 • 



1 Ru- 

dolfll. 



-37 ■ 



- 16 13 31 



1574 TO 1583 A.D, 



543 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 

1574 


Doges 
OK Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


France. 


Spain. 


Den- 

makk. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Rus- 
sia. 


Scot- 
land. 

:8Jas. 
VI. 

July 24. 


Eng- 
land. 

17 Eli- 
zabeth. 
Kov.17. 


5 Luigi 

:MoQe- 

iiigo. 


22 Ema- 
nuel Fi- 
liberto. 


1 Hen- 
ly 111. 


19Philip 
11. 


16 Fre- 
deric 11. 


7 John 
111. 


2 Hen- 

lyo/ 

Valois. 


42 1- 
wan 
IV. 


1575 


6 


23 


2 


20 


17 


8 


1 Ste- 
phen 
Batli- 
ori. 


43 


9 


18 


1576 
1577 


^ 


24 


3 

4 


oi 


18 

19 


9 


o 


11 


10 


19 


1 Sebas- 

tiano 

Veniero 


25 


22 


10 


3 


45 


11 


20 


1578 


1 Nicco- 
lo da 
Ponte. 


26 


5 


23 


20 


11 


4 


46 


12 


21 


1579 


2 


27 


6 


24 


21 


12 


5 


47 


13 


22 


1580 


3 


1 Chas. 
Emanu- 
el 1. 


7 


25 


22 


13 . 


6 


48 


11 


23 




1581 
1582 






8 

9 


26 ■ 


*^3 


14 

15 


7 


19 


15 

16 


24 

25 


5 


3 


27 


24 


8 


50 


1583 


6 


4 


10 


28 


25 


16 


9 


51 


17 


26 

























514 



FROM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



1575 



1576 



1577 



1578 



EvaNTS AND Eminent Men. 



The duke d'Alen^on and many moderate Catholics, calling themselves PoUtiques, 
join the Huguenots. Death of Charles IX., May 30, set. 24 ; his brother, Henry 
III., leaves Poland, resigns the crown, and takes that of France. Louis de Reque- 
sens, viceroy of the Netherlands, fails in his siege of Leyden. The Turks recover 
Tunis and Goletta. Sebastian of Portugal, oet. 20, undertakes his first African ex- 
pedition. Death of Sultan Selim ; his son, Amurath, murders his brothers. Birth 
of Ben Jonson. Death of the cardinal de Lorraine, and of the Roman printer, 
Paul Manutius. Faustus Socinus promulgates his doctrines at Basle. The king 
of Denmark fortifies Kronenburg, and levies the Sound dues. 
The revolted Netherlanders offer the sovereignty of their provinces to queen Eliza- 
beth, which she refuses, but mediates for them with Philip. Holland and Zea- 
land appoint the prince of Orange their Statholder. The vacant throne of Poland 
is filled, July 15, by the election of Stephen Bathori, prince of Transylvania. A 
Jubilee held at Rome. Tasso resides at the court of Ferrara, and publishes his 
" Jerusalem Delivered." The university of Leyden founded. Great jealousy 
and contention among the petty princes of Italy for title and precedence, Death 
of archbishop Parker; the see of Canterbury given by Elizabeth to Grindal. 

Henry of Navarre quits Paris, abjures the Catholic faith, and places himself at the 
head of the Huguenots. A fifth treaty signed at Loches, or BeauUeu, gives them 
religious liberty. The duke of Guise organizes at Peronne the Catholic League, 
and the king, by placing himself at its head, renews the civil war. Death of Re- 
quesens ; Don John of Austria succeeds him. His troops mutiny for want of pay, 
and plunder Antwerp ; all the provinces, except Luxemburg, combine for mutual 
defence by the " Pacification of Ghent." Vain attempts of Don John to nego- 
tiate. The emperor Maximilian prosecutes his pretension to the crown of Po- 
land, is attacked at the Diet of Ratisbon by palpitation of the heart, and dies sud- 
denly, Oct. 12, ^t. 39 ; his son, Rudolf, succeeds him. The plague "devastates 
Italy ; 70,000 die at Venice, and among them, est. 99, the celebrated artist, Titian. 
Martin Frobisher sails, June 11, to seek a north-west passage; fails, and returns. 
Stephen Bathori marries Anne, daughter of the late king Sigismund Augustus. 

' War between the Ottomans and Persia. University of Helmstadt founded. Peter 

I Wentworth imprisoned for his speech in the House of Commons- The laburnum 
brought into England from Hungary. Birth of John Fletcher, the dramatist. 

Elizabeth suspends Grindal for favouring the Puritans. A sixth treaty between 
the Huguenots and the king of France signed at Bergerac. The States of the 
Netherlands invite the archduke Matthias to be their governor ; the prince of 
Orange acts as his lieutenant. Don John seizes Namur. Drake commences his 
voyage round the world, Nov. 15. The high sheriff and 300 persons die of the 
gaol-distemper, during the assizes at Oxford. Birth of Rubens. The Spanish 
poet, Alonso de Ercilla, publishes his " Araucana." Many of Titian's finest works 
perish in a destructive fire at Venice, Dec. 20 ; the church of the Redeemer built 
there, to commemorate the ceasing of the plague. 

Alliance between Elizabeth and the Netherlands concluded, Jan. 6 ; the English 
auxiliaries under Norris repulse Don John at Rimenant. Victory gained by him 
at Gemblours, followed by the submission of Lira burg and Lou vain. Amsterdam 
taken by the Hollanders. The southern provinces separate from the northern, 
and invite the duke of Anjou. Death of Don John of Austria; he is succeeded 
by the duke of Parma. James, king of Scotland, takes the government into his 
own hands. The pope sends troops to assist the Catholics in Ireland; inter- 
cepted by Sebastian, king of Portugal, and taken by him against the Moors : he 
is defeated in the battle of Alcazarquivir, and perishes in the river Elmahassen ; 
his uncle, the cardinal Henry, takes the throne. Settlements formed at Congo, 
Loango, and Angola, to supply Brazil with slaves. The emperor Rudolf revokes 
tho concessions made to the' Protestants. A conspiracy in Florence, against 
the grand duke, foiled. Alliance between Poland and Sweden against I wan 
IV. of Russia. The Norwegians attempt to interrupt the English commerce 
with Archangel ; Elizabeth asserts the right freely to navigate all seas. The 
first stone laid of the Pont Neuf at Paris. California explored by Drake, 
First colony planted in Virginia by Gilbert. Tulips introduced into England. 



1574 TO 1583 A.D. 



545 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Seven Northern Provinces of the Netherlands contract the Union of Utrecht ; 
the Ten Southern submit to the duke of Parma, as viceroy of Spain ; he takes 
Maestricht, and massacres many of the inhabitants. Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, 
Cambray, and Touruay still resist. Philip II. prepares a powerful armament to 
support his claim to tlie crown of Portugal. Elizabeth enters into a treaty of 
commerce with tlie sultan, and establishes the Turkey Company. Stephen Ba- 
thori and the Swedes expel the Russians from Livonia, Esthonia, and Ingria, 
and penetrate to Polozk. Bianca Capello captivates the grand duke of Florence, 
and is eventually married by him. Tasso is confined as a lunatic by the duke 
of Ferrara. Death of Camoens, Sir Thomas Gresham, and the lord-keeper, Sir 
Nicholas Bacon. 
Elizabeth is visited by the duke of Anjou, and receives proposals of marriage from 
him. She imprisons the earl of Leicester, for having married the widow of the 
earl of Essex without her consent. Drake returns from liis voyage, Nov. 3 ; 
banquet to the queen on board his ship ; she confers knighthood on him. The 
pope and the king of Spain send an army into Ireland ; total defeat of the in- 
vaders. Intrigues of the duke of Guise in Scotland, and arrest of the late 
regent, Morton. Annexation of Portugal to Spain, on the death of Henry, the 
ag^d cardinal-king. Philip sends his sister, Margaret, again into the Nether- 
lands, to assist her son, the duke of Parma, in the government, and offers a 
reward for the assassination of the prince of Orange. Death of the duke of 
Savoy; he is succeeded by his son, Charles Emanuel. Jerraak Timofejew, with 
a band of Cossacks, commences the conquest of Siberia. Pope Gregory converts 
the Baths of Dioclesiau into a granary. Colleges, for the education of English 
papists, formed at Rome, Douay, and Rheims. The Essays of Montaigne pub- 
lished. Death of Palladio. Birth of Usher, afterwards archbishop. Kepler 
and Tycho Brahe prepare their Astronomical Tables, called Rodolphiue, in 
honour of the emperor. 
Fallacious negotiations between Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou. Trial and ex- 
ecution of earl Morton. The Seven United Provinces issue their declaration of 
independence at the Hague, nominate the duke of Anjou as their sovereign, with 
William, prince of Orange, statholder. The duke of Parma obliged to raise 
the siege of Cambray ; he objects to the co-regency of his mother ; she retires 
into Italy. Iwan of Russia requests the pope to mediate between him and Ste- 
phen Bathori. The University of Edinburgh founded by the town council, 
with funds given by Robert Reid, bishop of Orkney. Quarrel between the 
knights of Malta and their grand master, Cassiere, refeiTed to the pope. Plots 
of the Jesuits against Elizabeth ; Parsons banished, and Campian executed. 
Grindal restored to his see by Elizabeth. Death of Ralph Holinshed. Birth of 
lord Herbert of Cherbury. 
Elizabeth finally dismisses the duke of Anjou ; he is recognized as sovereign of 
the Netherlands at Antwerp, but acquires no real power. Seizure of king 
James, by the ''Raid of Ruthven;" the University of Edinburgh confirmed and 
endowed by him. Correction of the calendar by Gregory XIII. ; Oct. 5th made 
the 15th. Expedition of Antonio of Portugal against the Azores, defeated by the 
marquis Santacroce ; massacre of his prisoners. Failure of Charles Emanuel's 
projected attack on Genoa. Stephen Bathori, by his truce with Iwan, retains 
Courland, Livonia, and all his conquests. Origin of the Academy Delia Cnisca 
at Florence. Death of the duke of Alva, xt. 74. Birth of David Teniers, the 
elder, Louis Lilio, of Verona, first suggests, and Christopher Clavius completes, 
! I the new or Gregorian calendar. Death of Buchanan, the historian, aet. 76, 
j iElizabeth claims the sovereignty of Newfoundland, and fortifies St, John's. Con- 
I I viction and suicide of Somerville, for an attempt on her life. Death of Grindal ; 
Whitgift, primate, acts strenuously against the Puritans, King James escapes 
from his confinement ; Walsingham's embassy to study his character. The 
duke of Anjou fails in his attempt on Antwerp, and retires into France, covered 
with disgrace. The duke of Parma restores the authority of Philip in a great 
part of the ten southern provinces. Joseph Scaliger, " De Emendatione Tempomm.' 
rejects the Gregorian era. A truce between Sweden and Russia leaves the 
former in possession of all the conquered Baltic provinces. Birth of Grotius. 



3 z 



546 



tho^i the teak 



A.D. 



1584 



Kegiba. 



993 



1585 994 



1586 



1587 



1588 



1589 



1590 



1591 



1593 



995 



99(3 



997 



998 



999 



1000 



1001 



1002-1003 



O iTO- 

MAN Em- 
pire. 



11 Amu- 
rath III. 



Popes 



Hol- 
land. 



20 • 



13Gre- 
gory 
XIII. 
May 13. 



d. Apr. 10. 

I Six-1 

tiis V, 
April24, 

1 Earl 

of Lei 
cester 



i Mau- 
rice of 

A'assan, 



6d. 

AUS.2J 
1 Ur- 
ban 
VII. 

Sep. 15. 
rf. 27. 
1 Gre- 
gory 
XIV. 

Dec. 5. 

rfOct.15 

1 In- 
nocent 
[X. 

Oct. 

rf.Dec.36 



1 Cle- 
ment 
VII I. 
Jau. 30. 



Bava 

RIA. 



6 Wil- 
liam 
II. 



10- 



WlR- 
TEM- PRUS- 
BERG. 8IA. 



17 Lou- ITFre- 
islil. deric 
•Ubert. 



20- 



Bran- 

DEN 
BURG, 



Saxo- 



14 John 32 Au- 
George gugtus. 



33- 



1 Chris- 
tian I 



-!13- 



23 



24- 



1 Fre- 
dericl. 



22- 



23- 



24- 



20- 



22- 



Brhws 

WICK. 



.39 Wil- 
liam. 



40- 



Ger- 

MANY, 



9 Ru- 
dolfll, 



43 13 



45- 



1 Chris- '46- 
tian II. 



1 Er- 
nes til 



1581 TO lo93 A.D. 



547 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1584 



1585 



1586 



1587 



1588 



1589 



1590 



DOGKS 

OF Ve- 
nice. 



1591 



1592 



1593 



7 Nicco- 
lo da 
Ponte. 



IPas- 
quale Oi- 
cogna. 



Savoy. 



5 Chas 
Ema- 
nuel I. 



Feance. Spain, 



11 Hen- 
ry III. 



13 



12 • 



29Phi- 
lip II. 



30- 



31- 



Den- 

MAKK, 

26Fre- 
cleric 
II. 



Swe- 
den. 



17 John 
III. 



127 18 



14 32- 



15 ■ 



1 Henrj' 

IV. 0/ 
Navarre. 



29- 



33- 



34- 



35- 



37- 



38- 



Po- 

land. 



Russia, 



lOSte- 1 Feo- 
phen dor I. 
I3ath- Iwano- 
witsch. 



20 ■ 



Cliris-2l 
tian 
IV. 

2 

23 • 



1 Sigis- 
mund 

king of 
I'oland, 



ISi- 
gis- 
mund 
III. 



Scot- 
land. 



18 Jas. 

vr. 

July 24, 



20- 



Eng- 

LAND. 

27 Eli- 
zabeth. 
Nov. 17. 



kivg of 
Sweden. 



7 



25- 



27- 



30 ■ 



32 . 



35 • 



548 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1584 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1585 



1587 



1588 



Conspiracies against Elizabeth ; national association in her defence ; Throgmorton 
and Parry suffer death for treason. The queen of Scots more strictly confined. 
The Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, dismissed. Raleigh conducts a second 
colony to Virginia. The prince of Orange assassinated, at Delft, by Balthazar 
Gerard, July 10 (June 30) ; his second son, Maurice, takes his place as leader of 
the war, but at first without any of&cial title. The duke of Parma lays siege 
to Antwerp. Death of the duke of Anjou ; Henry of Navarre becomes lawful 
heir to the crown of France ; the Guise faction and the League attempt to set 
him aside; hostilities renewed against the Huguenots; "war of the three 
Henries." Death of Iwan IV. of Russia ; he is succeeded by his son, Feodor. 
Emanuel College, Cambridge, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay. Simon Bu- 
dseus disseminates anti-Trinitarian doctrines in Lithuania, and is expelled from 
his church. Death of Carlo Borromeo, archbishop of Milan. Birth of John 
Pym, Selden, and Albert Count Wallenstein, 

Treaty between Elizabeth and the United Provinces ; Leicester sent with an 
auxiliary force. Drake and Frobisher, with a powerful fleet, attack the 
Spanish settlements in the West Indies. Ambassadors from Japan received at 
Rome by Gregory XIII., who dies soon afterwards, a3t. 84, and is succeeded by 
Sixtus V. The French king, by his edict of Nemours, revokes all the conces- 
sions made to the Huguenots ; the prince of Conde obtains assistance from Eli- 
zabeth, and with an English fleet relieves La Rochelle. Pope Sixtus attempts, 
by a Bull, to repudiate Henry of Navarre's claim to the succession in France. 
Antwerp, reduced by famine, surrenders to the duke of Parma. Davis explores 
the north-eastern coast of America. Abbas the great, sultan of Persia, defeats 
the Turks, and takes Van. The duke of Northumberland, committed to the 
Tower, on a charge of treason, is found dead by a pistol-wound. Death of Carlo 
Sigonio, the historian. Birth of Richelieu, afterwards cardinal. Death of 
Tallis, father of English musicians. Coaches first used in England. 

Babington's conspiracy detected and punished. Trial and condemnation of the 
queen of Scots, Oct. 25. Success of Drake in Hispaniola, St. Domingo, and 
Florida ; he returns with a valuable booty, and brings back the Virginian co- 
lonists ; they introduce potatoes and tobacco into England. Cavendish sails on 
his expedition. Leicester appointed statholder ; victory at Zutphen ; death of 
Sir Philip Sidney, set. 32, Sep. 22. The king of France jealous of the intimate 
connection between the duke of Guise and Philip of Spain. Sixtus V. intimi- 
dates all Italy by his severity ; improvement and decoration of Rome under his 
auspices. Death of Stephen Bathori, king of Poland ; Sigismund, crown prince 
of Sweden, and Ernest, archduke of Austria, contend for the throne. Death 
of Octavius Farnese, duke of Parma ; his son and successor, Alexander, solicits, 
but cannot obtain, leave to resign his command in the Netherlands. 

Mary, queen of Scots, beheaded, Feb. 8, set. 44. Misconduct of Leicester ; loss of 
Sluys and Deventer ; he is recalled and replaced by lord Willoughby; prince 
Maurice appointed statholder. Preparations of Philip to invade England ; 
Sixtus issues a new Bull, and proclaims a crusade against Elizabeth. Expedi- 
tion of Drake against the Spanish harbours ; fleet destroyed at Cadiz ; he 
returns with rich prizes. Cabal of " the Sixteen" at Paris. Henry of NavaiTe 
defeats the royal army at Coutras, under the duke de Joyeuse, Oct. 20 ; his 
German allies are repulsed by the duke of Guise, at Vimori, Oct. 27, and at 
Anneau, Nov. 24. Sigismund acknowledged by the prevailing party in Poland. 
Continued imbecility of Frederic Albert, duke of Prussia; George Frederic, of 
Anspach, appointed administrator. Death of Francis, grand duke of Tuscany, 
and his duchess, Bianca Capello, both by poison. Death of John Fox, author 
of the " Book of Martyrs." Birth of Vondel, the Dutch dramatist. 

The Spanish Armada sails from Lisbon, May 29 ; enters the channel, July 19 ; 
totally defeated and ruined. To make its disasters more widely known, lord 
Burleigh establishes the first newspaper, The English' Mercury, Aug. 10. Assas- 
sination of the duke of Guise, set. 38, and of his brother, the cardinal. Sigis- 
mund, king of Poland, defeats Ernest, at Bitschin, and takes him prisoner. 
Death of the earl of Leicester, set. 56, and of the painter, Paul Veronese, set. 56. 
Birth of Hobbes. Cardinal Baronius publishes his Annale$ Ecclesiastic^ 



1584 TO 1593 A.D. 



549 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Cavendish returns with great wealth, plundered from Spanish settlements during 
his voyage round the world. Expedition of Drake and Norris to support don 
Antonio in Portugal, without any important result. Marriage of the king of 
Scotland to the princess Anne of Denmark. The king of France unites his army 
with that of the Huguenots to oppose the League now headed by the duke of 
Mayenne; he is assassinated at St. Cloud by Jaques Clement, July 31, get. 38. 
The king of Navarre takes the title of Henry IV. ; the Guise faction attempts 
to supplant him, by calling his uncle, the cardinal of Bourbon, to the throne, as 
Charles X. Victory of Henry over Mayenne at Arques, near Dieppe, Sep. 21. 
Death of Katharine de' Medici, at Blois, Jan. 5, set. 70. The stocking-frame in- 
vented by the Rev. Wm. Lee, of Cambridge. 

Henry IV. defeats the League at Ivry near Evreux, March 14, and lays siege to 
Paris ; march of the duke of Panna to its relief. Death of the cardinal of Bour- 
bon ; Philip 11., in defiance of the Salic law. proposes his daughter Isabella as 
queen of France. Invasion of Provence by Charles Emanuel of Savoy. Prince 
Slaurice drives the Spaniards out of all the Seven United Provinces, and recovers 
Breda. Death of Walsingham, set. 89 ; and of the French jurist, Cujacius. Lope 
de Vega begins, about this time, to produce his dramas. The first paper-mill in 
England established by John Spillraan, at Dartford in Kent, Death of Sixtus V., 
set. 69 ; his successor, Urban VII., dies twelve days after his election, and is fol- 
lowed by Gregory XIV. 

Elizabeth sends an army under the earl of Essex to assist Henry IV. ; they besiege 
Rouen, which is relieved by the duke of Parma. Naval enterprise of lord 
Thomas Howard; courageous death of his vice-admiral, Sir Richard Grenville. 
Gregory XIV. fulminates a Bull against Henry. Prince Maurice takes Nim- 
wegen. Elizabeth founds and endows Trinity College, Dublin. Capt. Lancaster 
sails for the East Indies, on a private trading speculation. English ships pursue 
the whale-fishery at Cape Breton. Telescopes improved and brought into 
general notice by Z. Jansen of Middelburg. Stowe, Speed, Camden, and Spelman, 
English chroniclers and antiquaries./.; and De Thou (Thuanusj in France. 
Death of Pellegrino Pellegrini, the Bolognese artist. The murder of Feodor's 
brother, Dmitri, by Godunow, prepares the extinction of Ruric's race in Russia. 

Elizabeth assists Henry IV. with an army under Sir John Norris. His general, 
Lesdiguieres, checks the duke of Savoy in Provence. Marshal Biron is wounded 
before Rouen. The new pope, Clement VIII., refuses to let Henry's ambassador 
enter Rome, and obliges the Venetians to give up Marco Sciarra, who had sought 
their protection. Death of the duke of Parma at Arras, Dec. 2, aet. 47. The 
Turks invade Hungary, and are defeated at Sissek. Death of John III., king of 
Sweden; he is succeeded by his son, Sigismund, already king of Poland ; he being 
a Catholic, the diet at Upsal declares Lutheranism to be the established re- 
ligion of the country. V^isit of Elizabeth to Oxford. The bridge of the Rialto 
and the Place of St. Mark constructed at Venice. The university of Paderbom 
founded ; the sale of books introduced at the fair of Leipzic. Faustus Socinus 
prevails upon the Unitarians in Poland to adopt a uniform system of discipline 
and worship. The Theatre Fran9ois built. Death of Montaigne, set, 59. Birth 
of Gassendi. 

Sir Edward Coke, solicitor-general, and speaker of the house of Commons ; Eliza- 
beth restrains their freedom of debate ; Wentworth and three other members 
imprisoned ; she dictates to them arbitrary laws against Puritans and Catholics. 
Henry IV. conforms to the Catholic faith. Clement refuses to grant him abso- 
lution ; Philip continues his intrigues with the League against him, and his 
attempt to make his daughter queen of France. The parliament of Paris declares 
against female succession and foreign interference. Elizabeth reproaches 
Henry's abjuration ; accepts his apologies, and enters into a new treaty of closer 
alliance with him. Progress of the Turks against the emperor; the Venetians 
construct the fortress of Palma Nuova, as a barrier against them Contest be- 
tween Protestants and Catholics for the bishopric of Strasburg. Death of Chris- 
topher Marlowe. Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge, founded by F. Sidney, 
countess of Sussex. Marischal College, Aberdeen, founded by George Keith, earl 
marischal. Whalebone first used in England. 



550 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 

1594 


r 

Hegiea. 


Otto- 

MAX EM- 
PIEE. 


Popes. 


Hoi/- 

LAND. 


Dukes 
OF Ba- 
varia. 


WiR. 
TEM- 
BERG. 

2 Fre- 
deric 
I. 


Prus- 
sia. 


Bran- 
den- 
burg. 


Sax- 
ony. 


Bbuws 

WICK 


- Ger- 
many. 


1003—1004 


21 Amu- 
rath III. 


3 Cle- 
ment 

yiii. 

Jan- 30. 


8 Mau- 
rice of 

Nassau. 


16 Wil- 
liam 
II. 


27 Fre- 
deric 
Albert. 


24 John 
George. 


4 Chris 
tianll 


3 Er- 
nest 
II. 


19 Ru- 
dolfll. 


1595 


1004-1005 


1 Maho- 
met III. 


4 


9 


17 


3 


28 


25 


5 


4 


20 


1596 


1005-1006 


2 


5 


10 


1 Max- 
imi- 
lian. 


4 


29 


26 


6— 




21 


1597 


1006—1007 


3 


6 


11 


2 


5— 


30 


27 


7 


6 


22 


1598 


1007—1008 


4 


7 


12 


3 


6 


31 


1 Joa- 
chim 
Fre- 
deric. 


8 


7 


23 


1599 


1008—1009 


5 


8 


13 


i 


7 


32 


2 


9 


8 


24 




1600 


1009—1010 


6 


9 




5 


8 


33 


3 


10 


9 ■■ 


25 








1601 


1010-1011 


7 


10 


15 




Q 


31 


4 


U 


10 


26 






1602 


1011—1012 


8 


11 


16 


7 


10 


35 


- 


12 


11 


27 



1594 TO 1002 AD. 



551 



Rppe- 
t it ion 
Dates. 



1594 



1595 



1596 



1597 



1598 



1599 



1600 



1601 



1602 



Doges 
OP Ve- 
nice. 



10 Pas- 
quale Ci- 
cogaa. 



1 Marino 
Gri- 
mani. 



Sayoy. 



15 Chas, 
Emauu- 
ell. 



16 . 



18 . 



20 . 



21 . 



22 . 



23 . 



France. 



6 Henry 

IV. of 

Navarre. 



10. 



Spain. 



39Phi 
lip II, 



40- 



42- 



IPhi" 
lipIII, 



Den- 
aiARK 



7Chria 
tinn 
iV. 



Swe- 
den. 

3 Sigis- 
raiuKl 
king of 
Poland, 



Po- 
land, 



8 Sigis- 

muud 

III. 

Air/5- of 
Sweden. 



Russia 



11 Feo- 
dor I 

Iwano- 
witsch. 



12 • 



16 . 



1 Boris 
Godu- 
now. 



Soot- 

LAND. 



28 J as. 

Vt 

July 24. 



40 . 



33- 



35- 



36- 



Eno- 

LAND, 

37 Eli- 
zabeth. 
Nov. 17. 



38 . 



42 . 



43 . 



44 ■ 



45 • 



552 



FROM THE TEAli 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1594 



1595 



1596 



1597 



Attempts to assassinate Elizabeth are promoted by Philip's ministers and generals 
in the Netherlands ; her remonstrances against such proceedings are disregarded 
by him. Birth of Henry, eldest son of king James. The duke of Guise and! 
the chief nobility of France tender their allegiance to Henry IV. Paris and 
most of the principal cities open their gates to him ; with the assistance of Sir 
John Norris and his English auxiliaries, he recovers the strong places in Bri- 
tanny, occupied by Spanish garrisons ; Sir Martin Frobisher is killed at the taking 
of Brest ; attempt of Jean Chatel to murder Henry ; the Jesuits are expelle< 
from France. Ernest, brother of the emperor Rudolf, is appointed by Philip 
viceroy of the Netherlands. Maurice obtains many advantages, takes the city of 
Groningen, and consolidates the power of the United Provinces. The Protestant 
League formed in Germany, at Heilbron. Sigismund, at his coronation, is bound 
by an oath to preserve the Protestant church in Sweden ; after a short residence, 
he returns to Poland, and leaves the administration in the hands of his uncle, 
Charles, duke of Sudermania. Surrender of Raab to the Turks. Death of Tin- 
toretto, set. 82, and of the musical composer, Palestrina, set. 65. Birth of John 
Hampden and Nicholas Poussin. The Falkland Isles discovered by Hawkins. 

Elizabeth recalls her forces from France and Holland for the defence of her own 
States. Some Spaniards land in Cornwall, and are defeated. Tyrone, supported 
by Philip, rebels in Ireland ; Sir John Norris is sent against him. Arnold d'Ossat 
and cardinal du Perron negotiate a reconciliation between Henry IV. and the 
pope ; his authority gains ground in France ; a truce concluded with the duke of 
Savoy ; war declared against Philip. Death of archduke Ernest ; count of Fuentes, 
viceroy of the Netherlands, invades Picardy. On the recommendation of Cor- 
nelius Houtman, the Dutch form their East India Company, establish their first 
factory in Java, and attack the Spanish and Portuguese, both by arms and com- 
mercial rivalry. The Italian States send reinforcements to the emperor against 
the Turks, who are defeated, and Gran recovered from them. Death of Sultan 
Amurath III.; his son, Mahomet III., commences his reign by murdering his 
brothers and his father's wives. Tasso, invited by the pope to be crowned in the 
Capitol, dies at Rome, before the ceremony can be performed, April 26, set. 51 • 
Oranges first known in England. 

Albert, brother of the late archduke Ernest, governor of the Netherlands, sui-prises 
Calais. Elizabeth renews her treaties with Henry IV. and the United Provinces, 
and sends another army, under Sir Thomas Baskerville, to assist the former. 
Birth of king James' daughter Elizabeth. Alexander de' Medici, archbishop c 
Florence, is deputed by pope Clement, to protest against Henry's alliance wit. 
the heretical Elizabeth, and endeavours to make peace betAveen him and Philip. 
Sir Francis Vere governor of Flushing and the cautionary towns, which Elizabeth 
still retains. Marseilles surrendered to Henry ; the dukes of Mayenne, Nemours, 
and Joyeuse submit to him ; Maximilian de Bethune, marquis de Rosny, (after- 
wards duke of Sully) becomes his adviser and prime minister. Unsuccessful 
enterprise of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins against Porto Rico ; both 
commanders die from the effects of the climate and fatigue. Cadiz taken and 
plundered by the earl of Essex and lord Thomas Howard. Sir Walter Raleigh's 
fruitless expedition into Guiana. Sultan Mahomet places himself at the head of 
the Ottoman army, takes Eger (Erlau), and defeats the Christian army at Ke- 
resztes. Birth of Des Cartes. The laurustinus and oleander brought into Eng- 
land. 

Lord Thomas Howard created earl of Nottingham ; to soothe the offended pride of 
Essex, Elizabeth makes him earl marshal. Sir Robert Cecil, second son of lord 
Burleigh, is appointed secretary of state. Failure of Essex and lialeigh in their 
projected attack on Ferrol ; the English and Spanish fleets both dispersed by 
storms. Victory of prince Maurice at Turnhout. Amiens surprised by the 
Spaniards, March, 11 ; recovered by Henry, Sep. 15. Transylvania relinquished 
to the emperor Rudolf, by Sigismund Bathori. On the death of Alfonso d'Este, 
Clement VIII. claims the duchy of Ferrara, and excommunicates C?esar, the 
rightful heir. Birth of Van Tromp. The pope attempts to settle the Anti- 
Jesuit controversy, afterwards called Jansenist. 



1594 TO 1602 A.D. 



553 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of Sir John Norris ; defeat of Sir Edward Bagnal by Tyrone on the Black- 
water. Elizabeth resents the insolence of Essex by a box on the ear. Clifford 
and other adventurers molest the coasts of Spanish America. Treaty of Vervins 
between Henry IV. and Philip, May 2. Edict of Nantes, April 13. Philip mar- 
ries his daughter Isabella to the archduke Albert, and resits the sovereignty of 
the Netherlands to them ; soon after which he dies in the Escurial, Sep. 13, set. 
73. His son, Philip III., makes the duke of Lerma his prime minister. By his 
system of government, the ancient Cortes are gradually abolished, and all 
national assemblies suppressed throughout the Spanish dominions. Eliza- 
beth refuses to make peace without the United Provinces, and concludes another 
treaty with them. Raab recovered from the Turks, with Vesprin and other towns. 
Discontent in Sweden ; the regent is encouraged to assume sovereign power ; ' 
Sigismund lands with an army to restore his authority, is defeated, and returns | 
to Poland. By the death of Feodor the line of Ruric becomes extinct; Boris! 
Godunow founds a new dynasty. Caesar d' Este compelled to relinquish Ferrara \ 
to the pope, remains duke uf Modena. Whale-fishing commences at.Spitzbergen. | 
The Bodleian library at Oxford founded. Death of lord Burghley, set. 78, of Ed-| 
mund Spenser, the poet, set. 45, and of Henry Stephens, printer, and author of the j 
Thesaurus, set, 70. Birth of G-. L. Bernini, the sculptor. The Globe theatre in ' 
Southwark built ; Shakspear performs there in his own plays. 

Essex, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, fails to suppress Tyrone's rebellion ; returns to 
London; is disgraced, and earl Mountjoy appointed in his place. The Spanish 
general Mendoza attempts to invade Dutch Guelderland, and is repulsed by 
Maurice. Divorce of Henry IV. from Margaret de Valois. Death of his mistress, 
Galirielle d'Estrees. Sully restores order in the finances of France. The Im- 
perial general Von Schwartzenberg besieges Buda, and defeats the efforts 
of the Tui'ks to relieve the place. Birth of Vandyke, Oliver Cromwell, and 
Blfcke. 

Successful commencement of Mountjoy's Irish government. Trial of Essex ; he is 
pardoned, and regains Elizabeth's favour; he begins a neW course of intrigue 
with king James of Scotland and the Puritans. Francis, afterwards lord Bacon, 
first distinguishes himself by his conduct in the trial of Essex. Birth of James' 
son, afterwards Charles I. Henry IV. marries Mary de' Medici ; conquers Savoy, 
Prince Maurice besieges Nieuport, defeats the archduke Albert, but raises the 
siege. Sigismund commences war against his Swedish subjects in Livonia. The 
English East India Company established. Birth of Brian Walton and Claude 
Lorraine. Death of Richard Hooker, aet. 47. The nature and power of electricity 
more clearly ascertained by Dr. Wm. Gilbert of Colchester. 

Insurrection of Essex, Feb. 8 ; he is brought to trial, condemned, and beheaded, 
Feb. 26, set. 34. Interview of Elizabeth with the marquis of Rosny (Sully) at 
Dover. Landing of the Spaniards at Kinsale, Sep. 23 ; Mountjoy compels them 
to surrender, reduces Tyrone to complete submission, and restores tranquillity in 
Ireland. A parliament held, Oct. 27. Debate on monopolies ; Francis Bacon 
defends them ; the queen consents to their abolition. Poor-law of 43 Eliz. passed. 
Secret negotiation between Sir Robert Cecil and king James, prepares the way 
for the quiet accession of the latter. Peace concluded at Lyons between Henry 
IV. and the duke of Savoy. Prince Maurice takes Remberg. The archduke 
Albert commences the siege of Ostend. An aimament collected by the maritime 
States against Algiers, under Gianandrea Doria, is dispersed by adverse winds. 
Death of Tycho Brahe, set. 55. The first English factories established on the 
Malabar coast. Birth of Calderon. 

An expedition, under admiral Sir Richard Levison, against the coast of Spain, 
returns with rich prizes. The duke de Biron beheaded for conspiring against the 
king of France. Failure of the duke of Savoy in an attempt to seize Geneva. 
The privileges of the Dutch East India Company confirmed by the States Ge- 
neral ; many Portuguese settlements taken. Death of Agostino Caracci, painter 
and engraver, aet. 44. Birth of Mazarine, afterwards cardinal. Artichokes in- 
troduced into England from Holland, asparagus from Asia, and cauliflowers from 
Cyprus. St. Mary Magdalen Hall, Oxford, founded. 



554 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Hegiea. 



1603 



1012—1013 



1604 



1605 



1606 



1607 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



1609 



1610 



1013—1014 



1014—1015 



1015-1016 



1016—1017 



1017—1018 



1019 



1020 



Popes. 



1 Ach- 
med I. 



12 Cle- 
ment 
VIIT. 

Jan. 30 



17Mau- 12 Er- 
rice, o/ nest 
Nusiau' yj 



Mar. 4, 

1 Leo 

XI. 
Aprill 

d 27. 
IPaul 

V. 
May 16. 



HOT> 
LAND. 



Bruns- 
wick. 



18- 



13- 



20— 



23- 



24- 



WlR- 

TEM- 
BERG. 

llFre- 
dericl, 



12- 



36Fre- 
deric 
Albert, 



[John 
Fre- 
deric. 



Prus- 
sia. 



Bran- 
den- 
burg. 



37- 



38- 



39- 



40- 



42- 



-43- 



6 Joa- 
chim 
Fre- 
deric 



13 

Chris- 
tian 
II. 



IJohn 

Sigis- 
mund, 



Saxo- 
ny. 



8Max- 
imili- 



15- 



16- 



18- 



20- 



Bava- 

RIA. 



Ger- 
many 



28 Ru 
dolf 
II. 



29- 



30- 



35- 



1603 TO 1610 A.D. 



555 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1603 



1604 



1605 



1606 



1607 



1608 



1609 



1610 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice, 



Savoy. 



9 Marino 
Grima- 



Franoe. 



10 ■ 



25 



26 " 



1 Leo- 
nardo 
Donate. 



24 Chas. 15 Hen- 



Spain. 



6 Phi 



Den- 
mark. 



Em a- ry IV.o/ lip 
nuel I. Navarr'eS HI. 



28 ■ 



29 • 



30- 



31 ■ 



19 . 



20 - 



1 Louis; 13- 
XIIL 



Swe- 
den. 



16 12 Sigis 
Chris- mund, 

tian ^i"S of 

IV. 



20- 



22- 



23- 



Polarnt. 



17Si- 
gis- 
mund, 

king of 
Sweden. 



1 Chas. 
IX. 



Po- 
land. 



6Boris 
Godu- 
now. 



18 

dep. in 
Sweden. 



RtTS- 
SIA. 



20- 



22- 



24- 



1 Vas- 
sili 
Shu- 

iskoy. 



Scot- 
land. 



United 
to Eng- 
land. 



45 Eli- 
zabeth. 
d. Mar.24. 



Grand 
Dukes 
OF Tus- 

CAXY. 

17 Ferdi- 
nand I. 

18 



Eng- 
land, 



Greit 
Britain. 

1 Jameft I- 

March 24. 

Qu.Ann* 

of Den- 

mark. 



20 



22 ■ 



1 Cosmo 
II. de' 
?Medici 



556 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1603 



1604 



1605 



1606 



1607 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of queen Elizabeth, at Kichmond, March 24 (April 3, n.s), set. 69. Acces- 
sion of James I., wlio takes the title of king of Great Britain ; coronation at 
Westminster, July 25. Embassy of Rosny. Treaty between James and Hen- 
ry IV. for the support of the United Provinces. Conspiracy and apprehension 
of lords Gray and Cobhara, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Edward Parham, and others. 
Sir Edward Coke, attorney-general, prosecutes them. Re-admission of the 
Jesuits into France, Meeting of the Protestants of Germany at Heidelberg; 
league among them reneAved. By the death of George Frederic of Anspach, the 
administration of Prussia devolves on Joachim Frederic, elector of Brandenburg, 
Sir Robert Cecil, secretary of state, created earl of Salisbury. The Basilicon 
Doron republished. Death of Dr. William Gilbert, the improver of electricity. 

King James presides at a religious disputation in Hampton Court, which produces 
no result. A new translation of the Scriptures, and a corrected form of Common 
Prayer adopted. Death of archbishop Whitgift ; Bancroft, who succeeds him, 
treats the Puritans with great severity. A parliament held, March 19, recog- 
nizes the king's title, evinces much spirit in asserting its own privileges and 
the liberties of the people. Rapid progress of general information and public 
opinion. Peace concluded with Spain, Aug. 18. The Gunpowder Plot projected, 
and preparations made to carry it into execution. After a siege of three years, 
Ostend taken by the marquis Spinola. Prince Maurice reduces Sluys by famine. 
The Dutch begin their conquest of the Molucca islands. The emperor Rudolf 
persecutes the Protestants in his German States and in Hungary. The cruelties 
of Boris Godunow provoke revolt in Russia. The Swedes depose Sigismund, 
and place his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, on the throne. Arminius, professor 
of divinity at Leyden, dissents from the doctrines of Calvin, and is opposed by 
Gomarus. Cervantes publishes the first part of his Don Quixotte, Death of 
Faustus Socinus. The plague rages violently in London. 

The Gunpowder Plot detected, Nov. 5 ; Catesby and Percy slain, in an attempt to 
raise a rebellion in Warwickshire ; Garnet, superior of the Jesuits, Sir Everard 
Digby, Rookwood, Guy Fawkes, and other conspirators, arrested, and suffer death 
for their crime. The earl of Northumberland, suspected of participation, is fined 
and imprisoned ; the lords Mordaunt and Stourton fined. Pope Paul Y . threatens 
to excommunicate the doge of Venice, for having exercised civil jurisdiction 
over the church. The Turks gain advantages in Hungary, and recover Gran ; 
they sustain great defeats in their war with Persia. Victory of Sigismund over 
the Swedes, at Kirchholm, in Livonia. Charles IX. builds Gothenburg, Umea, 
and Uleaborg, and encourages industry and commerce. A pretender in Russia 
is for a time believed to be Dmitri, the murdered brother of Peodor ; suicide of 
Boris Godunow. Birth of Sir William Davenant, Sir Thomas Browne, and Edmund 
Waller. Death of Theodore Beza, set. 86. 

Meeting of parliament, Jan. 22 ; a new oath of allegiance ordered, which Paul V. 
forbids the English Catholics to take. The first Act passed for making the New 
River. Companies chartered for settlements in Virginia, which is again, and 
successfully, colonized. The French establish themselves in Canada. New 
Holland discovered by the Dutch. The emperor Rudolf concludes the peace of 
Comorn with the Turks ; by the pacification of Vienna, he secures to Protestants 
the free exercise of their religion. Interdict laid by the pope on the Venetian 
States ; the Republic treats the Bull with contempt, and orders all religious ob- 
servances to be continued as usual. Paul threatens war, and Venice prepares to 
resist him. The cardinals Bellarmine and Baronius write in defence of the 
church, and Paul Sarpi (Era Paolo) vindicates the measures of the republic. The 
false Dmitri is put to death, and Vassili Shuiskoy raised by the boyars to the 
throne of Russia. Death of Justus Lipsius, set. 79. Birth of Corneille and 
Rembrandt. 

King James, in a speech to parliament, recommends the union between England 
and Scotland ; the question debated by Sir Francis Bacon and Sir Edward Coke ; 
the measure not carried. Increasing importance of the House of Commons ; its 
Journals begin to be regularly kept. Discussion on the oath of allegiance be- 
tween king James and cardinal Bellarmine. Insurrection of Reynolds in North- 



1603 TO 1610 A.T). 



A.D. i 



Events and Eminent Mkn. 



aniptonshire against inclosures. Visit of Christian, king of Denmark, to his 
sister, the queen of England. The archduke Matthias endeavours to obtain the 
abdication of his brother, Kndolf. Naval victory of the Hollanders over the 
Spaniards off Cape St. Vincent Negotiations for peace begin between the kiu; 
of Spain, the archduke Albert, and the United Provinces, and are broken off. 
Davis penetrates into the Straits which still bear his name. The building of 
Whitehall commenced, by Inigo Jones. The University of Giessen founded 
Under the mediation of Henry IV., the pope desists from his pretensions and 
his intended hostilities against Venice; the republic gives up its prisoners, but 
maintains its jurisdiction over ecclesiastics ; the Jesuits remain excluded from 
its territories. Richelieu appointed bishop of Lu^on. Attempted assassination 
of Era Paolo, supposed to have been instigated by cardinal Borghese. Conchi 
sion of the Memoirs of the President de Thou, commencing from 1,543, Death 
of cardinal Baronius, set. 69. Birth of the duke of Ormond, and de Ruyter. 

King James improves the government of Ireland, and offers the forfeited lands in 
the province of Ulster to Protestant settlers. Hudson explores the bay since 
named after him. Sir Thomas Chaloner discovers the alum rock at Guisborough, 
near Whitby in Yorkshire, obtains workmen from Italy, and establishes the 
alum-works there. Wirtemberg, Hesse Cassel, Baden and other Protestant 
States, enter into a league, of which the Elector Palatine, Frederic, is the chief. 
The emperor Rudolf gives up Hungary to his brother Matthias, whom the people 
of that country choose for their king, but stipulate for religious liberty. Death 
of Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorset, set. 81. Birth of Milton, of Monk ( afterAvards 
earl of Albemarle), and Hyde (afterwards earl of Clarendon). Quebec built. 

Many puritans emigrate to Virginia, under Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George 
Somers ; the latter driven by a storm among the Bermudas, forms a settlement 
on one of them, named after him Somers' Island. The king of Spain and arch- 
duke Albert, reduced to extremities and unable to continue the war, recognise 
the independence of the Seven United Provinces, and under the mediation of 
Great Britain and France, conclude with them a truce for twelve years, March 
30 (April 9, n.s.). The Dutch, by levying heavy tolls at the mouth of the 
Scheldt, transfer the commerce of Antwerp to Amsterdam and Rotterdam. 
Death of Arminius, set. 49 ; his doctrines are advocated by Uitenbogart and 
Episcopius ; the Gomarians or Calvinists are favoured by prince Maurice and 
the States General ; violent controversies are carried on. The Catholic princes 
of Germany confederate at Wiirzburg, and place Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, 
at the head of their league. Charles Emanuel of Savoy fails in a second attempt 
to seize Geneva ; he endeavours to engage Henry IV. in an attack on the duchy 
of Milan. Another false Dmitri appears in Russia, supported by Sigismund, 
king of Poland, and the Cossacks ; Vassili is besieged in Moscow ; Charles IX. 
of Sweden comes to his assistance, and drives the Poles out of Northern Russia, 
Hugh Middleton begins to cut the channel for the New River. Copper coin 
first issued from the Mint in London. Death of Joseph Scaliger, set. 69, and of 
Annibale Carracci, aet. 49. The king of Spain expels all the Moors, the most 
industrious and wealthy of his subjects. 

Meeting of Parliament, Feb. 19 ; the Commons restrict the supplies, and begin 
to limit the royal prerogative. Henry IV. assassinated by Ravaillac, May 4 
( 14, N.S.), set. 57. His measures for opposing the growing power of Austria are 
suspended ; his widow, Mary de' Medici, regent, is governed by that power and 
Spain; the duke of Sully treated with coldness and neglect. Struggle in Ger- 
many for the duchies of Julich, Cleves, and Berg ; the Protestants meet at 
Halle and extend their League. The Arminians present a Remonstrance to the 
States General against the opposition which they encounter, and are thence- 
forth styled Remonstrants. Batavia built by the Dutch on the island of Java; 
quaiTels commence between them and the English factories. Anarchy in Russia ; 
Vassili imprisoned, dies in confinement: Sweden and Poland contend for ascen- 
dancy. The invention of the theraiometer ascribed to Era Paolo, to Sanctorio, 
and to Drebbel of Alkmaar, Death of archbishop Bancroft. Birth of viscount 
Falkland. 



558 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


.Hegi. 


1611 


1021 


1612 


1022 


1613 


1023 


1614 


1024 


1615 


1025 


1616 


1026 


1617 


1027 


1618 ' 


1028 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



9 Ach- 
medl. 



Popes. 



7 Paul V. 
May 16- 



1 Mus- 
tafa I. 



1 Osman 
II. 



1.0 - 



Hol- 
land, 



25 Mau- 
rice, of 
Nassau. 



Bruns- 
wick. 



1 Chris- 
tian I 



27 . 



28 . 



11 29 



30 . 



13 ■ 



32 . 



WiR- 

TEM- 
BERG, 



4 John 
Fre- 
deric. 



Prus- 
sia. 



44 Fre- 
deric 
Al- 
bert. 



45- 



4 ' 7. 



Bran- 
den- 
burg. 



4John 
Sigis- 
mund. 



49- 



50- 



11 United 

to 
Bran- 
den- 
burg. 



Saxo- Bava- 

NY. RIA. 



IJohn 
George 
III, 



11 

Duke 

of 
Prus- 
sia. 



16Max- 
imilian. 



Ger- 
many. 



36 Ru- 
dolf 
II. 



1 Mat- 
thias. 



20- 



22- 



23- 



1611 


TO 1618 A.B. 
















559 


Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


France. 


Spain, 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Russia 


Grand 
DtrKKs OP 

Tlsca.-^y. 

3 Cos- 
mo II., 
de' Me- 
dici. 


Great 
Rritatn. 

9 James I. 
March 24. 


1611 


6 Leo- 
nardo 
Donate. 


32 Chas 
Ema- 
nuel I. 


2 Louis 
XIII. 


14 Phi- 

lip 111 


24Chris- 
tian IV. 


1 Gus- 
tavus 
Adol- 
phus. 


25 Si- 
gis- 
mund. 


Anar- 
chy. 


1612 


1 Marc- 
antonio 
Memo. 


33 


3 


15 


25 


2 


26 




4 


10 

d. Henry, 

Prinvp. oj, 
fVales. 


1613 


2 


34 


4 


16 


26 


3 


27 


1 Mi- 
chael 
111. 

B&ma- 
nov). 


3 


11 


1614 


3 


35 


5 


17 


27 — 


4 


28 


2 


6 


12 


V 

11615 


1 Gio- 
vanni 
Bembo. 


36 


6 


IR 


28 


5 


29 


3 


7 


13 




1616 
11617 


2 

3 


37 

38 


8 




29 

30 


6 


30 

31 


4 

5 


8 

9 


14 

15 


20 


1618 


1 Nicolo 
Donate. 
1 Anto- 
nio Pri- 
uli. 


39 


9 


21 


31 


«- 


32 


6 


10 


16 


1 























560 



TUOM THE YEAB 



A.D. 



1611 



1612 



1613 



1614 ( 



I 1615 



EvEN-rs AND EminbiSt Men. 



The province of Ulster settled and cultivated by Englirsli and Scotch Protestants. 
Baronets first created ; they purchase theii" titles. Robert Carre, favourite of 
king James. Marriage of lord Beauchamp and lady Arabella Stuart ; tliey are 
imprisoned in the Tower. The States General deprive Vorstius, a Remonstrant, 
of his professor's chair at Leyden, by desire of king James. Rudolf I'elin- 
quishes Bohemia to his brother Matthias, who is crowned at Prague. Death of 
Charles, king of Sweden ; his son, Gustavus Adolphus, aet. 17, takes the throne," 
and makes Axel Oxenstiern his prime minister. Sully retires into private life, 
and writes his Memoirs. The Order of the Fathers of the Oratory founded at Paris 
by Berulle. Settlement of the Jesuits in Paraguay. Thomas Sutton purchases 
the Charter House {see a.d. 1371 ) of the duke of Norfolk, which he endows as a 
school and hospital. The present authoHzed English version of the Bible com- 
pleted and brought into use. Heath of the duke de Mayenne. Birth of lord 
Fairfax, of Gronovius, of James Harrington, and of Turenne (afterwards 
marshal). 

Death of Henry, prince of Wales, Nov. 6, aet 19. Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury 
dies, a't. 49, and his place, as prime minister, is filled by the earl of Suffolk, 
Resistance of the Scotch church to episcopal jurisdiction. The queen regent 
of France sets herself in opposition to the Huguenots, and is guided by Con- 
cini. Death of the emperor Rudolf, Jan. 20, w.s., set. 60; his brotlier, Matthias, 
already king of Hungary and Bohemia, is elected emperor at Francfort, June 13. 
The Portuguese establish a factory at Ormus. Sir Robert Shirley, after a long 
residence in Persia, returns as ambassador and negociates a treaty of commerce 
between Great Britain and that country. Hickes's Hall built for the use of the 
Middlesex magistrates. Death of Sir Thomas Bodley, founder of the Library 
at Oxford. Birth of the duke of Montrose, of Sir Heniy Vane, and Samuel 
Butler. 

Marriage of the princess Elisabeth to Frederic V., elector Palatine. Carre, 
created by the king first viscount Rochester, and then earl of Somerset, marries 
the divoi'ced countess of Essex ; at their instigation, Sir Thomas Overbury is 
committed to the Tower and secretly poisoned. The duke of Savoy claims and 
invades the duchy of Moutferrat. Bethlem Gabor obtains the sovereignty 
of Transylvania. Michael III. founds the dynasty of Romauow in Russia. 
Ineffectual conference of the Remonstrants and Calvinists at Delft. Wadham 
College, Oxford, founded by Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham. Birth of the 
duke de la Rochefoucault, of Murillo the Spanish painter, and of Jeremy Taylor 
(afterwards bishop). English factories at Surat in India, and at Gombroon on 
the Persian gulf. Piracies of the Buccaneers on the coasts of America. 

Meeting of parliament, Apr. 5 ; the Commons vote no supplies, but endeavour to 
abridge the power of the crown ; the king dissolves them in anger, June 6, and 
imprisons some of the members. Thomas Leggatt burnt in Smithfield far 
Arianism, and Edmund Whiteman at Burton on Trent. Agitation in France ; 
assembly of the States General; the parliament of Paris condemns a book by 
the Jesuit Suarez, on the papal power ; the pope threatens, and the young king, 
now of age, is obliged to apologfse. An equestrian statue of Henry IV., pre- 
sented by Cosmo, grand duke of Tuscany, is placed on the Pont Neuf. The 
church of St. Peter's at Rome completed. The elector of Brandenburg conforms 
to the Protestant faith, The Persians, assisted by the English, expel the Por- 
tuguese from Ormus. Destructive inundations of the sea in Lincolnshire and 
Norfolk. The New River water brought to London ; Hugh Middleton knighted, 
but ruined by the undertaking. Logarithms invented by lord Napier. The 
university of Gronihgen established. Birth of De Retz (afterwards cardinal). 
Death of Brantome, and of Isaac Casaubon, eet. 55. Pietro della Valle com- 
mences his travels in Persia. Beaumont and Fletcher^. 

The murder of Sir Thomas Overbury discovered ; trial and condemnation of the 
criminals ; the two principals, Somerset and his countess, are pardoned ; their 
accomplices suffer death. Visit of king James to Cambridge ; he there sees 
George VilUers, who becomes his favourite, and is rapidly promoted. Lady 
Arabella Stuart dies, still a prisoner in the Tower- Sir Edward Coke quarrels 



1611 TO 1618 A.D. 



5f)l 



Events and Eminkxt Men. 



with Villiers, and is displaced from his office of Chief Justice. Marriage of 
Louis XIII. to Anna Maria Mauricia, daughter of Philip III. of Spain; and of 
her brother, afterwards Philip IV., to Isabella, sister of the French king. The 
prince of Cond«i places himself at the head of the Huguenots; preparations for 
war on both sides. The piracies of the Uscocchi, subjects of Austria, lead to 
hostilities between the Venetians and Imperialists. The duke of Savoy defends 
himself against the attack of the Spanish governor of Milan. Coffee in use at 
Venice. Birth of Salvator Rosa, and of Richard Baxter. The palace of the 
Luxemburg at Pans built by the queen regent Death of Francis Beaumont, 
aBt. 60, and of Aquaviva, author of the school system of the Jesuits. 

Flushing, the Briel, and Rammekins, "the cautionaiy towns," given np to the 
Dutch by king James. Richelieu secretary of state. The prince of Conde 
seized and imprisoned. Pedro de Toledo, governor of Milan, prosecutes the 
attack on Savoy. Baffin explores the bay to Avhich his name has been given. 
Death of Shakspeare. set. 52. and of Cervantes, in great misery, aet. 69. Birth 
of Carlo Dolce. St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, founded. 

King James visits Scotland ; holds a parliament there, Jnne 13, and a meeting of 
the bishops and clergy at St. Andrew's, July 10 ; his efforts in support of epis- 
copacy cause a great ferment in the country ; oa his return to London he pulj- 
lishes his " Book of Sports," and orders a more cheerful observance of the 
Sunday. Bacon created viscount St. Alban's, and appointed lord chancellor. 
Sir Walter Raleigh, released from the Tower, engages a band of adventurers to 
seek a gold mine in Guiana. Influence of De Luynes over Louis XIII, Assas- 
sination of Concini, marshal d'Ancre; Mary de' Medici sent to Blois ; Richelieu 
attends her there. Peace of Stolbova ; Sweden obtains Carelia and Ingria. 
The emperor Matthias adopts his cousin, Ferdinand, son of the late archduke 
Charles, and resigns Bohemia to hira ; he is crowned at Prague, and begins to 
oppose the Protestants of that kingdom. The terms of a general peace settled 
in Italy. The centenary of the Refonnation celebrated in Germany by a Pro- 
testant jubilee. Death of the president De Thou, ctt. 64, and of John (lord) 
Kapier, aet. 67. Birth of Algernon Sidney, and of Bossuet. 

Proposed marriage of prince Charles to a Spanish princess. Villiers, now duke of 
Buckingham, rules the king. The earl of Suffolk fined and imprisoned for 
peculation. Sir Walter Raleigh, on his return from his unsuccessful enterprise, 
beheaded, Oct. 29, set. 66; the queen intercedes in vain for him. The General 
Assembly in Scotland agrees very reluctantly to the Articles of Perth, in favour 
of religious ceremonies. France distracted by the three factions of the court, 
the queen-mother and the Huguenots. Italy agitated by the " Spanish Trium- 
virate," Ossuna, viceroy of Naples; Toledo, governor of Milan; and Bedmar, 
ambassador at Venice. Conspiracy for betraying the latter city, the foundation 
of Otway's " Venice preserved." Toledo recalled by Philip. Ferdinand takes 
from the Bohemian Protestants their privileges ; they ann themselves against 
him, May 23, under count Von Thurn ; are supported by an auxiliary force under 
count Mansfeld, and make themselves masters of the kingdom ; commence- 
ment of the Thirty Years' War. The emperor Matthias relinquishes Hungary to 
Ferdinand. Death of Frederic Albert, the imbecile duke of Prussia ; annexa- 
tion of his territories to the Electorate of Brandenburg. Disgrace of the duke 
of Lerma ; his son^ the duke d'Uzeda, supplants him as minister to Philip III. 
Prince Maurice aims at absolute power in the United Provinces. The synod of 
Dortrecht condemns tlie doctrines of Arminius and denies toleration to the Re- 
monstrants ; the gr.and Pensionary Oldenbarneveld, Grotius, and other eminent 
members of the sect are imprisoned. First voyage of the Danes to India, and 
settlement at Tranquebar. A patent granted for a machine, called a " fire en- 
gine," for raising ballast and water, nearly on the principle of the steam engine. 
Death of cardinal de Perron, aet. 62. Birth of Abraham Cowley. Music culti- 
vated in England ; William Bird, composer of " Non nobis Doniine." and other 
sacred music; Dr. John Bull, professor of music at Gresham College; and' 
Orlando Gibbons, composer of madrigals and church music. I 



4 B 



562 



PROM THE TEAK 



A.D. 


Hegi- 

KA. 


] Otto- ; 
MAN Em- Popes. 

PI RE. 


Hol- 
land. 


Brun's- 

WlCK. 

9 Chris- 
tian I. 


WlR- 
TEM- 
BERG. 


Par- 
ma. 

28 Ra- 
nuccio 
Far- 
nese. 


Bean- 

DEX- 
BIJRG. 


Saxo- 
ny. 


Bava- 
ria. 


Ger- 
many. 


1619 


1029 


2 Osman 
II. 

i 
1 


15 Paul 
V. 

May 16. 


nee fj 
Nassau. 


12 John 

Fre- 
deric. 


1 Georse 
Wil- 
liam. 


9 John 

(ieorge 


24x\Iax- 
ioiilian. 


IFer- 
dinauil 

n. ' 


1620 


1030 


3 


16 


34 


10 


13 


-"— 


2 


10 


25 


2~ 


1621 


1031 


1 
4 


d Jan. 28. 
1 (.irpj^o- 

rv XV. 

Feb. 9. 


35 


11 


14 


.30 


3 


11 


26 _ 


3 


1622 


10S2 


1 Mus- 
tafa I. 
restored. 


2 


36 


12 — 


15 


1 Ed- 
ward. 




12 


27 


4 


1325 


1033 


j 1 Amu- 
rath IV. 


3 

d. .Tii'.y S. 

1 Urban 
VIII. 
Aus. 6. 


37 


13 


1. 


2 




13 


28 


5 


1024 


1031 


i 2 

i 


2 


38 


14 


17 


3 


6 


l4-~ 


29 — 


.6 


1625 


1035 
103G 


3 


3 


1 Fre- 
deric 
Hen- 
ry. 


15 


18 


4 




15 


.30 


J 



1G19 TO 1G25 A.D. 



563 



DOGBS 

OF Ve- 
nice. 

2 An- 
tonio 
Priuli. 



Savoy. 



40 Chas, 
Ema- 
nuel 1. 



France. Spain. 



10 Louis '22 Phi- 
XIII. lip III 



Den- Swe- 

MAKK. I>KN. 



32Chri3-9Gus- 

tian IV.jtavus 

Adol- 

phus. 



42 



43 



1 Fran- 44 • 

cesco 

Couta- 

rino. 



45 • 



I 1 Gio- 
vanni 
Cornaro. 



46 



16 ■ 



33 



lPhilip34 
IV. 



2 33 



3 36 ■ 



4 :37 



Po- 
land, 



33 Si- 
gis- 
mund. 



34- 



35- 



Dr;KE3 
Russia OF Tus- 
cany. 



7 Mi- 
chael 
III. 
Eoma- 
novK 



12- 



llCosmo 
II. de' 
Medici. 



Grhat I 

BttiTAlNj 

ITJames 

I. I 

March 24., 
d Q.Auua. 



1 Ferdi- 
nand II. 
de' Me- 
dici. 



f20. 



21 . 



2-2 • 



:23 d. 

! March 27 
|lChas,I. 
I March 2;'. 



564 



FHOM THE YY.AR 



AJ3 



1619 



1820 



1621 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of queen Anue. at Hampton Court, March 3, set. 43. Mary de' Medici 
escapes from Blois. assisted by the duke d'Epernon; Richelieu effects a reconci- 
liation between her and her son. The duke de Conde is released. Death of the 
emperor Matthias, March 20, set. 62; election of his cousin, Ferdinand, at Franc- 
fort, Aug 28. 1 he Bohemians give their crown to the elector Palaiine, 
Frederic V^. King James refuses to assist his son-in-law, or even to acknowledge 
liis new title; he is recognized by the Venetians, who enter int(» a league with 
the duke of Sav^oy and the United Provinces, to check the power of Austria, 
Invasion of Hungary by Bethiem Gabor. Tlie new emperor is besieged in Vi- 
enna by the Bohemians, and reduced to great extremity, Aviien some troops sent 
by the grand duke of Tuscany arrive and relieve him ; the duke of Bavaria and 
t lie elector of Saxony espouse his cause ; the elector of Biandenburg refuses to 
Vake any part in tlie struggle now commencing. Oldenbarneveld beheaded, 
May 13, tet. 72. Grotius condemned to imprisonment for life. The States Ge- 
neral defeat the arbitrary designs of Maurice. The circulation of the blood 
discovered by Dr. William Harvey. Dulwich College founded, by Edward 
Alleyne. A large comet visible 28 days. Death of Ludovico Caracci, ait. 64. 
Birth of Le Brun, of Colbert, and the duke of Schomberg. Sir Francis Crane 
assisted by the king to establish a manufactory of tapestry at Mortlake. 

A Spanish army from the Netherlands, under the marquis of Spinola, conquers 
the Palatinate of the lihine. Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, overthrows rhe Bo- 
hemians in the battle of Prague, Nov. 9, n.s. Tlie elector Frederic, deprived of 
his acquired kingdom and of his hereditary territories, takes refuge at Khenen, in 
Dutch Guelderland. The duke of Ossuna, suspected of a design to seize the 
sovereignty of Naples, is recalled to Spain, and replaced by the cardinal Borgia. 
The duke of Feria, Spanish governor of Milan, occupies the Valteline, to support 
the revolt of the Catholics against the Protestant government of the Grisons. 
Amboyna taken by the Dutch from the Portuguese. Manfredonia surprised and 
plundered by the Turks. Gustavus Adolphus marries Maria Eleanor, princess 
of Brandenburg. Buxtorf, the Hebrew scholar, Jl. Birth of .Folin Evelyn, of 
Philip Wouvermans, and of Andrew Marvell, Perukes introduced at the French 
court. Silk tirst manufactured in England. 

"Vain remonstrances of king James against the seizure of the Palatinate. Meeting 
of parliament, Jan. 30; reform of abuses in monopolies, patents, and licences. 
The lord chancellor. Bacon, confesses his acceptance of presents or bribes; is 
deprived of his otiice, lined, and imprisoned: the king restores him to liberty, 
remits his fine, and allows him a pension. Villiers, brother of the duke ol" Buck- 
ingham, Yelverton, attorney-general, and many otliers, convicted of malversa- 
tions. Second meeting of parliament, Nov. 14; qu.arrel with the king; he tears 
their protest from their journals. Failure of Louis XIII. in his attempt to take 
Montauban from the Huguenots ; successful operations of their chiefs, the dukes 
de Rohan and de Soubise ; death of the constable of France, duke de Luynes. 
Expiration of the truce in the Netherlands; the Dutch refuse to renew it. Death 
of archduke Albert ; his widow, Isabella, continues to govern, and the prepara- 
tions for war are directed by Ambrose Spinola. The duke of Holstein. gives an 
asvlum to the expatriated Remonstrants, and builds for them the town of Fi-ied- 
erichstadt, on the Eyder ; many of them settle in farming establishments, called 
HollaMereys, and improve the system of agriculture in the duchy. Death of 
Philip III.. March 31, set. 4.3, his son, Philip IV., iet. 16, is governed by his mi- 
nister Olivarez. The Benedictine congregation of St. Maur receive their 
statutes from the pope, and commence their literary labo-urs. Death of cardinal 
Bellarmine, set. 79. Birth of Louis, prince of Conde, of La Fontaine, of Heneage 
Finch (earl'of Nottingham), and of Antony Ashley (earl of Shaftesbury). Escape 
of Grotius from the castle of Leeuwensteen. 

The king dissolves the parliament, Jan. 6 ; imprisons Sir Edward Coke, Selden, 
Pym, and other members; sends some, ag^ainst their will, to hold offices in 
Ireland, and makes Sir John Saville comptroller of the houseliold ; relaxes the 
severity of the laws against Catholics ; assists the elector Palatine with money to 
attempt the recovery of his dominions. Three armies raised ; one under count 



1619 TO ir/25 A.D, 



565 




iMansfeld defeats Tilly at Wiesloch : but Gcortre, duke of Baden, is defeated at 
Winipfen, and the elector of Hrimswick at IlOchst ; Tilly devastates tlie Pala- 
tinate of the Khine, with horrid barbarity. The duke de Lesdiguidies constable 
of France, and Kichelieu made a cardinal ; the edict of Montpellier restores peace 
on the basis of the edict of Nantes. Borgen-op-Zoom saved by prince Maurice 
from the attack of Spinola. The Congregation De Propaganda Jide established 
by the pope. Othnian II strangled by the Janizaries, and Mustafa restored, 
Death of Paul Sarpi (Fra Paolo), set. 70, and of John Bull, Mus. D , a3t. 59. Birth 
of Moliere. 

Prince Charles, attended by Buckingham, visits JIadrid, to negotiate in person for 
his marriage with a Spaiiish princess ; the treaty broken off. The electoral dig- 
nity of the Palatinate transferred to Maximilian of Bavaria; the imperialists 
everywhere triumphant ; the war apparently at an end ; count Mansfeld alone re- 
mains in amis. The valuable library of Heidelberg transported to Kome and Vien- 
na. The intrigues of discordant factions in the French court prepare the way 
for Richelieu to become prime minister. The son of the murdered Oldenbarneveld 
and other Remonstrants attempt to avenge their wrongs by a conspiracy against 
Maurice ; tliey are detected and punished. Death of Mariana, the historian of 
of Spain, iet. 86, of William Bird, set. 48, and of vVilliam Camden, set. 72. Birth 
of Pascal. The sultan Mustafa deposed again, and killed, is succeeded by Os- 
man's brother, Amurath IV 

Abetter understanding prevails between James and the parliament on its meeting, 
Feb- 29. War with Spain. Count Mansfeld has the command of an English 
ai-my destined for the Palatinate ; failure of his expedition. Impeachment of the 
lord treasurer Cranfield, earl of Middlesex. Treaty of marriage between prince 
Charles and Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII. Richelieu, prime minister, 
takes a more decided part in the politics of Europe ; concludes a treaty Avith the 
United Provinces ; conference at Susa ; alliance of France Avith the duke of 
Savoy and with Venice ; a French army, under the marquis de Coeuvres, takes 
possession of the Valteline. Peace between the emperor and Bethlem Gabor, to 
wliomRatibor and Oppeln are ceded, on his relinquishing his claim to the king- 
dom of Hungary. Success of the Dutch in their naval enterprises against the 
coasts of Spanish America. Spinola lays siege to Breda. Massacre of the 
English in Amboyna by the Dutch. Death of admiral lord Howard, set. 88, and 
of the duke of Ossuna. Manhattan, or New Amsterdam (now NeAv York), 
founded by Dutch emigrants. Bacon, in his retirement, writes his Novum Or- 
ganum, and De Augmentis Scientiarum. Pembroke College, Oxford, founded by 
Thomas Teesdale and Richard Wightwick, 

Death of James I., at Theobald's, March 27, set. 59. Mamage of Charles I., May 1, 
by proxy, at Paris, to Henrietta Maria, daughter of the late Henry IV. ; arrival 
of the queen at Dover, June 13. Meeting of parliament, June 18; adjourned to 
Oxford, on account of the plague, Aug. 1 ; offends the king, and is dissolved, 
Aug. 12. Alliance with France ; the English fleet, under Sir John Pennington, 
refuses to act against the Protestants of Rochelle. Unsuccessful expedition 
against Cadiz. The islands of Barbadoes and St. Christopher occupied by 
English settlers. Richelieu commences vigorous measures against the Hugue- 
nots, and takes from them the Isle de Rhe. A French army, under Lesdiguidres, 
joins the duke of Savoy in an ineffectual attack on Genoa. Alliance between the 
king of Denmark and the German Protestant States. The emperor's son, Fer- 
dinand III., crowned king of Hungary. Breda surrenders to Spinola. Death of 
the statholder, prince Maurice, set. 59; he is succeeded by his brother, Frederic 

I Henry, who causes the intolerant laws against the Remonstrants to be repealed. 
The plague afflicts most parts of Europe ; so violent in London, that tlie courts 
of justice hold their Michaelmas sittings at Reading. Death of John Fletcher, 
the dramatist, set 49, of the duke of Lerma, of the Spanish historian, Herrera, 

I of the Flemish painter, Peter Breughel, set. 56, of Orlando Gibbons, set. 42, and 
of Sir John Davies, set. 55. Birth of Bartholomew D'Herbelot, of Ctrlo Ma- 
ratta, the landscape painter, of Cassini, of De Witt, of Paul Potter, and the earl 

j of Sandwich. Grotius, a refugee in Sweden, writes De Jure Belli et Pads. 



&66 



TEOM THE TjEAK 



A.D. 


Hegiea. 


Otto- | 

MAN EM-jPoPES 

PIRE. I 


. Spain 


France 


. BaoNs 

WICK. 


WlR- 
TEM- 
BERG. 


Bran- 
den- 
burg 


Saxo- 
ny. 


Bava 

RIA. 


- Ger- 
many. 


1626 


1036—1037 


4 Amu 
rath IV 

1 


4Ur. 
ban 
VI II 

Aug. 6 


6 Phi- 
lip 
IV. 


17 Louis 


I'i Chris 

tiaii I. 


jl9 John 
Frede 
! ric. 


8 George 

Wil- 
1 liam. 


16 John 
George 


31 Max 
imiiiau 


- 8 Fer- 

■ dinaiid 

11. 


1627 


1037—1038 


5 


5 


7 


18 


17 


20 

i 


9 


17 


32 


9 


1628 


1038-1039 


6 


6 


8 


19 


18 


lEber- 
hard 
111. 


10 


18 


33 


10 


1629 


1039—1040 


7 


7 


9 


20 


19 


2 


11 


19 


34 


11 


1630 


1040— 1041 


8 


8 


10 


21 


20 


3 


12 


20 


35 


12- — [ 


1631 


1041—1042^ 


9 


9 


11 


22 


21 — ; 


4 


13 


21 


36 


13 


1632 


1042—1043 

i 
j 

i 


10 


10 1 


12 


23 


22 


5 


14 


22- — 


37 


14 



1620 TO 1G32 A.D. 



&67 



Repe- 
tttion 



1626 



1628 



162{> 



1631 



16.?2 



DOGKS 
OF VK- 
XICE. 

2 Gio- 
vanni 
Oorna- 



1 Dukes Dukks 
Savoy. ok of Tus- 
Parma, cany. 



47 Chas 
Eiija- 
nnel I. 



5 Ed- 
ward. 



4S ' 6 - 



INiccoIo 
Conta- 
rino. 



1 Fi-aii- 

cesco 

Erizzo. 



5a • 



1 Victor 
Ama- 
deus 



6 P'er- 
dinand 
II. de' 
Medici. 



Den- 
mark. 



39Chris- 
kianiy 



SWK- P(V 
DEX. LAND 



16 Gus- 40 Si- 
tavus ! gi^. 
.\doI- inimd 
phiis. 



40 JI7 41- 



! 

41 IS 4; 



42 ■ ,19 43 17 



43 



Russia. 


Hol- 




land 


14 Mi- 


2 Fre- 


chael 


deric 


III. /iV 


Hen- 


manow. 


ry. 




^ 



Great I 
Britain.' 



2Cha.s. rj 
March IT J 



G 

i Charl 
11. 



- lLa-20. 
dislaB 
IV. 



568 



EROM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



1626 



Events aitd Eminent Men. 



1627 



1628 



1629 



Charles I. crowned, Feb. 2. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 6. The earl of Arundel 
committed to the Tower; protest of the Lords. Buckingliam impeaches the earl 
of Bristol, and is impeached by the earl and by the Commons ; pending this 
process, he is elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge. Kemon.strances 
of the Commons; dissolution of parliament, June 11. The king endeavours to 
raise a supply by arbitrary impositions of tonnage, poundage, loans, and ship- 
money ; imprisonment of Sir John Corbet, Sir Edmund Hampden, and others. 
Rivalry and jealousy of Buckingham and Kichelieu. Peace with the Huguenots. 
Treaty of Mon9on ; the Valteline restored to the Orisons. Conspiracy against 
Richelieu; the count de Chalais beheaded. Christian IV. takes the command 
of the Protestant army, and is defeated by Tilly, at Lutten, on the Barenberg. 
Victory of Wallenstein over Mansfeld, at Dessau. The duke of Urbino gives 
his territories to the pope. French settlements formed in Senegal and Guy- 
ana. The convent of Port Royal {see 1233) refounded by the abbess Arnauld. 
Bacon, while on a visit to the eail of Arundel, at Highgate, dies, April 9, aet. 65. 
Death of Lesdeguieres, constable of France, set. 53, and of William Snell, a 
Dutchman, who discovered the refraction of rays of light. Birth of Robert 
Boyle. 

Unpopularity of Charles I.; resistance to his arbitrary measures. He engages in 
a war against France. Buckingham's ill-concerted and unfortunate attack on the 
Isle de Rhe. Louis XIII. encouraged by Richelieu to besiege Rochelle ; opera- 
tions commenced, Aug. 10. Wallenstein defeats the Protestants, commanded 
by the marquis of Baden ; conquers Pomerania, Holstein, Schleswig, and pene- 
trates into Jutland. Death of the duke of Mantua ; the disputed succession to 
his States prepares a new war in Italy ; the duke of Savoy revives liis claim to 
the duchy of Montferrat. Success of the Dutch admiral, Hein, in Brazil; 
he founds Essequibo, in Guyana. Boston, in North America, built by English 
emigrants. Death of Grater, set. 67. Birth of Madame de Sevign^, and of 
Bossuet. 

Meeting of parliament, March 17. Petition of Right receives the royal assent. 
Proceedings of the Commons against the duke of Buckingham and Dr. Main- 
waring. Supplies voted to relieve Rochelle. Failure of two expeditions under 
the earls of Denbigh and Lindsay. Buckingham assassinated by Felton, at 
Portsmouth, Aug. 23, set. 46. Surrender of Rochelle, Oct. 30, n.s. France 
prepares to support the claim of the duke de Nevers to Mantua ; league against 
him of Spain, Austria, and Savoy. Charles Emanuel invades Montferrat, and 
Gonzales de Cordova, governor of Milan, lays siege to Casal. Venice assembles 
an army to act in concert with the French. Spiuoia called from the Netherlands 
to assist in the Italian war. Frederic Henry takes Bois-le-duc, Maestricht, and 
Wesel ; Turenne first studies under him the art of war. Hein captures a 
richly-laden Spanish fleet off Cuba. Wallenstein conquers all the German 
Baltic provinces, and is invested by the emperor with the duchy of Mecklenburg. 
First English settlement on the bay of Massachusetts. Death of the Persian 
sultan, Shah Abbas. Death of Fulk Greville, lord Br. oke, ast. 84, and of Mal- 
herbe, the French lyric poet, set. 72. Birth of John Bunyan, Sir William Tem- 
ple, and Francis de Montmorency, afterwards marshal and duke of Luxemburg. 

Meeting of parliament, Jan. 20; censures on the favour shewn by the church to 
Arrainian doctrines ; Oliver Cromwell calls them " flat popery ;" protest agai»st 
tonnage and poundage ; the speaker. Sir John Finch, forcibly held in the chair, 
while the Commons pass their "Remonstrance," March 2 ; Charles dissolves the 
parliament, March 10, and attempts to raise money and govern without it ; Sel- 
den, Holies, and other members imprisoned. Peace with France, April 14 ; 
proclaimed. May 29 ; Louis XI 11. and Richelieu enter Savoy; treaty of Susa 
concluded with the duke ; siege of Casal abandoned by the Spaniards. War 
against the Huguenots renewed in Langaedoc. Submission of the duke de 
Rohan, June 27 ; pacification of Nismes establishes religious liberty, July 14. 
The king of Spain and the emperor of Germany refuse to ratify the treaty of 
Susa. Spinola appointed governor of Milan. The Valteline occupied by the 
Austrians. War continued in Italy. Blockade of Mantua. The emperor, by 



1625 TO 1632 A.D. 



5fi9 



A.D. 



1630 



Events amd Eminent Mem. 



1632 



an "Edict of Restitution," requires maoy cliiircli lands to be given up by tbe 
Protestants ; resistance of Brandenburg and Saxony. Tbe provinces conquered 
by Wallenstein are restored to tlie king of Denmark by the peace of Ln beck. 
Application of the German Protestants to Gustavus Adolphus, New Hampshire 
colonized. Wouter Van Twiller. governor of New Amsterdam. Comeille, 
set. 23, composes his first comedy, MeliU. Death of John Speed, aet. 74. BirtJi 
of Huygens and Van Tromp. 
Birth of Charles, prince of Wales, May 29. Peace with Spain, Nov. 5; proclaimed, 
29ch. Sir Thomas Wentworth, created earl of Strafford and prime minister' 
deserts the popular cause and supports the royal prerogative. Charles resorts 
to violent expedients for obtaining money, and sends the marquis of Hamilton 
with an auxiliary force, to assist in recovering the Palatinate. Laud, bishop of 
London, introduces pompons and superstitious ceremonies into the church. 
Wallenstein dismissed from his command, and his troops disbanded. Gustavus 
Ado-lphus lands in Germany with a Swedish army, June 24 ; his rapid progress ; 
Magdeburg recovered by the Protestants. Louis XIII. and Kichelieu return 
into Savoy, and are masters of the country: the duke Charles Emanuel dies, 
I July 26, aet. 69. Mantua taken and sacked by the imperialists. Kichelieu' 
frustrates anotlier plot against him. Death of Kepler, set. 59, and of the 
I marquis Spinola, aet. 61. Birth of Isaac Barrow, Tillotsou, and the marquis of 

Halifax. 
Charles revives monopolies, sells patents and privileges to new companies, and 
imposes a stamp on cards. A large subscription raised to repair and improve St, 
Paul's cathedral. Mary de' Medici, implicated in the plot against Richelieu, re- 
tires to Brussels ; her son, Gaston, duke of Orleans, joins her there ; the duke of 
Lorraine is driven from his States. Treaty of Barenwald between France. Swe- 
den, and the Gennan Protestants, against the emperor ; between France and the 
United Provinces against Spain. Capture of Magdeburg by Tilly, and cniei 
massacre of its inhabitants. May 10. The elector of Saxony can-ies his arms 
into Bohemia. Battle of Breitenfeld, or Leipsic, Aug. 28 (Sept. 7, n.s.). Tilly 
defeated arri made prisoner by Gustavus Adolphus. The Swedes take Halle, 
the catholic bishoprics in Thuriugen and Franconia, the city of Mentz, and pe- 
netrate through Alsace and Swabia to the contines of Bavaria. Treaty of 
Cherasco, April 6: Mantua restored to the duke of Nevers; Montferrat divided 
between him and the duke of Savoy, who cedes Pignerol to France. Connecticut 
granted to lords Say and Broke. Death of the Italian historian, Davila, set 55, 
of Sir Hugh Middleton, the projector of the New River, of Michael Drayton,' 
£Bt. 69. and of Sir Robert Cotton, the collector of the Cottonian Library, set. 61.' 
Birth of Dr\'den. 
Extended jurisdiction given by Charles to the council of York ; he confirms, by 
proclamation, the orders of Elizabeth and James for the nobility and landed 
proprietors to reside on their estates in the country. Richelieu's enemies en- 
deavour to prevail by force of arms: the duke of Orleans submits, and again I 
leaves France ; marshal de Marillac beheaded ; the duke de Montmorencv^ de 
feated by marshal Schomberg at Castelnaudry, undergoes the same punish 
ment, Oct. 30. Tilly restored to liberty, encounters the Swedes on the river 
Lech, is totally routed, and dies of his wounds. Gustavus Adolphus takes Mu- 
nich, May 17; is called to defend Saxony against Wallenstein ; battle of Liit- 
zen. Nov. 6 (16, nr.): Gustavus Adolphus falls, aet. 38, in the liour of victory ; 
Bernard of Saxe Weimar takes the command, and, in conjunction with Gustavus 
Horn, completes the triumph of the Protestants. Death of Sigismund, king of 
Poland. a?t 66 ; his son, Ladislas IV., repels an attack of the Russians on 
Smolensko and the recently acquired provinces. A colony of English Catholics, 
under lord Baltimore, settled in Maryland. Expulsion of the Portuguese from 
Abyssinia. The Dutch acquire the island of St. Eustatia. Death of Edward 
Fairfax, the translator of Tasso, Birth of John Locke, of Sir Christopher Wren, 
of Mabillon, afterwards one of the benedictines of St. Maur, of Samuel Puffen- 
dorf, of Spinoza, of John George Grsevius, and of Compton, afterwards bishop 
of London. 

" 4~c "^ 



570 



FKOM THK TEAB 



A.D. 


Hegira. 


Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 


Popes. 


Spain. 


Fbahcb- 


WICK. 


Wtr- 

TKM- 
BERG. 


Bran- 
den- 
burg. 


1 
Saxo- Bava- 

NY. j RIA. 


Ger- 
many. 


1633 


1043-1044 


11 Amu- 
rath IV. 


11 Ur- 
ban 
VIII. 

Aug. 6. 


13Phi- 
lipIV. 


24 Lou- 
is XIII. 


1 Au- 
gustus 


6Eber- 
hard 
III. 


15 

George 
Wil- 
liam. 


23 John 
Geo. 1. 


38 

Maxi- 
milian, 


15Fer- 
dinand 
II. 


1634 


1044—1045 


12 


12 


14 


25 


2 


7— 


16 


24 


39 


16 


1636 


1045—1046 


13 


13 


15 


26 


3 


._ 


17 


25 


40 


17 


1636 


1046-1047 


14 


14 


16— 


27- 


1 Fre- 
deric 
11. 


9 


IS 


26 


41 


,8 


1637 


1047-1048 


15 


15 


17 


28 


2 


10 


19 


27 


42 


IFer- 
dinani! 
III. 


1638 


1048—1049 


16 


16 


18 


29 


3 


11 


20 


28 


43 


2 


1639 


1049—1050 


17 


17 


19 


GO 


4 


12 


21 


29 


44 


3 


1640 


1050—1051 


1 Ibra- 
him. 


18 


20 


31 


5 


13 


1 Fre- 
deric 
Wil- 
liam, 
the 
Oreai. 


30 


45 


4 


16-11 


1052 


2 


19 


21 


32 


6 


14 


2 


91— 


46 


5 



























1633 TO 1G41 A.D. 



0/ 



tition 1 
Datfs. 

1633 


nOGRs 

OP Ve. 

NICE. 

3 Fran- 
cesco 
Erizzo. 


Savoy. 


Dukes 

OP 

Parma. 


DURER 

OP Tus- 
cany. 


Den- 

mark. 


Swe- 
den. 

1 ChriB- 
tina. 


Po- 
land. 

2 La- 
dislas 
IV, 


HUS8IA. 

21 Mi- 
chael 
III. 
Roma- 
rvow. 


Hol- 
land. 


Gup. at 
Britatn 


4 Victor 
Ania- 
deus. 


12 Ed- 
ward. 


13 Fer- 
dinand 
Il.de' 
Medici. 


46 Chris- 
tian IV. 


9 Fre- 
deric 
Henry. 


9Chas.I. 
March --7 
b Jas 11 


1S34 


4 


5 


13 


14 


47 


2 


3 


22 


10— 


10 


1635 i 


5 


6 


14 


1 K 


^o ^ 


3 


\ 


23 


11 


11 






1630 


6 ^^ 


7 


15 — 


16 


49 


4 


5 


24 


12 


12 


1637 

1 


7 


1 Fran- 
cis Hya- 
cinth. 


16 


17 


50 — - 


5 


6 


25 — 


13 


13 


163S 


8 — 


ICharle.s 
Emanu- 
elll. 


Il- 


18 


51 


6 


7 


26 


14 


14 


1639 


9 


2 


ls 


19 


52 


7 


8 


27 


15 


15 






PORTU- 
OAL. 
















1640 


JO ! Q 


1 John 
TV. 
dukp of 


•20 


53 


p 


9 


28 


16 


16 






o 




11 


4 


2 


21 


54 


9 


10 


29 


17 


17 



572 



1833 



FROM THE YEAR 



1634 



1635 



1636 



1637 



1«;38 



Events and Eminent Men, 



Birth of prince James, afterwards duke of York, and king. Gaiety of Charles's 
court. Vandyke patronized ; paints some of his finest portraits. The king visits 
Scotland ; is crowned at Holyrood House, June 18 ; holds a parliament, June 20 ; 
obtains supplies, and Acts favourable to episcopacy. Death of Abbot, archbishop 
of Canterbury ; Laud succeeds ; Juxon bishop of London. Charles renews his 
father's permission for all laAvful sports on Sunday evenings. Tlie influence of 
Spain declines; Richelieu fails in his attempt to unite the Italian States in a 
confederacy. Christina, set. 6, queen of Sweden ; Oxenstiern, regent, pursues 
the policy of Gustavus Adolphus ; treaty of Heilbron with France. The Pro- 
testants maintain their ascendancy in Germany, but the Palatinate is not re- 
stored to the elector. By the death of the archduchess Isabella, the Catholic 
Netherlands revert to Spain. Galileo compelled by the Inquisition to reject 
the Copernican system. Birth of LuUy. 

Writ for levying ship-money. Arbitrary proceedings of the star-chamber ; Ptynne 
punished for his Histrlomastix. Death of the attorney-general, Noy, and of Sir 
Edward Coke, a3t. 84. The archduke Ferdinand defeats the Swedisli general,. 
Horn, at Nordlingen, Sept. 6, n.s., and retrieves the Catholic cause in Germany. 
Wallenstein assassinated at Egra, set. 50. The Dutch take Cura9oa. A wind- 
mill for sawing timber, prohibited in London. 

Noblemen and country gentlemen fined by the Star-chamber for not residing on 
their estates. Proclamation against hackney-coaches standing in the streets. 
Capture of Treves by the Spaniards ; Louis XIII. declares war against them and 
the emperor; contracts a new alliance with Holland. The marshals de Chatil- 
lou and de Bresse defeat prince Thomas of Savoy at Avein, near Luxemburg. 
A French array occupies the Valteline. Peace of Prague, between the emperor 
and the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg. Guadeloupe and Martinique ap- 
propriated by France. Grotius sent to Paris as ambassador from Sweden. 
Richelieu patron of the Academie Fran90ise, founded by Balzac, Vaugelas, and 
other learned men ; and of the Jardin des Plantes, formed by De la Brosse. 
Death of Lope de Vega, set. 73, and of Old Parr, Nov. 15, set. 152. Birth of 
Madame de Main tenon, of Ruysdael, and of Stillingfleet. 

The lords Salisbury and Westmoreland, and Sir Christopher Hatton, fined for 
encroachments on the royal forest- lands. Resistance to ship-money ; the judges 
declare the impost lawful. John Hampden tries the question. The Spaniards 
invade Picardy, and advance towards Paris. War renewed in Italy, The vic- 
tory of the Swedish general, Banner, at Wittstock, gives the preponderance in 
Germany again to Protestants. Failure of an attempt to assassinate Richelieu. 
The university of Utrecht founded. Corneille produces his " Cid," at the Theaire 
Fran9ois. Calderon succeeds Lope de Vega as the popular dramatist of Spain. 
Birth of Boileau. 

Continued severities of the Star-chamber ; Prynne is again its victim for sedition, 
together with Burton, Bastwick and Lilbume. Williams, bishop of Lincoln, 
prosecuted at the instigation of Laud. Judgment given against Hampden; 
the levy of ship-money generally unpopular. Restrictions on emigration ; eight 
ships detained in the Thames, in which Hampden, Pym, Oliver Cromwell, and 
many other opponents of the government, are prevented leaving the country. 
The introduction of a liturgy into the church of Scotland violently obstructed; 
some of the bishops escape into England. Death of the emperor Ferdinand II., 
get. 59. Great efforts of France ; all its invaders repelled. Breda recovered from 
the Spaniards by the Statholder. The intolerance of the Jesuits causes a revolt 
in Hungary. Death of the duke of Savoy ; contest for the regency during the 
minority of his son. Tlie Cossacks of the Don take Asof from the Turks. Des- 
cartes publishes his philosophical system. Birth of Tillemont. Tavemier 
travels in Persia. , , . , , ^. «,i. 

Hampden's case argued in the court of Exchequer, and decided against him. The 
Covenant signed in Scotland ; Charles obliged to give way ; episcopacy abolished 
in that country : the liturgy withdrawn ; the articles of Perth, canons, and 
high commission, repealed. The French invade Spain, and besiege Fontarabia ; 
ai-e forced to retire. Death of Richelieu's counsellor and agent, father Joseph. 



Ki33 TO 1611 A.T>. 



573 



A.D. 



1609 



1640 



1641 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Svredes, under Hanner. are driven hack into Pomeraniaby Gi^llas. Bornhard 
of Weimar defeats the imperialists at Kheinfeld, and takes l^risach ; the French 
establish themselves in Alsace. Birth of the Daupliin, afterwards Louis XIV^ 
Sept. 5, x.s. Death of Ben Jonson. .net. 64, of Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres, 
and the duke of Rohan, pet. 59. Birth of Malebranche and Vauban. 

Charles threatens to oppose the French and Dntcli in Flanders. Richelieu 
assists the Covenanters with money; they raise an army, commanded by the 
earlofLeven; the king advances to Berv/ick ; pacification of Duns«, June 17 ; 
the Scotch parliament. Aug. 31, excludes the bishops ; want of money obliges 
Charles to disband his array ; the Scotch claim other immunities, and prepare 
to renew hostilities. Death of Bernhard of Weimar ; the French take his army 
into their pay, and occupy his conquests. Banner puts Gallas to the rout, pene- 
trates into Silesia and Bohemia, and approaches Vienna. Prince Thomas of 
Savoy, a competitor for the regency, takes Turin. Van Tromp captures or de^ 
stroys two Spanish fleets in the Downs between Nienport and Dunkirk, Sept. 16 
and Oct. 31, n.s. The '* Cinna " and "Horace" of Comeille are brought out. 
Death of Robert Burton, set. 63, and Sir Henry Wotton, aet. 71. Birth of Racine. 

Parliament assembles, Apr. 13 ; complains of gnevances, and votes no supplies ; 
dissolved. May 5. The Scotch enter England, Aug. 20 ; Conway routed by them 
at Newburn, Aug. 28, and Newcastle occupied. The king goes to York, Aug. 29 ; 
holds a council of peers there, Sep. 24 ; negotiations at Ripon transferred to 
London. The Long parliament meets, Nov. 3 ; impeachment of Straft'ord, Nov. 
11; Prynne and other victims of the Star-chamber set at liberty, Nov. 28 ; 
enter London in triumph ; ship-money voted illegal, and the judgment against 
Hampden reversed, Dec. 9 ; Laud impeached, Dec. 18; the judges make com- 
pensation for their unjust sentences, Dec. 22; the lord keeper, Finch, escapes to 
Holland, and secretary Windebank to Frauce. Arras taken by the French ; their 
general, D'Harcourt, conquers Turin. Revolt of Catalonia. Portugal throws off 
the yoke of Spain, and calls the duke of Braganza to the throne. Banner de- 
feats the imperial general De Werth, and nearly surprises the emperor and the 
Diet atRatisbon. Death of George William, elector of Brandenburg and duke 
of Prussia, set. 45 ; his son, Frederic William, enters into the Protestant al- 
liance with Sweden ; regains his States, and prepares the eminence of Prussia. 
English factories in Surinam, and Dutch in Malacca. The university of Abo 
founded. First performance of the " Polyeucte " of Comeille. Death of Rubens, 
eet. 63, and of Philip Massinger, set. 55. Birth of the duke of Orleans. 

The Parliament votes money for the Scotch army, Feb. 3. Sir Robert Berkeley, 
one of the judges of the King's Bench, impeached and arrested in his court in 
Westminster hall, Feb. 14. Charles adopts conciliatory measures ; Pym chan 
cellor of the exchequer ; Hampden tutor to the prince of Wales ; the act for 
Triennial parliaments receives the royal assent, Feb. 16. Subsidies granted. 
The Star-chamber abolished, and its rolls cancelled. Trial of lord Strafford, 
March 22 ; bill of attainder passed by the Commons, Apr. 21 ; by the Lords, 
May 8 ; the king refuses his assent, but is obliged to comply ; Strafford beheaded, 
May 12, set. 48. Visit of Charles to Scotland, Aug. 8, attended by a committee, 
of whom Hampden is one. Parliament adjourns, Sept. 9, having appointed a 
committee, with Pym as chaimian, to "watch public affairs during the recess. 
Rebellion in Ireland and massacre of the English, Sept. 23. Parliament reassem- 
bles, Oct. 20. Remonstrance of the Commons, Nov. 22. The king returns from 
Scotland, Nov. 25. Tumult of the apprentices in Westminster, Dec. 28 ; the 
name of " Roundheads " given to the popular party. Twelve bishops impeached, 
for denying the legality of Acts passed in tlieir absence, Dec. 30. Death of the 
Swedish general, Banner ; Torstenson arrives with reinforcements, and succeeds 
him, Catalonia and Rousillon invite the French. Portugal concludes treaties 
of peace and alliance with France and Holland ; the Dutch retain their colonial 
conquests. Dispute between John IV. and the pope, re.specting the Portuguese 
bishoprics. Death of the duke of Sully, set. 81, of Sir Henry Spelraan, set. 79, of 
Vandyke, aet. 42. and of Doraenichino Zampieri, ast 60. Birth of William, lord 
Russell, and of Louvois, afterwards war-minister to Louis XIV. 



574 



FEOM THE YEAB 



A.D. 



IIegi- 



1642 



1643 



1054 



1055 



lCo5 



Otto- 
man Eii 

PIRE. 

3 Ibra- 
him. 



20Urban22Phi-33 Louis 
VIII. liplV. XIII. 



Popes. 



Spain. France 



rf.July29. 
! Iimo- 
ent X. 

Sept, 15. 



1 Louis 
XIV. 



V^^IR- 

Bruns- tem- 

WICK. I BERG. 



7 Pre- 15 Eb- 
deric erhard 

n. III. 



Bran- 
den- 
burg. 



3 Fre- 
deric 
Wil- 
liam, 

the 
Great, 



Saxo- 
ny. 



33- 



34- 



35- 



Bava- 

BIA. 



47 
Maxi- 

mili- 

au. 



48- 



Ger- 

MANY. 



6 Fer- 
dinand 
ill. 



! 1642 TO 1615 x.n. 



575 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1&12 



1643 



Df)GF.S 
OK Ve 
NICE. 



12 Fran- 
cesco 
Erixzo, 



13 



Savot. 



PORIU- 
GAL. 



5C'harles 3 John 
Emanu-i IV. duk^ 
el 11. o/Bra- 
ganza. 



Tusca- 
ny. 



22Ferdi 
nand II. 
de' Me- 
dici. 



1 1645 



Dkn- 

MARK. 



Swe- 
den. 



55 Chris- 10 
tian IV. Chrif 
tina. 



Po- 
land 



n La- 
dislas 
iV. 



Rus- 
sia. 



30 Mi 
chael 
HI. 

Roma- 
now. 



57 - 



HOL- 
LANb. 

18 Fre- 
deric 
Henry. 



Great ( 

B RITA IS. 



SChag.I, 
March -;". 



25 - 



58 • 



20 ■ 



1 A- 

lexis. 



576 



FHOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1642 



1643 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Charles irritates the Parliament and the nation, by attempting to arrest lord 
Kimbolton and five members of the House of Commons, Pym, Hampden, HoUis, 
Hazelrig, and Strode, Jan. 4; they are conducted in triumph by the people to 
take their seats, Jan. 11. The king leaves London the next day; the peers 
forbid lords Essex and Holland to attend him. Marriage of the princess Mary 
to the prince of Orange ; the queen embarks with her at Dover for Holland, 
Feb. 16. The Tower, Portsmouth, and Hull, occupied by parliamentary forces. 
Charles arrives at York, and attempts to levy tonnage and poundage by pro- 
clamation, March 19. The gates of Hull closed against him by Sir John Ho- 
tham, Apr. 23. Parliament calls out the militia ; the king countermands the 
order, May 5. A new great seal made and intrusted to commissioners, May 22. 
The queen sends a supply of arms and ammunition from Holland, June 2. Es- 
sex appointed commander of the forces by the parliament, and the earl of 
Northumberland admiral, July 12. The gates of Coventry shut against the king, 
Aug. 20; he sets up the royal standard at Nottingham, Aug. 22; takes Lin- 
coln, Aug. 25. Essex collects his army at Northampton, Sept. 2. Prince Ru- 
pert, son of the expelled elector Palatine, and nephew to the king, defeats a 
detachment near Worcester, Sept. 23. Battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23; victory 
claimed on both sides ; the earl of Lindsay, the king's general,, and Sir Edmund 
Verney, his standard-bearer, slain ; and on the other side, lord St. John. The 
Parliament invites the Scots, Nov. 7. Prince Kupert makes a sudden advance 
towards London ; is repulsed at Brentford, Nov. 15. Charles takes up winter 
quarters at Oxford, and Essex at Windsor, Dec. 1. Louis XIII. takes Perpig- 
nan. Death of Mary de' Medici, at Cologne, July 3. Cinqmars and De Thou 
beheaded for a conspiracy against Richelieu, who dies, Dec. 4, get. 57. The car- 
dinal Mazarine prime minister. Torstenson defeats the Austrians at Breiten- 
feld, near Leipsic, penetrates into Moravia, and takes Olmutz. Tranquillity 
restored in Savoy under the regency of Christina, the young duke's mother, and 
the protection of France. Asof recovered by the Turks. Tasman discovers 
Van Diemen's land, and names it in honour of the governor of Batavia. Hob- 
bes, a refugee in France, writes his *' Leviathan." Death of Galileo, ast. 78, and 
of Guido Reni, set. 67. Birth of Henry Dodwell, of Holt, afterwards chief jus- 
tice, and of Isaac Newton. 

The civil war in England protracted by skirmishes or sieges. The queen lands in 
Yorkshire, with money and ammunition, Feb, 22. Sir William Waller defeats 
the royalists, under lord Herbert, near Gloucester, March 23. The parliament's 
general, lord Fairfax, overcome by the earl of Newcastle, at Bramham Moor, 
March 29 ; Reading surrenders to >lssex, April 26. The earl of Stamford de- 
feated, at Stratton, in Cornwall, by the king's forces, under Sir Ralph Hopton, 
May 16 ; the royalist general. Goring, and a detachment made prisoners at 
Wakefield, May 21. Taunton and Bridgewater suiTender to the parliament, 
June 5. The Scotch League and Covenant adopted by the Commons, June 15 
In an encounter with prince Rupert,^at Chalgrove, near Oxford, Hampden receives 
a mortal wound, June 18, of which he dies, June 24, aet. 49. Lord Fairfax de- 
feated by the earl of Newcastle, on Atlierton Moor, June 29. Edmund Waller, 
the poet, fined for a plot to betray London to the king, July 5. Sir William 
Waller defeated at Lansdown, near Bath, July 5, and again at Roundway Down, 
near Devizes, July 13. Prince Rupert takes Bristol, July 26. Gloucester, de- 
fended by colonel Massey, and relieved by Essex, Sept, 5. Oliver Cromwell, 
and young Sir Thomas Fairfax, distinguish tliemselves in a victory gained at 
Horncastle. Judge Berkeley released, on payment of a fine, Sept. 12. First 
battle of Newbury, Sept. 20. Essex repulses an attack, and continues his march 
towards London ; the earls of Sunderland and Caernarvon are slain, and lord Falk- 
land, set. 34. The earl (now marquis) of Newcastle besieges Hull, and is driven 
from his trenches by the garrison, Oct. 12, Death of Pym, Dec. 8, set. 5». 
The king and Essex ia winter quarters at Oxford and Windsor. Death of Louis 
XIII., May 14, n.s., set. 42; his son, Louis XIV., succeeds, set. 5; regency of the 
queen-mother, Anne of Austria, assisted by cardinal Mazarine. The governor of 
the Spanish Netherlands, De Mello, invades France, is defeated at Rocroy, iMay 



TO 10 15 A.D. 



577 



Events and Eminent Men. 



19, by the duke d'Enghien ; his array of veterans annihilated. Victory of Dutlin- 
gen, gained over the French by Von Werth. Tnrenne, created marshal, receives 
the command in Germany. Torstenson conquers Holstein. Negotiations com- 
mence at Munster. Disgrace and death of the Spanish minister, Olivarez : 
he is succeeded by his nephew, Louis de Haro. George Racoczy, prince of 
Transylvania, supports the revolted Hungarians. Cayenne colonized by the 
French. Van Diemen sends De Vries and Schaep to explore the ocean north of 
Japan. Death of the Remonstrant leader, Uiteubogart. Birth of Gilbert 
Burnet, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. 

A royalist army, brought from Ireland, surprised and captured by Sir Thomas 
Fairfax, at Nantwich Jan. 15; colonel George Monk one of the prisoners. 
The Scotch, under the earl of Leven, cross the Tweed at Berwick, Jan. 19. 
The king calls a parliament at Oxford, Jan. 22 ; many heads of houses and 
fellows expelled from Cambridge; archbishop Laud brought to trial, March 12; 
gallant defence of Latham house by the countess of Derby ; relieved by prince 
Rupert, March 25. Lord Hopton defeated by Sir William Waller, at Cheriton 
Down, near Winchester, March 29. Bellasis, governor of York, taken by lord 
and Sir Thomas Fairfax, at Selby, April 11. The Oxford parliament dismissed, 
April 16. Siege of York, April 20. Sir William Waller recovers Arunuel 
castle from lord Hopton ; William Chillingworth, made prisoner there, dies a 
few days afterwards, set. 42. The king retreats from Oxford, May 22 ; birth of 
his youngest daughter, the princess Henrietta, at Exeter, June 16. Prince Rupert 
raises the siege of York, July 2 ; is totally defeated the next day, at Marston 
Moor, chiefly through the courage and skill of Cromwell. The marquis of New- 
castle, with his family, and his lieutenant-general. Sir William Davenant, 
retire to Holland. Surrender of York, July 5. The queen embarks at Fal- 
mouth, for France, July 14. Essex, surrounded by the royalists at Lostwi- 
thiel, in Cornwall, escapes by sea ; his soldiers, under Skippon, surrender, are 
disarmed and released, Sept. 1. Second battle of Newbury. The king retreats 
to Wallingford, Oct. 27 ; recovers his artillery and returns to Oxford, Nov. 1. 
Laud, acquitted by the Peers, is attainted of high treason by the Commons, 
Nov. 16. Cromwell's self-denying Ordinance, Dec. 9. Sir Roger L'Estrange, 
condemned for an attempt on Lynn, is reprieved, and imprisoned in Newgate, 
Dec. 25. Sir Thomas Fairfax commander-in-chief of the parliamentary forces, 
Dec. 31. Victories of Turenne and the duke d'Eughien over the imperial ge- 
neral, Mercy, at Rothweil and Freyburg. Mentz and Philipsburg surrender to 
them. Gallas follows the Swedes into Jutland ; is totally defeated by Torstenson, 
who returns and occupies Bohemia again. Naval victory of the Swedes and 
Dutch over the Danes off Laaland. Sas van Ghent and Hulst taken by the 
Statholder. A Maltese galley, with a Turkish vessel, which it had captured, 
having been admitted into the port of Candia, leads to a war between the Vene- 
tians and Turks. Death of cardinal Bentivoglio, set. 65, and of the Remonstrant 
Episcopius 

Sir John Hotham and his son beheaded, Jan. 2 ; unwilling assent of the peers to 
Laud's attainder, Jan. 4; he is beheaded, Jan. 10, set. 72 ; negotiations at Ux- 
bridge, Jan. 30; broken off, Feb 24. Charles takes Leicester, and marches to 
Daveutry, May 31. Battle of Naseby, June 14; the king's cause utterly despe- 
rate : the earl of Montrose takes arm's for him in Scotland, Sep. 1. Bristol taken 
by Fairfax and Cromwell, Sept. 9. Prince Rupert leaves England* Latham house 

' surrendered by the countess of Derby, Dec. 4. Turenne, defeated by Mercy 
at Marienthal, is joined by the duke d'Enghien ; they retrieve the disaster 
by a great victory at Nordlingen. Torstenson gains the battle of Janowitz, 
and besieges Brunn ; from ill-health he resigns the command to Wrangel. The 
king of Denmark subscribes the treaty of peace at Bromsebro. The count 
d'Harcourt defeats the Spaniards, and takes Balaguier. Alexis, aet, 15, succeeds 
his father, Michael Romanow, in Russia; pernicious influence of his tutor, the 
boyar Morouzoff. The greater part of Candia conquered by the Turks. Death of 
Sir Richard Baker, the chronicler, aet. 77, of the earl of Arundel, of Grotius, 
aet. 62, and of Carre, earl of Somerset. Birth of Gronovius. 

— 



578 



TEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



Hegi- 

RA. 



1057 



1647 



1058 



Otto- 
man Em- Popes. 

PIBE. 



7 Ibra- 
him. 



1648 



1059 



1619 



1060 



1 Maho- 
met IV, 



3 Tnno- 26Phi- 
cent X, lip IV 
Sept. 15 



lo50 



lOGl 



28- 



6 ;29- 



:3o- 



France. 



WiR- Bran- 
Bbuns- TEM- DEX- 
WICK. BERG. BURG, 



4 Louis 
XIV, 



llFre- 19 Eb- 
deric erhard 
II. III. 



7 Fre- 
deric 
Willi- 
am, i/V 
Great. 



Sax- 
ony. 



John 
George 
I. 



-20- 



1 Chris- 21- 
tiaii 
Louis. 



2 22- 



3 23 11 



Bava- 
ria. 



51 

Maxi- 
mili- 
an. 



Ger- 
many. 



10 Fer- 
dinand 
III. 



38 



53- 



- 54 13 



.40 55 '14- 



1616 TO 1G50 A.D. 



579 



Repe- 
tition 
Dat't^. 

1646 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



1 Fran- 
cesco 
Molino. 



1647 



1648 



1649 



1650 



Savov. 



9 Chas. 
Emanu- 
el II. 



Portu- 
gal. 



7 John 
IV. duke 
n/Bra- 
gariza- 



Tusca- 
ny. 

26 Ferdi- 
nand II. 
de' Me- 
dici. 



10 . 



29 . 



30 . 



Den- 

MAUK 

o9 

Chris- 
tian 
IV. 



1 Fre- 
deric 
III, 



Swe- 
den. 



14 Chris- 
tina, 



Po- 
land. 

15 La- 
dislas 
IV. 



15 . 



16 . 



Russia. 



2 Alexis. 



1 John 
Casi- 
mir. 



Hof.- 

LANl). 



22 Fre- 
deric 
Hen- 
ry. 



1 Wil 
liam 
II. 



The 

Stat- 
holder- 
ship 
vacant 



Great 
Bhri AiN. 



22 Chas.I 
March 27- 



23 



beheaded 
Jan, 30. 
1 Com- 

mon- 

Avealth. 
Jan. 30. 



2 — 

ft.William 
111. 



580 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1646 



1647 



1648 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Dartmouth taken by Fairfax, Jan. 18. Lord Hoptou disbands his army, March 
14 ; Lord Ashley, attempting to join the king at Oxford, is routed at Stow-on-the- 
Wold, March 21 ; Charles gives himself up to the Scots at Newark, May 5. The 
marquis of Worcester surrenders Raglan castle, Aug. 19. The duke of Oi-mond 
yields Dublin. Montrose, defeated by David Leslie, retires to the continent. 
Death of the earl of Essex, Sep. 14, set. 50. Fairfax returns to London, Nov. 12. 
Success of the French in Flanders ; Courtrai, Mardyk, Furnes, and Dunkirk, 
taken. Turenne and Wrangel compel the elector of Bavaria to a treaty of neu- 
trality at Ulm, The Swedes, under Konigsmark, take Prague. The count d'Har- 
court attempts the siege of Lerida. Deatli of the prince de Conde ; his son, 
Louis, the duke d'Enghien, inherits the title. Birth of Leibnitz and Flamstead. 

Charles is placed by the Scots in the hands of the commissioners sent by the par- 
liament, Jan. 30; is conducted to Holmby house, in Northamptonshire, Feb. 16. 
Dissensions between the Presbyterians and Independents ; the former, prevailing 
in the parliament, vote the disbanding of the army, April 17 ; the latter, headed 
by Cromwell, Fairfax, and Ireton, rule the army, and refuse to lay down their 
arms. Cornet Joyce conducts the king to the camp, June 4 ; compensation de- 
manded by the army for their services, June 5 ; and the expulsion of Denzil 
Hollis, Sir William Waller, and nine other Presbyterians from the House of Com- 
mons, June 23. Tumults in London. The speakers of the Lords and Commons, 
with many members of both houses, place themselves under the protection of the 
troops at Hounslow, July 26 ; propositions for the settlement of the nation, framed 
by Ireton, are submitted to the king, and rejected, Aug. 1 ; the army occupies 
London ; restores the two speakers to their chairs. Fairfax governor of the 
Tower. Flight of the eleven impeached members, most of them beyond sea, 
Aug, 7. Hampton Court assigned for the king's residence, Aug. 16 ; he escapes 
to Titchfield, Nov. 11, and to the Isle of Wight, where he is confined in Carisbroke 
Castle ; four bills sent to him for the royal assent, Dec, 4, which he refuses. The 
prince of Conde foiled in an attempt on Lerida. Insurrection in Palermo sup- 
pressed, Masaniello revolts in Naples, July 7 ; is assassinated, July 16. The 
oppression of don John of Austria provokes another rebellion, Nov. 15 ; the 
duke of Guise, invited by the people, is defeated, and sent a prisoner to Spain. 
Death of the statholder, Frederic Henry ; he is succeeded by his son, William 
II. Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Amsterdam, Huyghens invents and 
applies the pendulum to clocks. Madame de Scudery, French novelist. George 
Fox founds the Society of Friends, or Quakers. Birth of Peter Bayle. 

Vote of the Commons, that no addresses be made to the king, Jan. 3. The parlia- 
ment of Scotland raises an army in his favour, March 10. Rising of the royalists 
in Wales, under colonel Langhorne, March 13 ; defeated by Cromwell, May 8 ; a 
similar attempt in Kent put down by Fairfax, at Maidstone, May 31 ; another at 
Stamford, in Lincolnshire, quelled by colonel Wade, June 7 ; a large part of the 
fleet deserts, and gives itself up to the prince of Wales, in Holland. The Scotch 
army, comm.inded by the duke of Hamilton, enters England, July 13 ; Sir Mar- 
maduke Langdale and Sir Philip Musgrove levy forces, which are dispersed by 
Cromwell at Preston, Aug. 17 ; he defeats the duke of Hamilton, who surrenders, 
with a large part of his army, at Uttoxeter. Cromwell marches to Edinburgh, 
and puts down all resistance in Scotland. Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George 
Lisle attempt to make head in Essex ; are besieged in Colchester castle by Fair- 
fax, taken and shot, Aug. 28. Commissioners, sent by the parliament to New- 
port, open negotiations with the king, Sept. 18. Cromwell returns into England 
with his army, Nov. 20. Treaty of Newport broken off, Nov. 27 ; remonstrance 
of the army, demanding that the king be brought to justice, Nov. 30; he is 
removed by colonel Ewen to Hurst castle ; the army enters London, Dec. 2. Re- 
solution of the Commons, that the concessions offered by the king are a suffi- 
cient ground for the settlement of the kingdom, Dec. 5 ; the Presbyterian 
members of the House excluded by ''Pride's purge." Dec. 6; Cromwell comes to 
London and receives the thanks of the Commons, Dec. 7 ; the king brought by 
colonel Harrison from Hurst castle to Windsor, Dec. 23 ; a committee of the Com- 
mons appointed to consider their form of proceeding, Dec. 25 ; a solemn fast. 



IGIG TO 1650 A.D. 



581 



EVKNTS AND EMINENT MeN. 



Dec. 27 ; cliarges against the king drawn up, Dec. 28 ; major Pitcher, a royalist, 
shot in St. Paul's church-yard, Dec. 29. The elector of Bavaria breaks tlie treaty of 
Ulni ; is compelled to renew it by the victory of Wrangel and Turenne at Som- 
mersiiausen. (Jonde defeats thearchduke Leopold atLens in Artois, Aug. 20. Civil 
war of the " Fronde " in France ; day of the barricades, Aug. 26. The treaty of 
Munster, or Peace of Westphalia, Oct. 24, n s , puts an end to the Thirty Years' 
War in Germany. Religious Liberty secured to the Protestants. The greater 
part of the Palatinate restored to the son of Frederic V. The independence of 
the Seven United Provinces and of Switzerland recognized. Brandenburg ac- 
quires a part of Pomerania, Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Minden, &c. ; Sweden, a 
part of Pomerania, Wismar, Bremen, and Verden ; France, Alsace, and other terri- 
tories. Spain continues hostilities against France and Portugal. Pope Innocent 
governed by his sister-in-law, Olympia Maldachini ; he issues a Bull, declaring 
the treaty of Munster null and void ; no attention is paid to it. Death of Chris- 
tian IV,, March 9, set. 71 ; the prerogatives of his son, Frederic III., are much 
restricted by the nobility. Death of Ladislas, king of Poland, set. 53; his bro- 
ther, John Casimir, is elected. Sultan Ibrahim punished by deposition and death ; 
the accession of his son, Mahomet III., only four years old. Is followed by anarchy. 
Leo AUatius proposes his plan for re-uniting the Eastern and Western churches. 
Death of lord Herbert of Cherbury, set. 67. Birth of Humphrey Prideaux. 

The Lords refuse to concur in the proceedings against the king, Jan. 2 ; the 
Commons vote themselves competent to act alone, Jan. 4 ; commissioners ap- 
pointed, Jan. 6 ; protest of the Scotch ; Fairfax Avithdraws, Jan. 8 ; Bradshaw, 
chief justice of Chester, made lord president of the high court of justice, Jan. 10 ; 
the king removed from Windsor to St. James's, Jan. 15; brought before the 
court, denies its jurisdiction, Jan. 20; is condemned, Jan. 27 ; execution of the 
sentence before Whitehall, Jan. 30, set. 49. The Commons abolish the House of 
Lords, Feb. 6; a council of State appointed, Bradshaw president, and Milton 
foreign secretary, Feb. 14 ; the duke of Hamilton, earl Holland, and lord Capel, 
beheaded, March 2. The prince of Wales takes the title of Charles II., at 
the Hague, is proclaimed by the parliament in Scotland, and by the earl of 
Ormond in Ireland, March 19 ; the earl of Pembroke elected knight of the shire 
for Beiks, lord Salisbury a member for Lynn, and lord Howard for Carlisle, 
April 16; sale of dean and chapter lands, April 30, and of crown lands, July 
16 ; Cromwell, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Aug. 16 ; takes Drogheda, and mas- 
sacres the garrison, Sept. 11. The treaty of Rueil restores internal peace in 
France, but Coude forms a more powerful " Fronde." The Spaniards recover Ypres 
and St. Venant ; the count d'Harcourt takes Maubeuge and Conde. Geoi-ge Fox 
imprisoned at Nottingham. Death of Fred. Spanhein, and of Gerard John Vos- 
sius, set. 72. Birth of Somers. 

Scotch commissioners meet prince Charles at Breda, March 15. The marquis 
of Montrose lands in Scotland, April 20 ; is defeated, taken prisoner, and 
hanged. May 21. Cromwell returns from Ireland and resides in St. James's palace. 
May 31. Charles arrives in Scotland, June 23 ; having taken the covenant, 
he is proclaimed king, July 15. Cromwell passes the Tweed, July 22. Battle of 
Dunbar, Sep. 3 ; victory of Cromwell. Death of the princess Elizabeth, at Caris- 
broke castle, Sep. 8, set. 15. Edinburgh castle surrenders,Dec. 24 ; the remnant of 
the Scotch army retires to Stirling. The statholder fails in an attempt to seize 
Amsterdam, and obtain absolute power ; he dies of the small-pox ; eight days 
afterwards, his son, William III., is born ; the States-General rule without a 
statholder. The princes of Conde and Conti, and the duke de Longueville, 
arrested ; Turenne takes refuge in Flanders, and assists Leopold in his war 
against France ; they are defeated by marshal Duplessis Praslin, at Kothel, 
Dec 15. Christina causes her cousin, Charles Gustavus, son of the duke of Deux- 
Ponts, to be recognized as her successor ; Descartes, invited by her to Stockholm, 
dies there, Feb. 11, set. 54. Settlement of North Carolina. The Jesuits accuse 
the Jansenists of heresy. Birth ot Madame Dacier, and of John Churchill, after- 
wards duke of Marlborough. The Dutch take possession of the Cape of Good 
Hope. 



582 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 


Hegi- 

RA. 


Ol TO- 
MAN Em- 
pire. 


Popes. 


Spain. 


France. 


Bruns- 
wick. 


WlR- 

tem- 

BERG. 


Bran- 
den 

BURG. 


Saxo- 
ny. 


Bava- 
ria. 


Ger- 
many. 


1651 


1062 


4 Maho- 
met IV. 


8 Inno- 
cent X. 
Sept. 15. 


31 Phi- 
lip IV. 


9 Louis 
XIV. 


4 Chris- 
tian 
Louis, 


24 Eb- 
eriiard 
111. 


12 Fre- 
deric 
Willi- 

axti the 
Great. 


41 John 
George 
1. 


1 Fer- 
dinand 
Maria. 


15Fer- 
dinand 
IIL 


1652 


1063 


5 


9 


32 


10 


5 


25 


13 


42 


2 


16 


1653 
1654 


1064 
1065 


6 


10 


33 


11 


6 


26 

27 


14 

15 


43 

44 


3 






11 


34 


12 




18 — - 


1655 


1066 


8 


rf.Jan. 7. 
1 Alex- 
ander 
VII. 
April 7. 


35 


13 


8 


28 


16 


45 


5 


19 


1656 


1067 


9 


2 


36 


14 


9 


29 


17 


1 John 
George 
11. 


6 


20 


1657 
1 


1068 
1069 


10 


3 


37 


15 


10 


30 


18 — - 


2 


7 


21 



1651 TO 1G57 A.T). 



683 



tition 
Dates. 



I Docks 

; OF Ve- 
I NICE. 



1651 



1G52 



1653 



3654 



1655 



1656 



1657 



6 Fran- 
cesco 
Moliuo. 



Savoy. 



14 Chas. 
Emanu- 
el II. 



Portu- 
gal. 

12 John 
IV. duke 
of Bra- 
yanza. 



1 Carlo I 

Conta- 

riuo. 



1 Fran. 

cesco 

Cornaro. 
1 lier- 
tiiccio 

Valiero. 



Tus- Drn- 

CANY. MAllK 



31 Fer- 
dinand 
fl. de 
Me.lici 



35- 



1 Alfon- 36- 
so TI. 



4 Fre- 
deric 
HI. 



Swe- 
de X. 



Po- I Russia. 
Land, I 



19 Chris- 4 Jolini? Alexis, 
tint*. I Cnsi- 
I mir. 



20 ■ 



Hol- 
land. 

The 
Stat- 
holder- 
ship 
vacant, 



Great 
Hritain. 

3 Coni- 
mou- 
weakli. 
Jan. ;^i'. 



1 Chas. 
X. Gus- 
taviis. 



John de 
Witt, 
Grand 
Pen- 
sionary 



8 11 



5 — 

1 Oliver 
Crom- 
well, 
Protector 
Dec 16. 



,10 13 . 



584 



FHOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1651 



1652 



1653 



1654 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Charles crowned at Scone, Jan. 1. Cromwell crosses the Forth, takes Perth, and 
advances to the North, July 31. Charles invades England and enters Carlisle, 
Aug. 6 ; Cromwell pursues him, leaving a part of his army, under Monk, to besiege 
Stirling, which surrenders. Aug 14. Charles reaches Worcester, Aug. 22. Crom- 
well overtakes him, Aug. 28 ; battle of Worcester, Sept. 3. Charles a fugitive at 
Whiteladies. Hampton Court and alarge estate voted to Cromwell, Sept. 12 ; grants 
to other officers. Ireton refuses to accept any, till the debts of the State are paid. 
Limerick surrenders. Quarrel with the Dutch about the right of fishing, the mas- 
sacre at Amboyna, and colonial encroachments. Charles evades his pursuers ; es- 
capes on one occasion, concealed in an oak-tree; lands at Fescamp in Normandy, 
Oct. 17. Ireton dies of the plague at Limerick, Nov. 26. Navigation Act, Dec. 1. 
The island of St. Helena occupied by the English. Louis XIV., set. 13, declared 
to be of age ; the princes released from prison, but continue hostile to the court. 
Cardinal Mazarine retires to Cologne. Turenne returns to his allegiance. Conde, 
acting in concert with the Spaniards, lays siege to Cognac, which the count 
d'Harcourt compels him to abandon. Naval victory of the Venetians over the 
Turks near Scio, June 24. Death of John Ford, set. 65. Birth of Thomas Otway 
and of Fenelon. 

Project of Chief Justice St. John, ambassador at the Hague, for a close coalition 
between Great Britain and the United Provinces. The Dutch ambassadors 
leave England, June 30 ; war between the two republics; sea-fight near Ply- 
mouth, Aug. 16. Blake defeats de Witt and de Ruyter on the coast of Kent, Oct. 
22; is surprised in the Downs by Van Tromp, Nov. 29; who takes six English 
ships, drives the rest up the Thames and sails through the channel with a broom 
at his mast-head. Mazarine recalled by Louis ; Cond^ defeats Turenne near 
the Faubourg St. Antoine, and enters Paris, July 2 ; the cardinal retires again to 
Sedan; the duke de Lorraine abandons the Fronde. Conde quits Paris and goes 
to the Spanish Netherlands, Oct. 18. The cardinal de Retz imprisoned at Vin- 
cennes. Don John of Austria takes Barcelona, Oct. 13, and suppresses the re- 
volt of Catalonia. The archduke Leopold recovers Gravelines and Dunkirk. 
The Dutch fortify the Cape of Good Hope. Death of Inigo Jones, set. 80, and 
of Petavius, set, 69. Birth of Tallard. afterwards marshal. 

A naval engagement of three days, Feb. 18—20, in which Blake gains a great vic- 
tory over Van Tromp. Cromwell marches a iile of inusqueteers into the House 
of Commons, takes the mace from the table, pulls the speaker out of the chair, 
dismisses the members, and locks the doors. End of the long Parliament, April 
20. A naval victory off the North Foreland, June 2, of the English commanded 
by Monk, over Van Tromp. The English admiral Deane killed ; twenty Dutch 
ships captured, and the rest chased into their own harbour. Ambassadors arrive 
from Holland to treat of peace, June 20. Cromwell, by his own summons, collects 
the assembly or council called " Barebones Parliament," July 4 Blake and 
Monk defeat the Dutch on the coast of Holland, July 29, thirty of their men-of- 
war destroyed. Van Tromp falls in this battle, set. 56. An Act for the so- 
lemnization of marriages by justices of the peace, Aug. 24. The '* Barebones " 
resign their authority to the council of officers, Dec. 12 ; who draw up " The In- 
strument," by which they appoint Cromwell " Lord Protector," Dec. 16. Maza- 
rine, recalled by Louis to Paris regains his former influence in the government. 
End of the civil wars of the Fronde. John de Witt, grand pensionary of Hol- 
land, presides over the administration of the United Provinces. A papal Bull 
condemns the doctrines of the Jansenists. Birth of Villars, afterwards marshal, 
and of Fleury, afterwards cardinal. 

The French ambassador arrives to treat for an alliance with Great Britain, March 
27. Peace concluded with the United Provinces, April 5 ; all Cromwell's demands 
are conceded, and by a separate article, De Witt, on the part of the province of 
Holland, stipulates that the prince of Orange shall not be appointed statholder. 
General Monk commands in Scotland. The brother of the Portuguese ambas- 
sador executed for murder, July 10. Charles leaves Paris and retires to Cologne. 
Parliament assembles, Sept. 3 ; refuses to make the protectorship hereditary, Oct. 
19. Fleetwood marries Cromwell's daughter, the widow of Ireton, and is made go- 



1651 TO IG57 A.D. 



'>^r) 



A.D. 



1655 



1666 



1357 



Events and Eminent Men. 



-I 



venior of Ireland. Death of Cromwell's mother, daughter of Sir Richard Stewart, 
Nov. 17. Parliamentary inquiry into tlie opinions of John liiddle, the father of 
English Unitarians, Nov. 30. First meeting of Quakers in London. Conde com 
mands the Spanish forces in Flanders ; is defeated at Arras by Turenne, wh< 
takes Quesnoy ; Lonis XIV. present at the capture of Stenay sur Meuse. Chris 
tina, est. 28, resigns the crown of Sweden to lier cousin, June 16; her chancellor 
Oxenstiern, retires and dies, set. 71. The Cossacks, oppressed in Foland, place 
themselves under the protection of Russia. The Portuguese, De Vieyra, recovers 
Brazil from the Dutch. Death of Selden, Oct. 30, set. 70. 

Parliament dissolved by Cromwell, Jan. 22. Admirals Penn and Venables fail in 
an attack on St. Domingo, April 13 ; take Jamaica, May 3. Blake commands the 
Mediterranean ; obtains redress from the grand duke of Tuscany ; compels Al- 
giers and Tunis to give up their English captives, and desist from piracy Vane, 
Bradshaw, and,other leading republicans, imprisoned. The press subjected to a 
licenser. Treaty with France, Oct. 24. Turenne takes Landrecy, Conde, Mau- 
beuge, and other towns. The Spanish general, Caracena, obliged to raise the 
siege of Reggio. Prince Thomas of Savoy, and the duke of Modena, with a 
French army, besiege Pavia ; they abandon the attempt, Sept. 15. The Venetians 
destroy a Turkish fleet in the Dardanelles, June 21 ; unsuccessful siege of Na- 
poli di Romania. The govei-nments of England and Holland, and the Hugue- 
nots of France, interfere effectually to stop the persecution of the Waldenses by 
the duke of Savoy. Christina embraces the Catholic faith, and is received with 
great solemnity at Rome, Dec. 19. The Swedes, Russians, and Cossacks over- 
run Poland ; flight of John Casimir into Silesia. Death of Usher, arclibishop of 
Armagh, March 31, £et. 75, and of Gassendi, *t. 63. Birth of Montfaucon. 

War declared by Spain against Great Britain, Feb. 16 ; Blake captures or destroys 
a Spanish fleet near Cadiz ; parliament meets, Sept. 17 ; makes it treason to at- 
tempt the life of the Protector, Oct. 27 ; debates on offering to him the title of 
king ; punishes Naylor, a quaker, for blasphemy, Dec. 17. Campaign of Tu- 
renne against the prince of Conde. Death of prince Thomas of Savoy ; the duke 
of Modena conducts the war in Italy. The Venetians destroy a Turkish fleet, 
June 26, but lose their admiral, Lorenzo Marcello ; take the islands of Lemnos and 
Tenedos.- Truce of Wilna between Russia and Poland ; Smolensko and the other 
conquests of Ladislas restored to Russia. Death of John IV., king of Portugal, 
set. 52 ; he is succeeded by his son. While defending themselves at home, 
against Spain, the Portuguese lose their best colonies ; Colombo in Ceylon, and 
Calicut in Malabar, taken by the Dutch. Alliance of the elector of BiiuideTiburg 
with Sweden ; he releases his duchy of Prussia from its feudal allegiance to Po- 
land. The Jansenists of Port Royal are controverted by the Jesuits ; a papal Bull 
is issued against them; Antony Arnauld expelled from the Sorbonne. Pascal 
writes his *' Provincial Letters." Death of bishop Hall, ast. 82. Birth of tlalley. 

Detection of Syndercombe's plot to assassinate Cromwell, Jan. 19; treaty of alli- 
ance with France, March 23 ; decision of parliament to offer the crown to tlie 
Protector, April 13 ; Lambert, Pride, Desborough, Fleetwood, and othej- officei s, 
petition him not to accept it, April 20; he finally refuses it. May 8; Blake 
destroys a fleet, in the harbour of Santa Cruz ; returning liome, he dies withiii 
sight of the English coast, Aug. 17, set. 58 ; marriage of Cromwell's youngest 
daughter to a grandson of the earl of Warwick, Nov. 11 ; and of his daughter 
Mary, to viscount Faulconbridge, Nov. 17 ; he creates anew house of lords, Dec. 
11. Death of the emperor Ferdinand III., Apr. 2, a?t. 49 ; his son Leopold inherits 
Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary ; the imperial throne vacant till the follow- 
ing year. John Casimir, by the treatv of Welau, recognizes the independence 
of Prussia, cedes Elbing, and detaches the elector of Brandenburg from Sweden. 
Denmark declares war against Charles Gustavus, who leaves Poland, and invades 
Jutland. Christina, during a visit at Paris, causes Monaldeschi, one of her suite, 
to be assassinated. The Venetians lose Lemnos and Tenedos : their captain- 
general, Mocenigo, falls in an encounter with the Turks. They purchase aid 
from the pope and Louis XIV., by readmitting the Jesuits into their city. Death 
of Dr. William Harvey, jet. 79. Birth of Le Clerc and Fontenelle. 

4 E 



586 



FEOM THE TEAS 



A.D. 



1658 



1069—1070 



1659 



1660 



1661 



1662 



Hegira. 



1070—1071 



1071—1072 



1072—1073 



1073—1074 



Otto 
MAN Em- 
pire. 



Popes. Spain, 



llMaho- 
met III. 



13 . 



4 Alex- 38Phi- 
anderiipiv 
VTI. 
April 7 



39- 



40- 



42- 



France. 



Bruns- 
wick. 



16 Louis 
XIV. 



11 

Chris- 
tian 
Louis, 



20 ■ 



31 Eb- 
erhard 
III, 



12- 



32- 



WlR- 
T EM- 
BERG. 



33- 



35- 



Bran 

DEN- 
BURG. 



19Fre- 
deric 
Willi- 
am, iAe 
Great. 



20- 



23- 



Saxo 



3 John 
George 
II. 



Bava- 
ria. 

8 Fer- 
dinand 
Maria. 



Ger- 
many. 

1 Leo- 
pold I-' 



16^)8 TO 1GG2 A.D. 



587 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1658 



1659 



1660 



1661 



1662 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 

1 Gio- 
vanni 
Pesaro. 



1 Dome- 
nico 
Conta- 
reno II. 



Savoy. 



21 Chas. 
Emanu- 
el II. 



23 . 



Portu- 
gal. 



3 Alfon- 
so VI. 



24 . 



25 • 



Tusca- 
ny. 

38Fer(li 
nand II. 
de' Me- 
dici. 



Den- 
mark. 



40 • 



llFie-5Chas, 
deric X. Gus 
III. tavus 



Swe- 
den. 



IChas. 
XI. 



42 ■ 



Po- 
land. 

llJohn 
Cusi 
mir. 



Russia. 



Hol- 
land. 



John 
de 

Witt 
Grand 
Pen- 
sion- 
ary. 



Great 
Britaik. 

Oliver 

Crom- 
yfii\\,Pro- 

tector. 
d. Sep I 

1 Ricliard 
Cromwell. 

Sep. 4 



1 Chas, 
11. re- 
stored, 
May 29. 
Begnal 
Year, 
12, Jan. 30 
^.Georgel. 



2 (13). 



3 (14). 
t. Karha- 
rine of 

Braicanza. 

i Q Marj 



588 



FEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1658 



1659 



1660 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The two houses of parliament assemble, Jan. 20 ; are dissolved, Feb. 4 ; a plot of 
tlie cavaliers discovered, March 17 ; colonel Saxby dies in the Tower, reputed 
author of a pamphlet " Killing no Murder ;" an English force under Reynolds 
co-operates with Turenne in Flanders ; they defeat Conde in the battle of the 
Dimes, June 14 ; Dunkirk surrenders, and is given up to the English ; capture 
of Ypres, Oudenarde, and other towns ; Cromwell projects the partition of the 
Spanish Netherlands with France; death of his favourite daughter, Mrs, Clay- 
pole, Aug. 6; he is attacked by illness at Hampton Court, Ang. 12; removes to 
Whitehall, where he dies, Sept. 3, set. 59; his son, Richard, declared Protector. 
Leopold elected emperor of Germany, July 18. Charles Gustavus crosses the 
Belts on the ice, appears before Copenhagen, and compels the king of Denmark 
to sign the peace of Roskild, Jan. 3 ; breach of this treaty ; the Swedes be- 
siege Copenhagen. War renewed in Lithuania between the Poles and Rus- 
sians. Aurungzebe dethrones his father, Shah Jehan, and occupies the Mogul 
sovereignty of India. Expulsion of the Socinians from Poland ; some join the 
Unitarians of Transylvania ; others are received among the Arminians in Hol- 
land. Birth of Purcell and of Charles, earl of Peterborough. 

Meeting of parliament, Jan. 27 ; cabals of republicans, army, and royalists, create 
confusion; by desire of Fleetwood and the Wallingford-house party, Richard 
dissolves the parliament, April 22 ; withdraws to Hampton Court, and ceases 
to exercise authority ; the government still carried on in his name ; the remain- 
ing members of the Long or Rump parliament reassemble, with Lenthal for 
speaker, May 6. Treaty of the Hague, alliance of England, France, and Hol- 
land, May 21. Richard submits to the parliament and receives a pension. May 
25 ; his brother, Henry, lieutenant of Ireland, submits, June 22. Charles re- 
moves from Brussels to Calais, Aug. 1. A royalist club, called *'the Sealed 
Knot," prepares an insurrection, which is suppressed by Lambert at Namptwich 
Aug. 19 : the officers threaten the parliament, Oct. 5 ; the parliament cashiers 
them, Oct. 12 ; Lambert deposes the parliament, Oct. 13 ; a military Committee 
of safety, Oct. 26 ; Monk disapproves their proceedings, and secures Berwick, 
Oct. 29. Death of Bradshaw, Oct. 31. Monk declares for the parliament against 
the officers, Nov. 2 ; he summons a convention in Scotland, Nov. 17 ; Lambert 
marches to Newcastle to oppose him, Nov. 18 The governor of Portsmouth and 
admiral Lawson declare for the parliament, Nov. 24. Fairfax assembles a meet- 
ing on Marston Moor, which demands a free parliament, Dec. 24. Lambert's 
forces desert him, and join Fairfax who takes possession of York, and com- 
municates with Monk. Peace of the Pyrenees, between France and Spain, Nov. 7. 
Pope Alexander offended because his ministers were not allowed to take part in 
this treaty. The Dutch, Poles, and Prussians assist the king of Denmark, and 
Compel Charles Gustavus to abandon the siege of Copenhagen. The prince de 
Conde is restored to his dignities and possessions, and the duke of Savoy to 
his States. Performance of Moliere's first play, "Les Precieuses Ridicules." 
Birth of Francis Fagel. 

Monk enters England with his army, Jan. 1; marches into Loudon, Feb. 4; restores 
the Presbyterians to their seats in the House of Commons, and is appointed 
general of the forces, Feb. 21. Lambert committed to the Tower, March 6. 
Parliament dissolved, and a Council of State constituted, March 16. Charles 
removes to Breda, and, through Sir John Grenville, communicates with Monk, 
April 4. The New, or Convention Parliament, meets, April 25 ; Charles's letters 
are laid before the two houses, and they acknowledge him as king, May 1. Sir 
Matthew Hale and Prynne recommend limitations to the royal power; their sug- 
gestions are over-ruled ; the city of London and the fleet declare for Charles II., 
May 3 ; he is proclaimed. May 8, and in Ireland, May 14 ; lands at Dover, 
May 25 ; makes his entry into London, May 29, but in all public acts the year 
of his reign is dated from the day of his father's death. An act passes to con- 
stitute the convention a parliament, June 1. Nineteen of the judges of Charles I. 
are induced to surrender by a promise of pardon, June 6 : this promise is violated, 
and they are brought to trial, Aug. 29. The duke of York re-married to Anne 
Hyde, daughter of lord chancellor Clarendon, Sept. 3. Cessation of hostilities 
against Spain, Sep. 29. Death of the duke of Gloucester, ^t. 81. Harx-jsop, 



1658 TO 1662 A.D. 



589 



A.D. 



1661 



1662 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Scrope, Hugh Peters, and seven otlieis, executed, Oct. 9. Episcopacy restored ; 
Juxon, archbishop of Canterbury, Oct. 25. The bodies of Oliver Cromwell, 
Bradshaw, Ireton, and Pride, disinterred, exposed on the gallows at Tyburn, and 
buried there, Dec. 8 ; their beads placed on the top of Westminster Hall, and 
tlieir estates forfeited. Parliament dissolved, Dec, 29. Birth of George Louis, 
May 21, son of Ernest Augustus, duke of Brunswick LUneburg, and Sophia, 
daughterof the elector palatine, and of Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of Eng- 
land; this prince afterwards elector of Hanover, and George 1. of England. 
Marriage of Louis XIV. to Maria Theresa, daughter of the king of Spain, June 
9 ; she renounces all right of succession to any of her father's dominions. Death 
of Gaston, duke of Orleans, sou of Henry IV., at Blois, Feb. 2. Charles Gus- 
tavus dies, Feb. 13, set. 39, leaving the crown to his son, Charles XL, iet. 5, under 
the regency of the queen-mother, Ulrica Eleanora. The treaties of Oliva, May 
3, and of Copenhagen, June 6, restore peace in the North. The Diet of Den- 
mark confers absolute power on the king, and the hereditary succession of his 
family, Oct. 16. Sir William Petty and the Hon. Robert Boyle, with other 
learned men, who had held meetings in Wadham College, Oxford, assemble in 
Loudon and found the Koyal Society. Tea used in London. Boileau writes his 
hrst Satires. Death of Scarron, and of the Spanish painter, Diego Velasquez 
Silva, set. 61. Birth of Sir Hans Sloane and Thomas Southerne. 

The Scotch parliament assembles, Jan. 1 ; conference at the Savoy, March 25. 
Charles II. crowned, April 23. The Englisli parliament meets, May 8. Episco- 
pacy renewed in Scotland; the League and Covenant rescinded. Sir Robert 
Holmes takes possession of Manhattan, or New Amsterdam, and gives it the 
name of New York. All the members of the House of Commons required to take 
the sacrament. The League and Covenant burnt by the hangman all over Eng- 
land, May 22. The earl of Argyle beheaded, May 28. Many acts of parliament 
burnt by the hangman in Westminster Hall. Treaty of alliance with Portugal, 
June 23. Confiscation of the estates of deceased regicides, July 12 ; lord Monson, 
Sir Henry Mildmay, and Robert Wallop, imprisoned for life. The bodies of 
Pym, Cromwell's mother, his daughter, Mrs. Claypole, and others, removed from 
Westminster Abbey to the churchyard, Sept. 12. The bishops resume their seats 
in the House of Lords, Nov. 20. Corporation Act , Dec. 20. Death of cardinal Ma- 
zarine, March 9, set. 59; Louis XIV. governs henceforth himself. Fouquet 
prosecuted. Colbert appointed comptroller-general. Marriage of Philip, duke of 
Orleans, only brother of Louis, to Henrietta, youngest daughter of Charles I. of 
England, xVpril 1. Birth of the dauphin, Nov. 1, and of the Spanish prince, 
afterwards Charles II., Nov. 6. Death of the Spanish minister, de Haro'; Don 
John of Austria invades Portugal. The Mexicans expel the viceroy Galves. Peace 
of Cardis, between Sweden and Russia. Bossuet preaches before Louis. Death 
of Thomas Fuller, set. 55, and of Brian Walton, bishop of Chester, and compiler 
of the Polyglot, eet. 61. Birth of Harley, afterwards earl of Oxford. St. Evre- 
mond withdraws from France to England. Jules Hardouin Mansard builds and 
embellishes Versailles. 

Meeting of parliament, Jan. 10. Miles Corbet, Okey, and Barstead, seized at Delft, 
in Holland, and brought to England, April 16 ; executed, April 19. Act of Uni- 
foi-mity, May 17. Marriage of Charles IT. to Katharine of Braganza, May 21 ; 
Bombay, Tangier, and free trade with Brazil, are ceded to England, as part of 
her dowry. Sir Henry Vane beheaded, June 14, eet. 50. Lambert, condemned 
and reprieved, passes the rest of his life (30 years) in Guernsey. The Act of 
Uniformity comes into operation, Aug. 24; 2000 Presbyterian and Independent 
ministers ejected. Death of Lenthal, set. 71. The wheels of wagons or- 
dered to be four inches broad, Oct. 10. Dunkirk sold to the French, Oct. 17. 
Rigorous enforcement of the Corporation Act. The walls of Coventry, Glou- 
cester, Leicester, Northampton, and Taunton, destroyed. Birth of Mary, daughter 
of the duke of York, and afterwards queen. The duke de Crequi, French ambas- 
sador at Rome, insulted by the papal guards ; Louis demands satisfaction. Death 
of Blaise Pascal, set. 39. Birth of Richard Bentley, and of Atterbury, afterwards 
bishop of Rochester. The Charter of the Royal Society granted. Moli^re's 
" Ecole des Femmes" represented, and Dryden's first play, " The Wild Gallant." I 



590 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



Hegika. 



1663 1074—1075 



1664 



1665 



1075—1076 



16Maho- 
met III. 



1076—1077 



18 ■ 



1077—1078 



1078—1079 



1668 1079—1080 



Otto- i 

'AN Em- Popes. 

PJRE. 



20 - 



Spain, 



9 Alex, 
ander 
VII. 

April 7, 



4BPhi- 
liplV. 



44- 



IChas. 
II. 



13- 

1 Cle- 
ment 
IX. 
June22 



France. 



21 Louis 
XIV 



25 ■ 



Bruns 

WICK, 



Chris- 
tian 
Louis. 



WlR- 
TEM- 
BERG. 

36 Eb- 
erhard 
IIL 



IGeo. 
Willi- 
am I, 



24 Fre- 
deric 
Willi- 

a.ni,the 
Great. 



25- 



40- 



Bran- 

DEN- 
BURG. 



8 John 
George 
II. 



26- 



27- 



28- 



29- 



Saxo- 

NY. 



13- 



Bava- 

RIA. 

l3Fer- 
dinand 
Maria. 



18- 



Ger- 

MANY, 



6 Leo- 
pold I. 



1303 TO 1GC8 A.D. 



591 



Bepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1663 



1664 



1665 



1666 



1667 



Doges 

OF Ve- 
nice. 



5 Dome- 
nico 
Conta- 
reno II 



Savoy. 



•26 Chas 
Emanu- 
el II. 



6 27 



28 • 



10 31 



29 ■ 



Portu- 
gal. 



Tusca- 
ny. 



8 Alfon- 
so VI. 



dinand 
II. de' 
Medici. 



Den- 
mark 



16Fre- 
deric 
III. 



45 . 



;46 . 



30 I 1 Pedro!47 

II. 



18- 



20 8- 



SWE- Po- 
DEN. LAND. 



4Chas.'l6Johij 
XI. Casi- 
mir. 



Russia 



■18- 



2 148 . 



Hol- 
land. 



John 

de 

Witt, 
Grand 
Pensi- 
onary. 



Great 

JiRITAJN. 



4 Chas. 
II. r«- 

storcd, 
M ay -19. 
Rtgnal 
Year, 
\o, Jau.bO. 



5 (16). 



20 23 ■ 



9 21 - 



oQ.Anne. 



7 (18). 



5 (19). 



) (20). 



592 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1663 



1664 



1665 



1666 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Meeting of parliament, Feb. 18 ; address of the Commons against any indulgence 
to Dissenters, Feb. 27 ; proclamation ordering popish priests to qnit England, 
April 2. The profits of the post-office and wine-licences granted to the duke of 
York, April 28. Review of 4000 guards, the whole standing array, in Hyde 
Park, July 4. The earl of Clarendon otfends the duchess of Cleveland, Charles's 
mistress ; failure of the earl of Bristol's attempt to accuse him of high-treason, 
July 10; ashamed of this proceeding, Bristol retires from public life, but the 
duchess undermines the chancellor in the king's favour. A Bill, for the better 
observance of the Sabbath, stolen from the table of the House of Lords, loses tlie- 
royal assent, July 27. The dissensions between Louis XIV. and tlie pope become 
more serious; the French take possession of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin. 
Don John of Austria takes Evora; his advance towajrds Lisbon is arrested by a 
defeat which he sustains from the duke of Schomberg, at Estremoz. The Dutch 
possess themselves of all the Portuguese East Indian empire, except G,oa and 
Diu. Progress of the Turks in Hungary ; they take Neuhausel, and approach 
Germany. The sittings of the Diet of Ratisbon are made permanent, Dec. 23,. 
and large forces collected to oppose the invaders. Colbert improves the finances, 
manufactures, commerce, marine and colonial system of France. Death of arch- 
bishop Juxon, set. 79. Birth of Daniel Defoe, of Massillon, of prince Eugene,. 
and of lord Torrington, the English admiral. 
Thomas Brewster lined and imprisoned for publishing seditious libels, one of 
which is Milton's Defence of the People of England, Feb. 15. Meeting of par- 
liament, March 16 ; the Triennial Act remodelled to meet the king's wishes, 
April 6; the Conventicle Act passed, May 37. Satisfaction demanded from the 
Dutch for the damages done to English merchants, June 1. The duke of York 
makes reprisals on the commerce of the United Provinces, and captures 'many 
of their ships, Dec. 4. A new session of parliament, to raise supplies for war, 
Nov. 24; the clergy, made subject to the general taxes of the country, cease to 
tax themselves in convocation. The pope submits to all the demands of Louis 
XIV., and hostilities are averted by the treaty of Pisa, Feb. 12. The united 
forces of Germany, France, and Italy, repel the advance of the Turks ; the great 
victory gained by Montecuccoli, the general of the allies, at St. Gotthard on the 
Raab, Aug. 1, is followed by the peace of Temeswar. Ambassadors from Russia 
arrive in Venice. East and West India companies formed in France } colonies 
planted in Cayenne, Martiniq[ue, Guadaloupe, St. Lucie, and Canada. The Order 
of La Trappe founded by De Ranee. Death of Buxtorf. Birth of Matthew 
Prior, and of Alberoni, afterwards cardinal. A comet appears, Dec. 24. 
Parliament prorogued, alter having voted large supplies for the war now declared 
against the Dutch, March 4. The duke of York takes the command of the fleet,. 
April 21. The great plague breaks out in St. Giles's, London, April 26. Vic- 
tory over the Dutch tieet off Harwich, June 3; admiral Opdam perishes in his 
ship, Avhich is bloAvn up. The court removed to Salisbury, J uly 27. Bartholomew 
and Stourbridge fairs prohibited, Aug. 7. 10,000 deaths in London during the 
week ending Sept. 19. Parliament meets at Oxford, Oct. 9. The plague abates,,. 
Dec. 12 : the mortality estimated at 130,000. The bishop of Munster, ally of 
England, makes a fruitless invasion of the United Provinces. Annexation of 
the Tyrol to Austria. Victory of a French fleet, commanded by the duke de 
Beaufort, over the Algerines. Death of Philip IV., Sept. 17, set, 60. The crown- 
of Spain descends to his son, Charles II., set. 4; his mother, Maria Anne of Aus- 
tria, the regent, is governed by the Jesuit, Nithard. Defeat of the Spaniards 
by the Portuguese at Villa Viciosa, June 17. The university of Kiel founded. 
Death of Nicholas Poussin, set. 71. The duke de la Rochefoucault publishes his 
"Maximes." The London Gazette established. Commencement of the " Journal 
des Savans" at Paris. Birth of Victor Amadeus, son of the duke of Savoy.May 14. 
war declared by France against Great Britain. Alliance between Denmark and 
the United Provinces, Jan. 26. War against France proclaimed in London, 
Feb. 10. Obstinate, but indecisive, sea-tight of four days, June 1—4, between 
the British fleet, commanded by Monk, duke of Albemarle, and prince Rupert, 
j and the Dutch, under Ue Ruyter and Cornelius Van Tromp ; the grand pensi- 



1663 TO IG68 A.D. 



595 



A.D. 



1667 



Events and Eminent Men. 



onary, de Witt, present in this battle, invents chain-shot; another engagement 
between the same admirals, July 25, 26 ; complete victory of the English ; De 
Ruyter saves part of his ships in his own harbours ; Van Tromp deprived of his 
commission ; the English masters of the channel ; admiral Holmes destroys a 
large Dutch fleet in the Vlie ; the French admiral, De Beaufort, unable to join 
the Dutch, shelters his fleet in Brest. Great fire of London, from the morning of 
Sunday, Sept. 2, till Thursday 6 : 2(X),000 suff'erers encamp in the fields about 
Islington and Highgate ; property destroyed valued at £7,385.000. Meeting of 
parliament. May 21 ; both houses address the king to enforce the laws against 
priests and papists. War declared against Denmark, Oct. 1. Kebellion of the 
Scotch Presbyterians against episcopacy, defeated on Pentland Hill, Nov. 27 ; 
Charles suspected of a leaning towards Catholicism. Death of Anne of Austria 
(see 1615), mother of Louis XIV., Jan. 20, set. 65. Marriage of the emperor Leopold 
to Margaret Theresa, daughter of Philip IV. Cleves, Mark, and Kavensberg de- 
finitively assigned to the elector of Brandenburg; Juliers and Berg to the duke 
palatine of Neuburg. The Academie des Sciences founded at Paris. The har- 
bour of Cette constructed, near the mouth of the Rhone. Moli^re's " Misarv- 
thrope" brought out. William Penn joins the Society of Friends. Death of the 
painter, Giovanni Barbieri Guercino. set. 56. 

An Act of parliament for rebuilding London, aided by a tax of twelve-pence on 
every ton of coals brought into the city, Jan. 18. The first Insurance ofiice 
against Fire, set up by Dr. Barton. Negotiations for peace commence ; while 
they are in progress, the Dutch, under De Ruyter, sail up the Thames and 
Medway, surprise Sheemess and Chatham, and destroy some ships, arsenals, and 
.stores, June 11. Peace of Breda concluded, July 10 ; proclaimed in London, 
Aug. 24 ; national discontent ; the great seal taken from the earl of Clarendon, 
Aug. 30 ; meeting of parliament, Oct. 10 ; the Commons declare it to be illegal 
in judges to fine juries for their verdicts, Aug. 16. The first stone of the new 
Royal Exchange laid by the king, Aug. 23. Impeachment of Clarendon fails, 
Nov. 12 ; he withdraws to France, Nov. 30; is banislied by act of parliament, 
Dec. 19. Louis XIV., in despite of the renunciation made in his marriage- 
contract (see 1660), claims the Spanish Netherlands ; the power of Spain so re- 
duced, that no resistance can be made, and he takes possession of the country ; 
Conde, Turenne, Louvois, now war-secretary, conduct the enterprise. Alfonso, 
king of Portugal, set aside for imbecility ; his brother, Pedro, marries his destined 
queen, Maria Francisca of Savoy, and assumes the government under the title 
of regent, during the life of Alfonso, who is secluded at Cintra. De Witt's hos- 
tility to the prince of Orange causes dissensions in the United Provinces. Truce 
between Poland and Russia ; the Cossacks of the Don make a furious inroad ; , 
John Sobieski distinguishes himself against them. Vigorous siege of Candia by 
the Turks. Earthquake in Dalmatia and Albania, April 6 ; Ragusa and Cattaro 
destroyed. Milton publishes his Paradise Lost. The Tartufl"e of Moli^re, and 
Aiidromaque of Racine, produced. A French translation of the Scriptures by 
the scholars of Port Rcyal, published at Amsterdam, condemned by the pope ; 
persecution of the translators. Death of bishop Jeremy Taylor, set. .54, of Abraham 
Cowley, set. 49, of Bochart, aet. 68, and of Hottinger. Birth of Jonathan Swift. 

Triple alliance between England, Holland, and Sweden, against the ambition of 
Louis XIV., negotiated by Sir Wm. Temple and De Witt, Jan. 13; under the 
mediation of these powers, peace is concluded between France and Spnin at 
Aix la Chapelle, May 2, x.s. James, duke of York, avows his conversion to 
Catholicism. England mediates the treaty of Lisbon, Feb. 13, n.s., by which 
Spain recognizes the independence of Portugal. John Casimir resigns the crown 
of Poland and retires to France ; his successor not elected till the following year. 
The French invasion drives many emigrants from Flanders to England, one of 
whom, named Brewer, instructs English manufacturers in the art of dyeing. 
The first collection of La Fontaine's Fables published. Death of Philip Wou- 
vemian.s, set. 48, and of Sir Wm. Davenant, Poet Laureate, set. 63. Birth of 
Boerhaave, Fabricius, and Le Sage. Morgan, the Buccaneer, takes Portobello, and 
plunders Spanish America. Drydeii, Poet Laureate and Royal Historiographer, 

4 F 



594 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1670 



1672 



Hegi- 



1080 
1081 



1081 
1082 



1082 
1083 



1083 
1084 



1673 1085 



1674 1086 



Otto- 
man Em:- 
riRE. 

22Maho- 
met III 



23 . 



Popes. Spain, 



3 Cle- 
ment 
IX. 

J ane 22 
d.Dec. 9' 



1 Cle- 
ment X 
April 29. 



5Chas 
II. 



France. Bruns 

WICK. 



27 Louis 
XLV. 



28 . 



5 Geo. 
Wil- 
liam I. 



42 Eb- 

erhard 

III 



WlK- 
TEM- 
BERG. 



30 . 



10 32 . 



Bran- 
den- 
burg. 



30 Fre- 
deric 
Willi- 
am, th( 
Great. 



Saxo- Ba- Ger- 

NY. VARIA. many 



i4Johni9Fer-ll2Leo- 
George dinand pold I 
^^ 'Maria. 



32- 



17 22 



46- 



34 18 ! 



1 Wil-35- 
liam 
Louis. 






1609 TO 1G74 A.D. 



595 



Repe- 
(ition 
DaW.s. 



1670 12 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



llDorae- 
uico 
Conta- 
reiK) JI. 



Savoy, j Portu- 
gal. 



32 Chas.i 3 Pedro 
Eraanu- H 
el II. 



1671 13 



1672 



1673 



1674 



31 . 



Dukes 
OF Tus- 
cany, 



49 Fer- 
dinand 
IT. de' 
Medici, 



22Fre- 10 



35 . 



DEir- 

MARK. 



SWE- 
DEN. 



deric 
III. 



Chas 
XI. 



1 Cos- 1 Chris- 11- 
mo III.; tian V. 



Po- 
land. 



1 Mi- 
chael 
Wis- 

nowia 
ki. 



3 13- 



3 r27 



Russu. Hol- 
land 



Joha 

de 

Witt 
Grand 
Pensi- 
onary 



^26 , 



4 '28 



Great ( 
Britain 

10 Chas; 
II. re- I 

stored, 
May i'9. I 

Reipial I 

Ytnr, I 

.'1, Jan.aC/ 



11 (22). 



12 (23). 



1 John ;30 . 
111. 
Sobi- 
esky. 



1 Wil- 13 (24). 
liam 
III. 

Stat- ! 
holder 



14(25). 



-!15(26). 



596 



FROM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1669 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1070 



iG71 



Meeting of Parliament, Feb. 8; the duke of Buckingham, lord keeper Bridgraan, and 
Sir Matthew Hale wish to mitigate the laws against non-conformists ; resistance 
of the Commons; address to the king for a proclamation against conventicles ; 
inquiry into the miscarriages of the Dutch war; dispute on privilege between 
the two houses, May 11 ; proclamation against conventicles, July 10; the union 
between England and Scotland recommended by the king, Oct. 19 ; prorogation 
of Parliament, Dec. 11. Death of Henrietta Maria, widow of Charles I., Aug. 31 
(Sept. 10), aet. 60 ; funeral oration by Bossuet, Nov. 7. Nithard expelled from 
Spain by Don John of Austria. Election of Michael Wisnowiski to the Polish 
throne. Candia taken by the Turks, Sept. 6 ; grief for this event terminates 
the life of Clement IX., Dec. 9 : the papal chair vacant more than four months. 
Locke draws up a constitution for Carolina. Opening of the new Royal Exchange, 
Sept. 28 ; of the Theatre at Oxford, gift of archbishop Sheldon, and built by 
Wren, July 9. Cosmo de' Medici, son of the grand duke of Tuscany, visits Eng- 
land, April 5. Marshal Turenne abjures the Protestant for the Catholic faith. 
Cassini invited to Paris by Colbert. Boileau's Art of Poetry published. Death 
of the painter Pietro da Cortona, set. 73, and of Leo Allatius. 

Charles's government directed by "The Cabal," consisting of Sir Thomas Clifford, 
lord Ashley (afterwards earl of Shaftesbury), the duke of Buckingham, lord 
Arlington, and the earl of Lauderdale. Parliament assembles, Feb. 14 ; the 
Lords erase from their journals the proceedings, which were the subject of dis- 
pute, and forego all claim to original jurisdiction in civil matters, Feb. 22; a 
new conventicle Act passed, April 11. Non-conformists and quakers persecuted ; 
Penn and Mead tried, acquitted, fined for contempt of court. Intrigues of Louis 
XIV. in England ; visit of Charles's sister, the duchess of Orleans, who prevails 
upon him to enter into a secret alliance with France, May 15 ; she brings Que- 
rouaille, who becomes his favourite mistress, is created duchess of Portsmouth^ 
and obtains unbounded influence over him. Charles and his ministers sell them- 
selves to Louis. Sudden death of the duchess, after her return, at St, Cloud, 
June 30, set. 26. Buckingham's mission to France. Sir William Temple- re- 
called from the Hague. Charles obtains subsidies on pretence of carrying out the 
Triple Alliance. Outrage on the duke of Ormond by Blood, Dec. 4 ; ancC on Sir 
John Coventry by the duke of Monmouth, and some of the courtiers, Dec. 25. 
Louis seizes the duchy of Lorraine ; compels the Algeriues to release their 
French captives and desist from piracy. William III. appointed captain-ge- 
neral by the United Provinces. The pope acknowledges the sovereignty of the 
house of Braganza, and abandons his claims to the appointment of bishops in 
Portugal. The Hungarian Magnates conspire against religious and fiscal oppres- 
sion; detected, and many suffer dea-th. Protracted strife in the conclave ; car- 
dinal Altieri elected, April 29, by the name of Clement X. Francesco Morosino, 
accused of having neglected the defence of Candia, is acquitted by the senate of 
Venice. Puffendorf a diplomatic agent in the service of Sweden. Moliere's 
" Bourgeois Gentilhomme," and Racine's " Berenice," put on the stage. Death 
of George Monk, duke of Albemarle, Jan. 4, aet. 62 ; of Prynne, who had beer, 
appointed keeper of the records in the Tower ; and of Henry Jenkins of York- 
shire, said to be 170 years old. Birth of the duke of York's natural son, James 
Fitzjames, afterwards duke of Berwick ; of William, afterwards earl Cowper, and- 
of count Zinzendorf, afterwards Austrian chancellor. 

The Commons resent the injury done to Sir John Coventry, one of their members, 
by an act against malicious maiming and wounding, March 6. Death of Claren- 
don's daughter, duchess of York, and mother of the future queens Mary and 
Anne, March 31, aet. 34 ; the duke publicly attends mass. The Commons resist 
alterations made by the Lords in a tax on sugar, and claim the exclusive power 
of framing money bills, April 17 ; provision made for the clergy of the parishes 
destroyed by the late fire. Parliament prorogued without having voted supplies, 
April 22. Attempt of Blood to steal the crown and regalia from the Tower, 
May 3 ; he is pardoned and pensioned by the king. The building of the Monu- 
ment commenced by Wren. Louis employs Vauban to construct fortresses in 
the Netherlands. New creations of nobility in Denmark, and revival of thei 



TO 1674 A.D. 



597 



A.l). 



1672 



1673 



1874 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Order of Danebrog, Bossuet publishes his " Exposition de la Doctrine de 
I'Eglise Catholique." Death of lord Falkland, eet. 60 ; of the earl of Manches- 
ter; of John Gronovius, set. GO; of Merrick Casaiibon, preberidary of Canter- 
bury. iJirth of Richard Steele, and Colly Gibber. Greenwich observatory built. 

Charles seizes all the money in the exchequer, and stops the repayment of loans 
and deposits; great confusion and commercial distress ensue, Jan. 12. Treaty 
between England and France against Holland, Feb. 12. Unsuccessful attack by 
Sir Robert Holmes on the Dutch fleet from Smyrna, March 14. Theking suspends 
the penal laws against dissenters, Maixh 16 War declared against the United 
Provinces, March 17. A force, under the duke of Monmouth, sent to co-operate 
with Louis. Battle of Southwold, or Solebay, May 28 ; the earl of Sandwich 
(admiral Montague) killed, set. 47. Sweden joins the league against Holland, 
April 14. Louis, with a formidable army, headed by the first generals of the age, 
crosses the Rhine, June 2 (12 n.s,), and in a few days conquers the provinces of 
Utrecht, Guelderland and Overyssel. The Dutch impute their misfortunes to 
the Grand Pensionary, John De Witt, whom tliey massacre, set. 74, and his 
brother Cornelius. William III. is made statholder by the popular cry; he 
rejects the terms oflFered by Louis, and saves Holland by opening the sluices and 
inundating the country. The emperor of Germany, king of Spain, elector of 
Brandenburg, and duke of Cloves, join in a league against Louis. Rimini, An 
cona, and many towns in Italy, laid in ruins by an earthquake. Invasion of 
Poland by the Turks and Cossacks ; Michael purchases peace by ceding Kami- 
rtieck, Podolia, and the Ukraine, Birth of Addison, and of Congreve. The 
Academy of Music, at Paris, founded by Lully. 

Meeting of parliament, Feb. 5 ; the Commons annul elections during the recess 
by writs under the great seal, and order the speaker to issue new writs, Feb. 10 ; 
address the king to revoke his declaration of indulgence, Feb. 19 ; he gives an 
evasive answer, Feb 23 ; they repeat their address, Feb. 27 ; the king complies, 
March 8; Shaftesbury joins the popular party; the Test Act passed, March 29 ; 
the duke of York and lord Clifford refuse the Test, and resign. Prince Rupert 
appointed to command the fleet; three indecisive naval combats, the last in this 
war, May 28, June 4, and Aug. 11. Dismissal of Shaftesbury, June 9. The Com- 
mons address the king against the duke of York's marriage with Mary Beatrice 
of Modena, Aug. 20; these nuptials, urged by Louis and the pope, are never- 
theless celebrated at Modena, Sep. 30, n.s., the earl of Peterborough being the 
duke's proxy. While preparing an address against a standing army, against 
the French alliance, and the Dutch war, the Commons are stopped by a proro- 
gation, Nov. 4. The statholder recovers Naarden, joins the imperial aiTny, 
under Montecuccoli, and they take Bonn ; Louis reduces Maestricht, but finding 
his enemies advancing in his rear, retreats, and abandons all his conquests. The 
Polish Diet annuls the treaty made in the preceding year, and gives the command 
to John Sobiesky, who defeats the invaders at Choczim ; death of Michael 
Wisnowiski, Nov. 10. Death of Salvator Rosa, tet. .58, and of Moliere, aet. 51. 
Birth of Isaac Watts, and of Nicholas Rowe. Exhibition of works of art at 
Paris ; those of Claude Lorraine, Le Brun, and Van der Mculen, distinguished. 

Parliament asembles, Jan. 7. Examination of Buckingham and Arlington, at 
the bar of the Commons, Jan. 14 ; resolutions against a standing anny,"Feb. 7 . 
prorogation, Feb. 11; peace with Holland, Feb, 28; the English contingent 
remains with Turenne's army, in which Churchill, set. 24, as a captain, learns 
the art of war. Sir William Temple, re-appointed ambassador, remonstrates with 
Charles against his late policy ; finds the statholder and the States not disposed 
to treat with Louis for peace. Campaign of Turenne in the Rhenish provinces 
against the duke of Lorraine and the elector of Brandenburg. Battle of Senef, 
near Charleroi, between Cond^ and the statholder, Aug. 1 ; sieges of Ondenarde 
and Grave. Louis conquers Franche Comte. Sobiesky elected king of Poland. 
Death of Milton, aet. 66, of Henry Cromwell, set 47, of Hyde, earl of Clarendon, 
at Rouen, aet. 66, and of Rembrandt, a3t. 68. Birth of De Crebillon, of Potter, 
afterwards archbishop, of viscount Townshend, and of Slingeland, afterwards 
Pensionary. The lands of Maintenon given by Louis to Scarron's widow. 



598 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1675 



Hegi- 

EA. 



1087 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



28Maho- 
met 111. 



1676 



6 Cle- 
ment X 
April -29. 



7 - 

d. July 22. 

Inno- 
centXl, 
Sept. 21. 



1677 



1089 



1678 



1090 



1091 



32 ■ 



1092 



33 ■ 



nChas 
II. 



33 Louis 
XIV. 



36 . 



37 . 



38 . 



Bruns- 
wick. 



11 Geo. 
Wil- 
liam I. 



2 W il- 

liam 
Louis, 



WlR- 
TEM- 
BERG. 



Uran- 

DEN- 
BURG. 

36 Fre- 
deric 
Willi- 
am, the 
Great. 



37- 



1 Eb- 
erhard 
Louis. 



-40- 



-41- 



Saxo- 

NY. 



10 John 
George 



25 Fer- 
dinand 
Maria. 



Bava- 
ria. 



23- 



1 John 
George 
III. 



1 Max- 
imilian 
EmaU' 
uel- 



ISLeo- 
pold I. 



20- 



22- 



1G75 TO 1680 A.D. 



599 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1675 



1676 



1678 



1679 



1680 



]>OGK8 

OF Ve- 
nice. 

INiccolo 
Sagredo. 



I 1 Lnigi 
Conta- 
riuo. 



Savoy. 



1 Victor 
Ama- 
deus II. 



I 5 . 



Portu- 
gal. 



9 Pedro 
II. 



Dukes 

OF TUd 
CANY. 



6 Cos- 
mo III, 



Den- 
mark. 



6 Chris- 16 



SWK- Po- 
I>EN. LANJ). 



tiaii V. 



Chas. 
XI. 



2 JoliD 

in. 

Sobi- 
esky. 



Russia. 



4 Wil- 
liam 
III. 

Stat- 
holder. 



10 10 20- 



1 Feo- 
dor UI. 



Hol- 
land. 



Great 
Britain 

16 Chas. 
n. re- 
stored. 
May 29. 
li'sgnal 
Year, 

27, Jan 30. 



5 17 (28). 



6 18 (29). 



• 19 (SO). 



8 ;20 (31). 



-'21 (32). 



600 



FEOM THE TEAH 



A.D. 



1G75 



1676 



1677 



1G7S 



Events a^d Eminent Men. 



The bones of two children discovered under a staircase in the Tower, supposed to 
be the remains of Edward V. and his brother, March 16. Dr. Giles Burnet 
gives evidence before the Commons against his former patron, the duke of Lau- 
derdale, April 13. Dr. Shirley's appeal to the Lords against Sir John Fagg, a mem- 
ber of the Commons, May 15; disputes between the Houses cause a prorogation, 
June 9. Second meeting of parliament, Oct. 14; disputes revived, prorogation for 
fifteen months, Nov. 22. Turenne killed by a cannon-ball, at Salzbach, July 27; re- 
treat of his army under his nephew, De Lorges ; marshal de Crequi takes Dinant, is 
afterwards defeated at Consarbruck, and made prisoner at the surrender of Treves 
to the allies. At the close of the campaign, Conde retires from active service. 
Death of the duke of Lorraine; his nephew, Charles Louis, succeeds to his com- 
mand in the imperial army. The Swedes invade Brandenburg, and are defeated 
by the elector at Fehrbellin. Denmark joins the confederacy against France. 
Negotiations for peace commence at Nimwegen, under the mediation of England. 
The rebuilding of St. Paul's cathedral, London, commenced by Sir Christopher 
Wren; the first stone laid, June 1. The water-works of Marly constructed to 
supply the fountains of Versailles. P^re la Chaise confessor of Louis XIV. The 
duchess de la Valliere takes the veil in the convent of Chaillot. Death of James 
Gregory, set. 37, and of Lightfoot, set. 74. Birth of Samuel Clarke, and of Hoadley, 
afterwards bishop of Winchester, 

Coffee-houses in London closed by royal proclamation, Jan. 8 ; popular discontent ; 
the order revoked. Charles, pensioned by Louis, withdraws to Windsor, Feb. 7. 
England tranquil. The town of Wem, in Shropshire, nearly destroyed by fire, 
Oct. 8. Continued persecution of the Quakers. Barclay publishes his " Apolo- 
gy." De Ruyter killed, set. 69, in a combat with the French m the Mediterra- 
nean. Progress of the French in the Spanish Netherlands ; on the Rhine they 
lose Philipsburg. Louis revives the old pretensions of France in Sicily ; Mes- 
sina, where he had been proclaimed, is blockaded by the Dutch and Spanish 
fleets. Revolt of count Tekeli in Hungary. Peace between Poland and Turkey, 
Oct. 27. Cardinal Odescalchi elected pope Innocent XI. Death of the czar 
Alexis, set. 46 ; he is succeeded by his son, Feodor. Death of the marquis of New- 
castle, set. 84, and of Bulstrode Whitelocke, set. 71. Birth of Robert Walpole. 
Trial and execution of Brinvilliers, notorious for her murders by poison in Paris. 

Discussion on the legality of the parliament, assembled, Feb. 15. Buckingham, 
Salisbury, Wharton, and Shaftesbury, sent to the Tower ; the three first retract, 
and are released; Shaftesbury remains a prisoner thirteen months. The Com- 
mons urge the king to resist the aggrandizement of France, and promise to 
support him, May 8. William, prince of Orange, arrives in London, Oct. 23 ; 
is married to the princess Mary, eldest daughter of the duke of York, Nov. 4. 
Valenciennes, Cambray, St. Omer, and Freyburg, taken by the French ; the 
prince of Orange defeated by the duke of Orleans and marshal Luxemburg, at 
Mount Cassel, April 11. The Hungarian insurgents apply to the Poles for as- 
sistance. Don John of Austria, minister in Spain, vainly endeavours to reform 
the system of government. The Swedes lose most of their possessions in Ger- 
many ; repel the invasion of the king of Denmark in the battles of Halmstadt, 
Lund, and Landskrona ; naval victories of the Danes, and conquest of Gothland 
and Rugen. Death of James Harrington, set. 66, of Isaac Barrow, set. 47, and of 
Spinoza, set. 45. Birth of James Thornhill. Racine retires to Port Royal. 

Meeting of parliament, Jan. 28 ; supplies voted ; an anny raised. The United 
Provinces, distrusting Charles, hasten the conclusion of peace ; treaty of Nim- 
wegen, between them and France signed July 31 (Aug. 10, n.s.); Spain accedes, 
Sept. 17. Titus Oates and Dr. Tongue accuse the Jesuits of a conspiracy, called 
the "Popish Plot," Aug. 12; general consternation in England. Parliament as- 
sembled, Oct. 21. Murder of Sir Edmundbur>' Godfrey, Oct. 17. Numerous 
arrests of Catholic lords, priests, and private individuals ; vehement resolution 
of the Commons, Oct. 31 ; an Act passed to exclude papists from both houses of 
parliament, Nov. 30. Parliament dissolved, after having sitten eighteen years, 
Dec. 30. Louis withdraws his forces from Messina; severe punishment of the 
citizens by the Spaniards. The Swedes defeated by the Danes, at Uddewalla. 



1675 TO 1680 A.D. 



601 



AD. 



Events and Eminent Men, 



First war between Russia and Turkey. Death of Andrew Marvel, mt. 50. Birth 
of St. John, afterwards viscount Bolingbroke, of Thomas Sherlock, afterwaids 
bishop of London, of Simon Ockley, and of Farquhar. Dncange publishes his 
Latin Glossary, and La Fontaine his second Collection of FableK. 
A new parliament summoned, Jan. 25 ; active zeal of the anti-popery party in the 
elections The duke of York, by the king's desire, removes to Brussels, Feb. 28. 
Meeting of parliament, March 6 ; executions of individuals convicted on the evi- 
dence of Gates and his associates, and more arrests. The Commons protest against 
the pardon granted by the king to the earl of Danby, March 23; impeach five Ca- 
tholic lords confined in the Tower, April 4; the earl of Danby again committed, 
April 15. The two parties are called Whigs and Tories, the former a Scotch term 
for low, seditious fanatics, and the latter an Irish designation of the despoiled 
papists, who subsisted by plunder; by Sir William Temple's advice, the king 
forms a council of an equal number of each, with the earl of Shaftesbury, leader 
of the Whigs, as president, April 21. Resolution of the Commons against the 
duke of York, April 27. Sharpe, archbishop of St. Andrew's, murdered by Balfour 
and other Covenanters, May 1. A Bill prepared by the Commons to bar the duke 
of York's accession, May 15. The Habeas Corpus Act, framed by Shaftesbury, 
receives the royal assent, and parliament is prorogued. May 27. Graham of 
Claverhouse defeated by the Covenanters, at Drumclog, June 1 ; they are routed 
at Bothwell bridge by the duke of Monmouth, 22. More papists executed ; Sir G. 
Wakeman and others, acquitted through the detection of perjury in Oates's 
evidence against them, July 13. The duke of York recalled by the king, Sept. 2. 
The Meal-tub plot brought out by Dangerfield, Oct. 23. Queen Elizabeth's ac- 
cession celebrated, Nov. 17. The emperor and his allies accede to the treaty of 
"Nimwegen, Feb. 5. Peace between Sweden, Denmark, and Brandenburg, Sept. 2. 
Bossuet writes his Universal History, to assist the education of the dauphin. 
Death of Don John of Austria, the last hope of Spain, Dec. 17 ; of Henry Olden- 
burg, secretary of the Royal Society, and first publisher of the Philosophical 
Transactions ; of Hobbes, Dec. 4, set. 91, and of the Cardinal de Retz, set. 65. 
Petitions for assembling parliament not attended to by the king. The grand jury of 
Middlesex discredits the evidence of Dangerfield, and ignores his charge against 
the countess of Powis, May 11. The publication of newspapers and pamphlets, 
without a licence, decided by the judges to be illegal. May 16. Acquittal of lord 
Castlemaine, accused by Oates and Dangerfield, June 23. The Scotch conven- 
ticlers dispersed, and their leader, Cameron, killed, July 23 ; lady Tempest and 
Mrs. Preswicks tried at York for complicity in the plot, and acquitted, Aug. 2. 
Lords Shaftesbury, Russell, and Cavendish, Avith others, appear in the Court of 
King's Bench, in Westminster Hall, where they present the duke of York as a 
popish recusant, and the duchess of Portsmouth as a national nuisance; the 
judges get rid of the presentment by dismissing the grand jury. Parliament 
assembles, Oct. 21. Inquiries into the plot renewed ; Dangerfield examined by 
the Commons, Oct. 26 ; tliey bring in a Bill to exclude the duke of York from the 
throne, Nov. 2; information given before them of a popish plot in Ireland, Nov. 
11. The Lords" reject the exclusion bill, Nov. 15. Viscount Stafford brought to 
trial before the house of Peers, Nov. 30 ; convicted on the testimony of Oates 
and other infamous witnesses, Dec. 7 ; beheaded, Dec. 29. Marriage of the dau- 
phin, March 7, to Maria Anna Christina, daughter of the late Ferdinand Maria, 
elector of Bavaria. Louis issues edicts, restricting the religious liberty of the 
Huguenots, and, by his Chambers of Re-union, makes new claims in Flanders and 
Alsace. By the death of the archbishop of Magdeburg, the absolute sovereignty 
of his territories is vested in the elector of Brandenburg. The Diet of Stockholm 
gives the power of legislation wholly to the king; he marries Clrica Eleanora, 
daughter of the king of Denmark. The pope claims the revenues of vacant 
benefices in France, and is resisted by Louis. Death of Denzil H oil is, aet. 83, 
of the duke de la Rochefoucault, aet. 67, of Samuel Butler, a3t. 68, of the earl of 
Rochester, aet. 32; of Sir Peter Lely, set. 63; ofGerardDow, set. 67, of Bernini 
get. 82, and of the imperial general, Montecuccoli, Oct. 17. Birth of the duke 
of Ripperda. Sir Christopher Wren, president of the Royal Society, 

Tg 



602 



FROM THE TF 



A.D. 



Hegi- 



1681 



1093 



1682 



1094 



1095 



1684 



1096 



1685 



1097 



34Maho- 6 Inno- 
met III. centXI 
Sept. 21 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



Popes. 



35 • 



37 ■ 



10- 



Spain. 



20- 



Wtr- 
France.!Bruns- tem- 
wick. berg. 



1^9 Louis 
XIV. 



40 , 



17 Geo. 
Wil- 
liam I 



18- 



20- 



5Eber- 
hard 
Louis, 



Bran- 
den- 
burg. 



42 Fre- 
deric 
Willi- 
am, the 

Gi-eat. 



43- 



Saxo-Bava- 

l^^■. RiA. 



2 John 3M ax- 
George irailian 
Eman- 
uel. 



MANY. 



24Leo- 
poldl. 



25- 



44- 



45- 



.46- 



.28- 



nm TO 1685 A.D. 



603 



) -ve- 
Dates. 


Doges 
OK Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


Portu- 
gal. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


Dkn- 

MAKK. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Rus- 
sia. 


Hol- 
land. 


Great 
Britain. 


1681 


6 Luigi 
Conta- 
rino. 


7 Victor 
Ama- 
deus 11. 


15 Pedro 
11. 


12 Cos- 
mo III. 


12 Chris- 
tian V. 


22 

Chas. 

XL 


SJohn 
III. 
Sobi- 
esky. 


6 Feo- 
dorllL 


10 Wil- 
liam 111. 

Stat- 
holder. 


22 Chas. 
11. re- 

storedy 
May -29. 
Jtf.yual 
Year, 
33, J an. 30. 


1682 


7 


8 


16 


13 


13 


23 




1 I wan 
V. and 
Peter I. 


11 


23 (34). 


16S3 


8 


9 


17 


U 


14 


24 


10 


2 


12 


24 r35). 
b, Geo.ll. 


1684 


IM.Ant 
Giusti- 
niani. 


10 


18 


15 


15 


25 


11 


3 


13 


25 (36). 


1685 


2 --- 


11 


19 . 


16 


16 


26 


12 


1 


14 


(37). 
d. Feb 6 
IJas.lI. 
Feb 6. 
Qu. Maria 
beatrice 
ofModena. 





604 



FROM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



168- 



1682 



1683 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Commons resolve to grant no supplies, till an Act be passed to exclude the 
duke of York, Jan. 7 ; the king prorogues parliament, in anticipation of which 
the Commons pass strong resolutions, 10. Fitzharris committed to Newgate 
for a libel, Feb. 28; removed to the Tower, March 11. New parliament meets 
at Oxford, 21 ; Exclusion Bill again introduced, and parliament dissolved, 28; the 
king publishes a defence of his proceedings, April 8 ; answered by Somers, Alger- 
non Sidney, and Jones. Lord Wm. Howard charged withi having written 
Fitzharris's libel, June 12; Shaftesbury imprisoned, July 2. The prince of 
Orange amves in England, 23. The duke of York, high commissioner, opens the 
Scotch parliament, 28. Oates turned out of Whitehall, and deprived of his pen- 
sion, Aug. 30. An order in council for relieving the French refugees, Sept. 7. 
The indictment against Shaftesbury thrown out by the grand jury, Nov. 24 ; re- 
joicing of the citizens. Argyle, convicted of high treason in Scotland, escapes 
from prison, Dec. 19. Louis, in time of peace, compels the duke of Mantua 
to sell Casal to him ; seizes Strasburg, Sept. 30, and blockades Luxemburg ; 
sends an expedition against Algiers. The canal of Languedoc, completed by the 
engineer Riquet, May 1 ; opened, 19. A national council convoked in France to 
settle the dispute with the pope. The duke of Medina Cell minister in Spain. 
Diet of Odenburg ; the emperor's concessions divide the patriots ; Tekeli applies 
to the Turks. Peace between Russia and the sultan. Bossuet bishop of Meaux. 
Mabillon publishes " De Re Diplomatica." Death of Ruysdael, set. 46 ; his pupil, 
Hobbima, fl. Birth of Edward Young and John Law, First museum of natural 
history in London. 

Order of council forbids intercourse with the duke of Monmouth, May 8 ; sets aside 
the sheriffs-elect of London, and obtains two others favourable to the court party, 
July 15: corporations remodelled by writs of Quo Warranto^ and juries packed, to 
pervert the course of justice; Shaftesbury withdraws to Holland, Oct. 19. Death 
of prince Rupert, Nov. 30, fet. 62. Penn colonizes Pennsylvania, and founds Phila- 
delphia. The council of French clergy adopts the four propositions of Bossuet, 
by which the Galilean church is declared independent, and the papal a^^thority 
merely spiritual ; the pope resists. Tekeli, assisted by the Turks, maintains 
his contest ; defence of Munkatz by his countess. Death of the czar Feodor ; his 
sister, Sophia, regent in the name of her brothers, Iwan Y., of weak intellect, and 
Peter I., set. 10. The protests of Spain, England, and Holland, oblige Louis to 
desist from the blockade of Luxemburg ; admiral Duquesne bombards Algiers. 
The Turks collect an army for the invasion of Germany ; the emperor enters into 
alliance with Sobiesky and other princes. Death of Heneage Finch, earl of 
Nottingham, lord chancellor, Dec. 18, set. 61, of the duke of Lauderdale, set. 66, 
of Sir Thomas Browne, set. 77, of Murillo, aet. 64, and of Claude Lorraine, tet. 82. 
Birth of Wm.Pttlteney, afterwards earl of Bath,and of Archibald, duke of Argyle. 

A penny-post first established in London by a private individual, named Murray. 
Death of Shaftesbury at Amsterdam, Jan. 22, set. 62 ; new charters granted to 
corporate towns, April 7 ; proceedings against the corporation of London, May 2 ; 
the charter forfeited, June 12 ; Rye-house plot, 14 ; submission of the city of Lon- 
don ; the king to have a veto on the election of lord mayor, sheriffs, and other 
officers, 18 ; arrest of lord Wm. Russell, 28 ; trial and condemnation, July 13 ; 
beheaded in Lincoln's Inn Fields, set. 42, 20 ; decree of the university of Oxford 
against the doctrine of resistance, 24; marriage of the princess Anne to prince 
George of Denmark, 28 ; Jeffreys lord chief justice of the King's Bench, Sept. 28 ; 
the municipal franchises of London forfeited, and the magistates and officers ap- 
pointed by royal commissions, Oct. 4; Algernon Sidney arraigned, Nov. 7 ; 
tried, 21 ; condemned, 26 ; beheaded on Tower Hill, 3et*66, Dec. 7 ; the Duke of Mon- 
mouth pardoned, but banished to Holland, 25. George Augustus, son of the elector 
of Hanover, and afterwards George II. of England, born, Nov. 10. Siege of Vienna 
by the Turks, July 14; they are compelled to retire with great loss, by John So- 
biesky, and the confederated princes of Germany, Sept. 12 ; defeated again at Bar- 
kan, and Gran taken from them, Oct. 27; the grand vizir, Kara Mustapha, 
strangled for his failure. Louis renews his hostile courses against Spain and Ger- 
many ; another league at the Hague to resist him. Death of his queen, Maria 



TO 1685 A.D. 



605 



Events and Eminent Mi:n. 



Theresa, June 30, ait. 45 ; Madame de Maintenon his favourite mistress. Death of 
Colbert, Sept. 6, sci. 64 ; tlie office of marine secretary ^iven to his son Seignelay. 
First descent of the Mississippi by tlie French from Canada, and establishment 
of Louisiana. Algiers again bombarded by Duquesiie, June 27. Death of Al- 
fonso, the deposed king of Portugal, of De Mezeray, the historian, set. 73, and of 
Izaak Walton, the Complete Angler, set. 90. Birth of Conyers Middleton, of 
Reaumur, and of Belleisle, afterwards marshal. 

A severe frost for thirteen weeks, ending Feb. 5 ; a fair held, and an ox roasted on 
the ice of the Thames. John Hampden fined £40,000 for a misdemeanour; the 
earl of Danby admitted to bail, and the catholic lords released, Feb. 12 ; lord 
Petre died a month before ; Sir Samuel Barnardiston fined £10,000 for a misde- 
meanour, Feb. 14 ; Tangier abandoned and the fortifications demolished, April 2 ; 
tlie castle of Dublin burnt, 7 ; the new charter resisted at Nottingham, May 2 ; 
John Dutton prosecuted by the duke of York for defamation, and fined £100,000, 
3 ; Plymouth accepts a new charter, July 7 ; many other corporations do 
the same. More aggressions of Louis XIV. ; Luxemburg, Courtrai, and Dix- 
mude, forcibly occupied by his troops ; Genoa bombarded by his fleet. Spain 
too weak to resist, and the emperor occupied by his Turkish war, agree to the 
treaty of Ratisbon ; Strasburgand Luxemburg ceded to France ; Holland assents. 
The duke of Lorraine besieges Bu da, and defeats the seraskier, July 25. The 
Venetians join the league ; take the island of Santa Maura, and Prevesa. The 
king of Siam sends an embassy to France. Bayle begins his journal, " Nouvelles 
de la Republique des Lettres." Death of Corneille, Feb. 17, aet. 78. Birth of 
Handel, of Berkeley, afterwards bishop of Cloyne, of earl Bathurst, and of 
Talbot, afterwards lord chancellor. Le Fort tutor of the czar Peter. 

Death of Charles II., at V^Thitehall, Feb. 6, set. 55. His illegitimate descendants 
are, the dukes, of Grafton, from Henry Grafton, son of Barbara Villiers ; of 
St. Alban's, from Charles Beauclerc, son of Nell Gwynne ; and of Richmond, from 
Charles Lennox, son of Louisa Querouaille, duchess of Portsmouth. Acces- 
sion of James II. ; his secret advisers are a cabal of catholic lords and father 
Petre, of Avhom the earl of Sunderland is the mover. He promises to maintain 
the existing laws, but breaks them by ordering the continuance of taxes which 
had expired with the late king, Feb. 9, and by going publicly to mass, 12. His 
imprudence is blamed even by the pope and the Spanish ambassador. Proclama- 
tion for the discharge of imprisoned recusants, April 16 ; he claims the arrears 
of his brother's pension from Louis XIV., and solicits its continuance. Coro- 
nation of the king and queen, 23. Titus Gates condemned to another fine, whip- 
ping and pillory. May 6. Meeting of parliament ; the Commons, a packed, sub- 
servient assembly, chiefly elected under the new charters, 19. Rebellion of Argyle 
in Scotland. Dangerfield condemned to a fine, pillory and whipping, 30, dies of 
a wound received during the execution of his sentence, June 1. The duke of 
Monmouth lands at Lyme, June 11. Argyle defeated and captured, 17 ; beheaded 
at Edinburgh, 30. Parliament, having voted supplies, is adjouraed, July 2. Battle 
of Sedgemoor, 6. Monmouth beheaded, 15, aet. 36. Jeffries arrives at Win- 
chester, Aug. 27; judicial massacre perpetrated by him and Kirke in the western 
counties. Alderman Cornish and others condemned for high treason, Oct. 19 ; Mrs. 
Gaunt burnt ; other prosecutions and executions folloAv. Parliament meets, Nov. 
9 ; the king demands supplies to maintain a larger army ; the Cormmons offend 
him by intimating a desire that he will appoint no more recusant officers, 17. 
The doge of Genoa, and four senators, summoned to Paris, submit to the tenns 
dictated by Louis. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Oct. 22; the decay of France 
commences by the emigration of industrious and wealthy Protestants, to England, 
Germany, and Holland ; Brandenburg is enriched by their skill in various arts. 
Tripoli and Tunis bombarded by the French fleet. Successful campaign of the 
duke of Lorraine against the Turks ; Neuhiuissel, Tokay, Eperies, and other 
fortresses are recovered. The Venetians, under Francesco Morosino, take Coron 
and other places in the Morea. Sedition of the Strelitz in Russia. Death of 
Sir John Marsham, aet. 83, of Edmand Castel, author of the Lexicon Heptaglot- 
ton, set. 79, and of Thomas Otway, set. 34. 



606 



FROM THE YEAH 



A.D. 


Hegi- 

RA. 


Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 


Popes. 


Spain. France. 


Bruns- 
wick. 


WlR- 

tem- 

BERG. 


Hkan- 

DEN- 
BURG. 


Saxo- 
ny, 


Bava- 
ria. 


Ger- 
many. 


1686 


1098 


39Maho- 
metlll. 


11 Inno- 
cent xr. 
Sept. 21. 


•:2Cha6. 

11. 


44 Louis 
XIV. 


22 Geo. 
Wil- 
liam I. 


10 Eb- 
erhard 
Louis. 


47 Fre- 
deric 
Wil- 

linm, 

the 
Great. 


/John 

Georjje 
III. 


8 Maxi- 
milian 
Ema- 
nuel. 


29Leo- 
pold I. 


1687 


1099 


1 Soli- 
man ill. 


12 


23 


45 


23 


11- — 


48 


8 


9 


30 


1688 


1100 


2 


13 


24 


46 


24 


12 


1 Fre- 
deric 
ill. 




10 


31 


1689 


1101 ; 
1102 


3 


d. Au?.12. 

1 Alex- 
ander III. 

Oct. 6. 


25 


47 


25 


13 


2 


10 


11 


32 


1690 


1102 
1103 


4 


2 


23 


48 


26 


14 


3 


11 


12 


33 


1691 


1103 
1104 


1 Ach- 
med II. 


d Feb. 1. 

1 Jrino- 
CL-ntXII. 

July IJ. 


27 


49 


27 


15 


4 


1 John 
George 
IV. 


13 


34 j 


1692 


1104 
1105 


2 


2 


28 


50 


'>« 


16 


5 


2 


14 


35 


Elect- 
ors OF 
Hano- 
ver. 


1693 


1105 
1106 


3 


3 


29 


51 — 


1 Er- 
nest 
Augus- 
tus. 


17 


6 


3 


15 


36 1 
























1 



168G TO 1C93 A..T). 



607 



tition 
Dates. 

1686 


DooEs 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


Portu- 
gal. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 

27 

Chas. 
XI. 


Po- 
land. 

;i3Jobn 
III. 
Sobi- 
esky. 


Russia. 

5IwanV. 
and Pe- 
ter I. 


Hol- 
land. 

15 

Willi- 

amlll 

Stat- 
holder. 


Great 
Brit a I. V. 

2 Jas. 1 1. 
Feb. 6. 


SM.Aiit. 
Giustl- 
niani. 


12 Victor 
A made- 
US II. 


20 Pedro 
11. 


17 Cos- 
mo III. 


17Chris- 
tian V. 


1687 


i 


13 


21 


18 


18 


28 


14 


6 


16 


3 


1688 


1 Fran- 
cesco 
Moro- 
sino. 


14 


22 


19 


19 — 


29 


15 


7 


17 


4 

n/> Dec.23. 
b. Pr. Jas. 

thtfPrf. 

tender. 


1689 


2 


15 


23 


20 


20 


30 


16— 


1 Peter 

alo/te, the 
Great. 


18 

kir>s oj 

Grrut 

Britain 


1 Willi- 
am HI. 
and 

Mary tl. 
Feb. 13. 
b. Prince 
William, 
duke of 
Glouces- 
ter. 


1690 


3 


16 


24 


21 


21 


31 


17 


2 


19 


2 


1691 


4 


17 


25 


22 


22 


32 


18 


3 


20 


3 


tl692 


5 


18 


26 


23 


23 


33 


19 


4 


21 


4 


11693 


6 


19 


27 


24 


24 


34.— 


20 


5 


22 


5 



608 



rROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1687 



16S8 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Catharine Selby, the king's favourite mistress, made maid of honour to the queen, 
and created countess of Dorchester, Jan. 21. Catholic officers appointed in the 
Irish army, and exercise such power, that many Protestants withdraw to England, 
Feb. 12 ; several of the judges dismissed, and replaced by others more submis- 
sive to the royal will, April 21 ; they give their opinion that the king has the 
power to dispense with penal laws, June 21. An army collected on Hounslow 
Heath, and a popish chapel erected in the camp. Many Catholics sworn of the 
privy council, and installed in various offices, July 17. An ecclesiastical com- 
mission opened, Aug. 3 ; Compton, bishop of London, objects to its jurisdiction, 
31 ; is suspended, Sept. 9. The earl of Castlemaiue sent ambassador to 
Rome. The earl of Rochester refuses to conform to the Catholic church, and is 
dismissed from his office. The prince of Orange originates the League of Augs- 
burg, by which the principal continental States unite to resist the encroachments 
of France. The disputed succession to the Palatinate of the Rhine affords a 
ground of quarrel. Buda taken by the duke of Lorraine, Sept. 2, and other im- 
portant fortresses in Hungary recovered from the Turks. Modon, Navarino, and 
Napoli di Romania, surrender to the Venetians. Russia joins the alliance against 
the Turks. The duke of Savoy instigated by Louis XIV. to persecute the Wal- 
denses and proscribe all religions but the Catholic in his States. Madame de 
Maintenon founds the College of St. Cyr, for the education of the female nobility 
of France. Death of Louis, prince de Conde, Dec. 11, aet. 65, of Sir William 
Dugdale, the Antiquary, set. 81, of Carlo Dolci, aet. 80, and of Otto von Guericke, 
inventor of the air-pump and electrical machine. Birth of Thomas Carte. 

The university of Cambridge refuses to admit Francis, a Benedictine monk, recom- 
mended by the king, Feb, 9. James's natural son, by Mrs. Churchill, the duke 
of Marlborough's sister, created duke of Berwick, March 11. All penal laws and 
tests suspended, and liberty of conscience proclaimed, April 4. The vice-chan- 
cellor and senate of Cambridge summoned by the ecclesiastical commissioners, 
9. Mandate to elect Antony Farmer president of Magdalen College, Oxford, 
11. Settlement of French refugees in Spital-fields, and establishment of 
the silk manufacture, 15. The vice-chancellor of Cambridge deprived of his 
office. May 27. Address of the benchers and barristers of the Middle Temple, in 
support of the king's dispensing power, June 9. The vice-president of Magdalen 
College, and one of the fellows, suspended, 22. Dissolution of parliament, 
July 2. Arrival of the pope's nuncio ; the duke of Somerset dismissed for re- 
fusing to introduce him to an audience with the king, 3. A second royal 
mandate resisted by Magdalen College, Aug. 14; the fellows expelled, Nov. 16; 
Dr. Gifford, the Catholic bishop, appointed president by the king, Dec. 31. Con- 
tinued success of the Germans in Hungary; conquest of Transylvania and Scla- 
vonia ; battle of Mohacz, and total rout of the Turks, Aug. 12 ; surrender of 
Munkatz and other fortresses ; the Diet of Presburg declares the crown hereditary 
in the house of Austria, Oct. 11, and acknowledges the emperor's son, Joseph, 
set. 9, as king, Dec. 3. The Venetians complete the subjugation of the Morea; 
take Lepanto, Corinth, and Athens ; during the siege of the last, the Parthenon 
is injured by the explosion of a powder-magazine. From these reverses com- 
mences the decline of the Ottoman power; infuriated by them, the people of 
Constantinople dethrone the sultan, Mahomet, and raise his brother, Soliman, to 
his place. The pope annuls the privileges claimed by foreign ambassadors in 
Rome; Louis XIV. refuses to give them up, and sends the marquis of Lavardin, 
as his representative, with an armed retinue of 750 attendants, Nov 16. The 
Quifitist heresy of Michael Molinos condemned by the Inquisition, and its author 
imprisoned. First publication of Newton's Prindpia. The palace of Versailles 
completed. Death of the poet Waller, set. 82, of Lully, the founder of the 
French opera music, set. 54, and of Sir William Petty, one of the founders of the 
Royal Society, aet. 64. 

James orders the English regiments serving in Holland to return home ; the States 
General refuse to comply, Jan. 17. Protestant charity schools formed in London, 
March 25. A second declaration of liberty of conscience issued, April 27; or- 
dered to be read in all churches and chapels. May 4 ; seven bishops petition 



1686 TO 1689 AD. 



609 



Events axd Eminent Men. 



against this order, 18: are committed to the Tower, June 8. Birth of James, 
prince of Wales, afterwards the Pretender, 10. Trial and acquittal of the bishops, 
29; two judges dismissed for having given opinions unfavourable to the prose- 
cution; meeting at the earl of Shrewsbury's, to request the assistance of the 

; prince of Orange, 30. Secret association among the officers of the aimy to re- 
sist the proceedings of James. Death of the lord mayor; the king appoints his 
successor, Sept. 4 ; he attempts too late to retrace his steps and conciliate his 
subjects ; reinstates the bishop of London, and many magistrates whom he had 
displaced, 26. The prince of Orange publishes a memorial, drawn np by Dr. 
Burnet, Oct. 1. The king restores the charter of London, 2; dissolves the 
ecclesiastical commission, 11 ; gives back the rights of Magdalen College, 12 

i restores the ancient charters and franchises of corporations, 17. The prince of 

! Orange sails from Helvoetsluys, 19 ; is driven back by adverse gales ; sails again, 
Nov. 1 ; lands at Torbay, 5; arrives at Exeter, 8; is joined by many lords and 

! gentlemen, with a large militarv force ; James comes to Salisbury, 19 ; is de- 
serted by the duke of Grafton, lord Churchill, and a great part of his army. 22 ; 
returns to Loudon, 24 ; is abandoned by the princess Anne and her husband, 26. 
The queen and her infant son are sent to France, Dec. 8. The king embarks at 
Whitehall, and throws the great seal into the Thames, 10. Meeting at Guildhall, 
and declaration of confidence in the prince of Orange, 11 : the common council send 
a deputation to hira. 12 ; he arrives at Windsor, 14. The king detained at Fever- 
sham and brought back to London, 16 ; conveyed under an escort of Dutch troops to 
Eochester, 17 ; William arrives at St James's, 18; is congi'atulated by all the heads 
of the nation. 20. James embarks again, 23 ; is landed at Ambleteuse, and proceeds 
to St. Germain's. A convention summoned to meet on the twenty-second of January; 
and in the meantime the prince is authorized to administer "the government, 26. 
The French ambassador ordered to leave London, 30. The French ambassador con- 
ducts himself with such aiTogance at Rome, that the pope recalls his nuncio from 
Paris ; Louis places a guard over him, and prevents his departure. Belgrade 
taken by the elector of Bavaria, Sept. 6. Prince Louis of Baden defeats the 
pasha of Bosnia, recovers Gradisca, and reduces the Ottoman empire within 
still narrower limits. The Venetians make further progress in Dalmatia. Fran- 
cesco Morosino, elected doge for his eminent services, loses his credit by fail- 
ing in an attack on Negropont. Disputed election of the bishop of Cologne. 
Louis Xiy. takes advantage of the German armies being employed against the 
Turks, to commence war ; Philipsburg, Mentz. and all the most important places 
on the Rhine, submit to him : his general, Louvois, lays waste the Palatinate 
with fire and sword. Death of Frederic William, elector of Brandenburg, founder 
of the kingdom of Prussia, set. 68, of the duke of Ormond, July 21, set. 81, of the 
duke of Buckingham, set. 61, of John Bunyan, get. 60, of R. Cudworth, aet. 71, 
of the French opera-writer. Quinault. set. 54, of the French admiral, Duquesne, 
deprived of his commission by the Revocation of the Edict of Xantes, and dying 
a Protestant, his son was obliged to convey his body into Switzerland for in- 1 
ferment. Birth of Alexander Pope. 

Meeting of the Scotch nobiliry and gentiy in London; they concur in all the 
measures adopted in England, and that a convention shall be held in Scotland, i 
on the 14th March, for the same purpose, Jan. 8 ; the English convention as- 
sembles, 22: the Commons resolve that James II. having broken the origi- 
nal compact between king and people, and abdicated the government, the tiirone 
is vacant, 28 ; the Lords adopt the resolution, Feb. 2 ; the princess of 
Orange arrives, 12 ; both houses agree to confer the sovereignty on William 
and Mary : after having given their assent to the Declaration of Rights, they 
are proclaimed, 13; a new privy council formed; twelve able judges ap- 
pointed, Sir John Holt being chief justice, 14; nine bishops, many of the in- 
ferior clergy, and some high-tory lords, object to the limitations on the royal 
authority, and refuse to take the new oaths of allegiance and supremacy, March 
1. Burnet made bishop of Salisbury, 9. The late king lands at Kinsale, 
in Ireland, and is joined by Tyrconnel March 12. Suspension of the Habeas 
Corpus Act. Reversal of lord William Russell's attainder, 16. Corona- 

4 H 



610 



FBOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1689 

conti- 
nued. 



1690 



Events and Eminent Men. 



tion of William and Mary, June 11, Death of the late judge and chancellor, 
Jeffreys, in the Tower, June 18. Toleration Act for the relief of Dissenters 
passed, June 19. Address of the Commons for war against France, June 25. 
James holds a parliament at Dublin, June 29. A deputation from the Scotch 
Convention received by William and Mary at Whitehall, May 11. Great Britain 
joins the League of Augsburg, now solemnly ratified at Vienna, May 12. Battle 
of Killycrankie, May 26; the Jacobite Highlanders defeat general Mackay, but 
their leader, viscount Dundee, being killed, they lay down their arms and are 
pardoned. 3000 Protestants attainted by the Irish parliament, July 28. Epis- 
copacy abolished in Scotland, July 22. Birth of William, son of the princess 
Anne and prince George of Denmark, July 27 ; created duke of Gloucester. 
Defence of Londonderry by the Rev. George Walker ; relieved by Kirke, July .30. 
Parliament pays £600,000 to the States General, for the expenses of their expedi- 
tion, Aug. 20 Alliance, offensive and defensive, concluded, Aug. 28. The non- 
juring bishops suspended, Oct. 13. The Commons appoint a committee to inquire 
into the judicial murders of lord William Kussell and Algernon Sidney, Oct. 19. 
The Bill of Rights made an Act of parliament, and papists excluded from the 
throne, Dec. 16. The duke of Lorraine called fi'om Hungary to defend Germany 
against Louis. Successes of the allies ; prince Waldeck defeats Humieres, takes 
Liege, and forces the lines of Coiirtray. Mentz, Kaiserswerth, and Bonn, reco- 
vered from the French. Noailles repulsed by Villa-llermosa, in Catalonia. 
Prince Louis of Baden defeats the Turks at Patochin, Aug. 30 ; takes Nissa, 
Sept. 24, and Widdin. Peter L, set. 17, defeats a conspiracy against him, con- 
fines his sister, Sophia, in a convent, spares his brother, Iwan, but takes the 
government of Russia into his own hands ; Le Fort his adviser and chief mi- 
nister. Death of Innocent XI., set. 68; cardinal Ottoboni, elected pope, takes 
the name of Alexander VIIl. Louis renounces the obnoxious privileges which 
he had claimed for his ambassador in Rome, and recalls the marquis of Lavardin. 
Fenelon, preceptor of the duke of Burgundy, the dauphin's son, set. 7. Death of 
Christina, the retired queen of Sweden, at Rome, April 19, set 63 ; her large col- 
lection of MSS, given to the Vatican ; and of Daniel Elzivir, the last of that 
family of eminent printers. The " Esther" of Racine performed in the college of 
St. Cyr. Defoe supposed to be the writer of " Weekly Memorials," the earliest 
specimen of an English Review. Birth of Montesquieu, and of Samuel Richard- 
son. Casimir Leszinsky accused of atheism, and burnt at Warsaw. 
Parliament dissolved, Feb. 6. Lauzun disembarks in Ireland with a French army, 
March 14. A new parliament assembles, in which the tories prevail, March 20. 
William announces his intention of borrowing mone)^ on the security of the re- 
venue; origin of the funding system. Churchill, now earl of Marlborough, sent 
with an army to join the Dutch. Reversal of the Qzco Warranto Sigii'mst the city 
of London, and restoration of its ancient municipal rights, May 20. William 
lands at Carrickfergus, June 11. James leaves Dublin to join his army, June 16. 
An English and Dutch fleet, commanded by the earl of Torrington, defeated off 
Beachy, by the French admiral Tourville, June 30. Battle of the Boyne, July 
1. The duke of Schomberg, and Walker, the defender of Londonderrj^ fall in 
the field. James embarks at Waterford, and returns to France, July 4. Dublin, 
Drogheda, and Waterford, surrender. Siege of Limerick, Aug. 8. The earl of 
Torrington deprived of his command and confined in the Tower, Aug. 9. Wil- 
liam raises the siege of Limerick, Aug. 30; returns to England, Sept. 10. The 
earl of Marlborough arrives in Ireland, Sept. 21 ; takes Cork, Sept. 21. Meeting 
of parliament, Oct. 2 ; larger supplies voted, Oct. 9. The earl of Torrington 
tried and acquitted, but dismissed the service, Dec. 19. Avignon restored to the 
pope by Louis. Death of the imperial general, the duke of Lorraine. Battle 
of Fleurus, July 1 ; the prince of Waldeck defeated by marshal Luxemburg. 
The duke of Savoy joins tlie league against France, and is induced by England 
and Holland to restore the Waldenses, and grant toleration to Protestants; he 
is defeated by marshal Catiuat, at Staffarda, Aug 18; loses Saluzzo, Cham- 
berry, and Suza, Nov, 12. The Venetians take Monemvasia. The new vizir, 
Mustapha Kioprili, recovers Nissa, Widdin, and Belgrade, and makes Tekeli 



1689 TO 1693 A.D. 



611 



A.D. 



EVKNTS AND EMIXENT MeN. 



1691 



1693 



1692 



prince of Transylvania, The English factory at Calcutta established. Deatl 
of Le Brun. set. 71, of Nathaniel Lee, ait. 33, and of Robert Barclay, the Quaker 
Apologist, £et. 42. Birth of Mary, daughter of Pierrepoint, duke of Kingst 
and afterwards Lady Mary Wortley Montague. Locke publishes his "Essay 
concerning Human Understanding." 

King William proceeds to Holland, Jan. 16. Congress at the Hague, Jan. 26 ; 
deprivation of the primate. Sancroft, and the non-juring bishops, Feb. 1. William 
joins the army in the Netherlands, March 12; returns to England, April 13; sets 
out again for Holland, May 1. Tillotscn, arclibishop of Canterbury, May 31. 
Victory of general Ginkel, at Aghrim, over the Irish and French, under St. Kuth, 
July 22. Death of Tyrconnel, at Limerick, Aug. 14 Surrender of Limerick to 
Ginkel, by treaty, and cessation of hostilities in Ireland, Oct. 3; he is created 
earl of Athlone. William returns to Kensington, Oct. 19 ; holds a parliament, 
Oct. 22. Death of pope Alexander VIII., set. 80; his successor, cardinal Pigna- 
telli, takes tlie name of Innocent XI I. Surrender of Mons to the French, April 7, 
and of Urgel, in Catalonia; bombardment of Barcelona and Alicant by their 
fleet; their progress in Savoy is checked by the arrival of German auxiliaries to 
support the duke. Battle of Salankemen, on the Danube, Aug. 18; total defeat 
of the Turks by prince Louis of Baden; the vizir, Mustapha Kioprili. killed. 
Death of the French Avar minister, Louvois, July 6, of the Dutch admiral, Cor- 
nelius Van Tromp, set 62, of Dr. Edward Pococke, set. 87, of Richard Baxter, set. 76, 
of Robert Eoyle, iet. 64, of Sir William Pulteney, aet. 78, of Samuel Basnage, 
and of George Fox, the first Quaker. Birth of Thomas Herring, afterwards arch- 
bishop of York and Canterbury. First performance of Racine's " Athalie " 

Louis threatens to invade England. Mission of colonel Parker. Plot to assas- 
sinate king William. Massacre of the Macdonaids, at Glencoe, Feb. Discord 
between the queen and her sister; Marlborough dismissed from his offices. 
William embarks for Holland. March 5. The queen-dowager, Katharine of Bra- 
ganza, returns to Portugal, March 30. Battle of La Hogue, May 19 ; total defeat 
of Tourville by admiral Russell ; his fleet destroyed, and the project of in- 
vading England fnistrated. Battle of Steenkerke, July 24. King William 
defeated by marshal Luxemburg. Detection of the assassination-plot, and execu- 
tion of the chevalier de Grandval, Aug. 4. Marlborough, the bishop of Rochester, 
and other lords, committed to the Tower on a false charge of treason. The king 
leaves Holland and lands at Yarmouth, Oct. 18. Parliament assembles, Nov. 4 ; 
the Lords protest against the arrest of Marlborough and the othei- members of 
their house ; they are released, Nov. 17. The king refuses his assent to a Bill 
for Triennial Parliaments, which had passed both houses Namur taken by the 
French, June 5. Chaiieroy besieged by marshal Boufflers ; relieved by the 
elector of Bavaria, Oct. 20. The duke of Savoy invades Dauphiny. Gross Wa- 
radin taken from the Turks, June 3. The pope issues a Bull, condemning the 
iiepotism of his predecessors, and forbidding it in future, June 28. Patkul 
outlawed and banished by the king of Sweden, fi>r presenting a petition from the 
nobles of Livonia. Ernest Augustus, duke of Brunswick Luneburg, and husband 
of Sophia, grand-daughter of James I. of England (see 1613 and 1660), created 
elector of Hanover, Dec. 19. Commencement of tlie lectures founded by the 
Hon. Robert Boyle. Destructive earthquake at Port Royal in Jamaica. Insur- 
rection of the negroes in Barbadoes, Nov. 11. Death of Elias Ashmole, the an- 
tiquary, and founder of the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford. Birth of Butler, 
afterwards bishop of Durham, and of Arthur Onslow. 

Young convicted of having forged the paper on whicli the charge had been made 
against Marlborough and others, Feb. 7. Somers appointed lord keeper. The 
king embarks for Holland, March 31. Admiral Rooke defeated, and part of his 
convoy captured by Tourville, off Cape St. Vincent, May 18. The allied army, 
commanded by William in person, defeated by Luxemburg, at Landen, July 19 
(29 N.S.). Bombardment of St. Malo, by commodore Benbow, Sept. 19. The king 
arrives at Kensington, Oct. 30, and changes many of his ministers. Meeting ot 
parliament, Nov. 7 ; a farther augmentation of the army voted, Dec. 20. The 
French take Huy and Charleroy in the Netherlands, and defeat the duke of 



612 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


Hegi- 


Otto- 
man Em- 


Popes. 




RA. 


pire. 




1694 


1106 
1107 


4 Ach- 
med II. 


4 Inno- 
centXlI. 
July 12. 


1695 


1107 
1108 


1 Mus- 
tafa II. 


5 


1696 


1108 
1109 


2 


6 


1697 


1109 
1110 


8 


7 


1698 


1110 
1111 


4 


8 


1699 


1111 
1112 


5 


9 


1700 


1112 
1113 


6 


10 

d Sept. 27. 

1 Cle- 
nientXI. 

isov i3 


1701 


1113 
1114 


7 


2 


1702 


1114 
1115 


8 


3 


1703 


1115 
1116 


1 Ach- 
med III. 


4 



30Chas, 
II. 



33- 



35 



1 Phi- 
lip V. 



France 



52 Louis 
XIV. 



53 • 



54 . 



55 • 



56 ■ 



58 ■ 



60 • 



Han- 
over. 

2 Er- 
nest 
Au- 
gustus. 



WiR- Bran- 

TEM- j DEN- 
BERG. I BURG. 

18Eb-'7Fre- 
eiiiard deric 
Louis, III. 



20- 



1 Geo. 22- 
Louis. 



24- 



25- 



26- 



27- 



10 — 



Sax- 
ony. 

1 Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tus I. 



4 

king of 
Poland 



13 

takes 

the 

title of 
kingof 

Prii.s- 

sia. 

IFre- 
dericl. 



Bava- 
ria. 



16 
Maxi- 
milian 
Ema- 
nuel. 



18- 



Ger- 

MANY. 

37 Leo- 
pold I. 



38- 



39- 



40- 



21 42 



24- 



25- 



43 



45- 



46- 



1694 TO 1703 A.D. 



613 



Bepe- 
tition 
DaV 



1694 



1695 



1697 



1698 



1699 



1700 



1701 



1702 



1703 



DOGKS 

OF Ve- 
nice. 



1 Silves- 
tro Va- 
liero. 



1 Liiigi 
Moce- 
nigo I 



Savov. 



20Victor 
A made- 
us 11. 



28 Pedro 25Cosmo 
11. III. 



Portu- 
gal. 



Tusca- 
ny. 



23 . 



32 . 



25 33 



30 . 



26 . 



28 ■ 



29 - 



34 , 



35 . 



36 



30 - 



31 . 



32 . 



33 . 



26- 



Den- 

MAUK. 

25 

Chris- 
tian V. 



28- 



29- 



1 Fre- 
deric 
IV. 



Swe- 
den. 



SoChas 
XI. 



37- 



IChas. 
XII. 



Po- 
land. 

n John 
III. 
Sobt 
esky. 



22- 



23- 



1 Fre- 
deric 
Aug. 
dector 
of Sou:- 
ouy, 
2 



Russia. 



Hol- 
land. 



Great 
Britain, 



6 Peter 23 Willi- 6 W^illi- 



theGrtat, 



13 . 



HI. am III. 

king of Feb. i;i. 

Great \d QMary 

Britain Dec 28 



7 Willi 
am HI 

alone. 



25 • 



27 • 



28 ■ 



29 ■ 



John 
Willi- 
am, A«re- 

ditary 
^tathol- 
d'-r of 
Fri aland. 
Heirisi 
us, Grand 
Pension- 
ary of 
Holland, 



12 - 

rf. William 
duke of 
Glou- 
cester. 



14 

rfMarchS. 
1 Anne. 
March 8- 



614 



A.D. 



1693 

conti- 



FROM THE TEAR 



1695 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Savoy at Marsaglia, or Orbazzano, near Pignerol, Oct. 4. Distress of France 
from famine and the expense of the war, Louis makes overtures of peace through 
Denmark, which are rejected; he ends the long dispute respecting the bishoprics 
by yielding to the pope. Innocent XII. prohibits the sale of offices in his court, 
Oct. 23. Earthquake in Sicily, and violent eruption of P2tna ; Messina, Syracuse, 
and Catania nearly destroyed. Antony a Wood fined for some passages in his 
"Athenge Oxonienses," and expelled the university. Rymer's first warrant for 
compiling the Foedera, granted by queen Mary. Death of Sancroft, the deprived 
archbishop, set. 77, and of Ludlow, the republican general, in exile at Vevay, 
in Switzerland, set. 91. Birth of James Bradley, and of the count De Saxe. 
Locke publishes his " Thoughts concerning Education." 

The royal assent refused to a Bill excluding placemen from parliament, Jan. 25. 
Origin of the Bank of England, April 25. The king embarks for Holland, May 6 
Unsuccessful attack on Brest, June 8. Stamp-duties commenced, June 28. 
Bombardment of Dieppe, July 12 ; Havre de Grace, July 16, and Dunkirk, July 
26. A new charter granted to the East India Company, Sept. 28. Return of the 
king, Nov. 2. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 12. Queen Mary attacked by the 
small-pox, Dec. 21. The Triennial Act passed, Dec. 22. Death of the queen, 
at Kensington, Dec. 28, set. 33. The allies recover Huy. Desperate condition 
of Spain ; Barcelona invested by sea and land ; saved by the English fleet, 
under admiral Russell ; at his approach Tourville retires to Toulon, and Noailles 
raises the siege. The duke of Savoy besieges Casal. The doge, Francesco Mo- 
rosino, on his way to undertake another campaign, dies at Napoli di Romania, 
Jan. 6, set. 74. The czar Peter employs Brant, a Dutch shipwright, to build him 
a vessel at Archangel, in which he acquires practically the art of navigation. 
The University of Halle founded. Naples greatly injured by an earthquake, 
Sept. 8. Death of Puffendorf, set. 62, of David Teniers, the younger, set. 84, and 
of archbishop Tillotson, Nov. 22, set. 64. Birth of Voltaire, and of Philip, earl 
of Chesterfield. Tournefort publishes his Elements of Botany. 

Commissioners appointed for the building of Greenwich Hospital, March 4. 
Reconciliation of the king and the princess Anne, March 5. The House of 
Commons inquires respecting bribes received by its members, March 7 ; expulsion 
of the speaker, Sir John Trevor, March 12. Parliament prorogued. May 3. 
Meeting of the Scotch parliament, May 9 ; inquiry into the massacre of Glencoe. 
William embarks for Holland, May 12.* St. Malo bombarded by lord Berkeley, 
July 5; Brussels by marshal VHieroi, Aug. 13. Namur surrenders to king Wil- 
liam, Sept. 2 ; he arrives in England, Oct. 10 ; dissolves parliament, Oct. 11. 
The whig interest prevails in the elections. New parliament meets, Nov. 22. Re- 
coinage of silver, Dec. 10 ; thirty shillings of the old coinage worth no more than 
a guinea. Death of marshal Luxemburg, set. 67. The English admiral, Russell, 
threatens the coast of Provence, and keeps marshal Catinat in check, while the 
duke of Savoy takes Casal, July 9. The sultan, Mustafa II., takes the field in 
person; the campaign is favourable to the Turks in Hungary, and against the 
Venetians in Dalmatia. The czar Peter fails in his attack on Asof. Death of 
Huygens, aet. 66, of D'Herbelot. set. 70, of the French artist, Mignard, set. 85, of 
Lafontaine, set. 74, of Purcell, set. 37, of viscount Stair, set. 88, and of the marquis 
of Halifax, set. 65. Fenelon, archbishop of Cambray. 

Discovery of a plot to assassinate the king, Feb. 14 ; association for his defence, 
Feb. 25. James arrives at Calais with French troops to invade England, March 2 ; 
is deterred by admiral Russell's fleet ; trial and punishment of the conspirators. 
Parliament prorogued, April 27. William embarks for Holland, May 5 ; returns 
after an inactive campaign, Oct. 6. Meeting of parliament, Oct. 20. Sir John 
Fenwick condemned by Bill of attainder, for participation in the conspiracy, 
Nov. 9. Sixpence a month taken from every seaman's wages to support Green- 
wich Hospital. Eddystone Lighthouse built. A board appointed for the ma- 
nagement of trade and plantations : John Locke chief commissioner. A Bill for 
licensing the press rejected by the Commons. Destruction of the French ma- 
gazines at Givet, by the earl of Athlone, and the Dutch general, Coehorn. Louis 
concludes a separate treaty of peace with the duke of Savoy, and makes over- 



1 



1093 TO 1699 A.D. 



615 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1697 



1698 



1699 



Wmilm^m^^T'L^'^^Tf^'''^^ from Venice arrive in London and acknowledge 
William III. The czar Peter renews his attack and takes Asof Death of ^Z 
biesky, king of Poland, ^t. 67 ; the elector of Saxony and the prince of Cond 
are candidates for the vacant throne. Death of La Bruy "e^^t 52 and o f 
H^nrTperhain"^^'' *'' ''• """'^ '' ''"^'^ '^'''''' afterway^mtrshal, and of 
Sir John Fenwick beheaded, Jan. 28. William goes to Holland Anril 26 Con 
ference at Ryswick opened, Jan. 29. Negotiation between the eai 1 of Pm-t^nH 
and marshal Bonfflers, at Brnssels, July 26. Peace of livVick signed ^evtTl 
ratined by king ^yiIllam at Loo, Sept. 15 ; proclaimed in London, o'c?9n-aificd 
by the German empire, Oct. 22. Triumphal entry of William in London Nov 13 • 
S £7roT'Tt"d\''' ai^y contrary to his wishes, Dec. 11 ; fix the ciw' l^i 
at 1/00,000. The duke of V endome takes Barcelona, which is restored to «;min 
fI'^V'TJ ''^y'''''\ «iS^^al defeat of the Turks at Ze, ta by P^S 
Eugene of bavoy, Sept. 11, n.s. Death of Charles XL, king of Sweden Am-U 
iani T^he'eleToV^nf's'^' XIL, ^t. 15, takes the goVeriiSient i^?o his oTn 
nands. The elector ot Saxony, on being chosen by the Diet kins of Poland U 
required to join the Catholic church. The czar Peter commences his trav^^^^^ 
l^ew wifh\tnl w'n ' "' \ f.^^P-?^-P^"t^r -t Saardam, in Holland 'Ls an hite - 
Tt Pan 's' Ca tMra/' U t n '"'"^',% ^^ ■^'' '^ Parliament passed for completing 
«J*r: 1 > ^^^V^^Fal; It is opened for divine service, Dec. 2. First nublicatinr 
lnh^f^^"J V/^t^r'^' ^.f ^?"^^'^""^- I>'i^el•belot'^'Biblioth^ue^OrSl^ 

^Plris^wfth Malfh? ^P^^^^f' ^^''•/^- T^" "^^1 Of Portland ambassador at 
the kinc L H "^-"^ ^'''"''' ^^'' secretary, Jan. 14. Address of the Commons to 
ivnJ^ f-^' . l^^ discouragement of the woollen manufacture in Ireland and the 
promotion of the linen, Jnne 10. A new East India Company formed Julv 5 
afterwards united to the old. Parliament dissolved, July 7. The ™hV goes to 

It. ti- . i ' f^^"^^' and the Lnited Provinces, Aug. 19. A Scotch colonv 

established on the isthmus of Darien, Nov. 4. William returns and Tovii.r^.^l 

assembles, Dec. 9 John Archdale, k quaker, eLc ted f^i w^^^^^^ 

, take the oaths, and a new writ is issued ; resolution of the Commons foidis 

' Sp'.tnv%'«^ ^"'^^^"''^ guards, Dec. 16. Death of ErnestT^ 

' fnfr'f.^^T'^' ' ^x' '' ^^^^^eeded by his son, George Louis, afterwirds Geor4 

Lot Great Britain Jsegotiations at Carlowitz for peace with the Tuis Petei- 

enthilv hP '/n'^" ?^ ' ''''''\' o^tl^^^^trelitz gnards, destroys or disbands Then 

entuely, he loses his minister, Le Fort, who dies, get. 64. Violent eruntion If 

?ontT"'' '\^""'- ^'''^'^ ^''' P'-oP^L-ating Christianity filmed inTondon 

Controversy between Bossuet and Fenelon, on the mvstical doctrine of Mohnos 

and Madame de Gnyon. Death of Tillemont, get. 61. Birth of Mac luHn of 

Metastasio and of Warburton, afterwards bishop of Gloucester ^'^^'^''^''°' '^ 

Message of William to the Commons for retaining his Dutch guards March 18- 

re n?n' tcl''?f:''\\'''T'''' ^''''}^ ''•' ^^'^^ ^^'^ ^™^^^^« ^^^ Honand June 2 ;' 
return^, Oct. 18. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 16. Dr Watson dPurK^pH nf *hl 
bishopric of St. David's, for simony. The Commons resolve to app y the fo ! 
felted estates in Ireland, and the revemies of that country, to the pubHc senice 
?f Dpnt \''^'^ of Carlowitz concluded, Jan. 26. Deatlfof Clds^t an v' Mn^ 
of Denmark; his son and successor, Frederic IV., joins Poland and Kussia in a 
league against Sweden. Joseph Ferdinand, son of Maximilian elect" o^B^^ 
varia, and destined heir of the crown of Spain, dies, Feb. 6, *t. 7 ; the questTon 
?foi of'^fme iif Ru 'rV' again thrown open. Peter introduces the com^iUa" 
tion ot time in Russia by the Christian era, but adheres to the old stvle 
Dampier explores the north-west coast of New Holland. Feielon's doctrines 
condemned by a papal Bull ; his - Telemachus" published in Holland MassiUon 
n4ret "t'S""^'' '° '^''"''- '''''''' '' ^^^^"^' ^^- ''' ^^"^ of Wiiirm S i" 



616 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1700 



1701 



1702 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Commons present to the king their resolutions respecting the Irish forfeitures 
Feb. 21 ; they tack them to their Land-tax Bill, March 9 ; while they are' 
preparing an address, requesting the king to dismiss all foreigners from his 
council, parliament is suddenly prorogued, March 11 ; the great seal taken from 
lord Somers, and resignation of lord Shrewsbury, May 21. Resolutions of the 
Scotch parliament in support of the colony in Darien. The king goes to Hol- 
land, July 5. Death of the duke of Gloucester, July 29, set. 11. Parliament 
dissolved, July 19. A second partition treaty assigns the crown of Spain to the 
emperor's second son, Charles, archduke of Austria, March 25 ; offended by this, 
Charles II, bequeaths his dominions, undivided, to the duke of Anjou, second son 
of the dauphin ; he dies. Nov. 1, set. 39, on which Louis XIV., regardless of the 
treaty to which he was a party, causes his grandson to be proclaimed king at 
Madrid, by the title of Philip V. Charles XII., assisted by an English and 
Dutch fleet, lands in Zealand, Aug. 4; dictates his own terms of peace to the 
king of Denmark, at Travendal, Aug. 19 ; proceeds to repel the Russian invasion 
of Ingria; lands at Pernau, Oct. 17. Battle of Narva, Nov. 30; Peter totally de- 
feated, compelled to raise the siege, and retire. The king of Poland invades 
Livonia, and besieges Riga. Death of Innocent XII., aet. 85 ; his successor, car- 
dinal Albani, takes the name of Clement XI. Peter abolishes the patriarchate, 
declares himself head of the Russian church, and restrains the power of the 
priesthood. Death of Dryden, set. 69, and of Sir William Temple, set. 72. Birth 
of James Thomson. 

Mr, Harley chosen speaker of the new House of Commons, Feb. 10 ; a convocation 
held : the upper and lower houses disagree ; resolution of the Commons, on which 
the Act of Settlement and the Hanoverian succession are founded, March 12 ; 
protest against them by the duchess of Savoy, daughter of the duke of Orleans, 
by Henrietta, youngest daughter of Charles I. {see 1644 and 1661); no notice is 
taken of her protest and claim to the throne. Both houses condemn the Parti- 
tion Treaty, March 20 : the Commons address the king to remove from his 
council lord Somers, and the other ministers by whom it was advised, April 22. 
Captain Kidd and his mates convicted of piracy, and executed, May 23. The 
Kentish Petition, and Defoe's pamphlet, " Legion," in defence of it, voted by the 
Commons to be seditious and libellous. Articles of impeachment against lord 
Soiners, May 14. The Act of Settlement receives the royal assent, June 12 ; 
dispute of the two houses respecting the impeachment, June 13. Lord Halifax 
impeached, June 14. Acquittal of lord Somers, June 17 ; the charges against the ! 
other lords dismissed, June 24, The king sails for blolland, July 1. Death of 
James II,, at St. Germain's, Sept. 16, set. 68; his son is acknowledged by Louis 
XIV. as James III., king of England. William orders the French ambassador 
to quit London, and recalls the earl of Manchester from Paris ; the " Grand Alli- 
ance" concluded by him with the emperor and the States General. General 
indignation throughout England against Louis, William returns from Holland, 
Nov. 5. Parliamfnt dissolved, Nov. 11; violent struggle of the two political 
parties, and great bribery in the elections. Patriotic speech of the king to the 
new parliament, answered by loyal addresses in the same spirit, Dec, 30. The 
emperor claims Naples and Sicily ; marches an army, under prince Eugene, into 
Italy, and commences the '' Spanish Succession" war ; Catinat defeated by Eugene 
at Carpi, July 9, and Villeroi at Chiari, Sept. I. Charles XII. takes Mittau, 
expels the Saxons from Livonia, conquers Courland, and invades Lithuania. 
The czar Peter employs Patkul, and invites German officers ; he builds fleets on 
the lakes Peipus and Ladoga ; his general, Sheremetef, defeats the Swedes under 
Schlippenbach, near Dorpat. The elector of Brandenburg assumes the title of 
king of Prussia, as Frederic I. Revolt of Ragoczy, in Hungary. Death of the 
duke of Orleans, the first of the present line, a3t. 61. 

Death of William III.. March 8, set. 52. Queen Anne's first speech to parliament 
recommends the Union between England and Scotland, March 11. Marlborough 
appointed captain-general, March 15 ; sent ambassador to the Hague, March 28. 
The queen crowned, April 23. War declared against France and Spain, May 4. 
Parliament dissolved, July 2. Order of council prohibits the sale of offices, July 



1^ 



1700 TO 1703 A.D. 



617 



AJ> 



Events and Eminent Men. 



19. The States General give the command of their army to Marlborough ; he 
drives the French out of Spanish Guelderland, Aug. 2. The duke of Ormond and 
Sir George Rooke fail in their attack on Cadiz, Aug. 15. Marlborough takes Venlo, 
Sept. 25, Ruremoude, Oct. 6. Beubow's unsuccessful enterprise in the West 
Indies, and death, Oct. 8. Vigo surprised by the English and Dutch fleets; the 
Spanish galleons captured or destroyed, Oct. 12. Boufflers abandons Liege to 
Marlborough, Oct. 14 ; the citadel stormed, Oct. 23. The new parliament as- 
sembles ; Harley chosen speaker, Oct. 20. Commissioners appointed to treat for 
tlie Union of England and Scotland, Oct. 22. Marlborough escapes from a 
French party, by whom he had been seized, Nov. 5. The borougli of Hendon 
disfranchised for bribery. Marlborough returns, and receives th^ thanks of par- 
liament, Nov. 28 ; is created a duke, with a pension, Dec. 10. Prince Eugene 
surprises Cremona, and carries off marshal Villeroi a prisoner, Feb. 1 ; is 
obliged, by the duke de Yendome, to raise the siege of Mantua, Aug. 1. Philip 
V. arrives in Naples, April 16; joins the Gallo-Spanish army in Lombardy on 
the day of its victory at Santa Vittoria, July 26. The elector of Cologne admits 
French garrisons into his fortresses ; the imperial general, the prince of Nassau 
Saarbnick, takes Kayserswerth from them, and prince Louis of Baden, Landau. 
The elector of Bavaria declares against the emperor, and takes the city of Ulm. 
On the death of William 111. the anti-Orange party prevails in the United Pro- 
vinces, and they appoint no statholder, except in Friesland, where the hereditary 
claim of his cousin, John William Friso, is recognized ; the republic is governed 
by the States General, and they by Heinsius, grand pensionary of Holland 
The principality of Orange reverts to the crown of France. Enthusiasm of the 
Camisards ; persecution and revolt of the Protestants in Languedoc. Charles 
XII. invades Poland, enters Warsaw, defeats the king, Augustus, at Clissau, 
July 20, and demands of the Poles his deposition. The king of Prussia abolishes 
serfdom in his States, founds the Order of the Black Eagle, and establishes the 
Academy of Berlin, under the superintendence of Leibnitz. The czar Peter defeats 
a project of the Swedes against Archangel ; takes Noteburg, on Lake Ladoga ; 
makes Mentchikof its governor, his first official appointment ; from the small 
town of Marienburg, in Ingria, KathgCrine, a peasant girl, aet. 17, the future 
empress of Russia, is carried off a captive, and becomes the slave and concu- 
bine of Sheremetef. Peter celebrates a triumph in Moscow ; Romodanofski vice- 
czar. Death of the earl of Sunderland, set. 61, and of the French admiral, Jean 
Bart. 
Dispute between the Lords and Commons respecting the public accounts, Feb. 4. 
Daniel Defoe punished for his pamphlet, •' The Shortest Way with the Dis- 
senters," Feb. 25. Parliament prorogued, Feb. 27. Violent debates in the Scotch 
parliament on a motion by Andrew Fletcher, of Saltoun, respecting the Hanove- 
rian succession, May 6. Bonn taken by the duke of Marlborough, May 14 ; Huy 
Aug. 27; Limburg, Sept. 27. Meeting of the English parliament, Nov. 9 ; a violent 
storm during the whole week, from Nov. 26 to Dec. 1. The archduke Charles, 
claimant of the Spanish crown, arrives in London, Dec. 23. Methuen treaty of 
commerce between England and Portugal. The king of Portugal joins the alli- 
ance against France and Spain. The French cross the Rhine, take Kehl and 
Brisach, unite with the Bavarian army, defeat the imperialists in the first battle 
of Hochstadt, Sept. 20, and take Augsburg; marshal Tallard defeats the prince 
of Hesse Cassel at Spires, and recovers Landau. The archduke of Austria as- 
sumes the title of Charles III., king of Spain, and prepares to invade that king- 
dom, assisted by the English, Dutch, and Portuguese. The elector of Bavaria 
takes Inspruck, but is driven out of the Tyrol by the peasantry. The duke of 
Savoy declares against France. Charles Xll. defeats Augustus at Pultusk, 
May 1, takes Thora, and calls a Polish Diet at Warsaw to elect a new king. 
The czar Peter takes Nientschantz, and lays the foundation of Petersburg, May 
27, to be the future capital of his empire. Revolt of the Janizaries ; the sultan, 
Mustafa, resigns to his brother, Achmed. Death of Dr. Robert Hooke, aet. 68, 
andof Grsevius, aet. 71, Birth of John Wesley. Isaac Newton president of the 
Royal Society. 

4 I 



618 



mOM THE YEA.B 



A.D. 



1704 



1705 



1706 



1708 



1709 



1710 



Hegi 

RA. 



1116 
1117 



1118 



1119 



1120 



1121 



1123 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



Popes, 



2 Ach- 
medlll. 



5 Cle- 
ment 
XI. 

Nov -23- 



Spain. 



5 Phi- 
lip V. 



France. 



62 Louis 
XIV. 



Portu- 
gal. 



64 . 



65 ■ 



38 Pedro 
II. 



IJohnV. 



WiR- 

TEM- 
BERG. 



28 Eb- 
erhard 
Louis. 



30- 



33- 



34- 



Prus- 

SIA. 



Saxo- 
ny. 



4Fre-llFre- 



dericl 



10- 



deric 
Augus- 
tus I. 

ofPo. 
land- 



12- 



Bava- 

RIA. 



26 

Maxi- 
milian 
Ema- 
nuel. 



Ger- 
many. 



47 Leo- 
pold I. 



1 Jo- 
seph I. 



.28- 



.29- 



. 30 



1704 TO 1710 A.D. 



G\0 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1704 



1705 



1706 



1707 



1708 



1709 



1710 



Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 



5 Luigi 
Moceni- 
go I. 



7 '- 



Savoy. 



SOVictor 
Ama- 
deus II 



1 Gio- 
vanni 
Corna- 
roll. 



32 • 



33 ■ 



34 ■ 



35- 



36. 



Tusca- 
ny. 



35 Cos- 
mo III 



36 ■ 



37 



Den- 
mark. 



6 Frede- 
ric IV. 



39 - 



40 • 



41 



Swe- 
den. 



S Chas. 
XII. 



10. 



Po- 
land. 



1 Sta- 
Dislasl. 



Russia, 



16 Peter 

the Great. 



12 . 



1 Fre- 
deric 
Au- 
gustus, 
resto- 
reA. 



Hol- 
land. 



Hein- 
sius, 
Grand 
Pensi- 
onary 
of Hol- 
land. 



20 . 



22 . 



Han- 
over. 



7 Geo. 
Louis 



Great 
Britain. 



3 Anne. 
March 8. 



10 6 

5 Princ« 

Frede- 
ric. 



7 

d. Prince 
Geor<e of 
Denmark. 



620 



FROM THE TEAR 



A-.D. 



1704 



1705 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Inquiiy of the House of Lords into the Scotch plot betrayed by Simon Fraser, 
lord Lovat, Jan 29. Queen Anne's Bounty instituted, Feb. 7. Parliament pro- 
rogued, April 3. The duke of Marlborough proceeds to join his army, 7. 
Simon Fraser confined by Louis XIV. in the Bastile. An English force, under the 
duke of Schomberg, and a Dutch, under general Fagel, sent to Portugal. Marl- 
borough marches into Germany to support the emperor, May 8. Sir George Rooke 
fails in his attempt on Barcelona, 18. Marlborough and prince Louis of Baden 
force the Bavarian lines, at Schellenberg, and take Donawert, July 2. Gibraltar 
surrenders to Sir George Rooke, 22. The parliament of Scotland protests against 
the inquiry of the P^nglish lords into the Scotch plot. Battle of Blenheim, Aug. 
13, N.s. Marlborough and prince Eugene annihilate the French and Bavarian 
armies, take marshal Tallard, with most of his generals, prisoners, recover 
Augsburg, reconquer all the country between the Lech and the Rhine, and save 
the empire. The Frencli and Spaniards besiege Gibraltar, Oct. 22 ; Marlborough, 
created a prince of the empire, visits Berlin and the Hague, and returns to Eng- 
land. The English and Dutch armies, ill-supported by the Portuguese, cannot 
make head against the duke of Berwick ; Schomberg resigns the command in 
disgust, and is replaced by the earl of Galway. After the battle of Blenheim, 
the elector of Bavaria takes refuge in Flanders, where he is governor for the 
king of Spain ; the electress surrenders Bavaria to the emperor, and retires to 
Venice. Prince Louis of Baden takes Landau again. The Hungarian malcon- 
tents become formidable. The French overrun the duchies of Savoy and Mo- 
dena. Charles XII. recommends to the Polish Diet Stanislas Leczinski, who 
is elected king. Augustus, by a sudden attack, seizes Warsaw, which, on the 
approach of Charles, he again abandons, and takes flight to Dresden. The czar 
Peter fortifies Cronslot, or Cronstadt, for the defence of his new city ; takes Dor- 
pat, July 23, Narva, Aug. 20, and conquers all Ingria. Death of John Locke, 
SQt 72, of Bossuet, set. 77, of Sir Roger L'Estrange, {«t. 87, of Bourdaloue, the 
French pulpit- orator, and of the Veronese cardinal, Noris, one of the Librarians 
of the Vatican. Birth of Richard Pococke, afterwards bishop of Meath, and of 
David Hartley. Galland translates into French the " Thousand and One Nights" 
(Arabian Nights' Entertainments). The first volume of Rymer's *' Foedera " 
published, and Swift's " Tale of a Tub." The " Boston News Letter," the fii'st 
newspaper published in North America. 

The duchess of Marlborough attaches queen Anne to the Whig party ; Woodstock 
presented to the duke by the nation ; the mansion built by the queen, designed 
by Sir John Vanbrugh. Parliament prorogued, March 5. Sir John Leake and 
Sir Thomas Dilkes capture or destroy many of the French fleet before Gibraltar, 
and raise the siege, 10. The duke of Marlborough proceeds to resume the com- 
mand of his army, 15. Parliament dissolved, April 5. The queen visits Cam- 
bridge, and confers knighthood on Isaac Newton, 10. The earl of Peterborough 
and Sir Cloudesley Shovel proceed with a powerful armament to Spain, in May. 
Marlborough forces the French lines at Tirlemont, July 18 ; the Dutch general 
refuses to act with him in improving this victory, and is recalled by the States. 
The earl of Peterborough arrives before Barcelona, Aug. 22 ; stoiTns the fort 
Montjuich, Sept. 6; the duke of Hesse Darmstadt killed in the assault; Barce- 
lona surrenders, Oct. 4 ; the earl pursues a rapid course of conquest in Catalonia 
and Valencia, where Charles III. is received as king. The new parliament as- 
sembles, Oct. 25 ; Whig majority. The duke of Marlborough invited by the 
emperor to Vienna, concerts with him the plan of military operations for the 

I ensuing year, Nov. 12; is splendidly entertained, and invested with the princi- 

j pality of Mindelheim ; visits Berlin and Hanover, and arrives at the Hague, on 
his way to London, Dec. 14, The cry of the " Church in danger," raised in Eng- 
land by the Tories and Jacobites ; the Lords and Commons address the queen, 
assuring her that no such danger exists, Dec. 14. The imbecility of the king 

I of Portugal unfits him for government ; his sister, Katharine of Braganza, 
widow of Charles II. of England, dies suddenly, while regent, Dec. 81, set. 67. 
Death of the emperor Leopold, May 5, set. 65 ; he is succeeded by his son, Joseph. 

! Marshal Villars crosses the Rhine, Aug. 6 ; is driven back by prince Louis of 



1701 TO 1707 A.D. 



621 



Events and Eminent Men, 



1706 



1707 



Baden, who takes Hagenau. Prince Engene takes the command in Italy ; in- 
decisive battle of Cassino, Aug. 16 ; the duke of Savoy, reduced to great extremity, 
remains firm in his alliance. The Portuguese invade Spain, and besiege Badajos, 
but witliout success. The French admiral. St. Paul, captures an English mer- 
chant-fleet, but is killed in the engagement, Aug. 31. The Swedes fail in an 
attack on Petersburg, June 25: their general, Levenhaupt, defeats the Russians 
at Gemauers, July 28, but is compelled by want of supplies to retreat to Kiga ; 
the czar takes Mittau, Sept. 14. Death of Luca Giordano, eet. 76, and of John 
Ray, the naturalist, set 77. Birth of count Daun, of William Murray, afterwards 
earl of Manstield, and of Henry Fox, afterwards Lord Holland. Defoe employed 
in secretly negotiating the Union at Edinburgh. 

The merchants of Loudon raise a loan of £500,000, proposed by the duke of Marl- 
borough, to assist the emperor and the duke of Savoy, Jan. 4. Parliament pro- 
rogued, March 10. First meeting of the commissioners to treat for the Union of 
England and Scotland, April 10. Victoiy of Marlborough at Ramillies, May 12, o.s., 
followed by the conquest of all the Netherlands. Barcelona hard pressed by the 
French and Spaniards ; Sir John Leake and the earl of Peterborough compel "them 
to raise the siege, May 11. The earl of Galway and his Portuguese allies take 
Alcantara, and, having forced the duke of Berwick to retire, enterMadrid, June 24. 
The articles of the Union signed by the commissioners, July 22. The last Scotch 
parliament convened, Oct. 21. Mrs. Masham begins to obtain the queen's favour, 
and introduces Harley to private audiences. The duke of Marlborough arrives 
in London, Nov. 18. The French take Nice, Jan. 4, and form the siege of Turin 
in June : prince Eugene arrives, and joins the duke of Savoy in August. Battle 
of Turin, Sept. 7; the French, totally defeated, lose all their conquests in Italy. 
The duke of Savoy recovei's his States, and obtains MontfeiTat. Charles III. is 
proclaimed in Milan, the Netherlands, and Madrid; but not arriving in time to 
support the earl of Galway and the Portuguese, he loses the latter city, which 
Philip V. enters again, Aug. 5. Death of Pedro II., king of Portugal, Dec. 3, 
set. 60: he is succeeded by his son, John V. The electors of Bavaria and Co- 
logne are put to the ban of the empire, and deprived of their dominions, April 
29. Louis proposes to treat for peace ; his offers are rejected, Oct. 21. The 
Swedish general, Renschild, defeats the Saxons and Russians atFraustadt, Feb. 6; 
Charles XII. invades Saxony, and dictates the treaty of Altranstadt to Au- 
gustus, Sept. 14, who resigns formally the crown of Poland, and gives up the 
Livonian patriot, Patkul, into the hands of his bitter enemy. Mentchikof de- 
feats the Swedes at Kalisch, Nov. 19. Peter fails in his attack on Vyborg, in 
Carelia. Death of John Evelyn, set. 86, and of Peter Bayle, £et. 59. Birth of 
Benjamin Franklin. Defoe commences his " Review of the State of the English 
Nation," the parent and model of the Tatler, Spectator, and subsequent Essays. 

The articles of the Union sanctioned by the Scotch parliament, Jan. 16; the Act 
receives the royal assent in England, March 6. Battle of Almanza, April 14 ; 
the earl of Galvv^ay. with his Dutch and Portuguese allies, totally defeated by 
the duke of Berwick. Parliament prorogued, April 24. Interview between 
Marlborough and Charles XII. at Leipsic, 30. The Union between England and 
Scotland, May 1. The queen receives an embassy from the czar Peter, at whose 
request she intercedes with Charles XII., but ineffectually, for the life of Patkul. 
France, on the verge of ruin, saved by the mismanagement of the allies. The 
earl of Peterborough withdraws from Spain, where liis advice is disregarded. 
Sir Cloudesly Shovel, with his fleet, assists the passage of the Var, and invasion 
of Provence, by the duke of Savoy and prince Eugene, July 10; this enterprise 
abandoned, Sept. 1. The cautious generalship of Yendorae affords Marlborough 
no opportunity to gain further advantages on the side of the Netherlands; the 
duke puts his army into winter quarters, Oct. 8, and attends conferences at Franc- 
fort and the Hague, on his way to England. Admiral Shovel, returning home 
from the Mediterranean, wrecked with three of his ships on the Scilly Isles, 
Oct. 22, aet. 56. Meeting of the first united parliament of Great Britain, 23 ; in- 
quiry into the mismanagement of the last campaign, Nov. 19 ; a clerk in secre- 
tary Harley's office detected in betraying secrets of State to the French 



622 



TEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1707 

conti- 
nued. 



1708 



1709 



Events and Eminent Men. 



government, Dec. 31. The imperialists take Naples, and proclaim Charles III. 
Ragoczy calls a Diet at Onod, which declares the tlirone of Hungary vacant. 
Neufchatel in Switzerland awarded to the king of Prussia. Charles XII. returns 
from Saxony into Poland. On his march visits the elector at Dresden. Mas- 
sacre of the peasantry in Massovia. Treaty Av^ith Mazeppa. Murder of Patkul. 
Private marriage of the czar Peter to Katharine. He transports the inhab- 
itants of Narva and Dorpat into the interior of his empire. Birth of Frederic 
Louis, prince of Hanover, afterwards prince of Wales, Jan. 20, o.s. Death of 
Vaiiban, set. 69, of the earl of Stair, set. 59, of William Sherlock, dean of St, 
Paul's, set. 66, of Antonio Verrio, of William Vanderveld the younger, set. 74, 
and of Aurungzebe, set. 90. Birth of Buffon, of Linnteus, of Carlo Goldoni, of 
Leonard Euler, and of Henry Fielding. 

Secretary Harley -dismissed; St. John succeeded by Robert Walpole ; Sir Simon 
Harcourt resigns the attorney-generalship, Feb. 11. The Pretender sails 
from Dunkirk with a French army, March 6 ; arrives on the coast of Scotland, 
but is driven back by 8ir George Byng, and obliged to abandon the enterprise. 
Parliament prorogued, April 1 ; dissolved, 11. Conference of Marlborough and 
prince Eugene at the Hague. Capture of Spanish galleons by commodore 
Wager, May 28. The French surprise Ghent and Bruges, July 5 ; are defeated 
in the battle of Oudenarde, 11 ; their lines between Ypres and the Lys destroyed, 
15. Artois and Picardy laid under contribution by Marlborough ; consternation 
in Paris. Arrest of the Russian ambassador in London for debt, 27. Siege of 
Lisle by the allies, Aug 11 ; Prince Eugene wounded, Sept. 21. General Webb 
repulses an attack made on his convoy at Wynesdale, 28. The town of Lisle 
surrenders, Oct. 23. Death of prince George of Denmark, at Kensington, 28, 
set. 55. Sir John Leake and general Stanhope take the islands of Sardinia and 
Minorca. The new parliament assembles; Sir Richard Onslow, speaker, Nov. 
18 ; lord Somers, president of the council ; Addison, Irish secretary ; a law passed 
for the protection of foreign ambassadors. Incox-poration of the United East 
India Company of Great Britain. The citadel of Lisle surrendered by marshal 
Boufflei's, Dec. 9. Ghent, Bruges, and all Flanders recovered by the allies, 30. 
The elector of Bavaria attempts to surprise Brussels, but retreats precipitately. 
Dismissal of the French minister, Chamillard. The duke of Savoy recovers 
the frontier fortresses and Alpine passes yet held by the French. On the death 
of the duke of Mantua, the emperor claims the reversion of his States ; he 
asserts other rights in Italy and in the church of Germany, which the pope 
threatens to resist by force of arms; overawed by the imperial general, Daun, 
and the English fleet, Clement disbands his troops, submits to the emperor's 
demands, and grants the investiture of Naples and Sicily to Charles III. March 
of Charles XII. into the Ukraine, against the advice of Piper and Renschild ; 
he gains a fruitless victory at Golovtchin, July 4, and takes Mohilef; but one 
of his armies under Lagercrona is defeated by Mentchikof at Dobro, Sept. 20 ; 
and he fails in his engagement to meet his general, Levenhaupt, who loses all 
his baggage and artillery at Leisna; tlie Cossacks abandon Mazeppa, and choose 
another hetman. Defeat of Ragoczy and the Hungarians at Trentschin. Bohemia 
obtains a vote in the Diet, and the long-disputed title of Hanover to a seat in 
the electoral college finally admitted. The parliament and archbishop of Paris 
resist a papal Bull on the Jansenist controversy. Expulsion of the Jesuits from 
Holland. Death of bishop Beveridge, set. 71. Birth of William Pitt, afterwards 
earl of Chatham. 

The two houses of parliament address the queen, requesting her to marry again, 
which she declines, Jan. 28. Proposals of peace made by Louis, Feb. 28. Par- 
liament prorogued, April 21. Marlborough and viscount Townshend plenipo- 
tentiaries to treat for peace ; the negotiations broken off, June 9. Marlborough 
and Eugene collect their forces at Lisle, 18; take Tournay, July 30; defeat mar- 
shals Villars and Boufflers at Malplaquet, Sept. 11 ; Mons surrenders to them, 
Oct. 21. Sacheverel's sermon at St. Paul's, Nov. 5. Meeting of parliament, 15. 
Sacheverel is impeached by the House of Commons, Dec. 15, and made of import- 
ance by their persecutions. The whig ministry becomes unpopular, and is 



1707 TO 1710 A.D. 



623 



Events and Eminent M.e's, 



undermined at court by Mrs. Masham and Harley. Commencement of a severe 
frost, which continues three months, 25. The pope makes farther concessions 
to the emperor, and acknowledges Charles III. king of Spain. Obstinacy of 
Charles XII. Peter collects his forces and surrounds the Swedes. Battle of Pul- 
towa, July 8, n.s. Escape of Charles to Bender, and surrender of the remnant 
of his array, 10. Peter takes Elbing, reconquers Poland, and restores Augustus 
to the throne. Stanislas takes refuge in France. The king of Denmark visits 
Italy ; returns in haste to renew war with Sweden after Charles's defeat. All 
the Swedish possessions in Germany are threatened by the combined forces of 
Russia, Prussia, Denmark, and Saxony. Many distressed inhabitants of the 
Palatinate of the Rhine emigrate to England. Steele publishes, under the assumed 
name of Isaac Bickerstaff, the first number of the " Tatler," April 2. Copyright 
Act (For the Encouragement of Learning, 8 Anne, c. 19). The " Daily Courant," 
the first daily newspaper, published. Port-Royal suppressed, in consequence of 
the support given by its inmates to Jansenism. Death of Wm. Bentinck, earl of 
Portland, of Pere La Chaise, and of Sir Edward Seymour, forty-eight years 
M.P , set. 75. Birth of Samuel Johnson, 
Overtures of Louis for peace again rejected, Jan. 2. Death of Admiral Sir George 
Rooke, 28. Mission of Mr. Whitworth to Moscow, to apologize for the arrest 
of the Russian ambassador, and appease the czar's anger, Feb. 16. Trial of 
Sacheverel, 27. The Dutch having agreed to negotiate, the duke of Marlbo- 
rough arrives at the Hague, March 7 ; conferences of Gertruydenburg commence, 
11. Sacheverel sentenced not to preach for three years, 25 ; his senuon burnt by 
the hangman, 27. Parliament prorogued, April 5. Marlborough and prince 
Eugene take Montaigne, 18. The queen alienated from the whigs. Lord Sun- 
derland dismissed, and lord Dartmouth made secretary of State, June 14. Two 
students of Dublin college fined and expelled for having defaced the statue of 
William III., 25 Surrender of Douay to the allies, 26. The negotiations at 
Gertruydenburg broken off, July 20. Sir John Norris, after having defeated an 
attempt of the French to recover Sardinia, takes Cette in Languedoc, but 
abandons the enterprise, 23. The whig ministers dismissed ; Harley chancellor 
of the exchequer ; Matthew Prior becomes a commissioner of trade and planta- 
tions, Aug. 8. Marlborough retains his command of the army ; takes Bethune, 
30. Parliament dissolved, Sept. 28. The Irish parliament address the lord- 
lieutenant for union with that of Great Britain. The allies take St. Venant, 
30 ; Aire, Nov. 9. Meeting of the new parliament, 25. The act of 9 Anne, c. 
5, fixes the qualifications for knights of the shire, and representatives of cities 
and boroughs. Censure of the late ministers for the support afforded by them 
to the Palatine emigrants. Three officers cashiered for drinking confusion to the 
duke's enemies, Dec. 10. The earl of Peterborough appointed ambassador to 
Vienna, 26. Marlborough arrives in London, 28 ; doe? not receive the usual 
thanks from Parliament ; is mentioned with contempt and derision by the toiy 
majority in the House of Commons, and reviled by their faction in the country. 
Leibnitz attempts to unite the Anglican church and the German protestants. Vic- 
tory of Almenara gained by Charles, July 27, and of Saragossa, Aug. 20 ; that city 
opens its gates to him ; he enters Madrid, Sept. 28. The duke de Vendome takes 
the command of the French army in Spain. Philip recovers Madrid. General 
Stanhope and the English division surrounded at Brihuega and captured, Dec. 10. 
Siahremberg and the Austrians defeated at Villa Viciosa, 20. The kingof Denmark 
invades Sweden, and is repulsed by Steinbock at Helsingborg. The czar Peter 
celebrates his victories by another triumphal procession and public festival at 
Moscow; his prisoners are sent to Siberia; proceeding in his course of conquest, 
he takes Riga, Revel, all Livonia, Esthonia, and the island of Oesel. Charles 
XII., in his retreat at Bender, prevails upon the sultan to declare war against 
Russia, Nov, 20. Great Britain and the United Provinces offer their mediation, 
which Charles refuses to accept. Ragoczy, finally defeated at Romhany, withdraws 
from Hungary. Colonel Nicholson takes the French settlement of Port-Royal 
in Acadia, and gives it the name of Annapolis. Death of the chief-justice Sir 
John Holt, set. 68, of Thomas Betterton, the actor, aet. 75, and of the Duchess 
de la Valliere. South-Sea Company originated^ May 6. 



624 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


Hegi- 


Otto- 
man Em- 




RA. 


pire. 


1711 


1124 


9Ach- 
med 111. 


1712 


1125 


10 


1713 


1126 


11 


1714 


1127 


12 


1715 


1128 

! 

i 
1 


13 — : 


1716 


1129 


14 



Popes. 



12 Cle- 
ment 
XI. 

Nov.23, 



15- 



Spain. 



12Phi- 
lipV. 



France, 



69 Louis 
XIV 



70 . 



72 ■ 



Portu- 
gal. 



6JohnV. 



35 Eb- 
erhard 
Louis. 



WlR- 

tem- 

BERG. 



Prus- 
sia. 



11 Fre- 
deric!. 



38- 



12- 



1 Fre- 
deric 
Willi- 
am I, 



20- 



1 Louis 10 
XV. 



Saxo- Bava- 

NY. RIA. 

18Fre-l33 

deric JMaxi- 
Augus- Imilian 

tiis I.:Ema- 

*;"^ nuel. 
of Po- 
land. 



34- 



Ger- 

MANY. 



1 Chas. 
VI. 



-35- 



-.38- 



1711 TO 1716 A.D. 



625 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Doges 

OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Russia. 


Hol- 
land 


Han- 
over. 


Great 
Britain 


1711- 


3 Gio- 
vanni 
Corna- 
roll. 


37Victor 
Amade- 
usll. 


42 Cosmo 
ill. 


13 Fre- 
deric 
IV. 


loChas. 
XJI. 


3 Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tus I. 

elector 
of Sax- 
ony. 


23 Peter 
the Great. 


Willi- 
am V. 
in 

Fries- 
land. 


14Geo 
Louis. 


10 Anne 
March 8. 


1712 


4 


38 


43 


14 


16 


4 


24 




15 


11 


1713 


5 


39 

kivg of 
otctly. 


44 


15 


17 


5 


25 





16 


12 


1714 


'6_ 

1 


40 


45 


16 


18 


6 


26 




17 

ki»g of 
Great 
Britain 


13 

d. Aasr. 1 
I Geo. 1. 

Augc I. 


1715 


7 


41 


46 


17 


19 


7 


27 




18 


2 


1716 


8 


42 


47 


18 


20 


8 


28 




19 


3 



4 K 



626 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1711 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1712 



Mrs. Masham appointed to the office about the queen's persoH, hitherto held by 
the duchess of Marlborough, Jan. 18. The Duke of Argyle sent as ambassador! 
to Charles III., and commaader of the British forces in Spain. Inquiry of the 
Lords and C&mmons into the disasters of the Spanish campaign, Feb. 2. Marl- 
borough returns to his army. Harley wounded in the council-chamber with a 
pen-knife by Guichard, while under examination, March 8. Death of the earl of 
Rochester, May 2. An expedition sails to attack Canada, 4. Harley created 
earl of Oxford, 24 ; lord-treasurer, 29. Report of the Commons, accusing the late 
ministers of mismanagement, June 4. Parliament prorogued, 12. A capital of 
four millions raised for the South-Sea-Company, under a royal commission, 27. 
By skilful tactics, and without losing a man, Marlborough drives the French from ' 
the lines of Arleux, which Villars deemed impregnable, Aug. 5. The bishop of 
Bristol appointed lord privy-seal, Sept. 3. The siege and surrender of Bouchain, 
Marlborough's last achievement, 13. The king of France makes new proposals 
of peace, 27. Prior sent to negotiate privately at Fontainebleau. Marshal Tal- 
lard, a prisoner since the battle of Blenheim, released on his parole, Oct. 4. Pre- 
liminaries settled in London, 6. The expedition against Canada, shattered by 
storms, returns to Portsmouth, 9. Marlborough arrives- in London, 18. Secretary 
St. John notifies to the allies that the queen had agreed to treat for peace, and 
appointed Utrecht for the place of congress, 20. Meeting of parliament, Dec. 7. 
Marlborough, Robert Walpole, and Cardonnel accused of having appropriated 
public monies to their own use, 21 ; the duke dismissed fi'om all his offices ; Walpole 
and Cardonnel expelled from the House of Commons. Twelve new peers created, 
30. Death of the emperor Joseph from the small-pox, April 17, n.s. set. 33 ; his 
brother, Charles VI. (entitled Charles III. in Spain), elected at Frankfort to succeed 
him, Oct. 12. Change in the politics of Europe, favourable to a general peace ; 
but the new emperor and the elector of Hanover oppose the intended congress at 
tltrecht. Gerona sui-renders to the French, Jan. 31 ; they are masters of nearly 
all Spain before Charles embarks at Barcelona for Germany, Sept. 27. The duke 
of Argyle returns to England. The Danes seize the duchy of Bremen, and, in 
conjunction with the Saxons, invade Swedish Pomerania. The treaties of Nagy- 
Haroly and Szathman establish peimanent tranquillity in Hungary and Tran- 
sylvania. Public nuptials of the czar Peter and Katharine ; he concludes a 
treaty with Demetrius Cantemir, hospodarof Moldavia; crosses the Pruth ; is 
surrounded by the Turks and Tartars ; is saved by the negotiations of Katha- 
rine with the grand vizir. Azof restored to the Turks ; dissatisfaction of the 
sultan. Continued intrigues of Charles XII. at Bender. The dauphin Louis, 
only son of Louis XIV., dies of the small-pox, April 14, set. 50 ; his eldest son, 
Louis, duke of Burgundy, takes the title of Dauphin. Rio Janeiro taken by 
the French admiral, Duguai Trouin. Jansenism causes violent dissensions in 
the French church. Le Tellier, a Jesuit, succeeds Pere la Chaise, as royal con 
fessor. Death of Boileau, set. 75, and of Henry Dodwell, set. 69. Birth of David 
Hume, and of Boscawen, afterwards admiral. Addison publishes the first 
number of the " Spectator," March 1. John William, Prince of Orange Nassaii, 
accidentally drowned, July 14 ; his young son, William Charles Henry, succeeds 
him as hereditary statliolder of Friesland. 
The duke of Ormond appointed captain-general of the British army, Jan. 1. Prince 
Eugene arrives in London, and endeavours, without success, to persuade the 
queen not to negotiate for peace, 5. The plenipotentaries assemble at Utrecht. 
8. Robert Walpole committed to the Tower, 17. Conferences at Utrecht opened 
by the bishop of Bristol, chief of the English embassy, 29. The Lords address 
the queen, disapproving the tenns offered by France, Feb. 16 ; the Commons ad- 
dress her, complaining of the undue burdens imposed on Great Britain by the 
other allies during the war, March 4. Prince Eugene leaves England, 13. The 
duke of Ormond takes the command of the army in the Netherlands, April 9 ; 
receives an order from the queen to engage in no hostilities. May 10 ; the Dutch 
complain of this order to the bishop of Bristol, who consents to the siege of 
Quesnoy, 28. The proposed articles of peace laid before parliament by the queen, 
J une 6. Quesnoy invested by the allies, S. Marlborough challenges lord Paulet ; 



1711 TO 1713 A.D. 



62/ 



A.D. i 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1713 



the duel prevented, 16. Parliament proro^ed, 21. Surrender of Quesnoy, July 

4. Secretary St. John created viscount Bolingbroke. Dunkirk given up to the 
English, 7. The duke of Ormond separates his troops from the allied army, 10. 
A cessation of arms between England and France proclaimed, 17. The negoti- 
ation at Utrecht suspended by a quarrel between the servants of the French and 
Dutch ministers, 27. Bolingbroke, accompanied by Matthew Prior, negotiates 
at Paris, prolongs the truce, and agrees to an allowance of £60,000 yearly to the 
widowed queen of James II., Aug. 17. The English troops in Spain leave the 
allied army, Sept. 8. The duke of Hamilton and lord Mohun killed in a duel, 
Nov. 15. Marlborough leaves England, 30. A Spanish ambassador arrives in 
London, Dec. 5. The truce renewed, 7. The duke of Shrewsbury proceeds as 
ambassador to France, 27. The States-General adopt the terms of peace agreed 
to by Great Britain, 29. A French ambassador reaches London, 31. After the 
duke of Ormond's departure, prince Eugene besieges Landrecy, July 16 ; a de- 
tachment of his army, commanded by lord Albemarle, is completely defeated by 
Villars at Denain, 24 ; he loses Marchiennes, 31 ; raises the siege of Landrecy, 
Aug. 21. Douay surrenders to the French, Sept. 8; Quesnoy, Oct. 4; Bouchain, 
19. The small-pox proves fatal to the dauphiness of France, Feb. 12, to her 
husband, 18, set. 30 ; and to their eldest son, the duke of Brittany, March 8 ; 
their youngest son, Louis, born Feb. 15, 1710, becomes dauphin. Philip V. re- 
nounces for himself and his descendants all claim to the crown of France, Nov. 

5. Steinbock defeats the Danes, Poles and Saxons at Gadebusch. The perse- 
cution of the Toggenburg protestants by the abbot of St Gall, causes violent 
commotions among the cantons of Switzerland. The electors of Bavaria and 
Cologne are relieved from the ban of the empire. The first stamp-duty on news- 
papers imposed by the Act 10 Anne c. 19 ; so many of these publications are 
discontinued, that it is called the " Fall of the Leaf." Whiston, professor of 
mathematics at Cambridge, expelled for avowing Ariau opinions. Controversy 
of Samuel Clarke and Waterland on the same subject. Death of Richard Crom- 
well, aet. 90 ; of Sidney, earl Godolphin, of the duke de Yendume, of the duke of 
Leeds, aet. 81, and of Cassini, set. 87. Birth of Rousseau, and of the prince of 
Prussia, Jan. 24, afterwards Frederic the Great. First edition of Pope's " Rape of 
the Lock " published. 

Parliament meets and adjourns, Jan. 8 ; second adjournment, Feb. 17. Treaty of 
Utrecht signed, March 30. Parliament assembles, and both houses approve the 
articles of the treaty laid before them by the queen, April 9. Proclamation of 
peace in London, May 5. Sacheverel preaches before the Commons, 29. The 
living of St. Andrew's, Holbom, is given him by the queen, and he is then for- 
gotten. The Commons address the queen to have the Pretender removed frum 

j Nancy, where he had been received by Stanislas, June 25. The duke of Ormond 
appointed governor of Dover Castle and lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 26., 
Atterbury made bishop of Rochester and dean of Westminster, July 3. Parlia- 
ment prorogued, 16 ; dissolved, Aug. 8. Rivalry of Oxford and Bolingbroke ; the 
latter encourages the queen's displeasure at the elector of Hanover not agreeing 
to the treaty of Utrecht. Dr. Robinson, bishop of Bristol, translated to the see 
of London. The new parliament assembles, but the opening is deferred in con- 
sequence of the queen's illness, Dec. 11. The emperor persists in the war, but 
agrees to evacuate Spain, and the empress, whom he had left at Barcelona, is 
conveyed by the English fleet, under admiral Jennings, to Genoa, April 2. Phi- 
lip, in the event of his line failing, acknowledges the duke of Savoy as heir to 
the crown of Spain. The citizens of Barcelona hold out against Philip, and 
sustain a siege. Sicily is given to the duke of Savoy by the treaty of Utrecht, 
■with the title of king ; he is conducted to Palermo by admiral Jennings, Oct. 10, 
and crowned there, Dec. 24. The French take Landau, Aug. 20, and Freyburg, 
Nov. 26 ; the emperor inclines to peace; prince Eugene and marshal Villars be- 
gin to negotiate at Rastadt, 28. Altona bunit by the Swedish general, Steinbock ; 
he surrenders, with his army, to the Danes, at Tonningen. The Russian diplo- 
matist, Tolstoy, under the mediation of England and Holland, concludes a defi 



628 mOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1713 

conti- 
nued. 



1715 



Events and Eminent Men. 



nitive treaty of peace with Turkey. Charles XII. resists the desire of the 
sultan for his return to Sweden, is besieged in his house at Bender, and conveyed 
a prisoner to Adrianople. Intrigues of baron Gortz. The Russians take Stettin, 
and deliver it to the Prussians. Death of Frederic, the first king of Prussia, 
set. 56 ; the royal title of his son, Frederic William, is recognized by the con- 
gress of Utrecht, and part of Guelderland given to him. The papal Bull Unige- 
nitus, against Jansenism, Sept. 10, is resisted by the cardinal de Noailles, arch- 
bishop of Paris, and increases the confusion in the church of France. Discovery of 
the remains of Herculaneum, buried under the ashes of Vesuvius in the year 79. 
Death of cardinal Maratti, set. 88, of Compton, bishop of London, set. 81, of Antony 
Ashley Cooper, earl of Shaftesbury, at Naples, Feb. 14, set. 42, and of Thomas 
Rynier, Dec. 14. Birth of Diderot, of Sterne, of Edward, afterwards admiral and 
lord Hawke, and of John, earl of Bute. First performance of Addison's "Cato," 
April 14. The Clarendon Press at Oxford, established with the profits of Claren- 
don's " History of the Rebellion," completed and opened in Oct. Pope's " Wind- 
sor Forest" and '* Ode on St. Csecilia's Day" published. 
Opening of parliament by the queen, March 2 ; Steele expelled from the House of 
Commons for passages in the " Englishman" and " Crisis," 11 ; the Lords address 
the queen to interpose with the king of Spain in favour of the Catalans, April 6. 
The electoral prince of Hanover summoned to parliament as duke of Cambridge, 
12. The ambassador Schutz, who had applied for the writ, is forbidden to ap- 
pear at court. The death of the princess Sophia, June 8, set. 84, leaves her son, 
George Louis, under the Act of Settlement, heir to the British throne. Dr. Sa- 
muel Clarke, accused of heresy by the lower house of convocation, is dismissed 
from his post of chaplain to the queen, 23. Parliament prorogued, July 9 ; the 
altercations of Oxford and Bolingbroke lead to the dismissal of the foniier from 
all his offices, 27. Illness of the queen, 29; she makes the duke of Shrewsbury 
lord treasurer, 30 ; dies at Kensington, Aug, 1, set. 49 ; council of regency in- 
stalled ; Addison secretary ; George I. proclaimed ; parliament assembles ; the 
members take the oaths of allegiance. The duke of Marlborough returns to 
London, 4. The Pretender goes to Paris, but Louis refuses to see him, 14. Par- 
liament prorogued, 25 ; Bolingbroke removed from office, 31. The king arrives 
at Greenwich, Sept. 18; makes his public entry into London, 20 ; the duke of 
Ormond refused an audience, and deprived of all his appointments, 19. A new 
privy council assembled, Oct. 1 ; the duke of Marlborough and the whig ministers 
restored to their places, 5 ; coronation, 20; the ambassadors of all foreign States 
recognize king George. An order issued to the clergy to abstain from politics 
in their sermons, Dec. 11. Treaty of Rastadt signed, March 6 ; of Baden, Sept. 
5 ; Philip V. acknowledged king of Spain and the Indies ; Charles VI. adds to his 
dominions the Netherlands, Naples, Sardinia, and Milan. Surrender of Barcelona 
to the duke of Berwick, Sept. 12 ; Majorca refuses to submit ; the remaining privi- 
leges of the Catalans are taken from them. Death of the queen of Spain ; Philip 
marries Elizabeth, or Isabella, of Parma, who refuses to enter Madrid, till his 
favourite, the duchess Orsini, is dismissed. Alberoni prime minister in Spain. 
Death of the duke of Berry, grandson of Louis XIV., who legitimizes his own two 
natural sons, the duke of Maine and the count of Toulouse, and by his will de- 
clares them capable of inheriting the crown. Victor Amadeus resists the papal 
claim in Sicily, and defies the Bull issued against him. Charles XIT. removed 
by the Turks to Demotica ; escapes, Nov. 1 ; reaches Stralsund, 22. Sweden is 
unable to oppose Peter, who conquers Finland and the isles of Aland ; his admiral, 
Apraxin, defeats the Swedish admiral, Erenschild, and takes him prisoner. 
Triumph at Petersburg. Birth of Charles Pratt, afterwards earl Camden, and 
of George Whitfield. Worcester College, Oxford, founded. Pope publishes the 
first volume of his " Homer." 
Parliament dissolved, Jan. 5. 150 houses burnt down, and fifty lives lost, in Bil- 
lingsgate, 13. The new parliament opened by the king, March 21. Bolingbroke 
withdraws to France, 25. Prior examined before the privy council, April 1. 
Death of the lord treasurer, the earl of Halifax, May 15; the earl of Carlisle 
succeeds him, 18. A fleet, under Sir John Norris, sent to the Baltic. Inquiry 



I7l3 TO 1716 A.D. 



629 



A.D. 



1716 



Events and Eminent Men. 



into the late negotiations, July 9. Prior taken into custody. Ormond retires to 
France, 21 ; he is impeached by the Commons, together with Oxford, Boling- 
broke, and Strafford, July 9; Oxford committed to the Tower, 16. Threatened 
invasion of the Pretender. Riot Act passed, and Habeas Corpus Act suspended 
20. A fleet fitted out, under Sir George Byng, and troops encamped in Hyde 
Park, 31. The earl of Mar collects the Jacobites in Scotland, Aug. 1. Acts of 
attainder against Ormond and Bolingbroke, 20. The earl of Mar proclaims the 
Pretender at Aboyne, Sept. 3. The earl of Arran, brother to the duke of Onnond, 
elected chancellor of Oxford, against the prince of Wales, 9. Lord Lansdowne, six 
members of the House of Commons and others, arrested. Parliament prorogued, 
21 ; Robert Walpole, chancellor of the excliequer, in conjunction with lord Towns- 
hend, leads the administration, Oct 12. Tumults and insurrections in various 
parts of the kingdom ; a body of rebels, collected in the northern counties, de- 
feated at Preston by generals Carpenter and Willis : their commander, Forster, 
with the earl of Derwentwater, viscount Kenmure, lord Widdrington, and 200 
other noblemen and gentlemen, made prisoners, Nov. 13 ; on the same day, 
the indecisive battle of Dumblaine, or Sheriffmuir, between the duke of Ar- 
gyle and the earl of Mar; the duke recovers Perth and Dundee, 30 ; Dutch auxi- 
liaries arrive at Leith, Dec. 4; general Cadogan at Stirling, 10 ; the Pretender 
lands at Peterhead, near Aberdeen, 26. A severe winter ; the Thames frozen. 
Death of Louis XIV., Sept. 1, set. 77 ; his great grandson, Louis XV., succeeds 
him, set. 5 ; the duke of Orleans regent. Majorca submits to Philip, July 14. 
The Barrier-Treaty between the United Provinces and Austria, under the medi- 
ation of Great Britain, signed at Antwerp, 5 (16) Nov. Decline of the commerce 
and power of the Venetians ; the Turks commence war against them, and con- 
quer the Morea. Siege of Stralsund by the Russians and Saxons ; Charles XII. 
escapes to Sweden ; he loses the isle of Rugen, Nov, 17 ; Stralsund surrenders, 
Dec. 22. The elector of Hanover purchases the duchies of Bremen and Verden 
of the Danes. The Poles resist the taxes imposed on them to pay for the war 
of Augustus against Sweden. The prince of Wales governor of the South-Sea 
Company, Feb. 18 ; an Act passed for increasing their capital, Sept. 21. Dr. 
Gibson made bishop of Lincoln, Dec. 17, and Benjamin Hoadley, of Bangor, 21. 
Richard Steele knighted. Rowe appointed poet laureate. Close of the Spectator, 
Aug. 2. Le Sage publishes Gil Bias. Death of bishop Burnet, March 27, set. 72, 
of Tennyson, archbishop of Canterbury, of Fenelon, set. 64, of Malebranche, set. 77, 
of Partridge (or Hewson), the astrologer, to whom Swift gave a ridiculous noto- 
riety. Birth of Gellert. Total eclipse of the sun, April 22, o.s. 
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 9 ; Forster expelled from the House of Commons, 10. 
The Pretender, the earl of Mar, and others, embark for France ; their troops dis- 
perse, and the rebellion is suppressed, Feb. 4. The lords who were taken at 
Preston, having pleaded guilty, are condemned to death, 9. The prince of Wales 
elected chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, 17. The earl of Nithisdale es- 
capes from the Tower, 23. Derwentwater and Kenmure beheaded, 24 ; many of 
their associates are executed at Liverpool. Bolingbroke, secretary of State to 
the Pretender, is displaced by him, 25. The earl of Arran chosen high-steward 
of Westminster by the dean and chapter, 28. Forster escapes from Newgate to 
France, April 10. Serious illness of the duke of Marlborough, May 4, The 
Septennial Act passed, 7 ; the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act expires. 
Lord Powis and others admitted to bail, 26; forfeited estates valued at £1,652,450. 
Parliament prorogued, June 26. The Dutch auxiliaries return home, 29. The 
king embarks for Germany, leaving the prince of Wales guardian of the king- 
dom, July 7 ; the duke of Argyle deprived of his places ; his pension, and that 
of the earl of Nottingham, taken from them, 29. Lord Wintoun escapes from the 
Tower, Aug. 2. Five rebels executed at Lancaster and Preston, others are trans- 
ported to the colonies, and the rest discharged, Oct. 2 ; the marquis of Huntly 
pardoned, Nov. 4. A destructive fire near Limehouse Bridge, Dec. 4. Discord 
and intrigues in the ministry; Stanhope obtains lord Townshend's post of secre- 
tary of State, 12. Alliance of the emperor and the Southern States to assist 
Venice against the Turks ; prince Eugene defeats them at Peterwaradin, Aug. 5, 



630 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1717 



1718 



1719 



1720 



1721 



1722 



1723 



1724 



1725 



1726 



Hegi- 

RA. 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



1130 



1131 



1132 



1133 



1134 
1135 



1135 
1136 



1136 
1137 



1187 
1138 



1138 
1139 



1139 
1140 



15 Ach- 
med III 



Popes. 



18 Cle- 
ment XI 
Nov.iiS. 



18Phi- 
lipV. 



France. 



3 Louis 
XV. 



19 19 



20- 



19 ■ 



20- 



21 • 



rf.Mar.19. 
1 Inno- 
cent 
XIII. 
May 8. 



23 - 



24 



rf.Mar. 7 
1 Bene- 
dict 
XIII. 

May 29. 



3 27 



20- 



21- 



22- 



23- 



24- 



25 10 • 

(Louis 
7Mo8.) 



Portu- 
gal. 



12 John 
V. 



41 Eb- 
erhard 
Louis. 



26- 



WlR- 

tem- 
berg. 



43- 



Prus- 

SIA, 



5 Fre- 
deric 
Willi- 
am I. 



Saxo- 
ny. 

24Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tus I., 

king of 
Poland. 



45- 



46- 



47- 



49- 



50- 



25- 



26- 



28- 



29- 



30- 



31- 



Bava- 

RIA. 



Ger- 
many 



39Max- 7Chas 
iiuilian TTT 
Einan- ^ • 
uel' 



40- 



42- 



43 11 



44- 



46- 



32 47- 



14 33 



1 Chaa. 16- 
Albert- 



1717 TO 1726 A.D. 



631 



tition 
Dates. 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Savoy. 


Tus- 
cany. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Russia. 


Hol- 
land. 


Han- 
over. 


Great 
Britain. 


1717 


9 Gio- 
vanni 
Corna- 
roll. 


43Victor 
Amade- 
ns II. 

king of 
Sicily. 


4SCosmo 
III. 


19 Fre- 
deric 
IV. 


21 Chas. 
XII. 


9 Fre- 
deric 

Augus- 
tus I. 
elector 
oj Saa. 
ony. 


29 Peter 
the Great. 


Willi- 
am V. in 
Fries- 
land. 


20Geo, 
Louis, 

king of 
(ire at 
Bri- 
tain. 


4 Geo. I. 
Aug. 1. 


1718 


10 — 


44 


49 


20 


22 


10 


30 


in Gro- 
niQgen. 


21 


5 


1719 


11 


45 


50 


21 


1 Ulrica 

Elea- 

nora. 


11 


31 




22 


6 


1720 


12 


46 

king of 
Sardinia ^ 


51 


22 


1 Fre- 
deric. 


12 


32 




23 


7 


1721 


13 — 


47 


52 


23 


2 


13 


33 




'^i. 


8 

&.Pr.Wm. 
Aug;astui), 
duke of 
Cumber- 
land. 




il722 


1 Sebas- 
tiano 
Moce- 
nigo. 


48 


53 


24 


3 


14 


34 


inGuel- 
derland. 


25 


9 


1723 


1 Carlo 
Ruz^ini. 


49 


1 Gio- 
vanni 
Gastone. 


25 


4 


1 '^ ..•■. 


35 




26 


10 




1724 


2 


50 


2 


26 


5 


16 


36 




27 


11 


1725 


3 


51 


3 


27 


6 


17 


1 Katha- 
rine I. 




28 


12 


- 1726 


4 


52 


4 


28 


7 


18 


2 





29 


13 

























632 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1716 

conti- 
nued. 



1717 



1718 



Events and Eminent Men. 



and takes Temeswar, Oct. 13 ; they are finally expelled from Hungary, and raise 
the siege of Corfu; Santa Maura is recovered by the combined Christian fleet. 
Law originates his banking and Mississippi scheme ; the arrival of two richly- 
laden ships, Nov. 30, inspires confidence in his project. Charles XII. invades 
Norway, and is repulsed ; he enters into the intrigues of baron Gortz and Alberoni' 
against Great Britain. Second visit of Peter to Holland, accompanied by Katha- 
rine. Lady Mary Wortley Montague accompanies her husband on his embassy to 
Constantinople. Hans Sloane created a baronet. Christopher Wren displaced 
from his office of clerk of the works. Death of lord Somers, set. 67, of Dr. South, 
set. 83, of Dr. Williams founder of the Red Cross Street Library, set. 72, of 
Leibnitz, set. 70, of Gronovius, set. 71, and of William Wycherly, set. 76. Birth 
of Thomas Gray, and of Barthelemy. 

The king returns from Germany, Jan. 18. Townshend lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 
24. Gyllenburg, the Swedish ambassador, implicated in Gortz's plot, is arrested, 
and his papers seized, 29 ; Gortz himself is imprisoned at the Hague. The Pre- 
tender ordered to leave Avignon, Feb. 6, retires to Modena. and thence to Urbino. 
Parliament meets, 20. The king announces his Triple Alliance with the regent 
of France and the States of Holland, and lays before the two houses the docu- 
mentary evidence of the intrigues of Gortz. Gyllenburg sent in custody to 
Sweden, March 25 ; Townshend dismissed ; Walpole, Methuen, and Pulteney, 
resign, April 10 ; Stanhope and Sunderland, heads of the government ; Addison 
secretary of State ; parliament adjourns, 16. Sir George Byng, with his fleet, 
arrives in the Baltic, where he finds no preparations made in Sweden for em- 
barking an army, 30. Objections raised in the lower house of convocation to some 
doctrines of the laishop of Bangor, May 3. Parliament meets, 6; first project of 
a sinking fund for the liquidation of the national debt, June 22. Trial of the 
earl of Oxford, 24; acquittal, July 1 ; he takes his seat again in the House of 
Lords, 3 ; parliament prorogued, 15. Gyllenburg exchanged for Mr. Jackson, 
the British resident in Sweden, Aug. 15. The earl of Peterborough seized at 
Bologna by two emissaries of the Pretender, and carried to Urbino, where he is 
liberated. Sept, 11. Parliament assembles, Nov. 21. Quarrel between the king 
and his son ; the prince ordered to quit St. James's palace, 29. Prince Eugene de- 
feats the Turks, Aug. 16, and takes Belgrade, 22 ; the Venetians recover Prevesa. 
Philip v., amidst the security of profound peace, surprises and conquers the 
island of Sardinia. Law obtains extended privileges for his bank. Peter visits 
Paris; he is suspected of taking part in the plot of Gortz, and coolness ensues 
between him and George I. Destructive inundations in Holland, East Friesland, 
and Holstein. Death of the duke of Shrewsbury, set. 50, of Thomas Parnell, set. 
38, and of Lloyd, bishop of Winchester, set. 91, one of the prelates sent to the 
Tower by James II. Birth of Amherst and Rodney, and of DAlembert. George! 
Eubb authorized by Act of parliament to take the name of Doddington. 

Frederic, son of the prince of Wales, set. 11, created duke of Gloucester, Jan. 10. 
The king elected governor of the South Sea Company, Feb. 3. Parliament pro- 
rogued, March 21. Death of Mary Beatrice, widow of James II., May 7, set. 60. 
Sir George Byng, with his fleet, sails for the Mediterranean, June 3. The con- 
vention between Great Britain and France, afterwards the Quadruple Alliance, 
signed at Paris, July 7 ; is joined by the emperor and Victor Amadeus, king of 
Sicily, 22. The Spanish admiral, Castagnedo, attacks Sir George Byng near 
Syracuse, who captures or destroys the greater part of his fleet, 31. Bentley, 
master of Trinity College, Cambridge, ejected by the senate, Oct. 17; appeals to 
the privy council, 30. Parliament meets, Nov. 11. War declared against Spain, 
Dec. 16. The war of the emperor and Venetians against the Turks tenninated 
by the peace of Passarowitz, June 24 ; intrigue of Alberoni to prolong the contest, 
fails ; he is foiled in a plot against the regent of France ; the Spanish ambassador, 
Cellamare, ordered to leave Paris. Law's Company declared the Royal Bank. 
The Spaniards invade Sicily. Charles XII. renews his attack on Norway; is 
killed while besieging Fredericshal, Nov. 30, set. 36. Peter persecutes his eldest 
son, Alexis ; compels him to renounce the succession to the throne, and puts him 
to death, July 7, aet. 28. William Charles Henry, prince of Orange, elected he- 



1716 TO 1720 A.D. 



633 



Events and Eminent Men. 



reditary statholder of the province of Groningen. The ahhot of St. Gall submits 
to the protestant cantons. Foundation of New Orleans, capital of Louisiana. 
Death of William Penn, set. 74, and of Nicholas Rowe, poet laureate, set. 45. 
Birth of Horace Walpole, and of Johann J. Winckelmann. Addison, from Ill- 
health, resigns his office, March 14. 

Accession of the United Provinces to the Quadruple Alliance, Feb. 8. Motion of the 
duke of Somerset for limiting the Peerage, 28. The pretender invited to Madrid, 
and acknowledged king of Great Britain, March 25. An expedition, under com- 
mand of the duke of Oimond, sails from Cadiz, and is dispersed by storms. Two 
frigates arrive on the coast of Scotland and land 400 men, with some of the 
banished lords, April 4. Parliament prorogued, 18. The king goes to Hanover, 
May 11. The earl of Mar arrested at Geneva, 21. Negotiations with Sweden. 
Sir John Norris sails for the Baltic, with a fleet, June 7. The Spaniards in 
Scotland, joined by some Highlanders, are defeated at Glenshiels, and surrender, 
10. An English squadron assists the French in taking St. Sebastian's, Aug. 1 ; 
capture of Vigo by lord Cobham, Oct. 1. Sir George Byng co-operates with the 
Austi'ians in recovering Messina, and destroys the remaining naval force of the 
Spaniards in Sicily, 19 ; treaty of Stockholm ; Bremen and Verden ceded to 
Hanover, Nov. 9. Tlie king returns to London, 14. Meeting of parliament, 23 ; 
peerage Bill brought into the House of Lords, 25; rejected by the Commons, 
Dec. 7. War between France and Spain ; the duke of Berwick takes Fontarabia 
and St. Sebastian's ; the province of Guipuscoa submits to him. The Austrians 
in Sicily defeated at Francavilla, June 20 ; they are reinforced and take Mes- 
sina; the Spaniards prepare to evaluate the island. Philip V. dismisses Albe- 
roni, and negotiates with the allies, Dec. 5. The States of Sweden restore the 
ancient constitution, and elect for queen Ulrica Eleanora, youngest sister of 
Charles. Gortz is beheaded. The coast of Sweden is ravaged by the Russian 
fleet ; many towns are pillaged or burnt. France convulsed by the Mississippi 
delusion. Opposition of the Dutch to an East India Company, founded by the 
emperor at Ostend. Death of Madame de Maintenon, set. 84, of widow Bowles, 
set. 124, of Addison, June 17, set. 47, of Sir Samuel Garth, of Flamsteed, set. 73, 
of Dupin, of Qiiesnel ; Halley succeeds Flamsteed as Astronomer Royal. Defoe 
publishes his Robinson Crusoe. Toland defends the doctrines of Spinoza. Mar- 
riage of the Pretender to Clementina Sobieski, daughter of the late king of 
Poland ; the pope gives them a palace at Rome. Sir Thomas Lombe establishes 
his silk-throwing machine at Derby, 

The terms of the Quadruple Alliance accepted by the king of Spain, Jan. 26 ; 
cessation of hostilities, Feb. 28. The South Sea Company Act passed, April 7. 
The king and the prince of Wales reconciled by the duke of Devonshire and 
Robert Walpole, 23. By Sir John Blount's arts, South Sea Stock rises to 890,. 
June 2. The earl of Mar liberated at Geneva. Parliament prorogued, 11 ; pro- 
clamation against bubble-projects ; Townshend president of the council ; Walpole 
paymaster of the forces. The king embarks for Germany, 15. Rage for specu- 
lative schemes ; seventeen petitions for joint-stock patents rejected by the 
council, July 12 ; proceedings ordered against old companies, which had exceeded 
the powers granted to them, Aug. 15 ; South Sea Stock raised by the directors 
to 1000, 24 ; declines to 800, 26 ; the bubble bursts, stock down to 150, Sept. 30. 
The king returns to England, Nov. 10. Parliament meets, Dec. 8 ; inquiry into 
the proceedings of the South Sea Company, 12 ; proposition of Walpole for re- 
storing public credit, 21, Birth of the Pretender's son, Charles Edward. Law's 
Mississippi scheme explodes ; he quits France. The king of Spain gives up 
Sicily, which the emperor re-unites to Naples ; the duke of Savoy receives Sar- 
dinia in exchange ; from this time, he and his successors are styled king of Sar- 
dinia. The plague at Marseilles ; benevolent exertions of the bishop, Belzunce. 
Ulrica Eleanora, with the consent of the States, transfers the crown of Sweden 
to her husband, Frederic, prince of Hesse Cassel. Peace concluded with Denmark, 
Prussia, and Poland ; alliance with Great Britain ; truce with Russia. Birth of 
Tobias Smollett. 



4 L 



634 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1721 



1722 



1723 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1724 



The directors of the South Sea Company taken into custody, Jan. 24. The chan- 
cellor of the exchequer, Aislabie, resigns ; earl Stanhope, while defending himself 
in the House of Lords, bursts a blood-vessel, and dies, Feb. 5 ; his office of secre- 
tary of State given to lord Townshend, 8 ; report of the committee of inquiry, 
16 ; Aislabie, and ocher members implicated, expelled the House of Commons, 
March 8 j Walpole lord treasurer and chancellor of the exchequer, April 2. Birth 
of the prince of Wales's son, William Augustus, afterwards duke of Cumberland, 
15. The estates of the South Sea directors and others, to the amount of more 
than two millions, forfeited for the relief of the sufferers, 17. Treaty of 
peace and commerce with Spain, June 16. Parliament prorogued, Aug. 10. In- 
oculation for the small- pox introduced by Lady Mary Wortley Montague. Par- 
liament assembles, Oct. 19. Law arrives in England, 20. Peace between Sweden 
and Russia. Death of Clement XL, set. 72 ; cardinal Conti elected pope, takes the 
name of Innocent XIII, Death of Matthew Prior, set 57, and of Huet, bishop of 
Avranches, set. 91. Birth of Robertson, the historian, of Ferdinand, duke of 
Brunswick, and of Mark Akenside. 
Parliament prorogued, March 7 ; dissolved, 10. Death of the earl of Sunderland 
April 19. A conspiracy in favour of the Pretender, detected by the regent of 
France, and disclosed by him to the king. May 8 ; loyal address of the city of 
London, 9. Death of the duke of Marlborough, June 16, set. 72 ; having no son, 
his title descends to his eldest daughter, Harriet, countess of Godolphin. At- 
terbury, bishop of Rochester, committed to the Tower, Aug. 24; Christopher 
Layer, the earl of Orrery, and lords Grey and North, accused of treason and 
committed, Sept. 29. The new parliament assembles, Oct. 9 ; the Habeas Corpus 
Act suspended, 11. The duke of Norfolk apprehended, 24 ; conviction of Layer, 
Nov. 21, A congress proposed to be held at Cambray, for a final settlement of 
the affairs of Europe. Contracts of marriage between Louis XV. and Maria 
Victoria, daughter of Philip V., and between Louis, prince of Asturias, and Ma- 
demoiselle de Montpensier, daughter of the duke of Orleans. Coronation of 
Louis XV., at Rheims, Oct. 23 ; cardinal Dubois, archbishop of Cambray, is 
prime minister to the regent. The czar Peter takes advantage of the disturbed 
state of Persia, to extend his conquests on the shores of the Caspian Sea ; he 
visits Astracan, and occupies the pass of Derbend. The prince of Orange elected 
hereditary statholder of Dutch Guelderland. Count Zinzendorf takes the Mo- 
ravian Brethren under his protection. Death of John Toland, set. 52. 
An act passed to prohibit the subscription of English subjects to the Ostend com 
pany; Layer executed, May 17; the duke of Norfolk admitted to bail, 26; the 
bishop of Rochester banished, 27 ; Bolingbroke restored to his honours and es- 
tate, but not to his seat in the House of Lords ; parliament prorogued ; the king 
goes to Hanover ; is involved in intricate negotiations with all the continental 
States ; agitation in Ireland respecting a copper coinage issued under a patent 
granted to William Wood, Sept. 21 ; return of the king, Dec. 28; the State allow- 
ance, called Regium Donum, granted to dissenters. Louis XV., declared of age, 
takes the government into his own hands, Feb. 22 ; on the death of cardinal 
Dubois, Aug. 10, the late regent, the duke of Orleans, takes the post of prime 
minister, but dies, Dec. 2, set. 50; the duke of Bourbon succeeds him, and con- 
tinues the same friendly policy towards Great Britain. Charles VI. obtains 
from his hereditary States their acknowledgment of his Pragmatic Sanction, 
which secures the succession to his daughter Maria Theresa. Dr. Mead's new 
edition of the " Christianismi Restitutio " of Servetus, burnt by order of Gibson, 
bishop of London, May 29 ; the " Fable of the Bees," by Dr. Bernard Mande- 
ville, presented as immoral by the Middlesex grand jury. Voltaire's " Henriade " 
published, and the first part of Muratori's " Rerum Italicarnm Scriptores." Death 
of Sir Christopher Wren, set. 91, of Susan Centlivre, set. 56, of Leuwenhoek, the 
inventor of the microscope, of earl Cowper. set. 53, and of Sir Godfrey Kneller, 
set. 75. Birth of Wm. Blackstone, Joshua Reynolds, Adam Smith, and Richard 
Piice. 
I Parliament meets, Jan. 9; tranquillity and prosperity of Great Britain. The court 
of King's Bench, by di, Mandamus, restores Bentley to his former position at Cam- 



1721 TO 1726 A.D. 



635 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1726 



bridge, Feb. 7 ; lord Carteret appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, April 1 ; par- 
liament prorogued, 24. Wood's coinage assayed by Sir Isaac Newton, master of 
the Mint, and the outcry against it declared to be groundless, July '24 ; the king 
founds a professorship of modem history, with a salaiy, in Oxford and in Cam- 
bridge, Aug. 18; meeting of parliament, Nov. 12. After two years spent in 
adjusting preliminaries, the Congress of Cambray meets. Philip V. retires to 
the monastery of St. Ildefonso, and resigns the crown to his eldest son, Louis, 
Jan. 16, who dies of the small-pox, Aug. 31; Philip resumes the crown, but 
leaves the government to his queen. Massacre of Protestants at Thorn, insti- 
gated by tlie Jesuits ; their intrigues provoke a general desire for the suppression 
of their order, in wliich even pope Innocent concurs ; his death interrupts the 
measure in contemplation for that purpose. Cardinal Orsino elected, as Benedict 
XIII., to succeed pope Innocent XIII. The king of Prussia founds his establish- 
ments at Potsdam. Katharine crowned empress of Russia, May 18; she afterwards 
narrowly escapes being punished with death for infidelity ; her chamberlain, 
Moens, is beheaded. The twenty-four monthly preachers of Whitehall chapel 
appointed. Harding, the printer of Swift's ''Drapier's Letters," prosecuted. 
Thomas Payne fined for a libel. Death of Harley, earl of Oxford, set. 63 ; 
of dean Prideaux, pet. 76; of Sacheverel ; and of Thomas Guy, founder of 
Guy's hospital, set. 80. Birth of Klopstock, of Smeaton, of Emanuel Kant, 
of viscount Townshend, and Guy Carleton. Execution of the notorious Jack 
Sheppard. 

Impeachment of lord chancellor Macclesfield, for embezzlement and corruption, 
Feb. 13 ; fined £30,000, May 6 ; the order of the Bath revived, 27 ; parliament 
prorogued, 31 ; tumults at Glasgow on account of the malt tax, June 25 ; the king 
embarks for Hanover, July 3 ; the Highlanders disarmed, Oct. 15. Louis XV. 
annuls his marriage contract to Maria Victoria of Spain, now only set. 7, and 
marries Maria Leczinski, daughter of Stanislas, late king of Poland : the queen 
of Spain, offended, sends back to France the daughter of the late duke of Orleans, 
destined bride of her son Carlos ; the congress of Cambray breaks up ; the duke 
of Ripperda negotiates an alliance between Austria and Spain, July 17, in which 
Spain acknowledges the Pragmatic Sanction. Unsuccessful efforts of the Arago- 
nese to regain their ancient privileges. Treaty of Herrnhausen. or Hanover, 
between Great Britain, France, and Prussia, Sept. 3. Jubilee at Rome ; Ber- 
nardino Perfetti receives the laurel-crown in the Capitol ; council held in the 
Lateran. Death of Peter the Great, Jan. 28, aet. 52; Katharine, assisted by 
Mentchikof, is proclaimed empress. Death of Rapin de Thoyras, set. 64. Birth 
of Richard, afterwards admiral and earl Howe ; of Charles Townshend; of Au- 
gustus, afterwards admiral and lord Keppel ; and of Clive, the future general in 
India. Orator Henley begins to distinguish himself. Execution of Jonathan Wild. 

The king returns to England. Jan. 3 ; opens parliament, 20 ; the vote of the House 
of Commons, to increase the number of seamen, shows that Walpole has secured 
a large majority in favour of his measures, March 24 ; the arrest of the duke of 
Ripperda, in the house of Mr. Stanhope, English ambassador at Madrid, causes 
a misunderstanding between the two governments, May 17 ; parliament pro- 
rogued, 24; admiral Hosier prevents the sailing of the Spanish treasure-galleons 
from Porto Bello, June 3; fruitless attempt of Spain to blockade Gibraltar. 
Philip, duke of Wharton, at Madrid, in the service of the Pretender, June 10. 
Sir Charles Wager with a fleet in the Baltic, 15 ; death of Sophia Dorothea, of 
Zell, consort of George I., and mother of George XL, Nov, 2, aet. 60; repudiated 
by her husband, and confined in the castle of Ahlen, in 1694, she was never ac- 
knowledged as queen. Holland accedes to the League of Hanover. Prussia secedes, 
and, with Russia, joins the alliance of Austria and Spain. Louis XV. dismisses 
the duke de Bourbon, and employs cardinal Fleury, who relieves the financial 
embarrassments of France, by a prudent economy and pacific foreign policy. Earth- 
quake at Palei-mo, Sep. 1. Voltaire banished, repairs to England. Death of Sir 
John Vanbrugh, eet. 56. Birth of James Wolfe, afterwards general. Publica- 
tion of "Gulliver's Travels," by Swift, and of Thomson's "Winter," the first 
of his " Seasons." 



636 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1727 



1728 



1729 



1730 



1731 



1732 



1733 



Hegt- 

RA. 



1140 
1141 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



Popes. 



25 Ach- 
medlll 



4 Bene- 
dictXIIl, 
May 29- 



1141 26 ■ 
1142 



1142 
1143 



1143 
1144 



1144 
1145 



1145 
1146 



1146 
1147 



27 - 



1 Mah- 
mudl. 



d. Feb. 21 

1 Cle- 
ment 
XII. 

July 12- 



Spain.iFrance. 



28Phi- 
lipV. 



29- 



13 Louis 
XV, 



31- 



32- 



33- 



34 



Portu- 
gal. 



22 Jolin 
V. 



23 . 



24. 



25 . 



27 ■ 



Prus- 
sia. 



15 Fre- 
deric 
Wil- 
liam I 



18- 



20- 



21- 



WlR- 

tem- 
berg. 



51 Eb- 
erliard 
Louis. 



52- 



34Fre- 
deric 

Augus- 
tus I. 
king 
of Po. 
land. 



35- 



53- 



54- 



Saxo- 

NY. 



2Clias. 
Albert. 



36- 



37- 



56 J 



IChas. 1 Fre- 
Alex- deric 



Ba 

varia. 



Ger- 
many 



17Cha8. 
VI 



18- 



20- 



22- 



23- 



1727 TO 1733 A.D. 



637 



Eepe- 
tition 
Bates. 


Doges 

OF Ve- 
nice. 


Sar- 
dinia. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 

LAND. 


Russia. 


Hol- 
land. 


Hano- 
ver. 


Great 

Britain. 


1727 


5 Carlo 
Razzini. 


53Yictor 
Amade- 
usll. 


5Gio- 
vanui 
Gastone. 


29 Fre- 
deric 
IV. 


8 Fre- 
deric. 


19 Fre- 
deric 

Augus- 
tus I. 

elector 
of Sax- 
ony. 


1 Peter 
II. 


Heiu- 
sius, 
Grand 
Pensi- 
onary. 


IGeo. 
Au- 
gus- 
tus I. 

king of 

Great 

Britain 

The 


George I. 
d.June 11. 
IGeo. II. 

June 11. 
Qu.Wilhel- 
mina Caro- 
line of 

Anspach. 


1728 


6 


54 


6 


30 


9 


20 


2 




sove- 
reigns 

of 
Great 
Bri- 
tain 
are 
hence- 
forth 


2 


1729 




55 


7 


31 


10 


21 


3 




elec- 
tors of 
Hano- 
ver 
till 
1837. 


3 


1730 


8 


1 Chas. 
Eman- 
uel. 


8 


1 Chris- 
tian VI. 


11 

land- 
grave 
of 
Hesse 
Cassel. 


22 


1 Anne. 






4 


1731 


9 


2 


9 


2 


12 


23 


2 






5 


1732 


10 


3 


10 


3 


13 


24 


3 






6 


1733 


11 


4 


11 


4 


14 


1 Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tus II. 
elector 
of Sax- 
ony. 


4 







7 






















^ 



638 



FROM THE YEAE 



A.D. 



1727 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1728 



1729 



1730 



Opening of parliament, Jan. 17 ; the hostile designs of Spain and Austria an- 
nounced by the king; Hessian troops taken into pay, and a subsidy voted 
to the landgrave, Feb. 13 ; the Spaniards prepare to besiege Gibraltar, 22 ; the 
emperor complains of the imputations against him, March 4 ; explanations 
at the diet of Ratisbon, April 7 ; Sweden and Denmark join the alliance of 
Great Britain and France, April 16. Sir John Norris sails with a fleet to the 
Baltic, 28; parliament prorogued, May 15 ; the pacific policy of Walpole and 
Fleury effects the signature of preliminaries between all the discordant States, 
except Spain, at Paris, 20 ; the king sets out for Hanover, June 1 ; he is attacked 
by illness on his journey, and dies at OsnabrUck, 11, set. 68 ; George II. pro- 
claimed, 15 ; parliament assembles, 27 ; is prorogued, July 17 ; dissolved, Aug. 7 ; 
the king and queen crowned, Oct. 11. Spain persists in hostilities, and attempts 
ineffectually to besiege Gibraltar. Death of Katharine of Russia, May 17, set. 
39 ; she is succeeded by Peter, son of the murdered Alexis {see 1718). Mentchikof, 
through the influence of the Dolgoruki, is sent to Siberia. Edward Cave 
taken into custody of the serjeant-at-arms, for having published an account of 
the proceedings in the House of Commons. The '* Beggar's Opera " produced by 
Gay. Death of Sir Isaac Newton, March 20, set. 85 ; of the ex-chancellor, lord 
Harcourt, aet. 67, and of admiral Hosier, while serving in the West Indies. Birth 
of John Howard, of Turgot, of Thomas Gainsborough, of John Wilkes, and of 
Charles Jenkinson, afterwards lord Hawkesbury and earl of Liverpool. Sir Hans 
Sloane President of the Royal Society. Violent eruption of mount Vesuvius, 
Nov. 7. 

Meeting of the new parliament, Arthur Onslow speaker, Jan. 23; preliminaries of 
peace with Spain : siege of Gibraltar raised, April 23; parliament prorogued, May 
28 ; the duke de Ripperda escapes from Spain and arrives in London, Oct. 11. The 
congress of Soissons meets, June 1; is transferred to Fontainebleau, Dec 18, 
Berkeley, dean of Deny, fails in an attempt to found a college in the Bermudas. 
A great part of Copenhagen is destroyed by fire, Oct. 20. Behring discovers the 
Straits to which his name is given. Prosecution of the Rev. Thomas Woolston 
for his " Discourse on Miracles. " Death of marshal Tallard, set. 76 ; of admiral 
Hopson, from the effects of the West Indian climate ; and of Dr. John Wood- 
ward, founder of the Wood wardian professorship of natural philosophy at Cam- 
bridge. Birth of Oliver Goldsmith, Robert Orme, and James Cook, the navi- 
gator. Ephraim Chambers publishes his Cyclopaedia. 

Meeting of parliament, Jan. 21 ; inquiry into the state of the prisons, Feb. 18 ; 
publication of debates prohibited, 28 ; complaints of Spanish depredations, 
March 14 ; parliament prorogued, May 14 ; departure of the king for Hanover, 
leaving the queen regent, 17 ; proceedings against Dr. Bentley revived at Cam- 
bridge, June 2 ; the king returns, Sep. 12; treaty with Spain signed at Seville, 
28 ; sentence against the Rev. Thomas Woolston, chief-justice Raymond having 
declared Christianity to be " part of the law of the land," Nov. 28. The con- 
gress at Soissoas terminated by the treaty of Seville. Fire at Constantinople ; 
12,000 houses and 7000 people perish, Sep. 27. Death of Congreve, set. 69, of 
Sir Richard Steele, set. 58. of Dr. Samuel Clarke, set. 54, of Antony Collins, set. 
53, of J. F. Buddseiis, set. 62, and of the Jesuit Hardouin, set. 82. Birth of Gott- 
hold Ephraim Lessing. Pope's " Dunciad " published. 

Parliament meets, Jan. 13 ; is prorogued, May 15 ; the charter of the East India 
Company renewed ; lord Townshend retires from public life, leaving Walpole 
undisputed head of the ministry. Plot of the negroes in South Carolina to 
murder their masters. The emperor, offended by some of the articles of the 
treaty of Seville, collects an army in Milan. The queen of Spain hires English 
ships to convey her troops into Italy. Revolt of Corsica against the Genoese. 
Death of pope Benedict XIIL, set. 81 ; his successor, cardinal Corsini, takes the 
name of Clement XII. The king of Sweden, by the death of his father, inherits 
the landgraviate of Hesse Cassel. Six German princes at this time occupy 
foreign thrones. Victor Amadeus, king of Sardinia, ast. 64. resigns the crown to 
his son, Charles Emanuel, Sept. 3. Death of Frederic IV., king of Denmark, 
Oct. 12, «t. 54 ; accession of his son Christian VI. The czar Peter II., the last 
male of the Romanoff dynasty, dies of the small-pox, Feb. 9, set. 15 ; he is 



1727 TO 1733 A.D. 



639 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1731 



1732 



1733 



succeeded by Anne, second daughter of Iwan V. Frederic, prince royal of 
Prussia, jet. 18, is imprisoned by his father, and his friend Katte beheaded. 
Sultan Achmed III. deposed by the janizaries, and his nephew raised to the 
throne, Sept, 17. Bonneval introduces European discipline into the Turkisli 
army. Colley Gibber made poet laureate. Reaumur introduces his thei-mo- 
meter. The printing of Voltaire's Charles XII. prohibited in France. Death 
of Laurence Ensden. poet laureate, of Laurence Echard, set. 59. Birth of the 
marquis of Rockingham, of Sol. Gesner, and of Edmund Burke. Commencement 
of the publication of Zedler's Lexicon, the first complete Encyclopaedia. 
The king opens parliament, Jan. 21 ; treaty with the emperor ; he dissolves his 
Ostend company, and Great Britain guarantees his " Pragmatic Sanction," 
March 5 ; the use of Latin in law proceedings abrogated by the Act of 4 
Geo. II. c. 26; parliament prorogued, May 7 ; the first execution for forgery, 
Juue 4 ; Blandford in Dorsetshire, and Tiverton in Devonshire, nearly destroyed 
by fire, 5 ; Wm. Pulteney struck out of the list of privy councillors and justices 
of the peace, July 1. Death of the duke of Parma ; Carlos of Spain succeeds 
him, and is also acknowledged as heir to the duchy of Tuscany. The pope's 
claim to Parma and Placentia is set aside. Victor Amadeus makes a vain 
j effort to regain his crown. Charles Emanuel liberates his States from the tem 
! poral authority asserted in them by the pope. Formation of the Swedish East 
j India company, at Gothenburg. Chili convulsed during 27 days, by an earthquake ; 
I Santiago nearly ingulphed. First publication of the " Gentleman's Magazine," 
I by Edward Cave. Origin of Methodism, by the preaching of Wesley and Whit- 
I field. Death of Daniel Defoe, set. 68 ; of Elizabeth Cromwell, daughter of Richard 
I and grand-daughter of Oliver, aet. 82 ; of John Horsley, author of '* Britannia 
; Romana;" and of Charles Boyle, earl of Orrery, editor of the controverted 
! " Epistle of Phalaris," and after whom George Graham named his astronomical 
i machine. Birth of Wm. Cowper, of Henry Cavendish, of Adam, afterwards ad- 
miral and viscount Duncan, and of George Washington, Feb. 11. 
'Pacific speech of the king on opening parliament, Jan. 13; grant to Sir Thomas 
I Lombe for having introduced the silk-engine, April 3 ; parliament prorogued, 
June 1 ; the king sets out for Hanover ; queen Caroline regent, 3 ; he returns, 
i Sept. 26 : James Oglethorpe embarks with a colony for Georgia, in America, Nov. 6. 
Successful expedition of the Spaniards, under the count de Montemar, against 
Oran. Carlos arrives at Parma. Death of Victor Amadeus, Oct. 31 , set. 66. Biren, 
the favoured lover of the czarina, rules Russia. Ripperda, prime minister in Mo- 
rocco. Benjamin Franklin publishes " Poor Richard's Almanac." Voltaire's 
"Zaire" first performed. A new theatre opened in Goodman's fields, Oct.2. 
Foundation laid of a new edifice for the Bank of England, Aug. 3. Death of 
bishop Atterbury, aet. 70 ; of the earl of Macclesfield, set. 65 ; and of John Gay, 
aet. 40. Birth of Lalande, of Haydn, of Warren Hastings, and of Edward 
Thurlow, afterwards lord chancellor. 
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 16 ; the English government refuses to join the Dutch 
in stopping the East India commerce of the Danes and Swedes; the Excise law 
proposed to the Commons, March 14 ; violent opposition to the measure ; petition 
of the city of London against it, April 11 ; Walpole abandons the project, par- 
liament prorogued, June 11 ; arrival of the prince of Orange, Nov. 7; his mar- 
riage to the princess royal deferred by his illness. Death of Frederic Augus- 
tus, king of Poland, Feb. 1, set. 63; through the influence of France, Stanislas 
Leczinsky is elected to succeed him, Sept. 12 ; Austria and Russia support an 
opposite faction in the choice of Frederic Augustus II., son of the deceased king. 
Oct. 3 ; Stanislas retires to Dantzic The war of the Polish succession follows ; 
Spain and Sardinia assist France ; Great Britain and Holland neutral. Charles 
Emanuel and marshal Villars couquer Milan ; the French, under the duke of 
Berwick, cross the Rhine, and take Kehl. Berkeley, on his return from the Ber- 
mudas, made bishop of Cloyne. Publication of Pope's " Essay on Man." Death 
of Lord Torrington, aet. 70 ; of Mandeville, set. 63 ; of Matthew Tindal, set. 76, 
and of Thomas Woolstou, aet. 64. Birth of Frederic, lord North ; of Wielaud, 
of Samuel Horsley, afterwards bishop of St. Asaph; and of Joseph Priestley. 



640 



PEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1734 



Hegi- 



1147 

1148 



1735 



1736 



1737 



1738 



1739 



1148 
1149 



1149 
1150 



1150 
1151 



1151 
1152 



1152 
1153 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



5 Mah 
mud I. 



10 ■ 



Popes. 



5 Cle- 
ment XJ I. 
July 12. 



35Phi- 20 Louis 
lip V. XV. 



37- 



Spain. France, 



36- 



-21 



-22 ■ 



38- 



-23 



39- 



■24 



40- 



-25 - 



PORTU- PRUS- 
GAL. SIA, 



29 John V, 



30 ■ 



22rred- 
eric 
Wil- 
liam I. 



23- 



31 



32 ■ 



33 



34 ■ 



24- 



25- 



26- 



27- 



WlR- 

TEM- SAXO- 

BERG. NY. 



2 Chas. 
Alex- 
ander. 



1 Chas. 
Eugene- 



2Fred. 
Augus- 
tus II, 

ofPo. 
land. 



Bava- 
ria. 



9Chas. 

Al- 
bert. 



10- 



Ger- 

MANYJ 



J4Cha 
VJ 



25 \ 



27— 



28- 



1731 TO 1730 A.D. 



641 



tition 

Dates} 

1 


Doges 
OF Ve- 
nice. 


Sar- 
dinia. 


TUSCA- 
Nl'. 


Den- 
mark. 


Swe- 
den. 


1 

Po- 
land. 


Rus- 
sia. 


Hol- 
land. 


Na- 
ples. 


Great 

Britain. 


1734 

i 


12 Carlo 
Kuzziiii. 


5 Chas 
Eman- 
uel. 


12 Gio- 
vanni 
Gastoue. 


5 Chris- 
tian VI. 


15 Fre- 
deric, 
land- 
grave of 
Hesse 
Cassel 


2 Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tas II. 

elector 
of Sax- 
ony. 


5 Anne. 


Heiu- 
sius, 
grand 
pen- 
sion- 
ary. 




SGeo.lI.j 
June 11 
m. Prin- 
cess 
Anne, i 


1735 


1 Luigi 
Pisani. 


6 


13 


6 


16 


3 


6 




1 Carlo. 


1 
9 


1736 


2 


7 


14 


7 


17 




7 





2 


10 

;n. Prince 
of Wales. 


1737 


3 


8 


1 Fran- 
cis 11. 


8 


18 


5 


8 




3 


11 

d. Queen 

Caroline 

h. Pr. Au 

suata. 


1738 


4 


9 


2 


9 


19 — 


6 


9 





4 


12 

A.Geo.lU. 


1739 


3 

1 


10 


3 


10 


■10 


7 


10 




5 


13 

A.Pr.l.is^ . 




















\ yi 





642 



FROM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1734 



1735 



1736 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Parliament meets, Jan. 17 ; motion for the repeal of the Septennial Act negatived, 
March 13; marriage of the Princess Royal to the prince of Orange, 15; the 
prince naturalized, 21 ; an act against stock-jobbing, 28 ; parliament prorogued, 
April 11 ; dissolved, 18 ; departure of the prince and princess for Holland, 22 ; 
Dr. Bentley deprived of his mastership by the bishop of Ely, visitor of Trinity 
college, 27 ; charge of undue influence in the election of the sixteen Scottish 
peers, June 4 ; the new bank of England opened in Threadneedle street, 5. The 
imperialists under count Mercy arrive in Italy and cross the Po, May 2 ; marshal 
Villars resigns his command, 27, and dies at Turin, June 27, aet. 81 ; indecisive 
battle at Parma ; Mercy killed. 29 ; the French under marshal Broglio surprised 
and defeated at Quistello on the Secchia, Sept. 15; Charles Emanuel gains the 
victory of Guastalla, 19 ; Carlos enters Naples, and is proclaimed king. May 10 ; 
Montemar brings an army from Spain to support him, and defeats the Austrians 
at Bitonto, 27 ; takes Gaeta, Aug. 7 ; Charles Edward, son of James Stuart, the 
Pretender, serves in this Spanish army , prince Eugene takes the command to 
oppose the French on the Rhine, but cannot save Philippsburg, which surrenders, 
July 21 ; the duke of Berwick killed by a cannon-ball during the siege, June 12, 
spA. 64; prince Eugene, set. 71, retires from active service. Dantzic surrenders 
to the Russians and Saxons, June 29; Stanislas escapes into Prussia and resigns 
his pretensions to the crown of Poland. Dr. John Steme, bishop of Clogher, 
builds and furnishes the printing office of the Dublin university. Montesquieu 
publishes his " Considerations sur la Grandeur et la Decadence des Romains," 
and the Abbe Dubos, his History of the French Monarchy. Death of lady 
Masham, and of Sir James Thornhill, set. 57. Birth of John Jerv-is, afterwards 
earl St. Vincent, and of Granville Sharpe. University of Gottingen founded. 

The new parliament assembles ; Arthur Onslow speaker, and treasurer of the 
Navy, Jan. 14 ; a petition against the return of the Scotch peers dismissed, Feb. 
10 ; the king embarks for the continent. May 9. Sir John Norris sent with a 
fleet to Lisbon, to compose a dispute between Spain and Portugal, 27 ; the vice- 
master of Trinity refuses to read the sentence against Dr. Bentley, which was 
therefore never enforced, June 14; parliament prorogued, Aug. 1; the king re- 
turns, Oct. 16. Carlos lands in Sicily, May 18 ; the island submits to him, and he 
is crowned, July 3. Preliminaries of peace signed at Vienna, Oct. 3 ; Lorraine 
and Bar given to Stanislas, during his life, and to France at his death ; the 
duke of Lorraine compensated by Tuscany ; Carlos acknowledged king of the 
Two Sicilies Paoli takes the lead in erecting an independent republic in Cor- 
sica. The king of Spain's youngest son, Louis Antonio, set. 9, is made a cardinal 
and archbishop of Toledo. Maria Clementina, wife of James Stuart, the Pre- 
tender {see 1709), dies at Rome, Jan. 18. The forfeited estates of the earl of Der- 
wentwater given to Greenwich hospital. May 15 ; a marble statue of the king, 
by Rysbrach, placed on the parade there. Bancroft's Hospital founded by the 
Drapers' Company. Linnseus publishes his " Systema Naturae." Voltaire's " Let- 
tres Philosophiques" burnt by the hangman. Death of Thomas Hearne, the an- 
tiquary, 89t. 57 ; of the earl of Peterborough, set. 77, and of Dr. Arbuthnot. Birth 
of Augustus, duke of Grafton, of the marquis Beccaria, of Wm. WooUett, and of 
James Beattie. 

Parliament opened by the king, Jan. 15 ; the tide rises so high in the Thames, that 
Westminster hall is flooded and the counsel conveyed from the courts in boats, 
Feb. 16 ; count Kiuski, the imperial ambassador, celebrates the marriage of the 
archduchess Maria Theresa, by a splendid fOte at Somerset House, 18 ; the sta- 
tutes against witchcraft repealed, March 5 ; captain Porteous fires on the mob at 
Edinburgh, April 14; William Pitt and George Lyttleton distinguish them- 
selves as parliamentary orators by panegyrics on the prince of Wales, 16 ; mar- 
riage of the prince to Augusta of Saxe Gotha, 27 ; anew Mortmain Act passed, 
and parliament prorogued, May 19 ; the king goes to Hanover, 22 ; Porteous con- 
demned for murder, June 22 ; reprieved by the queen-regent; dragged from his 
prison by the people, and hanged on a sign-post, Sept. 7 ; treaty for keeping a 
body of Hessian troops in British pay, Oct. 23. Marriage of Maria Theresa to 
Francis, duke of Lorraine, afterwards grand-duke of Tuscany, Feb. 12. Austria 



1/34 TO 1739 A.D. 



^43 




1737 



1738 



1739 



and Russia coalesce in a war against the Turks and Tartars ; the Russian 
general Lascy takes Asof, and ravages the Crimea. Dissensions between tlie 
Spaniards and Portuguese in America. Baron Neuhof, a Prussian, anives in 
Corsica, and is elected king, by the title of Theodore I A papal Bull issued 
against Freemasons. Maupertuis, Clairaut, and other French Academicians pro. 
ceed into the North, to examine the figure of the earth. Parliamentary debates 
published in the " Gentleman's Magazine." an-anged by William Guthrie from 
the reporters' notes. Death of prince Eugene of Savoy, pet. 72; of Beniard 
Lintot, the publisher of the principal part of Pope's works, aet. 61 : and of Jacob 
Tonson the elder, the noted bookseller Birth of James Watt, and of John Home, 
afterwards Home Tooke. The Roman antiquities found in the excavations at 
Uerculaneum and Pompeii, collected in the museum of Portici. Glass lamps 
used in the streets of London. 

The king compelled by stress of weather to land at Lowestoff, Jan. 14 ; parliament 
meets. Feb. 1 ; dispute between the king and the prince of Wales, 22 ; the Por- 
teous Bill, for punishing the city of Edinburgh. June 1 ; theatres placed under the 
control of the lord chamberlain ; parliament prorogued, 2. Birth of Augusta, 
daughter of the prince of Wales, and afterwards duchess of Brunswick, Aug, 11 ; 
the prince of Wales, desired to leave St. James's palace.withdraws to Kew, Sept. 10 ; 
death of queen Caroline, Nov. 20, pet. 55. Death of John Gaston, the last of the Me- 
dici, July 9, £et. 67 : Francis Stephen resigns Lorraine to Stanislas, and becomes 
grand-duke of Tuscany. Munich, the Russian general, takes Oczakow. Biren. 
the favourite of the empress Anne, is made duke of Courland. Death of Joliu 
Hutchinson, pet. 5-3 ; of the duke of Ripperda, jet. 57 ; of Wm. Bowyer the elder, , 
pet. 74 ; and of lord chancellor Talbot, set. 53, who is succeeded by lord Hard-; 
wicke. Potter appointed archbishop of Canterbury. Foimdation'of Ratcliffes 
library, Oxford, by his trustees, May 12. Sir John Bernard, lord mayor. Birth 
of Edward Gibbon, of Charles Hutton, and of Joseph Nollekens. The palace 
of Ildefonso founded by Philip, king of Spain. Fleet market opened. 

Meeting of parliament. Jan. 24 ; William Pitt appointed one of the prince of 
Wales's gentlemen of the bedchamber, Feb. 21. Debate on the Spanish depre-j 
dations, and address to the king, March 28; parliament prorogued. May 20 :i 
birth of George Augustus, son of the prince of Wales, and afterwards George IIL, i 
May 24, o.s. June 4, n.s. ; collision between the Hanoverians and Danes at Stein- i 
horst, Oct. 4 ; compromised by the king. The Definitive treaty, confiiTning the pre-j 
liminaries of 1735. signed at Vienna. Nov. 18. French auxiliaries, invited by the I 
Genoese, arrive in Corsica ; flight of Theodore ; Hiacinto, father of Pascal Paoli, 
still maintains the contest. Orsova taken by the Turks. The Russians demo- 
lish the fortifications or" Oczakow, and abandon the place. Sweden divided by the 
French party of the '' Hats," and the Russian of the " Caps ;" the former prevail. 

; Publication of Muratori's " Antiquitates Italic medii ^-Evi." and Warburton's 
*' Divine Legation of Moses.'' Death of Boerhaave, pet. 70, of viscount Towns, 
hend, set. 64, and of Beausobre, pet. 79. Birth of Wm. Herschel, of Ralph Aber- 
crorabie. of Charles, afterwards marquis Comwallis, and of James Macpherson. 
Wesley forms his first society in London. 

Meeting of parliament, Feb. 1 ; the Spanish convention approved by a small ma- 
jority in the House of Commons, March 4 ; secession of the leaders of the oppo- 
sition ; resolved by the Commons, that the publication of their debates is a breach 
of privilege, April 20 ; parliament prorogued, June 14 : the king of Spain refu.ses 
to perform his part of the agreement; an order of council authorizes reprisals to 
be made. July 10; the Spanish ambassador leaves London, Sept. 5; war proclaimed 
against Spain, Oct. 23. Parliament called together, Nov. 15: admiral Vernon takes 
Portobello, 20. The Austrian general Wallis defeated by the Turks at Kr<^tzka. 

j July 22; the Russians take Choczim and Jassy : a treaty of peace, highly ad- 
vantageous to Turkey, is concluded at Belgrade, Sept. 22 A large French 

I army under Maillebois reduces nearly the whole island of Corsica. Nadir Shah 
invades India and takes Delhi. Death of Sir Thomas Lombe, of Pergolesi, and 
of R. Reiser, the founder of the German Opera. Birth of Wm. Vincent, and 
of Charles Francis Dumourier, the French general. 



644 



FROM THE TEA.E 



A.D. 



Hegt- 

RA. 



1154 



1741 



1742 



1743 



1744 



1745 



1746 



1156 



1157 



1158 



1159 



1160 



1747 1161 



1748 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



Popes, 



11 Mah- 
mud I. 



Spain, 



Cle- 41Plii- 

ment lipV. 

XII. 
rf.Feb 6 

1 Be- 
nedict 

XIV. 
Aug.i7- 



44- 



5 45 



46- 



26 Louis 
XV. 



France. Portu- 
gal. 



-27 ■ 



43 '28 • 



18 8- 



29 ■ 



30 ■ 



;5 John 
V. 



1 Fre- 
deric 
II. the 

Great, 



37- 



38- 



39- 



1 Fer- 32 ■ 

dinand 

Yi 



33 • 



Prus- 
sia. 



4Chas.! 8 Fre 



WlR- 

TEM- SAXO- 

BKRG. NY. 



Bava- 
ria. 



Eu- 
gene. 



deric 
Augus- 
tus II 

king 

of Po. 

land. 



15 

Clias. 
Albert, 



41- 



42 8 U 



10- 



-'34 43- 



9 12- 



Ger- 

MANY. 



30 Chas, 
VI. 

d. Oct. 20. 

vacant. 



17 

empe- 
ror of 
Ger- 
many. 



1 Chas. 
VII. of 
Bavaria. 



Maxi- 
milian 

Jo- 
seph 1 



1 Fran- 
cis I. 

grand 
duke of 
Tuscany 



1740 TO 1748 A.D. 



645 



Repe- 

titiiyn 


DOftES 

OK Ve- 


Sardi- 


Tusca- 


Den- 


Swe- 


Po- 


RU8- HOL- 


Na- 


Great 


Dates. 


nice. 


nia. 


ny. 


mark. 


den. 


land. 


sia. land. 


ples. 


Britain, 


• 1740 


6 Luigi 
Pisaui. 


11 Chas. 
Eman- 
uel. 


4 Fran- 
cis II. 


llChris- 
tian VI. 


21Fre- 
deric, 

! land- 
grove 

of 
Hesse 

Cassel 


8 Fre- 
deric 
'Aurus- 
tllS 11. 
elector 
ofSax- 
ony. 


llwan 
VI. 


1 llein- 
sius, 
Gh-and 

Pension- 
ary. 


6Carlo. 


14 Geo. 
II. 

June 11. 
*. Princes* 
Eliza Ca- 
roline 
m. Prin- 
cessMary. 


1741 


1 Pietro 
Grima- 
ni. 


12 


5 


12 


22 


9 


1 Eliz- 
abeth. 




7 


15 


1742 


2 


13 


6 


13 


23 


10 


2 




8 


16 


1743 


3 


14 


7 


14 


24 


11 







9_ 


17 

b. Prince 
William 
Henry. 


o 


1744 


4 


15 


8 


15 


25 


12 


4 





10 


18 


i 
1745 \ 


5 


16 


9 

emperor 

GerTnany. 


16 


26 


13 


5 





11 


19 

b Prince 

Henry 

Frederic 


1746 


6 


17 


10 


1 Frede- 
ric V. 


27 


14 


6— 





12 


20 

»M. Prin- 
cess 
Louiu. 


1747 


7 


18 


11 


2 


28 


15 


7 


1 Wil- 
liam IV.; 

Stat- 
holder. 


13 


21 


1748 


8 


19 


12 — ! 


3 




16 ' 8 


2 


14 


22 

&.Princesa 

Louisa 

Anne 



























f)46 



FROM THE TEAI 



A.D. 



1740 



1741 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Birth of Eliza Caroline, daugliter of the prince of Wales, Jan. 10; a severe winter ; 
Thames frozen ; navigation re-opened, Feb. 20 ; parliament prorogued, April 
29 ; the king sets out for Hanover, Mav 6 ; marriage of liis second daughter, 
Mary, to Frederic, prince of Hesse Cassel, 8; admiral Anson sails for the South 
sea, Sept. 18. Sir Chaloner Ogle and lord Cathcart proceed Avith an expedition 
against Spanish America, Oct. ; the king returns and opens the last session of 
this parliament, Nov. 18. Death of pope Clement XII., set. 88 ; he is succeeded 
by cardinal Prospero Lambertini, as Benedict XIV. The emperor Charles VI., 
the last male of the house of Habsburg, dies of the cholera, Oct. 20, set. 55, havmg 
just entered the thirtieth year of his reign; he is succeeded in his hereditary 
States, in virtue of the Pragmatic Sanction, by his eldest daughter, Maria Tlieresa, 
who takes tlie title of queen of Hungary, and proclaims her husband, Francis, 
co-regent. The imperial throne remains for a time vacant. Death of Frederic 
VS^illiam, king of Prussia, May 31, set. 51 ; his son, Frederic II., to whom the 
surname of the Great has since been given, claims and takes possession of some 
lordships in Silesia. The czarina Anne compels prince Galitzin to marry a girl 
of low birth, builds them a palace of ice, and celebrates the wedding with many 
strange ceremonies ; she dies, Oct. 28, set. 47, bequeathing the empire to her 
great nephew, Iwan VI., an infant two months old, and appoints Biren regent and 
guardian. The general Munich conspires against Biren, sends him to Siberia, 
and gives the regency to Anne, mother of the young czar, Nov. 28. A treaty 
concluded between Russia and Prussia ; and annulled in three weeks by Oster- 
mann, who supplants Munich, and induces the regent Anne to form an alliance 
with the queen of Hungary. The elector of Bavaria lays claim to the hereditary 
States of Austria. The French retain Corsica. Death of Thomas Tickell, set. 
54, of Daniel Waterland, set. 57, of Philip Baratier, -eet. 20, of count Zinzendorf, 
set. 70. of Sir William Wyndham, set. 53, and of Ephraim Chambers. Birtli of 
John Rennel, and of Henry Dundas, afterwards viscoimt Melville. The first cir- 
culating library in London, established by Wright, 132 Strand. Samuel (Dr.) 
Johnson prepares the parliamentary debates for the "Gentleman's Magazine." 

Motions for the removal of Sir Robert Walpole, defeated in both houses of parlia- 
ment by large majorities, Feb. 13 ; Great Britain, as guarantee of the Pragmatic 
Sanction, is called upon by Maria Theresa to furnish the troops stipulated by 
treaty for her defence, April 8 ; the Danish and Hessian mercenaries are placed 
at her disposal ; the king secures the neutrality of Hanover, by agreeing to vote 
for the elector of Bavaria as emperor. Parliament prorogued, 25; dissolved, 28 ; 
the king goes to Hanover, May 6; misconduct and failure of admiral Vernon and 
general Wentworth in their attack on Carthagena ; letters to important com- 
mercial cities dispatched daily (Sundays excepted), instead of three times per 
week, June 24 ; Woolwich military academy instituted, 25 ; arrival of the king 
from Hanover, Oct. 20 ; royal speech on the opening of the new parliament, 
Dec. 4 ; Sir Robert Walpole defeated on the question of the Westminster 
election. Maria Theresa gives birth to a son. the future emperor Joseph 
II., March 13. The king of Prussia takes Breslau, Jan. 3; defeats the Aus- 
trians at Molwitz, April 10, and is master of all Silesia. A French army enters 
Germany, is joined by the Bavarians and Saxons, and invades Bohemia. Prague 
is taken by assault, Nov. 26, and Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria, is crowned 
there, king of Bohemia, Dec. 9. Maria Theresa is crowned at Presburg, June 
14, and appeals to the loyalty of the Hungarians ; great enthusiasm is excited 
among them, and in Austria, for her defence. The king of Sardinia embraces 
her cause; he and George II. are the only two sovereigns who respect their 
obligations, as guarantees of the Pragmatic Sanction. Holland remains neutral. 
The kings of Spain and Naples collect an army at Orbitello, and prepare to in- 
vade Milan. Another revolution places Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, 
on the throne of Russia ; the child Iwan and his parents are imprisoned ; Munich 
and Ostermann sent to Siberia ; war with Sweden. Death of J. G. Heineccius, sat. 
60 ; of Thomas Emlyn ; of Charles Rollin, set. 80 ; of Montfaucon, set. 86 ; of D. E. 
Jablonski ; and of Thomas Morgan. Two distinct sections of Methodists formed 
under Wesley and Whitfield. Garrick's first appearance on the stage at Ipswich, 



1740 TO 1744 A.D. 



647 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Mr. Pnlteney s motion for a committee on the management of the war, defeated bv 
%d^£^TL^l ?"^^ ^?''*^^' Jan. 21; on the question of the Chippenham election 
f.v 5?. Walpole IS left in a minority of sixteen, Feb. 2 ; parliament adjourns 
for fifteen days, 3: Walpole created earl of Orford, with a pension of £4,000 a 
year b ; resigns all his offices, 11 ; partial change of ministers : the earl of Wil- 
mington, lord treasurer, and Mr. Sandys, chancellor of the exchequer, 17 • Mr. Pul- 
teney takes no office, but a seat in the cabinet ; vote of the Commons for a com- 
mittee to mquire into the conduct of the late government, March 23; motion for 
tne repeal ot the Septennial Act negatived, April 15 ; the committeeof inquiry de- 
feated by the Lords, May 25 ; the earl of Orford withdraws from public life, and 
spends his remaining years in retirement ; Pulteney, created earl of Bath, loses 
msintluence; parliament prorogued, July 15; Dr. Hoadley made archbishop of 
Armag.i and primate of Ireland, Oct. 29; parliament re-assembles, Nov. 16- 
treaty between Great Britain and Prussia, 18. Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria' 
chosen emperor, at Frankfort, Jan. 24 ; protest of the queen of Hungary • her 
army invades his electorate and takes Munich, Feb 13; through the mediation 
ot ueorgell., she concludes a treaty of peace with the king of Prussia at Breslau 
ceding to him the greater part of Silesia, June 11 ; and Avith the elector of Sax- 
ony. 1 he French and Bavarians are expelled from Bohemia. Campaign of the 
king of Sardinia against Reggio and Modena ; a Spanish army occupies Savoy 
but is driven back by him into France. The Swedish army surrenders to the 
Kiissian general Lascy at Helsingfors ; Finland submits to him. Charles Peter 
L inch, duke of Holstem, refuses the offer of succeeding to the crown of Sweden 
and IS nominated by Elizabeth heir to that of Russia. Death of queen Ulrica 
Eleanora. Death of Halley, aet. 86, of Bentley, set. 80 ; of William Somerville, set. 
&u ; ot Massillon, tet. 79. Garrick performs at the theatre in Goodman's Fields 

Pariiament prorogued. April 21 ; the king departs for Germany, 27 ; takes the 
command of the combined army at Aschaffenburg, June 9 ; defeats the duke de 
Noailles at Dettingen, 16. Treaty between Great Britain and Russia, 23 ; the 
earl of Orford still the private adviser of the king ; on his recommendation Mr. 
relham is appointed first lord of the treasury, in the room of the earl of Wil- 
mington deceased, aet. 71, July 26. The chapel of Henry VII. in Westminster 
Abbey closed for the day, to prevent Catholic devotions at the shrine of Edward 
tne Confessor, Oct. 12; public rejoicing on the return of the king, Nov. 15; par- 
liament opened, Dec. 1 ; Henry Fox appointed a lord of the treasury, 22. Charles 
i^dward Stuart joins the expedition preparing in France against Great Bri- 
tain, Dec. Death of cardinal Fleiiry, Jan. 29, aet. 90. The policy of France 
becomes more wariike, and the profligacy of the court unrestrained. After the 
battle of Dettingen, the French withdraw from Germany; the Austrians cross 
the Rhine, enter Alsace and Lorraine ; another army under count Traun supports 
the king of Sardinia against the Spanish general count de Gages. Admiral 
MattheAvs Avith a Britisli fleet compels the king of Naples to neutrality, and by 
blockading Genoa, intercepts a Spanish convoy of artillery and ammunition. 
Peace of Abo. Russia restores the greater part of Finland to the Swedes, on 
condition of their electing Adolphus Frederic, duke of Holstein Gottorp and 
bishop of Eutm, as successor to their throne. Death of the duke of Argyle set 
6o, and of Richard Savage, set. 43. Birth of Joseph Banks, of Antony Laurence 
Lavoisier, and of Wm. Paley. Muratori completes his "Antiquitates Italise." 
Johnson ceases to report the Debates in parliament, writes his J^ife of Savage. 

The British fleet under admiral Matthews encounters the French and Spanish off 
Toulon ; but, through the misconduct of some of his officers, the combined squad- 
rons escape, Feb. 9; the king infoims parliament of the preparations in France 
to support the Pretender, 15; the French expedition arrives off Dungeness. 24; 
on the approach of Sir John Norris, sails aAvay ; is destroyed or damaged by a 
storm ; the enterprise is abandoned, and Charles Edward returns to Paris. War 
declared by France against Great Britain, March 20, and in London against 
France, 31. Court martial on the officers of the Mediterranean fleet; some are 
cashiered; parliament prorogued, May 12; commodore Anson returns, having 
sailed round the globe and made many rich prizes, June 14 ; the treasure brought 
home by him, amounting to £1,250,000. is conveyed to the ToAver in thirtv-two 



648 



FKOM THE TEAT 



A.D. 



1744 

conti- 
nued. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



wagons, July 4. Lord Carteret, created earl Granville, resigns his office of 
secretary of State, Nov. 22 ; session of parliament begins, 27 ; the " Broad Bottom 
Ministry," formed by a coalition of parties ; Pelham retains the lead ; Pitt ex- 
cluded by the king's personal dislike, supports the government ; Bubb Dodding- 
ton treasurer of the navy. The emperor solicits peace, the preliminaries settled 
at Hanau, under the mediation of Great Britain, are rejected by Maria Theresa; 
a new league formed against her. Louis XV. declares war against her and the 
United Provinces ; takes the field in person, and invades the Netherlands ; at- 
tacked by serious illness at Metz, he receives from his subjects the surname of 
Le Men aime. The king of Prussia renews hostilities, invades Bohemia, and 
takes Prague; on the approach of an Austrian army under prince Charles of 
Lorraine, he withdraws into Silesia. The emperor recovers Bavaria. The kin«* 
of Sweden, as landgrave of Hesse Cassel, joins the confederacy. Prince Lob- 
kowitz drives the Spaniards out of Lombardy into Naples ; the forces of that 
kingdom arrest his progress at Velletri. Under the dominion of Prussia the 
Protestants of Silesia are freed from the restraints imposed by Austria, and in- 
crease in numbers. Incoi-poration of Worcester College, Oxford. Death of Alex- 
ander Pope, set. 56, and of Sarah, widow of the great duke of Marlborough, set. 
85. Birth of Johann Gottfried Herder. 
A motion for annual parliaments negatived in the House of Commons by 145 to 113, 
Jan, 24. Conspiracy of the negroes in Jamaica discovered and punished, Feb. 2. 
Marshal Belleisle brought a prisoner to Windsor castle, 19. Death of Robert 
Walpole, earl of Orford, March 18, tet. 71. The duke of Cumberland takes the 
command of the allied army in Flanders, April 9 ; is defeated by marshal de 
Saxe at Fontenoy, 30- Parliament prorogued May 2 ; the king goes to Hanover, 
10. Louisbourg and the isle of Cape Breton taken from the French, July 17. 
Two Spanish ships, with three millions of dollars, captured, July 10. Charles 
Edward Stuart, with some Scotch partisans, sails from Port St. Nazaire, 14, and 
lands in the Hebrides. Marshal Belleisle exchanged, Aug. 12. The king returns 
from Hanover, 31. Rebellion in Scotland , the Pretender proclaimed at Perth, 
Sept. 4 ; at Edinburgh, 16. Sir John Hope defeated by the Highlanders at Pres- 
ton Pans or Glaidsmuir, 21. Admiral Rowley commands the Mediterranean 
fleet, bombards Genoa, 26 ; Finale and St. Remo. Meeting of parliament, Oct. 
18. Habeas Corpus act suspended, 21. Unanimity and enthusiasm of England to 
oppose the rebellion ; 60,000 volunteer to take arms. The duke of Cumberland 
returns from the Netherlands with part of his army. Charles Edward enters 
England, Nov. 6 ; takes Carlisle, 15. Admiral Rowley attacks Bastia, and com- 
pels the Genoese governor to give it up to the revolted Corsicans, 17. Charles 
Edward reaches Lancaster, 24 ; the earl of Derwentwater and other Jacobites, 
on their way from France to Scotland, are captured and brouglit to Deal, 25; 
the rebels occupy Manchester, 28. The duke of Cumberland arrives at Litchfield. 
The rebels at Macclesfield, Dec. 1 j at Derby, 4 ; general Wade arrives at Weth- 
erby, and threatens their rear. 5 ; they commence their retreat, 6; return to 
Manchester, 9 ; to Preston, 12 ; leave their English adherents to garrison Carlisle, 
19; arrive at Glasgow, 25 ; surrender of Carlisle to the duke of Cumberland, 30. 
Death of the emperor Charles Albert, Jan. 20. pet. 48; his son secures Bavaria, 
and obtains peace from Maria Theresa, by giving his vote to her consort Francis, 
who is elected emperor at Frankfort, Sept. 13 n. s., and crowned, Oct. 4. The king 
of Prussia defeats the Austrians and Saxons atFriedberg, Sohr,andPirna; conquers 
the electorate of Saxony ; under the mediation of Great Britain, concludes a treaty 
of peace at Dresden, Dec. 25; restores Saxony, is confirmed in possession of 
Silesia, and acknowledges the new emperor. After their victory at Fontenoy. 
the French subdue the greater part of the Austrian Netherlands ; in conjunction 
with the Spaniards, they conquer Savoy, Panna, and Milan. Charles Peter Ul- 
rich, the destined heir of the Russian empire, marries Sophia Augusta, princess 
of Anhalt Zerbst, who, on her being adopted into the Greek church, takes the 
name of Katharine, by which she afterwards becomes so celebrated. Death ot 
Swift »t. 78, and of Wm. Broome, ajt, 56. Birth of William Scott, afterAvards 
lord Stowel. The " Biographia Britannica " undertaken by John Campbell. 



1744 TO 1748 A.D. 



649 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The king calls upon the parliament to assist the Dutch, who are threatened by- 
France, Jan. 14. General Hawley defeated by the rebels at Falkirk, 17; the 
duke of Cumberland arrives at Edinburgh. Changes in the ministry, Feb. 10 ; 
the duke of Newcastle and his friends recalled, 14. Mr. Pitt appointed to ofnce, 
22. Battle of Culloden, April 16 ; the rebellion crushed ; Charles Edward 
conceals himself among the mountains, and eventually escapes to France ; many 
of his adherents are made prisoners. The Commons vote £40,000 a year to the 
duke of Cumberland, May 14. Mr. Pitt made a privy councillor, 31. The admi- 
rals of the Mediterranean fleet tried for their conduct in the engagement of Feb. 
1744 ; Lestock acquitted, June 3. The Highlanders forbidden by Act of par- 
liament to wear their national dress, Aug. 12. Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino 
beheaded , 18 -, many inferior officers are executed at York, Carlisle, and other 
places, and the privates transported. Madras suiTenders to the French, Sept. 
14. Admiral Matthews dismissed the service, Oct. 22. Parliament re-assembles, 
Nov. 18. Charles Ratcliffe, who had assumed the forfeited title of earl of Derwent- 
water, beheaded, Dec. 8. An expedition against L'Orient obtains no signal success, 
and returns to England, Oct. 17. The French take Brussels, Antwerp, Namur, 
and all the Austrian Netherlands ; marshal Saxe defeats the allied ai-my at Rau- 
coux, Oct. 1. The king of Sardinia and the Austrians drive the French "out of 
Italy; victory of S. Lazzaro, June 4; of Rotto Freddo, Aug. 9; surrender of 
Genoa, Nov. 9 ; invasion of Provence, 22 ; the Genoese recover their city, Dec. 
10. Death of Philip V., July 9, set. 63 ; his son, Ferdinand VI., succeeds. Mar- 
riage of Louisa, youngest daughter of George II., to Frederic, prince of Denmark ; 
his accession to the throne follows soon after, on the death of his father, Chris- 
tian VI., Aug. 6, set. 47. The marchioness de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV. 
Lima destroyed by an earthquake, and Callao by a sudden elevation of the sea. 
Death of Colin Maclaurin, set. 50; of Thomas Southern, set. 86, of Francis Fagel, 
set. 87, and of count Ostermann, set. 70. Birth of William Jones. Fielding's 
novel of " Tom Jones " produced. 

Lord Lovat beheaded, set. 80, April 9. Edward Cave brought before the House of 
Commons for publishing their debates, 30. Admirals Anson and Warren defeat 
the French fleet off Cape Finisterre, May 3 ; Anson made a peer. Forty French 
ships captured by commodore Fox, off Cape Ortegal, June 16. Parliament pro- 
rogued, 17 ; dissolved, 18. Charles Edward Stuart received by the pope, and his 
brother, Henry Benedict, created cardinal of York, July 3. Admiral Hawke 
defeats the French fleet off Belleisle, Oct. 14. Meeting of the new parliament, 
Nov. 10 ; the ministry popular. The French invade Dutch Brabant and threaten 
Zealand. The prince of Orange appointed hereditary statholder of the United 
Provinces, May 2. Marshal Saxe defeats the duke of Cumberland at Laffeld, 
June 20. Bergen op Zoom surrenders, Sept. 16. Siege of Genoa by the Austrians, 
March 31 ; raised, June 10. The chevalier de Belleisle defeated and slain at 
Exilles, July 8. Louis XV. makes overtures of peace ; negotiations commence 
at Aix la Chapelle. Death of Archbishop Potter, ftt. 73, of Thomas Hutcheson, 
set. 53, and of Michael Mattaire, set. 79. Birth of Samuel Parr. Territorial im- 
munities and hereditary jurisdiction abolished in Scotland. 

Prorogation of Parliament, and departure of the king for Hanover, May 13 ; birth 
of Louisa Anne, daughter of the prince of Wales, 29. A cessation of hostilities 
proclaimed, Aug. 10 ; admiral Knowles defeats a Spanish squadron off the 
Havanna, Oct. 1 ; admiral Boscawen fails in an attack on Pondicheriy, 6 ; peace 
of Aix la Chapelle, 7 ; return of the king, Nov. 23 ; parliament opened, 29. The 
prince of Wales and lord Bolingbroke direct the opposition, who condemn the 
articles of the treaty. Charles Edward Stuart, resisting the stipulation for his 
removal from Paris, is imprisoned at Vincennes, Dec. 10 ; he submits, and is re- 
ceived by the papal legate at Avignon. Maestrecht besieged by the French, 
April 16 ; surrendered on the signature of the preliminaries, ;)0, in pledge for 
the ratification of the treaty. Death of James Thomson, spL 48; of Christopher 
Pitt, at. 29, and of Dr. Isaac Watts, set. 74. Birth of Charles James Fox, of 
Goethe, of Cuthbert Collingwood, afterwards admiral and lord, and of John Mit- 
ford, afterwards lord Redesdale. Richardson publishes his " Clarissa llarlowe." 



650 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


Heoi- 

RA. 


Otto- 
man Em- Popes. 

PIKE. 


Spain. 


Prance. 


Portu- 
gal. 


WlR- 

Prus- tem- 

SIA. berg. 


Sax- 
ony. 


Bava- 
ria. 


Ger- 
many. 


1749 


1163 


20 Mah- 
mud I. 


10 Be- 
nedict 
XIV. 
Auj. 17. 


4 Fer- 
dinand 
VI. 


35 Louis 
XV. 


44 John V 


lOFre- 
deric 
II. the 
Great. 


13 

Chas. 
Eu- 
gene. 


17 Fre- 
deric 

Angus. 

tusll. 
king 

ofPo. 
land. 


5 

Maxi- 
milian 

Jo- 
seph I. 


5 Fran- 
cis I. 

grand- 
duke of 
Tus- 
cany. 


1750 


1164 


21 


11 


5 


36 


1 Joseph 
Eman- 
uel. 


11 


14 


18 


6 




1751 


1165 


22 


12 


6 


37 


2 


12 


15 


19 


7 


7 


1752 


1166 


23 


13 


7 — - 


38 


3 


13 


■ 
16 


20—" 


8 


8 — - 


1753 


1167 

1168 


|24 


14 


8 


39 


4 


14 


17 


21 


9 


9 


1754 


1168 
1169 


1 Os- 
]manIII 


15 


9 


40 


5 


15 


18 


22 


10 


lo- 


1755 


1169 
1170 


2 

1 


16 


10 


41 


6 


16 


19 


23 


11 


ll 



























1749 TO 1755 A.D. 



6/>l 



Bepe- 


Doges 




















tition 


OF Ve- 


Sar- 


Tus- 


Den- 


Swe- 


Po- 


Russia. 


Hod- 


Naples 


Great 


Dates. 


nice. 


dinia 


cany. 


MAUK 


den. 


land. 




land. 


Britain 


1749 


9 Pietro 


20 


13 Fran- 


4 Fre- 


30Fre- 


17Fre- 


9 Eliza- 


3 Willi 


■15 Carlo 


23 Geo. 




Grimani. 


Chas. 


cis II. 


deric V 


deric, 


deric 


beth. 


am IV. 




II. 






Ema- 


emperor 




land- 


Augll. 




stat- 




June 11 






nuel. 


of Ger- 
many. 




grave 

of 
Hesse 
Oassel 


elector 
o/Sax- 
ony. 




holder. 






1750 


10 


21 


14 




31 


18 


10 


4 


16 


24 

b. Prince 

Frede/ic 
William 


1751 


11 

Venice 


22 


15 


6 


lAdol- 
phus 
Fre- 


19 


11 


1 Willi- 
am V. 


17 


25 

d Frede- 
ric, prince 
of VVales 
b PrincesB 
Caroline 




ceases to 
have any 








deric, 












influence 


















Matilda. 




on the 






















course of 






















events in 




















1752 


Europe. 
The suc- 
cession of 
Doges has 
no longer 
any inte- 
rest The 
republic 
is finally 


23 


16 




2 


20 


12 


2 


18 


26 


1753 


absorbed 
in the 
conquests 
of France 
in 1797. 


24 


17 


8 


3 


21 


13 


3 


19 


27 


1754 




25 


18 


9 


<- 


22 


14 


4 


20 


28 


1755 

1 




26 


19 


10 — 


5 


23 


15 


5 


21 


29 


■ 























652 



1FR0M THE TEAS 



A.D. 



1749 



1750 



1751 



1752 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Parliament, prorogued, June 13 ; meets again, Nov. 16. Hotly contested election in 
Westminster, Dec. 8. England and other parts of Europe infested by flights of 
locusts, and a distemper among cattle. Death of lord Cobham, set. 74, of Am- 
brose Philips, set. 74, and of William Ged, who attempted unsuccessfully in 1731 
to introduce the art of stereotype or block-printing. Birth of Alfieri, of La 
Place, of John Playfair, of Edward Jenner, of Jeremy Bentham, of Mirabeau, 
of Fitzgibbon, afterwards lord Clare, and of Tippoo Saib. A French theatre in- 
troduced in London. Buffon publishes the first part of his " Histoire Naturelle." 
Rousseau receives a prize from the academy of Dijon for his Essay on the Arts 
and Sciences. 

A riot at Tiverton against the introduction of Irish worsted yarns, Jan. 16. A 
shock of an earthquake in London, March 8. The compensations awarded for 
the Scotch heritable jurisdictions paid at the Exchequer, April 4. Reduction of 
the rate of interest on the national debt. Parliament prorogued, 12. The king 
goes to Hanover, 16. Birth of Frederic William, the prince of Wales' fifth son, 

; May 24. The state of the prisons in England produces malignant fevers. The 
excessive heat in the middle of July causes a general drought and a great de- 
struction of fish by the drying up of inland waters. The Pretender secretly 
visits London in September, and retires disappointed. Westminster bridge 
opened, Nov. 17. Bounties granted and a company formed, to encourage the 
British white herring and cod fisheries. Discussions with France relative to the 
boundary line between Nova Scotia and Canada. Intrigues of M. Dupleix in India. 
Treaty of commerce with Spain. Death of John V., king of Portugal, July 31, 
eet. 61 ; his sou, Joseph Emanuel, succeeds. Death of Marshal Saxe, set. 56, of Dr. 
Conyers Middleton, aet. 67, and of Ludovico Antonio Muratori, aet. 78. Birth of 
Thomas, afterwards lord Erskine, of Charles Butler, of John Philpot Curran,of 
William Windham, of Thomas Graham, afterwards lord Lynedoch, of Abraham 
Gottlob Werner, of Edward Whitaker, of Ali Pacha, and of Kleber the French 
general. Dr. Johnson publishes his first " Rambler." 

Parliament meets, Jan. 17. Death of Frederic, prince of Wales, March 20, set. 44. 
A royal message recommends provision to be made for a regency, in the event of 
the crown descending to a minor, April 26. Debates on the Westminster elec- 
tion, and committal of Mr. Murray to Newgate. Prince Frederic of Hesse Cas- 
sel, husband of the princess Mary, turns Roman Catholic. Parliament prorogued, 
June 24. Birth of Caroline Matilda, fourth daughter of the late prince of Wales, 
and afterwards queen of Denmark, July 22. The act of parliament 24 Geo. II. 
c. 23, orders the Gregorian, or New Style {see 1582), to be used in Great Britain 
and Ireland, in and after the year 1752. Death of the king's son-in-law, the stat- 
holder, William IV., Oct. 22, set. 40 ; his widow, the princess Anne, administers 
the authority inherited by their son, William V., set. 3. Parliament assembles, 
Nov. 14. Debate on the Westminster election resumed, and Mr. Murray again 
committed to Newgate, 20. Death of the king's youngest daughter, Louisa, 
queen of Denmark, Dec. 8, set. 27. Death of Henry St. John, viscount Boling- 
broke, Nov. 15, aet. 73. Mr. Clive distinguishes himself in India; takes Arcot, 
repulses the assault of Rajah Saib, Oct. 14; defeats the French and their Indian 
allies at Aranie, Dec. 3. The '* Ecole Militaire" established at Paris. Death 
of Frederic, king of Sweden and landgrave of Hesse Cassel, April 5, set. 75 ; he 
is succeeded in Sweden by Adolphus Frederic, duke of Holstein Gottorp (see 
1743). Death of D'Aguesseau, chancellor of France, set 83, of Captain Coram, 
originator of the Foundling Hospital, of Dr. Doddridge, set. 50, and of cardinal 
Alberoni, set. 88. Birth of R. B. Sheridan, and of John Scott, afterwards lord 
Eldon. Diderot and D'Alembert commence the publication of the " Encyclo- 
pedic." Theodore, nominal king of Corsica, imprisoned in London for debt. 

Commencement of the legal year, Jan. 1, instead of March 25. Parliament pro- 
rogued, March 26. The king goes to Hanover, 31. Introduction of the New 
Style throughout the British dominions, by omitting eleven nominal days 
after Sept. 2, and dating the next day Sept. 14, instead of the third, Richmond 
park opened to the public, Dec. 20. M. D'Anteuil and the French forces under 
his command surrender to major Lawrence and Mr. Clive. Chunda Saib, nabob 
of Arcot, slain. Death of Joseph Butler, bishop of Durham, get. 60, of Thomas 



1749 TO 1755 A.D. 



653 



1754 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1755 



Stackhouse, set, 72, and of William Whiston, est. 85. Birth of Gaetano Filan- 
gierl, and of Thomas Chatterton. Franklin, by his electrical kite, ascertains 
the nature of lightning, and invents the conductor. Execution of Elizabeth Jef- 
freys for the murder of her uncle, March 11, and of Miss Blandy, for poisoning 
her father, April 6. 
Sir Hans Sloane dies, Jan. 11. set. 93; his library, antiquities, and collection of 
natural curiosities form the commencement of the British Museum. Parliament 
meets, Jan. 11. Act passed for naturalizing Jews, May. Dr. Cameron executed 
for his participation in the Scotch rebellion, June 7. Act for the prevention of 
clandestine marriages, 25 Geo. II. c. 33. Registration bill thrown out by the 
Lords, Parliament prorogued, June. Riots against turnpikes and the high 
price of bread. Parliament opened by the king, Nov. 15. First meeting of the 
trustees of the British Museum, Dec. 4. The king of Prussia regarded with 
jealousy by other potentates. Amicable termination of the discussions between 
him and George II. respecting East Friesland and the Silesian loan. Secret 
alliance between Austria and Russia. Continued disagreement between Great 
Britain and France, respecting the limits of Nova Scotia. The New Style 
adopted in Sweden, March 1. Handel's "Messiah" performed in the chapel of 
the Foundling Hospital, May 1. Death of Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne, set. 69. 
Birth of Dugald Stewart and William Roscoe. Richardson's " Sir Charles 
Grandison" printed in Ireland before publication. Imposture of Elizabeth Can- 
ning. 
A squadron dispatched to the East Indies under admiral Watson, Jan. 22. Death 
of Mr. Pelham, March 6, aet. 58. The duke of Newcastle lord treasurer, and Mr. 
Legge chancellor of the exchequer. Parliament prorogued, April 6 ; dissolved, 
8. Murray attorney-general, 20. Encroachments of the French in North 
America. Washington, colonel of a provincial regiment, sent from Virginia to 
drive them from the Ohio, is defeated and made prisoner, July 3 ; the remon- 
strances of the English ambassador disregarded by the French government. 
The new parliament opened, Nov. 14. Wm. Pitt and Henry Fox unite in oppo- 
sition to the minister. Dupleix recalled from India and replaced by Godehen, 
who concludes a provisional treaty with the English governor at Pondicherry, 
Dec. 26. Birth of the dauphin's son, afterwards Louis XVI., Aug. 23. Pascal 
Paoli heads a revolt in Corsica against the Genoese. Death of Thomas Carte, 
set. 68, of Henry Fielding, set. 47, of Johan Jacob Wetstein, set. 61, of Edward 
Cave, {fit. 63, and of Dr. Richard Mead, set. 81. Birth of Talleyrand, of Francis, 
lord Rawdon, afterwards earl of Moira, and marquis of Hastings ; of Charles, lord 
Whitworth, and of George Crabbe. Hume commences the publication of his 
History of England. 
Great preparations for war made in England ; general Braddock takes troops to 
Virginia, Jan. 14. Parliament prorogued, April 25. Admiral Boscawen sails 
with his fleet for Newfoundland, 27. The king goes to Hanover, 28. Capture of 
the Alcide and Lys by Boscasven. The French ambassador recalled. Braddock 
defeated and slain near fort Du Quesne, July 9. Expedition of general Johnson 
against Crown Point, Aug. 8 ; he defeats the French under baron Dieskau, and 
takes him prisoner. Return of the king from Hanover, Sept. 15. Treaty with 
the empress of Russia, 30. Earthquake at Lisbon, Nov. 1. Mr. Fox appointed 
secretary of State, 10. Parliament assembles, 13 ; sanctions the treaties entered 
into by the king ; votes £100,000 for the relief of the sufferers at Lisbon, 28. 
Eddystone Lighthouse burnt, Dec. 4. The king of France prepares to attack 
Hanover, which Russia is to defend. The king of Prussia declares that he will 
resist the entrance of any foreign troops whatever into Germany. Birth of the 
dauphin's son, afterwards Louis XVTII., Nov. 17. Ministry of count Kaunitz at 
Vienna, and of Don Ricardo Wall at Madrid. The Jesuits banished from court 
in Spain and Portugal. Death of Mosheim, set. 60, and of Montesquieu, set. 66. 
Birth of George Ponsonby, and of Lefevre, afterwards French marshal. Publi- 
cation of Johnson's Dictionary. Mr. Beckford's mansion at Fonthill destroyed 
by fire, Feb. 12. Quito in Peru overthrown by an earthquake, April 21. The 
marble statue of Sir Isaac Newton, by Roubilliac, placed in the chapel of Trinity 
College, Cambridge, July 4. 



654 



FROM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



Hegi- 



1756 



1757 



1758 



1759 



1760 



1761 



1762 



1763 



1170 
1171 



1171 
1172 



1172 
1173 



1173 
1174 



1174 
1175 



1175 
1176 



1176 
1177 



1177 
1178 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



3 Osman 17 Bene- 
Trr dictXIV 
^^^- Aug. 17. 



1 Musta- 18 - 
fa III. 



Popes. 



llFer- 

dinand 

VI. 



rf.MayS. 13- 
1 Cle- 
ment 

xni. 

July 6. 



Sfain, 



42 Louis 
XV. 



^5 



France. 



7 Joseph 
Eman- 
uel. 



44 ■ 



45 . 



46 ■ 



PORTU- 
GAL. 



12- 



13- 



Prus- 

SIA. 



Wtr. 

TEM- 
BERG, 



Saxo- 
ny. 



17Fre- 20Cha8. 
deric Eugene 
II. the 



18- 



19- 



20- 



22- 



23- 



-24- 



22- 



23- 



24- 



25- 



Bava- 

RIA. 



24Fre- 12Max 



deric 
Augus. 
tus li- 
king 
of Po- 
land. 



25- 



26- 



28- 



imilian 
Joseph 



27- 



■18- 



. 1 Fre- 19- 
deric j 

Au»us. 
tus III. 



Ger- 
many. 



12Fran- 
cis I. 

dukaof 
Tus- 
cany, 



16- 



17- 



1756 TO 1763 A.D. 



655 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Sardi- 
nia. 


Tusca- 
ny. 


Den- 

MAKK. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Russia. 


Hol- 
land. 


Naples. Great 
Britain. 


1756 


27 Chas. 
Eman- 
uel. 


20 Fran- 
cis n. 
emperor 
of Ger- 
many. 


11 Frede- 
ric V. 


6 Adol- 

phus 

Frederic 


24 Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tus J I. 

elector of 
Saxony. 


16Eliza- 
betli. 


6 Wil- 
liam V. 


22 Carlo.!30 Geo. II. 
June 11. 


1757 


28 


21 


12 


7 


25 


17 


7 


23 


31 


1758 


;29 


22 


13 


8 


26 


18 


8 


24 


32 


1759 


30 

i 

! 


23 


14 


9 


27 


19 


9 


1 Ferdi- 
nand IV. 


33 

d. Princess 
of Orange. 
d. Princess 
Eiizaiietli 
Caroline. 


1760 


i 

31 


24 


15 


10 


28 


20 


10 


2 


34 

rf. Oct. 25. 
1 Geo. HI. 

Oct L'O. 


1761 


32 


25 


16 


11 


29 


21 


11 


3 — 


2 

fti. Queen 
Cliarlotte. 


1762 


33 

1 


26 


17 


12 


30 


1 Peter 
III. 

1 Katha- 
rine II. 


12 — 


4 


3 

b. Geo IV. 


1763 


34 

I 


27 


18 


13 


Anar- 
chy. 


2 


13 


5 


4 

/». Frederic, 
duke of 
YorU. 



656 



FEOM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



1756 



1757 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The hostile acts of the last two years lead to the Seven Years' War. Treaty be- 
tween Great Britain and Prussia, Jan. 16. British vessels seized in the French 
ports, and their crews imprisoned, Feb. 17. General embargo on all shipping in 
British ports, March 3. Admiral Byng sails for the Mediterranean, April 7. 
The French land in Minorca, 18. War declared against France, May 18. Byng 
makes a feeble attack on the French fleet, 20 ; fails to relieve Minorca, and re- 
turns to Gibraltar ; is superseded by Sir Edward Hawke, June 16. Calcutta 
taken by Rajah al Dowlah ; sufferings of the prisoners in the Black Hole, June 
18. Colonel Bradstreet defeats the French on the Onondaga, July 3. General 
Blakeney surrenders Minorca, 7. Parliament prorogued, 18. Lord Loudoun 
takes the command of the forces in North America, 29. Admiral Byng confined 
in Greenwich Hospital, Aug. 9. Fort Oswego taken by the French under Mont- 
calm, 16. The attorney-general Murray appointed lord Chief-Justice and baron 
Mansfield, Nov. 6. The duke of Newcastle resigns ; Mr. Pitt and his friends are 
called into office, 11. Parliament meets, Dec. 2. Mr. Fox resigns ; Mr. Pitt takes 
his place as secretary of State, 4. Admiral Byng brought to trial at Portsmouth, 

27. Colonel Clive and admiral Watson proceed up the Ganges, and prepare 
to recover Calcutta. Alliance of Austria, France, and Russia. The king of 
Prussia takes possession of Saxony ; the elector retires to Warsaw ; his army 
surrenders ; the Prussians enter Bohemia ; battle of Lowositz ; both armies 
claim the victory, and both retreat. Conspiracy in Sweden to render the king 
absolute. Brahe, Horn, and other nobles beheaded. Death of Theodore, nomi- 
nal king of Corsica, Birth of Kosciusko, of Sarah Kemble, afterwards Mrs, 
Siddons, of Aug, Wm. Iffland, of Mozart, and of Gambler, admiral and lord. The 
Foundling Hospital, London, opened for the reception of children, June 2. 

Scarcity of corn in England ; Acts passed to relieve it. Calcutta re-taken by ad- 
miral Watson and colonel Clive, Jan. 1. Byng condemned, 28 ; wari'ant for his 
execution, Feb. 6. Rajah al Dowlat compelled to sign a treaty of peace. Byng 
executed, March 14. The French fort of Chandernagore on the Ganges taken, 

28. Pitt and Legge dismissed from office, April 9. Battle of Plassy, June 23. 
Rajah al Dowlat defeated and deposed ; he is put to death by Meer Jalfier. 
Pitt restored to offi.ce and placed at the head of the ministry, 28. Parliament 
prorogued, July 4. The duke of Cumberland commands the allied army in Han- 
over ; allows the French under marshal D'Estr^es to pass the Weser, 10 ; is de- 
feated by him at Hartenbeck, 25. Inactivity of Loudoun, and progress of the 
French in North America. Montcalm takes Fort William Henry, Aug. 9. Han- 
over, Gbttingen, and Cassel occupied by the French, 10. Death of admiral Wat- 
son, 16. The duke of Cumberland capitulates at Closter Seven, Sept. 8. Expe- 
dition against the coast of France ; the isle of Aix taken, Sept. 23 ; attack on 
Rochfort abandoned ; return of the expedition ; the duke of Cumberland resigns 
his commissions, Oct. 11. Sir John Li gonier commander-in-chief, 29. Parliament 
opened, Dec. 1. The king of Prussia, conqueror at Prague, May 6, beaten at 
Kolin, 18. Prussia invaded by the Austrians, French, Russians, and Swedes. 
Frederic, by his victory, at Rosbach, Nov. 5, drives out the French. Marshal 
Lehwald defeats the Russians at Norkitten, Aug. 13, on which they retreat pre- 
cipitately ; repels the Swedes, and invades Pomerania. The Austrians advance 
to Berlin, Oct. 17 ; retire before the prince of Anhalt Dessau ; take Schweidnitz, 
Nov, 12; defeat the prince of Bevern, 22 ; take Breslau, 25 ; are defeated by 
Frederic at Lissa, Dec. 5 ; Breslau surrenders to him, 21 ; he recovers Silesia. 
The convention of Closter Seven renounced. The Hanoverian anny re-assembles 
under prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, who drives the French back to Zell. At- 
tempt of Damiens to assassinate Louis XV., Jan. 5. Death of David Hartley, 
get. 53, of Fontenelle, set. 100, of Reaumur, set. 74, of Paul Ernest Jablonski, set. 
64, of Calmet, set. 85, of CoUey Cibber, poet laureate, set. 86, of Thomas Rud- 
diman, set. 83, of archbishop Herring, set. 66, of Allan Ramsay, set. 71, and of the 
Prussian marshal Schwerin at the battle of Prague. Birth (*f the duke of Ar- 
tois, afterwards Charles X. of France, Oct. 9, of Samuel Romilly, of George 
Tierney, of Canova, of Lafayette, of Charles Abbott, afterwards Speaker and 
lord Colchester, of Henry Addington, afterwards Speaker and lord Sidmouth^ 



1756 TO 1759 A.D. 



657 



A.D 



1758 



1759 



Events and Eminent Men. 



of John P. Kemble, and of Edward Pelle^v, afterwards lord Exmouth. The 
Royal Library, founded by Henry, son of James 1., presented by the king to the 
British Museum. StraAvberry Hill press established by Horace Walpole. The 
Jesuits excluded from the court of Lisbon. 

Admiral Boscawen sails for America, Feb. 19 ; Sir Edward Hawke for the bay of 
Biscay ; commodore Holmes, by his operations in the DoUart, causes the French 
to evacuate Embden ; they surrender Minden to the prince of Brunswick, March 
14. First forgery of Bank of England notes by Richard Vanghan, 27. Admiral 
Osborne takes or destroys the squadron of the marquis Du Qiiesne off Carthagena, 
28. A French armament, destined for America, driven on shore in Basque Roads 
by Sir Edward Hawke, April. Fort Louis and Senegal taken by captain Marsh, 
23. The French general Lally arrives in India, and makes himself master of 
Fort St. David's, May. Landing of an English expedition in Cancalle bay, under 
the duke of Marlborough, and destruction of the French ships and stores, June 6. 
Close of the parliamentary session, 20. Prince Ferdinand having driven the 
French out of Hanover and Hesse, defeats them at Creveld, 23, and takes Dus- 
seldorf. The duke of Marlborougli sent with reinforcements to the allied army in 
Germany. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish with the French in America, July 
5 ; general Abercrombie repulsed by them at Ticonderoga, 8. Louisbourg and 
cape Breton taken by Boscawen and Amherst, 27. Brigadier-gennral Wolfe 
first distinguished in this siege. Admiral Pococke attacks the French fleet and 
drives it out of the Indian seas, Aug. 3. Cherbourg taken, and its works de- 
stroyed, by the English, 8. The nabob of Arcot submits to Lally, Oct. 4. Death 
of the duke of Marlborough at Munster, 10. Meeting of parliament, Nov, 23. 
Brigadier Forbes takes fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburgh, 25. New treaty with 
Prussia, Dec. 7. Lally besieges Madras, 14. The isle of Goree surrenders to 
commodore Keppel, 22. The king of Prussia recovers Schweidnitz ; besieges 
Olmutz ; retires into Bohemia ; takes Konigingratz ; defeats the Russians at 
Zorndorf, Aug. 25; is defeated by the Austrian marshal Daun, at Hochkirchen. 
and his general Keith slain, Oct. 14. Death of pope Benedict XIV, a^t. 84; his 
successor, cardinal Rezzonico, takes the name of Clement XIII. Attempt to 
assassinate the king of Portugal, attributed to the Jesuits. Death of John Dyer, 
set. 58, and of Joseph Ames, secretary of the Antiquarian Society, set. 70. Birth 
of Horatio Nelson, of Samuel Whitbread, of John Joseph Gall, and of Noah 
Webster. Magdalen Hospital, London, opened, Aug. 10. Tlie duke of Bridge- 
water's canal commenced by James Brindley. 

Death of the king's eldest daughter, Aime, princess of Orange, Jan. 12, set. 50. 
Surat taken by captains Maitland and Watson, Feb. 19. The siege of Madras 
abandoned by Lally. 16. The Bank of England issues £15 and £10 notes, March 
31. The English take Masulipatam, April 7 ; Guadaloupe, 20. Prince Ferdi- 
nand repulsed by the French at Bergen, 17. Frederic North appointed a lord 
of the treasury. Parliament prorogued, June 2. Tlie French take Marburg, | 
June 3, recover Hesse, and advance into Hanover. Majority of George, prince of | 
Wales, 4. Havre de Grace bombarded by admiral Rodney, July. Prince Ferdi- 
nand retires with the allied army to the Weser, 15 ; discord between him and lord 
George Sackville, successor of the duke of Marlborough in command of the j 
British troops; the English take fort Niagara, 24; Ticonderoga. 27 ; Crovvn 
Point, Aug. 1. Battle of Minden, Aug. 1 ; the French evacuate Hanover and 
Hesse, and retire to Giessen and Friedberg. The allies re-occupy Mnrhurg. 
Boscawen defeats the French fleet in Lagos Bay,, 17. Death of the princess Eli- I 
zabeth Caroline, daughter of the late Frederic, prince of Wales, Sept. set. 19. 1 
General Wolfe defeats the French on the heights of Abraham, and falls in the | 
hour of victory, set. 33. Sept, 13; the French general Montcalm is slain.' 
Quebec surrenders, 18. The Fi-ench fleet, defeated by admiral Pococke, retires to , 
Mauritius, 27. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 13. Sir Edward Hawke's victcry | 
over Conflans, near Belleisle. 20. The Russians defeat the Prussians at Zu- 
lichan, July 23 : at Cunersdorf, Aug. 12. The Austi'ians take Leipsic and 
Dresden. The Prussian general Finck surrenders with his army to count Dam . 
Death of Ferdinand YL, king of Spain, Aug. 10, £et. 46 ; his throne is inherited by 



4 o 



658 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D, 



1759 

conti- 

iiecl. 



1761 



Events and Eminent Men. 



his brother Charles, king of the, Two Sicilies, Avho resigns that sovereignty to his 
third son, Ferdinand, set. 8. Punishment of the nobles who attempted to assassi- 
nate the king of Portugal. The pope forbids the civil power to proceed against 
the Jesuits, who v^ere accomplices ; the whole Order is expelled from Portugal, 
and its property forfeited. Death of Handel, ^t. 75, and of Wm. Collins, get. 39. 
Birth of Richard Porson, of Robert Bums, of Schiller, of Wm. Pitt, of lord Gren- 
ville, of Wm. Wilberforce, of lord Lauderdale, of John Pratt, afterwards marquis 
Camden, and Mary Wolstonecraft. Edrannd Burke recommends to Dodsley the 
publication of the " Annual Register," and for several years writes the historical 
portion of it. Voltaire retires to Ferney, and Rousseau to his hermitage of 
Montmorency. Eugene Aram convicted of murder, Aug. 3. 
Death of George IT., set. 77 ; accession of his grandson, Geo. III. Col. Coote defeats 
Lally, and takes Arcot, Feb. 9. Thurot lands at Carrickfergus, 21 ; re-embarks,, 
is intercepted by captain Elliott, slain in the battle, and his ships taken, 28. 
Court-martial on lord George Sackville ; he is dismissed the service, April 22. 
The French besiege Quebec, May 11. Commodore Swanton destroys their ships 
in the river St. Lawrence, 16; they raise the siege, 17. Parliament prorogued, 
22. The' duke de Broglio brings large reinforcements, and takes the command 
of the French army in Germany. Prince Ferdinand retires to Fritzlar; ad- 
vances to Ziegenhain, June 24; the French regain the castle of Marburg, and 
penetrate into H esse ; are defeated by prince Ferdinand at Warburg, July 31. 
Montreal surrenders to general Amherst, and the conquest of Canada is com- 
pleted, Sept. 7. The hereditary prince of Brunswick lays siege to Wesel, is de- 
feated at Campen, Oct. 15. Prince Ferdinand posts his army to the north of the 
AVeser; the French occupy Cassel, enter the electorate, and take Gottingen and 
Eimbeck. Parliament opened ; memorable speech of George III., Nov. 18. Siege 
of Pondicherry commenced by colonel Coote, Dec. 8. Laudohn defeats tlie 
Prussians at Land shut, June 23 ; takes Glatz and lays siege to Breslau ; is re- 
pulsed by prince Henry. Frederic fails in an attempt on Dresden, July 19 ; del^ats 
Laudohn at Psaffendorf. Aug. 14. The Austrians and Russians take Berlin, Oct. 
9. Frederic defeats Daun at Torgau, Nov. 3. Carvalho, marquis de Pombal, 
prime minister in Portugal, resists the interference of the pope in favour of the 
Jesuits. The first stone laid of Blackfriars bridge, London, Oct. 31. Death of 
count Zinzendorf, the patron and bishop of the Moravians, at Herrnhut, aet. 60. 
Birth of John Renuie, Thomas Clarkson, and Richard, afterwards marquis Wel- 
lesley. Destructive eruption of Vesuvius, Feb. 21. Earl FeiTers hanged at Ty- 
burn for murder. May 5. Fire in Portsmouth dockyard, July 3. 
Marriage of George HI. to Charlotte Sophia, princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 
Sept. 8. Coronation, 22. Pondicherry surrenders to colonel Coote, Jan. 16 ; 
Mah(3 taken, Feb. ; at the close of the session, Mr. Onslow, speaker of the Com- 
mons 30 years, retires on a pension, March 18. Parliament dissolved, 21. Legge, 
chancellor of the exchequer, dismissed, 22. Lord Bute secretary of State, 25. 
Belleisle taken by commodore Keppel, June 7. Hyder Ali founds the Mysore 
kingdom. Ferdinand maintains his ground in Hano-ver. Wm. Pitt resigns; a 
pension is given to him, and the title of baroness Chatham to his wife, Oct. 5. 
The new parliament assembles, Sir John Cust, speaker, Nov. 3. The Austrians 
reduce Schweidnitz, and the Russians Colberg. Frederic, almost at the last ex- 
tremity, is saved by the death of Elizabeth, empress of Russia, Dec. 25, o.s. 
The '-Family Compact" concluded by the Bourbons of Spain, France, Naples, 
and Parma, Aug. 15. Chauvelin denounces the Jesuits ; Louis XV. demands the 
suppression of their Order, which the pope refuses. Auto da Fe at Lisbon, in 
Avhich Malagrida and fifty others are burnt, Sept. 29. Death of Thomas Sher- 
lock, bishop of London, set. 82, of Benjamin Hoadley. bishop of Winchester, a3t. 
86, of Ch;irlevoix, set 77, of Stephen Males, a^t, 84, of Dr. John Taylor of War- 
rington, get. 67, of Thomas Simpson, aet. 51, of Samuel Richardson, {et. 72, of ad- 
miral Boscawen, ait. 50, of the duke of Argyle, set. 79, of marshal Belleisle, 
a?t. 78, and of Beau Nash, tet. 87. Birth of John Opie, of Kotzebue, and of John 
^afterwards Sir John) Moore, Transit of Venus over the sun, observed by Mas- 
kelyne at St. Helena, June 6. Opening of the duke of Bridgewater's canal. 



1759 TO 17G3 AD. 



659 



1762 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Birth of the prince of Wales, afterwards Georj^e IV., Auf?. 12. War declared by j 
Great Britain against Spain, Jan. 4 ; by Spain, 18. Martinico, St. Jjucia, St. | 
Vincent, and other West Indian islands taken from the French. Feb. A violent ; 
hurricane, by which several whales are driven on the coast of Essex and Kent, i 
24. The island of Granada taken from the French, April 5. The duke of New- 
castle resigns, and lord Bute succeeds him, May 29. The Havanna suiTenders 
to lord Albemarle and admiral Pococke, Aug. 14; they conquer the island of Cuba. 
The hereditary prince of BrunsAvick defeated by the French at Juhannisberg, SO. 
The duke de Nivernois arrives in London to treat for peace, oept. 10. Manilla and 
the Philippine Islands surrender to the British, Oct. Prince Ferdinand of Bruns- 
wick takes Cassel, Nov. 1 ; recovers a great part of the landgraviate, and concludes 
a suspension of hostilities with the marshals D'Estrees and De Soubise, at Kir- 
cheim on the Ohm. The duke of Bedford signs the jjreliminaries of peace at 
Fontainebleau, Nov. 3. Parliament meets, 25. The articles of the treaty, vehe^ 
mently condemned by Pitt and defended by Fox, are approved by a large majority 
of the Commons. Death of Elizabeth, empress of Russia, Jan. 5, n.s., set. 51 : 
her successor. Peter III. (see 1742), Avithdraws the Russian forces from Germany, 
and concludes peace Avith the king of Prussia, April 7, which is immediately 
followed by a treaty betAv-een Prussia and Sweden. Frederic unites his armies 
against Austria, recovers Schweidnitz, and becomes master again of Silesia. 
Spain declares war against Portugal, June 15; the count of Lippe and other 
officers, sent by the British government, reform the Portuguese array and defend 
the countiy. Peter III. deposed by his wife (see 1745) and the Orlofs, J uly 9, o.s., 
and murdered, 19, set. 33 ; she ascends the throne of Kussia, as Katharine il. The 
Jesuits suppressed by several parliaments in France. Persecution and judicial 
murder of Calas at Toulouse ; Voltaire ably exposes the iniquity of the process. 
Death of Bradley, set. 69, of lady Mary Wortley Montague, set. 72, of Crebillon, 
set. 88, and of lord Anson, set. 65. Birth of Spencer Perceval, of William Cob- 
bett, of John Theophilus Fichte, and of Charles Abbott, afterwards lord Tenter- 
den. The '' North Briton" commenced by John Wilkes, in opposition to the 
ministry of lord Bute. The " Emile" of Kousseau condemned by the Sorbonne. 
William Beckford elected lord-mayor of Loudon. The Professorship of Belles 
Lettres instituted at Edinburgh, and given to Dr. Hugh Blair. Great excitement 
created by the imposture of the "Cock-lane ghost." 

Birth of Frederic, duke of York, Aug. 16. A British and Portuguese expedition 
against Buenos Ayres fails, June 1. Definitive treaty of peace between Great 
Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, signed at Paris, Feb. 10. The naval and 
colonial supremacy of Great Britain established. Lord Bute resigns, and is suc- 
ceeded by George Grenville, April 8. Mr. Fox created lord Holland, 16. Pro- 
ceedings commenced against the printers and publishers of the " North Briton," 
No. 45, 20 ; arrest of Wilkes, 30. The colonelcy of the Buckinghamshire militia 
taken from him, May 4; he is released, under the Habeas Carpus Act, by order of 
chief-justice Pratt, 6 ; actions tried before the same judge, inAvhich fourteen jour- 
neymen printers of the ''North Briton" obtain verdicts for £2000 damages 
against the king's messengers, for false imprisonment, July 6. Unsuccessful 
inteniews of Mr. Pitt with the king, to form a goveniment, Aug. 29. The duke 
of Bedford head of the ministry, Sept. 9. Parliament opened, Nov. 15. Popular 
tumult to prevent the burning of the " North Britim" by the hangman ; Wilkes 
obtains £1000 damages for the seizure of his papers under a general warrant, 
which chief justice Pratt declares to be illegal, Dec. 6. Wilkes AvithdraAAs to 
France, 24. Progress of the British in India against the native chiefs ; Patna 
taken, Nov. 6. The treaty of Ilubertsburg closes the Seven Years' War, Nov. 15. 
Prussia retains Silesia. Death of Frederic Augustus IL, king of Poland, Oct. 5, 
aet. 67 ; a year of anarchy follows : his third son, Charles, Avhom he had appointed 
duke of Courland, is displaced by Katharine, to make room for Biren, AAliom 
Peter III. had recalled from banishment. Death of the earl of Granville, set. 
73, of Charles Wyndham, earl of Egremont. and of William Shenstone, Kt. 49. 
Birth of Jean Paul Kichter, of the empress Josephine, of prince Poniatowski, of 
Joanna Baillie, of Talma, of lord EdAvard Fitzgerald, and of Moreau. 



660 



PROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1764 



1765 



1766 



1767 



1768 



1769 



1770 



1771 



I Otto- 
Hegi- MAN Em-, Popes. 

RA. riRE. 



1178 I 8 Mus- 

1179 tafa III. 



1179 

1180 



1180 
1181 



1181 
1182 



1182 
1183 



1184 



1185 



1186 :i5 . 



7 Cle- 
ment 
XIII. 
July 6. 



10 ■ 



Spain. 



France, 



Chas. 
III. 



Portu- 
gal. 



50 Louis 15 Jos. 
XV. Eman- 
uel. 



d. Feb 2 

1 Cle- 
ment 
XIV. 
May 19 



-52- 



-53 . 



-54 . 



-55. 



■ 56 • 



. 13 '57 ■ 



Prus- 
sia. 

25 Fre- 
deric 

II. the 
Great. 



26- 



20 . 



27- 



28- 



29- 



30- 



31- 



32- 



WlR- I 
TEM- i SaXO- 
BERG.j NY. 

28 j 2 Fre- 
Chas. I (ieric 

Eu- I AURUS- 

gene, *^»^^^- 



Ba- Ger- 
varia. many 



20Maxi-|-20Fran- 
milian cis I 



Jos. I. 



21- 



32- 



33- 



34- 



22- 



23- 



Grand 
duke of 
Tus- 
cany, 



1 Jo- 
seph II 



24 4 



25- 



26- 



35 9 27- 



1764 TO 1771 A.D. 



661 



liepe- 
tition 


Sar- 


Tusca- 


Na- Den- 


1 

SWE-| PC»- 


Russia. 


Hol- 


India. 
British Go- 


Great 


Dates. 


dinia. 


ny. 


PLES. MARK. 


DEN. I LAND. 




land. 


vernors. 


Britain. 


1764 


35 Chas. 
Eman- 
uel. 


28 Fran- 
cis II. 


6 Fer- 
dinand 
IV. 


19Fre- 
deric 
V. 


14 

Adol- 
phus 
Fre- 
deric. 


1 Sta- 
nislas 
Aujfus- 

tua 


3 Katha- 
rine II. 


14 

Willi- 
am V. 
stat- 
holder. 




SGeo.III. 
Oct, 2o. 


1765 

1 


1 

36 


1 Leo- 
pold. 




20 


15 


2 


■" 


15 


ILord 
Clive. 


6 

b. William 

IV. 
d. the duke 
of Cumber- 
land and 
prince Fre- 
deric Wil- 
liam. 


1766 


37 


2 


8 


1 
Chris- 
tian 
VII. 


16 


3 


5 


16 




7 

b. Princess 

Royal, 
w Princess 

Caroline 

Matilda. 


1767 ! 


38 


3 


9 


2 


17 


4 


6 


17 


3 


8 

b Prince 
Edward 
d Prince 
Edward 
Augustus, 
duke of 
York 


1768 


39 


4 — — 


10 


3 


18 


5 


7 


18 


4 


9 

b Princess 
Augusta 
Sophia. 


1769 


40 


5 


11 


4 


19 


6 


8 


19 


See Events, 


10 


1770 


41 


6 


12 


5 


20 




9 


20 




11 

b. Princess 
Elizabeth. 


1771 


42 


7 


13 


6 


1 Gus- 
tavus 
III. 


8 


10 


21 


\ 


12 

b Prince 
Ernest 

Augustus. 

w Duke or 
Cumber- 
land. 

























662 



FROM THE YEAB 



A.D. 



1764 



1766 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Wilkes expelled the House of Commons, Jan. 20. Debate on " general warrants," 
Feb. 15. The royal assent g-iveu to the Grenville Act for taxing the American 
colonies, Aprils. Battle of Buxar; the nabob of Oiide and the Mogul army 
defeated by colonel Munro, Oct, 22. Commodore Byron sails on his voj^age of 
discovery, June 21. A royal edict totally suppresses the Jesuits in France ; 
protest of the pope, in defence of the Order. Joseph, son of the emperor Francis, 
elected king of the Romans. Under the influence of Prussia and Russia, Stan- 
islas Augustus, count Pouiatowski, is chosen king of Poland by the Diet. Death 
of Madame de Pompadour, set. 42, of Robert Dodsley, set. 61, of count Algarotti, 
set. 52, of Sir John Barnard, set. 79, of Pulteney, earl of Bath, tet. 82, and of Wm. 
Hogarth, aet. 67. Birth of Charles, afterwards earl Grey, of Bernadotte, after- 
wards king of Sweden, of Wm. Conyngham, afterwards lord Pliinkett, and of 
Sidney, afterwards Sir Sidney Smith. Winckelraann publishes his History of 
Ancient Art, and marquis Beccaria his Treatise on Crimes and Punishments. 
First improvement of the steam-engine, by James Watt. 

Birth of the king's third son, William Henry, afterwards duke of Clarence and 
William IV., Aug. 21, The opposition of the American colonies to the Gren- 
ville Act, referred to by the king in his speech on the opening of parliament, 
Jan. 10. The royal assent given to the American Stamp Act, March 22 ; discu.s- 
sions on the Regency Bill, brought in on the first manifestation of the king's 
malady, April. Lord Clive commander-in-chief and governor of Bengal, May 3. 
The marquis of Rockingham's ministry commences, July 10 ; Edmund Burke, 
his private secretary, brought into parliament for Wendover. Chief-justice 
Pratt created lord Camden. Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, ceded to the E, I. Com- 
pany by the treaty of Allahabad, Aug. 12. Death of William Augustus, duke 
of Cumberland, Oct. 31, set. 44. The American Stamp Act comes into operation, 
Nov. 1; the West Indian islands submit to it, but the Northern Colonies resist, 
and stop all trade with their mother-country. Parliament meets, Dec. 17. Death 
of prince Frederic William, the king's youngest brother, 29, set. 15, and of James, 
the Pretender^ son of James II., at Rome, 30, set. 77. The sovereign rights of 
the duke of Athol in the Isle of Man purchased by parliament. Death of the 
emperor Francis, Aug. 18, set. 56. Maria Theresa continues to govern her 
hereditary States, and her son, Joseph II., succeeds as emperor ; Tuscany is given 
to her second son, Leopold. The innocence of Calas, and injustice of the sen- 
tence against him. publicly declared in France ; death of the dauphin, Dec. 20, 
set. 36; his son (afterwards Louis XVI.) takes the title. Death of Dr. Richard 
Pococke, bishop of Meath, set. 64, of David Mant, set. 67, and of Dr. Edward 
Young, set. 64. Birth of James, afterwards Sir James Mackintosh, and of 
Etienne Macdonald, afterwards French marshal and duke of Tarentum. Les- 
sing publishes his Laocoon, and Mably his Observations on French History. 
The old mulberry-tree before Shakspear's house at Stratford-on-Avon cut down. 

Marriage of the king's youngest sister, Caroline Matilda, to Christian VII., king 
of Denmark, Oct. 1. Birth of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, princess royal, after- 
wards queen of Wirtemberg, Sept. 29. Parliament meets, Jan. 14 ; repeals the 
American Stamp Act, March 8. Byron returns from his voyage. May 9. Pro- 
rogation of parliament, June 6. Pitt empowered by the king to form a new ad- 
ministration, July 12. Wallis and Carteret sail to explore the Southern Ocean, 
26. The new ministers enter upon office, and their chief takes tlie title of earl of 
Chatham, Aug. 2. The government of the country much disordered and weak- 
ened by the numerous changes in the last six years. The dividend on East 
India stock advanced to ten per cent., Sept. 26. Distress and riots caused by the 
high price of bread ; embargo on the exportation of corn, by order of council. 
Parliament meets, Nov. 11. Act of indemnity for the advisers of the em- 
bargo, Dec. 16. The winter unusually severe. Death of Frederic V., king of 
Denmark, Jan. 14 ; he is succeeded by his son. Christian VII. Death of Stan- 
islas Leczinsky, former king of Poland, Feb. 23, ret. 89; his duchy of Lorraine 
is annexed to the crown of France. Bougainville sent out by the French govern- 
ment on a voyage of discovery. Count Lally, late governor of the French pos- 
sessions in the East Indies, beheaded at Paris, May 8. Tumults in Spain, occa- 



1764 TO 1768 A.D. 663 




sioned by a royal edict for changing the national costume ; the minister Squi- 
laci dismissed, and Aranda appointed in his place ; death of tlie queen-dow- 
ager, Elizabeth, or Isabella, of Parma, rot. 74. The Diet of Poland, intiuenced by 
the papal nuncio and the French ambassador, refuses all concessions to the D!s- 
i*iV?e/<^5, or Protestants, on whose behalf Russia and Prussia interfere; the tirst 
step towards the partition of Poland. William V., declared of age, takes upon 
himself the government of Holland. Death of John Leland, set 75, of Quiu, the 
actor, ffit. 73, of Samuel Chandler, ret. 73, of the Austrian field-marshal, count 
Daun, net. 61, and of Wm. Caslon, tlie type-founder, set. 74. Birtli of Anne Louisa 
Germaine Necker, afterwards baroness De Stael, of T. R, Malthus, of Nicholas 
Vansittart, afterwards lord Bexley, and of Grouchy, afterwards French marslial. 
Birth of tlie king's fourth son, Edward Augustus, afterwards duke of Kent, Nov. 2. 
Death of the king's eldest brother. Edward Augustus, duke of York, at Monaco, 
Sept. 17, aet. 28. The reduction of the land-tax v ted by the Commons, in oppo- 
sition to the ministers, March 2. A dividend of 12^ percent, on P^ast India stock 
declared, May 6; rescinded by Act of parliament, June 24, The Commons re- 
solve to impose duties on various articles imported into British America, June 2. 
Parliament prorogued, July 2. Lord Chatham's popularity and health decline. 
Lord Clive returns from India, July 15; unsettled state ofUie Company's affairs 
in that country, after his departure ; alliance with the Mahrattas and tlie Nizam ; 
war Avith liyder Ali. Death of Charles Tovrnshend, chancellor of the exchequer, 
Sept. 2, jet. 42. Riots of the Spitallields weavers, Oct. 14 ; of the colliers at 
Stourbridge, Nov. 14 ; and in other parts of the country, distressed by the high 
prices of provisions. Parliament opened, Nov. 24. Lord North, chancellor of 
the exchequer, Dec. 1. Public prayers for the king and royal family in Roman 
Catholic chapels, for the first time since 1688, 20. Marriage of the s'tatholder to 
Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina, daughter of Augustus William, brother to the 
king of Prussia. The Jesuits in Spain and Naples forcibly removed to the 
Papal States. Increased confusion in Poland ; the Russian general Repnm, 
absolute in Warsaw, imprisons Zaluski, bishop of Kiof. with other leaders of the 
Catholic party, and compels the Diet to pass an Act of Toleration, Nov. 19. Kath- 
arine, in the name of her sou Paul, resigns Holsteln Gottorp and Schleswig to 
Denmark, Otaheite discovered (or revisited) by Wallis. Death of Dr. James 
Grainger, set. 44 Birth of Maria Edge worth, of Andrew Jackson, afterwards 
American president, of Augustus Wm. Von Schlegel, of Joseph Bonaparte, of 
Joachim Murat, afterwards king of Naples, and of Oudinot, afterwards marshal 
and duke of Reggio. About this time was born Saoud, grandson of Abdel Wahab, 
and chief propagator of the Wahaby sect. The House of Lords order the printing 
of their journals, parliamentary records, and of the Dome.sday Book. An in:- 
proved telegraph invented by Richard Lovell Edgeworth, The spinning engine 
invented by James Hargrave. 
Birth of the king's second daugliter, Augusta Sophia, Nov. 8. The duke of Grafton 
at the head of the ministry, Jan. 20 ; Lord Chatham retains the privy seal, but 
without iufinence; the dtiration of the Irish parliament limited to eight years, 
Feb, 2, Parliament prorogued, March 10 ; dissolved, 12. Six students expelled 
from Oxford, for Methodism. Wilkes elected for Middlesex, 28; committed U> 
the King's Heiich prison. The new parliament assembles, May 10; strangers 
excluded. Hiot in St. George's Fields of a mob collected to conduct Wilkes to 
the House of Commons. Parliament prorogued, 21. Wallis returns from his 
voyage, 26. The outlawry of Wilkes reversed by the Judges, June 8; he is 
fined and imprisoned again for repuhlishing his libels, 18. London disturbt'd b\ 
; continued riots and processions in his favour. Lieutenant Cook sails from 
1 Deal in the EmV'.nvoar, accompanied by Joseph Banks and Dr, Solander, Aug 6 
i The king of Denmark visits Eugland and dines with the lord mayor, Sept. 23 
1 Lord Chatham resigns office, Oct, 15, and the earl of Shelburne, 21. Resistance 
of the Americans to the taxes imposed on them ; tumults in lioston; (\q\\. Gage 
sent to coerce them. Parliament meets, Nov. 8. The Royal Academy founded , 
Sir Joshua Reynolds, first president, knighted, Dec. 18. Death of Maria Lec- 
zinsky, queon of France, June 24. Corsica ceded to France by Genoa. A great 
scarcity in France. Free tradejn corn ia permitted. The Jesuits expelled froro 



664 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1768 
conti- 
nued. 



1769 



1770 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Parma. Venice limits ecclesiastical orders. Papal Bulls against the late changes 
disregarded. Louis XV. takes possession of Avignon and the Venaissin, and 
the king of Naples, of Benevento. The Lulex Expurgatorius suppressed in Por- 
tugal. Convocation of an extraordinary Diet in Sweden. Confederation of Bai 
in Poland. War declared against Russia by the Turks. The baron De Tott em 
ployed to re-organize the Ottoman military. Deatli of Arthur (Jnslow, «t. 76, of 
Lawrence Sterne, aet. 55, of Dr. Nathaniel Lardner, set. 84, of archbishop Seeker, 
set. 75, of Thomas HoUis, duke of Newcastle, set. 75, and of the Rev. Joseph Spence, 
set. 76. Birth of Caroline Amelia Augusta, princess of Brunswick, afterwards 
queen of England, May 17, of Sydney Smith (the author), and of Charlotte Corday, 
Bruce commences his travels in Abyssinia. 

Wilkes expelled, Feb. 2 ; re-elected for Middlesex, 16 ; declared incapable of taking 
his seat, 17. Arrears of the civil list ; provided for, March 2. Wilkes again 
elected for Middlesex, 16; a new writ issued, 17. Hyder Ali defeats the Mali- 
rattas and penetrates to the gates of Madras ; treaty of peace with him, April 4. 
An Act of parliament regulates the affairs of India; Colonel Ford and Messrs. 
Vansittart and Scrafton, sent out as supervisors, are lost on their passage. 
Wilkes again returned, April 13 ; colonel Luttrel declared member for Middlesex, 
16; petition of the county rejected, May 8. Parliament prorogued, 9 ; the free- 
holders petition the king, 24 ; Westminster petitions for a dissolution of parlia- 
ment, Aug. 29. Shakspear jubilee at Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 6. Paoli takes re- 
fuge in England, and is presented to the king, 24. Riots in Spitaltields, Oct. 7. 
Wilkes obtains a verdict for £4000, against lord Halifax, Nov. 10. The Irish 
parliament, disputing the powers of the privy council, is suddenly prorogued by 
the viceroy, lord Townshend, Dec. 26. All the Bourbon princes demand from 
pope Clement XIII. the total suppression of the Jesuits ; he calls a consistory to 
meet, Feb. 3, but dies on the 2ud; his successor, Ganganelli, set. 64 (Clement 
XIV.), conciliates the offended powers, and appoints a commission to investigate 
their complaints. Bougainville returns from his voyage. The French East India 
Company dissolved. The Ccqys, or French party, prevail in the Swedish Diet, 
at Norkioping ; on the removal of the assembly to Stockholm, the Bats gain 
the ascendancy. The Russians defeat the Turks, take Choczim, Jassy, and Bu- 
charest, and besiege Bender. Eiren, set. 82, resigns Courland to his son Peter. 
Birth of Thomas Lawrence, of Arthur Wellesley, afterwards duke of Wellington; 
of Napoleon Bonaparte, of Soult, and Ney, afterwards marshals ; of Robert 
Stewart, afterwards lord Castlereagh and marquis of Londonderry; of John Mal- 
colm, of Thomas Fanshawe Middleton, afterwards bishop of Calcutta; of George 
Cuvier, of Chateaubriand, of John Quincey Adams, of Brunei the civil engineer, 
of Wm. Smith, the geologist, of Alexander Von Humboldt, of TMllien,of Mehemet 
Ali, and of Dupont de I'Eure. The first Letters of Junius published. Robertson 
receives £4,500 for his Charles V. Klopstock completes his " Messiah." Watt 
obtains the first patent for his steam-engine, and Richard Arkwright for his 
spinning-frame. Ducis translates " Hamlet," for the French stage. 

Birth of the king's third daughter. Elizabeth, afterwards Landgravine of Hesse 
Homburg, May 22. Parliament opened, Jan. 9 ; maiden speech of Charles James 
Fox in support of the address. Lord chancellor Camden votes against his col- 
leagues and delivers up the seals, 16. Sir John Cust resigns the speaker's chair, 
17 ; dies, 22 ; is succeeded by Sir Fletcher Noilon. The new chancellor, Charles 
Yorke (lord Morden), reproved by his brother, lord llardwicke, for taking othce, 
dies by his own hand, 20, set. 48. Lord Chatham declares himself favourable to 
a reform of parliament, 22. The duke of G)-afton resigns, 28. Commencement 
of lord North's ministry; Fox a junior lord of the Admiralty, and Charles Jen- 
kinson of the Treasury. The resistance of the Americans to the imposed taxes 
more violent; lord North repeals them, except the duty on tea, March 5; 
the ** Grenville Act" for deciding election-petitions introduced, 7. The cor- 
poration of London, the city of Westminster, and other places present remon- 
strances to the king against the proceedings in the case of Wilkes, 14 ; the 
I^ords and Commons, in a joint address, deprecate these remonstrances, 23. 
Wilkes discharged, April 17 ; his debts and expenses paid by the *' Society of the 



1768 TO 1771 A.D. 



665 




1771 



Bill of Rif?hts ;" elected an alderman of London, 24. Resolutions moved by 
Burke, condemning: the course pursued towards America, negatived by the Com- 
mons, May 8. Parliament prorogued, 18. Address of the London Corporation ; 
lord-mayor Beckford's reply to the king's answer, 23. Trial of Almon, for selling 
Junius's Letter, June 2; of II. S. Woodfall, for printing and publisliing the same, 
13; Miller and Baldwin tried and acquitted for the same, July 13. Destructive 
fire in Portsmouth dockyard, 27. Dispute with Spain respecting the Falkland 
Islands ; preparations for war, Oct. 27. Parliament meets, Nov. 13. The verdict 
against Woodfall declared not legal, 20. Discussion between chief-justice Mans- 
field and lord Camden, 28. Marriage of the Dauphin of France to Marie Antoi- 
nette, daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria, May 16'; dreadful accident during 
the display of fire-works in celebration of tlie event, 31 . Mission of general Du- 
mourier to Poland. Trial of the duke d'Aiguillon by the parliament of Paris ; 
disputes between Louis XV. and all the parliaments of the kingdom ; his mis- 
tress, Du Barry, prevails on him to banish the duke De Choiseul. Struensee, 
favoured by queen Matilda, supplants Bernstorf as minister in Denmark. The 
Russians take Bender. Their fleet, assisted by the English admiral, Elphin- 
stone, and captain Greig, anives in the Mediterranean and destroys the Turkish 
navy at Tcliesme. Suvaroff commands the Russian army in Poland, and 
defeats the confederates. Death of William Beckford, lord-mayor of London, set. 
65, of Mark Akenside, £et. 49, of Thomas Chatterton, ?et. 18, of Dr. John Jortin, 
set. 72, of George Grenville, fet. 58, of Alexander Cruden, ?et. 69, of John Jonas 
Bracker, aet. 79, of Wm. Guthrie, set. 62, of George AYhitfield set. 76, of the 
marquis of Granby, and of the duke of Argyle. Birth of George Canning, of 
William Huskisson, of William Wordsworth, of Robert Jenkinson, afterwards 
lord Hawkesbury and earl of Liverpool, of Sir Francis Burdett, and of Thor- 
waldsen the sculptor. Lord Grosvenor recovers £10,000 damages from the 
duke of Cumberland, in a suit for criminal conversation. The right of literary 
property determined by the decision of the Court of Chancery against Taylor, 
for having pirated Thomson's '* Seasons." Lieut. Cook anchors in Botany Bay, 
April 28. Bruce penetrates to the sources of the Nile. 
Birth of the king's fifth soti, Emest Augustus, afterwards duke of Cumberland and 
king of Hanover, June 5. The king's brother, Henry Frederic, duke of Cum- 
berland, marries Mrs. Anne Horton, daugliter of lord Irnham, Oct. 4. Henry 
Bathurst made baron Apsley and lord chancellor. Thurlow, attorney-general, 
and Alexander Wedderburne, solicitor-general, Jan. 23. Attempt of the Com- 
mons to prevent the publication of their debates in the newspapers, Feb. 8. A 
royal proclamation for tlie apprehension of the printers, March 8; they are re- 
leased by the London magistrates, 15. Lord-mayor Crosby and alderman Oliver 
committed to the Tower. 26; liberated. May 8. The printing of the debates 
ever since continued Avithout interruption. Wilkes one of the sheriff's of Lon- 
don, July 1. Lieut. Cook returns, 13 ; is promoted to the rank of captain. The 
plants brought by Mr. Banks from the South Sea Islands are conveyed to Kew 
gardens, Aug. 1. "'The Falldand Isles restored by the Spaniards, Dec. 14. Ilyder 
Ali extends his conquests over the native chiefs in Calicut. A famine desolates 
Bengal. Arbitrary measures of Louis XV. ; he banishes the pai'liament of Paris, 
and substitutes a new body in its place ; other parliaments suppressed. Italy 
tranquil and flourishing, through the liberal use of power by Ganganelli (Cle- 
ment XIV.). Death of Adolphus Frederic, king of Sweden, Feb. 12, set. 61 ; ac- 
cession of his son, Gustavus III. Anarchy and distress increase in Poland. 
The confederates are supplied with m<mey by France ; they fail in an attempt 
to seize the person of the king. Austrian and Prussian armies enter the country. 
Dumourier returns to France. The Russians take Asof, force the Isthmus of Pere- 
cop, and conquer the Crimea. Death of the poet Gray, £et. 55, of Helvetius, a;t. 
56, of Tobias Smollett, set. 51, of John, duke of Bedford. P-t. 61. Birth of Walter 
Scott, of James Montgomery, of John Lingard, of the archduke Charles of Aus- 
tria, of prince Schvv^artzenberg and lord Ponsonby. First publication of the 
Encyclopaedia Britanrdca, projected and edited by William Smcllie. A rk\\ right's 
second patent for his improvement in cotton-spinning. 



4 l> 



666 



FEOM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



1772 



Hegi- 



1187 



1773 



1188 



1774 



1189 



1775 



1190 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



16 Mus- 
tafa III. 



1 Abdul 
Ahmed. 



Popes. 



Spain. Fbance. 



4 Cle- 
ment 
XIV. 
May 19. 



'.Sept.22. 



1 Pius VI. 17- 
Feb. 15. 



1776 



1191 



1777 



1192 



14 
Chas, 
III. 



58 Louis 
XV. 



Portu- 
gal. 



59 



1 Louis 
XVI. 



25 ■ 



18- 



23 Jos, 
Eman- 
uel. 



33rred- 36 
eric II. Chas. 



the 
Great 



34- 



26 ■ 



Prus- 
sia. 



WlR- 

TEM- 
BERG. 



Saxo- 
ny. 



Eu- 
gene. 



37- 



35- 



37- 



4 



lOFred. 
Augus- 
tus 1X1, 



38- 



39- 



Bava- 

RIA. 



28 Max- 
imil- 
ian Jo- 
sephl, 



29- 



Ger- 

MANY 



8 Jo- 
seph II, 



30- 



40- 



1 Maria 38- 
Frances- 

ca and 
Pedro 111. 



32- 



-112- 



33- 



13 — 



i 



1772 TO 1777 A.D. 



667 



Repe- 
tition 


Sar- 


Tusca- 


Na- 


Den- 


SWE- 


Po- 


Russia. 


Hor^ 


India. 
BritishGo- 


Great 


Dates. 


dinia. 


ny. 


ples. 


mark. DEN. 


land 




land 


VERNORS. 


Britain. 


1772 


43 Chas 
Eman- 
uel. 


8 Leo- 
pold. 


14Fer- 
dinand 
IV. 


7 Chris 
tian 
VII. 


2 Gus- 
tavus 
III. 


9Sta 
nislas 

AURUS 

tus. 


11 Ka- 
tharine 
II. 


22 Wil- 
liam V 
1 stat^ 
holder. 


1 Warren 
Hastings 


13 Geo.III. 
Oct. 25. 

rf Princess 
of Wales. 

m. Duke of 
Glouces- 
ter. 


1773 


1 Victoi 
i Amade- 
i us III. 


9 


15 


8 


3 


10 


12 


23 


2 


14 

b. Prince 

Augustus 
Frederic. 


1774 


2 


10 


16 


9 — 


4 


11 


13 


24 


3 


15 

b. Prince 
Adolphus 
Frederic 


1775 


3- 


11 


17 


10 


5 


12 


14 


25 


4 


16 

rf. Matilda, 
queen of 
Denmark. 


'1776 


4 


12 


18 


11 


6 


13 


15 


26 


5 


17 

b Princess 
Mary. 

b. Prince 
William 

Frederic of 
Glouces- 
ter. 


1777 


5 


13 


19 


12 

1 
1 


7 


11 


16 


27 


6 


18 

!►. Princess 
Sophia, 



























668 



mOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1772 



1773 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Death of AiigiiwSta of Saxe-Gotha, widoAV of the late Frederic, prince of Wales, and 
motlier of George III., Feh. 8, set 53. Marriage of the duke of Gloucester to lady 
Waldegrave publicly declared, Sept. 17. Opening of parliament, Jan. 21. Silver 
cups presented by the Common Council of London to aldermen Crosby, Wilkes, 
and Oliver, 22. A petition from some of the clergy and other professional men 
for relief from subscribing the Thirty-nine Articles, rejected by the Commons, 
Feb. 6. The king's message to parliament, 20 ; produces the Royal Marriage Act, 
12 George III. c. 11. Second voyage of capt. Cook, with the "Resolution" and 
"Adventure," April 9. Increasing disorders in the administration of Indian affairs ; 
Parliamentary investigation commences. Wai'ren Hastings appointed Governor 
of Bengal, 13. A Bill for the Relief of Dissenters introduced. May 8 ; passed by 
the Commons, rejected by the Lords. Parliament prorogued, June 9. Beck- 
ford's statue placed in Guildhall, 11. Commercial panic in London, caused by 
the bank of Neal, Fordj^ce and Co. stopping payment, 16, Judgment of lord Mans- 
field in favour of the negro Somerset, 22. Granville Sharpe commences his efforts 
for the abolition of the slave trade. Bachelors of Arts relieved from signing the 
Thirty-nine Articles at Cambridge, 23. Commotions in North America ; exten- 
sive smuggling; the populace of Rhode Island burn a revenue cutter attempting 
to interfere. Five supervisors appointed by the directors to investigate the 
state of the Company's affairs in India; are ordered not to proceed there, Dec. 1. 
Arrest of Struensee and Brandt in Denmark. Charges made against the queen ; 
her brother, George III., sends a fleet to protect her, by which she is conveyed 
to Germany, and retires to Zell. Struensee and Brandt beheaded. Count 
Bernstorf recalled ; dies of an apoplectic fit, set. 60 ; his nephew, count Andrew 
Peter Bernstorff, is appointed minister in his place. Revolution in Sweden; 
Gustavus obtains absolute power. First partition of Poland by Russia, Austria, 
and Prussia ; dispersion of the confederates ; confiscation of their estates. Ne- 
gotiations between the Russians and Turks at Fokshani ; transferred to Bucha- 
rest. Gregory Orlof, supplanted in the favour of the empress, returns suddenly 
to Petersburg and regains his influence. Death of Ernest John Biren, former 
duke of Courland, set. 85, of James Brindley, projector of the duke of Bridge- 
water's and other canals, set. 56, of Wm. Borlase, the antiquary, set. 77, and of 
Emanuel Swedenborg, in London, set. 83. Birth of Louis Antoine Henri, duke 
d'Enghien, of Richard, afterwards general lord Hill, of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 
of David Ricardo, of John Singleton Copley, afterwards lord Lyndhurst, of Fre- 
deric Von Schlegel, of J. M. W. Turner, and of Suchet, afterwards general in 
the French anny. Sir John Pringle succeeds James West, in the chair of Pre- 
sident of the Royal Society. Junction of the Birmingham, Staffordshire, and 
Worcestershire canals, Sept. 7. Dr. Priestley communicates to the Royal So- 
ciety his Observations on different kinds of air. 
Birth of the king's sixth son, Augustus Frederic, afterwards duke of Sussex, Jan. 
27. Meeting of parliament, 19 , a motion to shorten the duration of parliaments 
negatived, 26. The lord mayor discontinues the official commemoration of the 
death of Charles I., 30. The university of Oxford rejects the modification of 
the Thirty-nine Articles adopted by Cambridge, Feb. 4. A motion to the same 
effect lost in the House of Commons, 23. War with the Caribs of St. Vincent's 
closed by acts of great cruelty. Charges brought against lord Clive in the 
House of Commons, May 7. Act for regulating the government of India. The 
governor of Bengal made governor-general of all the settlements ; this extensive 
power vested in Warren Hastings, June 16. Visit of the king to Portsmouth, 
22 ; voyage of capt. Phipps in search of a North-west passage, 2. Parliament 
prorogued, July 1. Return of capt. Phipps, Sept. 20. Cargoes of tea destroyed 
by the people of Boston in America, Dec. 18. The Society of Jesuits totally 
abolished by a papal Bull, July 21. Death of Charles Emanuel III., king of 
Sardinia, Jan. 20, set. 72 ; he is succeeded by his son, Victor Amadeus III. 
Denmark obtains Holstein in exchange for Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. Ne- 
gotiations at Bucharest broken off. The Russians advance over the Danube^ 
fail in an attack on Varna, and recross the river. Rebellion of Pugateher, 
who personates Peter III,, and finds many supporters. Death of Philip Dormer 



TO 1774 A.D. 



669 



A.D. 



1774 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Stanhope, earl of Chesterfield, set. 79, of Dr. Hawkesworth, eet. 58, of Andrew 
Price of Exeter, ast. 83, and of George, lord Lyttleton, eet. 64. Birth of Louis 
Philippe, duke of Orleans, afterwards king of the French, Oct. 6 ; of Wm. 
Henry Harrison, afterwards president U.S , of prince Metternich, of Frederic 
Cuvier, of Sismonde de Sismondi, of Anielia Alderson, afterwards Mrs. Opie, 
of Francis Jeffrey, of Henry, lord Holland, of lord Cloncnrry, and of Henry 
Hunt. Bruce returns from Abyssinia. Dr. Priestley receives the Copley medal 
from the Royal Society. The Runcorn locks on the duke of I'ridgewater's canal 
opened, June 10. A slight eruption of Moelfammo, a volcanic mountain near 
Holywell in Flintshire, Feb. 4, Guatemala destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 
15; it is deserted by its surviving inhabitants, who build a new city of the 
same name at the distance of eight leagues. The empress Katharine orders the 
universal practice of inoculation for the small- pox at Petersburg. 
Birth of prince Adolphus Frederic, seventh son of George III., and afterwards 
duke of Cambridge, Feb. 24. Parliament opened, Jan. 13; the petition of the 
Massachusetts assembly presented by Dr. Franklin, dismissed by tlie privy- 
council ; he is removed from his office of deputy post-master-general for the 
colonies, 29. The Rev. John Home (Home Tooke) summoned before the Com- 
mons for his Letter to the Speaker, Feb. 11 ; the House of Lords, on an appeal, 
decides that the common law of Copyright was abrogated by tlie statute of 
1709 (8 Anne c. 19), 22. Charles James Fox dismissed from his office, 28. The 
thanks of the Commons given to John Howard, high sheriff of Bedfordshire, for 
his attention to the general state of prisons, March 4; Act passed for their im- 
provement (14 Geo. III. c. 59) ; Bill for closing the port of Boston, brought into 
the House of Commons, March 14 ; this and two other coercion Acts are passed, and 
general Gage sent as governor of 3Iassachusetts, witli four regiments to reinforce 
the army in America. Elijah Impey appointed cliief-justice of the new court of 
judicature in Bengal, March 22. A motion for taking into consideration the tea- 
duty calls forth Burke's celebrated speech on American taxation, April 19. 
General Gage dissolves the Massachusetts assembly, May 17. The London 
booksellers petition for an amendment of the Copyright Act ; a Bill passes the 
Commons, but is thrown out by the Lords, June 2. An Act for the government 
of Canada gives force to the French laws there and religious liberty to the 
Catholic population. Parliament prorogued, 22, Captain Furneaux, of the " Ad- 
venture," the companion of captain Cook, returns to England, July 14. The 
Falkland islands abandoned by the English, Sept. 1. The first congress of tlie 
American States meets at Philadelphia, and issues its Declaration of Plights, 5; 
George Washington delegate from Virginia. Parliament dissolved, 30. Wilkes 
elected lord mayor, Oct. 8. Lord Clive, mortified by the charges brought against 
him last year, terminates his own life, Nov. 22, get. 49. A violent stomi 
causes great damage on the eastern coast, 25. The new parliament opened, 29. 
Wilkes allowed to take his seat for Middlesex. Death of Ganganelli, pope 
Clement XIV., supposed to have been poisoned by tlie ex-Jesuits, Sept. 22, ait. 
69; a splendid copy of the works of Piranesi had been presented by him to 
George III. The papal chair remains vacant for five months. Death of Louis 
XV,, May 10, set. 64, caused by the smail-pox ; his grandson, Louis XVI., com- 
mences his reign by popular measures ; his new minister of finance, Turgot. in- 
troduces many beneficial reforms ; his measures fail, from the exhausted state 
of the treasury, the Impoverished condition of the people, the opposition of the 
queen, and the Intrigues of the duke de Choiseul. Pombal provides for Portugal 
a better system both of colonial and internal government. Death of the sultan 
Mustafa III., a?t. 59 ; his brother, Abdul Ahmed, perseveres in the war, contrary 
to the advice of his ministers and generals. The Russians cross the Danube in 
June, take Silistrla, and surround the grand vizir in his camp at Shumla. Treaty 
of peace signed at Kutchuk Kainardji, July 21. Katharine and her general 
Rom an tzof profess magnanimity, and restore many conquests ; but Russia gains 
immense advantages. Pugatchef's rebellion suppressed. Death of Oliver Gold- 
smith, set. 43, of Henry, first lord Holland, father of Charles James Fox, 8Rt. 69, 
of Condamine, the French traveller, aet. 73, of Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, mur- 



670 



PROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1774 

con- 
tinued. 



1775 



1776 



Events and Eminent Men. 



dered in Tartaiy, set. 31, of Paul Whitehead, set. 64. Birth of Robert Southey, 
and of Wm. Mitford. Goethe, by his " Sorrows of Werther," obtains the pa- 
tronage of the duke of Saxe Weimar. Lavoisier publishes his first experiments 
and discoveries. Theophilus Lindsey, having resigned the valuable living of Cat- 
terick, forms the Unitarian congregation of Essex Street chapel, London. The 
tomb of Edward I., in Westminster Abbey, opened by the Antiquarian Society. 
Macklin the actor fails in an attempt to prosecute some who had hissed him off 
the stage. Watt, in partnership with Boulton, founds his establishment at Soho, 
and makes farther improvement in his Steam-Engine. 

Death of Caroline Matilda, the king's sister and queen of Denmark, at Zell, May 
10, set. 24. Buckingham house purchased for the queen, Jan. 17. Lord Chatham 
urges unsuccessfully conciliatory measures towards the Americans, 20. A pe- 
tition from the London merchants presented to the Commons, 23. A powerful 
fleet fitted out, 25. Lord Chatham renews his proposition without effect, Feb. 1. 
Warm debates in the Commons, 9. Burke's resolutions negatived, March 22. 
Act to exclude the colonists from fishing in Newfoundland, 30. Wilkes, as lord- 
mayor, presents the city of London address to the king, for the removal of his 
ministers and a change of policy towards America, April 10. Lord Effingham 
resigns his commission, refusing to act in a military capacity against the colo- 
nists, 12; first hostilities at Lexington; general Gage, with a great loss of men, 
destroys the magazines collected there, 19. Second American congress assem- 
bles ; orders an army to be raised, and issues a paper currency, May 10; the 
forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point surprised by the Americans, 17. Parlia- 
ment prorogued, 26. Act of Congress for the perpetual Union of the States, 29 ; 
George Washington appointed general-in-chief of their forces, June 16 ; battle 
of Bunker's Hill, near Boston ; the Americans repulsed, and the sul3urb of 
Charles-Town burnt by general Gage, 17; appeal of the American congress to 
the people of England, July 7. Captain Cook in the " Endeavour " arrives at Ports- 
mouth, 31. Outrages of the White Boys in Ireland, Aug. Manchester, Lancaster, 
Liverpool, and Leicester address the king in support of his measures, Sept. 13. 
The merchants of London and Bristol petition for the termination of the contest, 
Oct. 11 ; Counter-petition from London, 14. Meeting of parliament, 26 ; the duke 
of Grafton, lord privy-seal, declares his dissent from the coercive policy of his 
colleagues ; resigns his office, Nov. 9; lord George Sackville made secretary of 
State, 10. The American general Montgomery sui-prises Montreal, 12; general 
Gage returns, and arrives in London, 13. Burke's conciliatory measures again re- 
jected by the Commons, 16 ; lord North brings in a bill prohibiting all trade what- 
ever with the revolted colonies, 20 ; Montgomery killed in an unsuccessful attack 
on Quebec, Dec. 31. Benares ceded to the English, by the nabob of Oude. Cardinal 
John Angelo Braschi elected pope Pius VI. The emperor Joseph II. is resisted 
by the nobles of Moravia and Bohemia, in his attempt to relieve the peasantry 
from the burdens of road-labour. The king of Denmark stops all intercourse 
between his subjects and the American provinces. Potemkin, Katharine's new 
favourite, violates the treaty with the Turks. Death of Allen, lord Bathurst, 
set. 91, and of John Baskerville of Birmingham, set. 69. Birth of Dan. O'Con- 
nell, T. F. Dibdin, Charles Lamb, J, J. Audubon, C. Malte-Bnm, and Harriet 
Mellon, afterwards Mrs. Coutts and duchess of St. Alban's. Stereotype-printing 
first attempted at Philadelphia, by Dr. Franklin's nephew, Benjamin Mecon. 
Pestalozzi introduces the Fellenberg system of education. The tunnel of Nor- 
wood, nearly two miles long, on the Chesterfield canal, opened, May 8. Sher- 
idan's " Rivals " performed for the first time, Jan. 17 . Drury Lane Theatre, re- 
built under the direction of Garrick, re-opened, Sept, 22. Lavater's first " Frag- 
ments in Physiognomy " published. D'Anville appointed geographer to the king 
of France. Invention of the mule for spinning cotton, by Samuel Crompton. 

Birth of the king's fourth daughter, Mary, April 25 ; and of prince Wm. Frederic, 
Jan. 15, son of the duke of Gloucester, and her future consort. Hessian troops 
hired to serve in America, Feb. 16. Viscount Pitt, earl Chatham's son, resigns 
his commission, to avoid fighting in an unjust cause, 20. Wilkes loses his elec- 
tion for chamberlain of London. General Carleton obliges the Americans to 



1774 TO 1777 A.D. 



671 



A.D. 



1777 



Events and Eminent Men, 



withdraw from Canada, March 6. Washington obliges general Howe to evacuate 
Boston, 17. Motion of Wilkes for a reform in parliament negatived, 20. Trial 
of the duchess of Kingston for bigamy, April 15. The English fleet repulsed at 
Charleston in Carolina, June 28. Declaration of Independence by Congress, July 
4; population of these colonies 2,614,300 ; landing of the Briti.sh troops on Staten 
Island, 9. Riots of weavers at Shepton Mallet, to destroy machinery, 10. Captain 
Cook sails on his third voyage. General Howe drives the Americans from Long 
Island, Aug. 27 ; takes New York, Sept. 1,5; American squadron defeated on lake 
Charaplain, Oct. 11 ; victory of general Howe on Wliite Plains, 29. Opening of 
parliament, 31 ; the king's troops take Rhode Island, Dec. 8 ; Washington cap- 
tures a body of Hessians in New Jersey, 25. The transactions of this year in 
the East Indies furnish tlie charges subsequently brought against Warren 
Hastings. Col, Upton concludes the treaty of Poorunda with the Mahrattas. 
Lord Pigot, governor of Madras, imprisoned by the members of his council. 
Many peers created or promoted ; Sir Edward Hawkemade lord Hawke, and Sir 
Jeifrey Am'Sierst, lord Amherst. Franklin ambassador from America to France ; 
a fleet equipped at Brest ; Malesherbes retires from office ; Turgot is dis- 
missed ; Nocker appointed comptroller-general of finance. The emperor Jo- 
seph establishes religious liberty in his dominions. Portugal breaks off all in- 
tercourse with the States of America. Potemkin ceases to be the personal 
favourite of the empress Katharine ; recommends Zavadofsky as his succes- 
sor, and retains all his political power. The anti-monastic spirit spreads in 
Italy ; many monasteries are suppressed by the king of Naples. Martini com- 
pletes his Italian version of the Scriptures, sanctioned by, and dedicated to, Pius 
VI. The Society of lUuminati founded at Ingolstadt by Weishaupt. Death of 
David Hume, set. 65, of James Ferguson, set 66, and of John Harrison, inventor 
of the time-piece. Birth of B. G. Niebuhr, of Sir H. Parnell, afterwards lord 
Congleton, and of Geo. Birkbeck. Edward Jenner first notices the anti-vario- 
lous influence of the cow-pox. Bougainville returns from his voyage. Gibbon 
publishes the first vol. in 4to. of his " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," and 
Adam Smith his " Wealth of Nations." Garrick retires from the stage, June 10 ; 
and disposes of his interest in Drury Lane Theatre to R. B. Sheridan and others. 
Henry Dundas appointed lord-advocate of Scotland, March 4. Dr. Beilby Por- 
teous made bishop of Chester, Freemasons' Hall opened, May 20. The Ob- 
servatory on Calton Hill, Edinburgh, founded, July 22. 

Birth of the king's fifth daughter, Sophia, Nov. 3. The arrears of the civil list 
paid by a vote of the Commons, April 9. Lord Pigot dies in confinement at Ma- 
dras, 17. Sir Fletcher Norton's address to the king on the subject of the civil 
list grant. May 7. Lord Chatham, brought down to the House of Lords, wrapped 
in flannel, makes another ineftectual motion to stop hostilities in America, 30. 
Parliament prorogued, Jime 6. The Rev, John Home (Tooke) convicted of a 
libel and imprisoned, July 4. Defeat of the Hessians by general Starke, at 
Benington, 16 ; of Washington, by general Howe, at Brandywine, Sept. 11 ; lord 
Cornwallis takes Philadelphia; the Congress removes to Lancaster, 26; victory 
of general Burgoyne at German ToAvn, Oct, 3 ; he is surrounded by the Ameri- 
cans under general Gates at Saratoga, and compelled to surrender with his army, 
17, Parliament meets, Nov. 20. Habeas Corpus Act suspended, Dec. 11, The 
Frencli government secretly supports the Americans ; the marquis La Fayette 
and many officers proceed to join them, April 4. Death of Joseph Emanuel, 
king of Portugal, Feb, 24, set, 63 ; his daughter, Maria Francesca, shares her 
regal power with Pedro, her uncle and husband ; they dismiss Pombal, revoke 

; his reforms, and restore the influence of the priesthood. The emperor Joseph 
visits Paris, and the king of Sweden Petersburg, Division of the Crim Tartars 

; into two parties, the Russian and the Turkish ; each has its own khan. Death of 

i Albert von Haller, set. 79, of Wm. Bowyer, set. 78, and of Samuel Foote, the actor, 
set. 56. Birth of Thomas Campbell, of Joseph Hume, of Lucien Bonaparte, 
of Henry Clay, of Nicholas C. Tindall, and the present Sir Colin Campbell. 
Execution of Dr, Dodd for forgery, June 27. In a cause tried before lord Mans- 
field, the chevalier d'Eon is alleged to be a female, July 1. 



672 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. Hegi- 



1778 1193 



1779 



1194 



Otto- 
MAN Em- 
pire. 

5 Abdul 
Ahmed. 



Popes. Spain 



4 Pius 

VI. 
Feb. 15 



•20Cha8. 
III. 



1780 1195 



6 22 



1781 I 1196 i 



-23- 



France. 



5 Louis 
XVI. 



Portu- 
gal. 



Prus- 
sia, 



2 Maria 39Fre- 
Frauces- deric 
ca and II. the 
Pedro III. Great. 



40- 



WlR- 
TEM- 
BERG. 

I2Chas. 
Eu- 
gene. 



43- 



5 



1782 1197 



-24- 



43- 



1783 ' 1198 



-,25 10 • 



Saxo- 
ny. 



16 Fre- 
deric 

Au;;us- 
tusllL 



45 



46- 



IClias, 
Theo- 
dore. 



Bava 

RIA. 



Ger- 
many 



14 Jo- 
sepli 
II. 



3 16- 



4 117- 



-18- 



6 19- 



1778 TO 1783 A.D. 



673 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



Sab- 

DINIA. 



eVictor 
I Ama- 
I deus 

HI. 



1781 I 9- 



1782 !10- 



1783 j 11 - 



Tus- 
can r. 



14 Leo- 
pold. 



Na- 
ples. 



20Fer- 
dinand 
IV. 



24- 



Dek- 

MABK. 



SWE-| PO- 
DEX. I LAND, 



tian 
YII. 



8Gus-15Sta-17 Ka- 



RussiA. 



Hol- 

LAND. 



^^_ ,, _„^ 28 Wil- 

Chris-I tavus inislas ! tharinei^"7' 
HI. iAu«u.., II. ^^^^ 



India, j 
BbitishGo-I Gbeat 

VEBNOBS. j BbITaIN. 

7 Warreu isGeo.IlI. 



Hastings 



tU8. 



16 11 18 20 . 



17 12 19= 21 32 111 



29- 



30 



-20 22 • 



33 12 



Oct 2.5. 



20 

b. Prince 
Octavius. 



21 

b- Prince 
Ailred. 



22 - 



23 

d. Prince 
Aifreu. 



24 

b. Princess 
Ametia- 

d. Prince 
Octavius 



4 Q 



674 



FROM THE TEAS 




1778 



1779 



Nootka Sound discovered by captain Cook, Jan. 15. Manchester, Liverpool, Edin- 
burgh, Glasgow, and other cities raise regiments by private subscriptions ; the 
Common council of London refuses to do the same, 16 ; lord Abingdon moves that 
this mode of raising troops is unconstitutional and illegal ; the Lords reject his 
motion, Feb. 5. The king of France recognizes the independence of the Ame- 
rican States, and enters into alliance with them, 6. The earl of Carlisle and 
others appointed commissioners to treat for a reconciliation with the colonies, 
March 9. The French ambassador leaves London, 10, and lord Stormont returns 
from Paris ; embargo on French ships, and the militia embodied, 27. The duke 
of Richmond recommends the recognition of the independence of the colo- 
nies ; lord Chatham opposes this in his last speech ; falls down in a fit, and is 
carried out of the House, April 7. Paul Jones with an American privateer in- 
fests the coasts of Cumberland and Scotland; attacks Whitehaven ; general 
Howe resigns his command in America, and is succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton, 
14. The king visits Chatham, and reviews the First regiment of Royals, 25. The 
treaty with France is received in America, May 2. Lord Mansfield decides that 
the Postmaster-General is not answerable for the loss of money enclosed in 
letters, 8. Death of the earl of Chatham, 11, set. 70. The royal assent given to 
the Act, 18 Geo. III. c. 60, introduced by Sir George Saville for mitigating the 
laws against Roman Catholics, 28. Thurlow lord chancellor, June 1. Parlia- 
ment prorogued, after having passed some Acts introduced by Burke, for the 
relief of Irish trade, 3. Public funeral of the earl of Chatham, 9. Alexander Wed- 
derburne Attorney-general, 18. Refusal of the American congress to treat with 
the English commissioners, 17 ; the king's troops evacuate Philadelphia, 18 ; are 
conveyed by lord Howe's fleet to New York, 30 ; arrival of the French admiral 
D'Estaing in the Delaware, July 11 ; indecisive naval engagement off Ushant, be- 
tween Keppel and D'Orvilliers, 27 ; partisan warfare, in which the American loyal- 
ists destroy Wyoming, and the Virginians lay waste the Canadian settlements 
on the Mississippi ; surrender of Pondicherry to the British, Oct. 11. La Fayette 
challenges the earl of Carlisle, who declines to be answerable, as a private indi- 
vidual, for expressions used by the Commissioners collectively in a public docu- 
ment ; the Commissioners leave America, Oct. ; the Sandwich Islands discovered 
by capt. Cookj Nov. 26. Parliament meets, 26. General Burgoyne demands a 
court-martial and parliamentary inquiry into his conduct ; both are refused ; he 
is deprived of his military commands. Charles Jenkiuson secretary at war, 
Dec. 10. On the death of Maximilian Joseph, Bavaria descends by inheritance 
to the elector Palatine, Charles Theodore ; Austria claims some portions of Ba- 
varia ; the emperor Joseph takes forcible possession of them ; the king of Prussia 
advances with a large army to oppose him, but retires into Silesia. Spain and 
Holland negotiate secretly with the American States. The Dutch ambassador in 
London complains of seizures made by English cruizers. Russia marches an 
army into the Crimea ; Turkey threatens war ; peace preserved through the me- 
diation of France and Prussia. Death of LinusRus, pet. 71, of Dr. Arne, set. 68, of 
Voltaire, May 30, set. 85, of Rousseau, July 2, aet. 66, and'of Piranesi, set. 67. Birth 
of Henry Brougham. The Theatre at Saragossa burnt down; 600 lives lost, Dec. 
17. Sir Joseph Banks, knight of the Bath, a baronet, and president of the 
Royal Society. 

Birth of prince Octavius, the king's eighth son, Feb. 23. The New Year's 
Storm, followed by a long and severe frost, Jan. 1. The chapel of Greenwich 
Hospital burat, 2. The principal cities in Scotland pass resolutions against the 
concessions made to Roman Catholics, 8. No-popery riots at Edinburgh and 
Glasgow, Feb. 2. Admiral Keppel, accused of misconduct in the battle off Ushant, 
is acquitted by a court-martial, 11. Capt. Cook killed by the natives of Owyhee, 
14. Sir Hugh Palliser, the accuser of admiral Keppel, resigns all his employ- 
ments, 17. Act 19 Geo. III. c. 44, passed for the relief of Protestant Dissenters. 
Petition of the university of Oxford against it, March 30. French attack on the 
island of Jersey repulsed. May 1 ; the British troops occupy Stoney Point and 
Verplank ; Washington retreats, 30 ; hostile manifesto of Spain, June 16 ; the 
island of St. Vincent taken by the French, 17. Parliament prorogued, July 3. 



1778 TO 1780 A.D. 



675 



A.D. 



1780 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Naval action in the West Indies between Byron and D'Estaing, 6; Stoney 
Pcint recovered by the American general Wayne, 15. The Victualling 
office, Plymouth, burnt, 22. The admission of foreigners to the dockyards pro- 
hibited, 30. Senegal and Goree taken from the French, Aug. 8 ; the combined 
French and Spanish fleets masters of the Channel ; invasion of England threat- 
ened ; siege of Gibraltar commenced. Riots in Manchester, to destroy the ma- 
chinery used in spinning cotton, Oct. 9 ; the Irish volunteers support the parlia- 
ment to obtain freedom of trade, 12. The Spanish port of Omoa, in the bay of 
Honduras, plundered by the English, 16. The Americans and French repulsed 
at Savannah. The Dutch allow Paul Jones to take his prizes into tlieir harbours, 
29. Resolutions of the Lancashire magistrates on the benefit derived from the 
use of macliinery, Nov. 11. Great agitation in Dublin, 15. Wilkes elected 
chamberlain of London, 22. Meeting of parliament, 25 ; lord North introduces 
his measures of concession to Ireland, Dec. 13. The members of the Madras 
council, who imprisoned lord Pigot, brought to trial and convicted of a misde- 
meanour, 20. Great county meeting at York, to petition for economy in the 
national expenditure, 30. Through the mediation of France and Russia, the im- 
pending war in Germany is averted by the peace of Teschen, May 13. The 
marquis de Pombal tried at Lisbon and imprisoned for life. Death of Thomas, 
lord Lyttleton, set. 36, of Richard Grenville, earl Temple, the friend of Wilkes ; 
of David Garrick, eet. 62, of Warburton, bishop of Gloucester, set 81, and of Dr. 
Armstrong. Prince Wm. Henry (duke of Clarence), set. 14, a post-captain in the 
royal navy. Sir Robert Walpole's Houghton collection of pictures sold to the 
empress of Russia. Birth of Humphrey Davy, of Jacob Berzelius, of Thomas, 
afterwards lord Denman, of Wm. Lamb, afterwards lord Melbourne, and of the 
present lord Gough. Publication of Johnson's "Lives of the Poets," and 
Lessing's "Nathan the Wise." Mesmer introduces "Animal Magnetism.'* 
Eruption of Vesuvius, Aug. 10. Execution of the Rev. Hen. Hackman, for thfe 
assassination of Miss Reay, April 18. 
Birth of the king's ninth son, Alfred, Sept 22. Lord North refuses to present the 
petition of the " Protestant Association," tendered to him by lord George Gordon, 
Jan. 4. Meeting of the Middlesex freeholders, for retrenchment, 7. Rodney 
defeats the Spanish admiral Langara, and relieves Gibraltar, 16. Westminster 
meeting, to reduce the public expenditure, Feb. 2. The Madras councillors who 
imprisoned lord Pigot are fined £1,000 each, and discharged, 11. The popular 
cry obliges the ministers to originate the Act for instituting a Commission of 
Accounts ; Mr, Dunning carries his celebrated resolution on the " Influence of 
the Crown," April 6. Rodney's victory over the count de Guichen, near Mar- 
tinique, 17. Meeting of the "Protestant Association," in Coachmakers' Hall, 
May 28 ; rejection of their petition by the House of Commons, June 2. " No 
Popery " riots finally quelled, 9. Lord George Gordon committed to the Tower. 
The dukes of Gloucester and Cumberland received at court for the first time 
since their marriages, 15. The count de Rochambeau amves with a French 
army at Rhode Island, 10. Parliament prorogued, July 8. Alexander Wedder- 
burne, created lord Loughborough and chief-justice of the Common Pleas, presides 
in the special commission for the trial of the rioters, 15. Lord Cornwallis de- 
feats the American general Gates at Camden, Aug. 16. Parliament dissolved, 
Sept. 1. Hyder Ali defeats the Company's troops and conquers the Carnatic, 

10. Major Andr6 hanged by the Americans as a spy, Oct. 2. Laurens captured 
on his passage to Holland and committed to the Tower ; his papers disclose the 
negotiations between the Dutch and Americans, 6. Hyder Ali takes Arcot, 30. 
Meeting of the new parliament, 31 ; Sir Fletcher Norton deprived of the Speak- 
ership by ministerial influence; Mr. Cornwall appointed. Lord George Gordon 
indicted for high treason, Nov. 10. War declared against Holland, 20. Captain 
King, the successor of captain Cook, returns to England, with the " Resolution," 
and " Discovery," Dec. 13. Frederic, duke of York, bishop of Osnaburg, and 
a colonel in the army. Louis XVI. abolishes the torture. Meeting of Joseph 

11. and the empress Katharine at Mohilow. Death of Maria Theresa, Nov. 29, 
set. 63 ; her son, Maximilian, appointed coadjutor to the elector of Mentz. The 



676 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1780 

con- 
tinued. 



1781 



1782 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Jesuits obtain settlements in Prussia and Russia. Katharine instigated by- 
France to form the coalition called the " Anned Neutrality." Death of Sir 
William Blackstone, set. 57, of Sir John Fielding, and of the marquis de Pombal, 
set. 81. Birth of Thomas Moore, of the French lyrist Berenger, of lord Henry 
Petty, the present marquis of Lansdowne, of Wm. Ellery Channing, of J. B. 
Sumner, the present archbishop of Canterbuiy, of Thomas Chalmers, of Chas. 
Manners Satton, afterwards Speaker and viscount Canterbury, of Palafox, and 
count Mole. The manufacture of muslins introduced at Manchester. 

The French land in Jersey ; captured or destroyed by the militia under major Pier- 
son, who falls in the battle, Jan. 6. The Dutch Island of St. Eustatia taken by 
admiral Rodney ; prizes estimated at three millions sterling, Feb. 2. De- 
merara and Essequibo surrender. Trial of lord George Gordon ; defended by 
Erskine, and his offence not being high treason, he escapes punishment, 5. Burke's 
reforms introduced, 15 ; supported by the first parliamentary efforts of Wm. Pitt, 
viscount Maitland (afterwards earl of Lauderdale), and Sheridan ; lost on the 
second reading, 27. Wann debates on lord North's budget, March 7. Un- 
profitable victory of lord Cornwallis over the American general Green at Guild- 
ford, 16. Pensacola taken by the Spaniards, May 10 ; and Tobago by the French. 
The charter of the Bank of England renewed, June 1. Motion of Fox, seconded 
by Pitt, for terminating the war, 12 ; lord Macartney, governor of Madras, 22. 
Sir Eyi-e Coote defeats Hyder Ali, July 1. Parliament prorogued, 18. Execu- 
tion of De la Motte, a French spy, 27. Battle off the Dogger-bank, between 
admiral Parker and the Dutch, Aug. 5. Hyder Ali defeated, 27. The Dutch 
settlement of Negapatam taken. Battle of Eutaw Springs. General Arnold 
bums New London in Connecticut, Sept. 8. Warren Hastings concludes the 
treaty of Chunar with the nabob of Oude, 19. Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 
to Washington, at Yorktown, Oct. 29. Sir Guy Carleton, commander-in-chief. 
The French recover St. Eustatia, Nov. 20. Parliament meets, 27. A Common 
Hall in London, Dec. 6; followed by meetings in Westminster, Middlesex, 
Southwark, and SuiTey, against the government policy. The ministerial ma- 
jority, in the House of Commons, reduced to 41, on Sir James Lowther's motion, 
12. Lord George Germaine intimates that the Cabinet had abandoned the idea 
of subduing the Americans, 14. The Charter of the E. I. Co. renewed till 1794. 
The emperor abolishes serfdom ; gives religious liberty to his subjects; reforms 
monasteries ; restricts the papal power, and forbids the publication of Bulls in 
his dominions without his sanction. He and the king of Prussia join the Armed 
Neutrality. Necker publishes his financial statement ; retires from office. 
France and Spain continue the siege of Gibraltar ; admiral Darby supplies the 
garrison with stores and reinforcements. Death of lord Hawke, set. 68, of 
Turgot, set. 54, of Lessing, set. 52, of J. Emesti, set. 74, of Edward Capell, fet. 
68, and of Dr. Robert Watson, set. 51. Birth of Fi-ancis Chantrey, of John, the 
present lord Campbell, of Henry Hallam, of Stamford Raffles, of lord Mahon, 
and of David Brewster. The planet Georgium Sidus, or Uranus, discovered by 
Herschel at Bath, March 13. The first Sunday School instituted at Gloucester 
by Robert Raikes. Kant publishes his new system of Metaphysics. Conven- 
tion of the Irish Volunteers at Dungarvan. 

Death of prince Alfred, Aug. 20, set. 2. The king refuses to receive the London 
remonstrance on the throne ; indignant resolutions of the Livery, Jan. 31. Minorca 
taken by the Spaniards, Feb. 5. General Conway's motion against the war 
negatived by a majority of only one, 22. Resignation of lord North, March 19 ; 
marquis of Rockingham, prime minister ; Charles Fox, foreign secretary ; Burke, 
paymaster-general of the forces; Sheridan, under secretary, 30; Lloyd Kenyon, 
attorney-general. Acts passed to exclude contractors from the House ofCommons, 
to disqualify government officers for voting at elections, to reform the Civil List, 
and make other retrenchments. The Dutch refuse overtures for peace ; the Rus- 
sians offer to mediate, April 3. The French fleet, under De Grasse, defeated by 
Rodney, 12. Grattan's " Declaration of Rights " adopted by the Irish parlia- 
ment, 16. Adams, American ambassador at the Hague, 19. The Middlesex 
election resolutions erased from the Journals of the Commons, May 6. Wilkes 



I 1780 TO 1783 A.D. 



^n 



A.D. 



1783 



Events and Eminent Men. 



now of little importance. Pitt's motion for Reform, supported by Fox, lost by 
a majority of twenty, 7. Concessions to Ireland introduced by Fox, 18. Death 
of Charles Wentworth, marquis of Rockingham, July 1, set. 52. Lord Shelburne, 
prime minister. Fox and his friends resign. Pitt, chancellor of the exchequer ; 
Dundas, treasurer of the navy ; Pepper Arden, solicitor-general, 10. The Ba- 
hama Islands taken by the Spaniards. Parliament prorogued, 11. Defence 
of Gibraltar by General Eliott and Sir Roger Curtis, against the grand attack of 
the French and Spaniards, Sept. 13 ; the siege raised ; the Ville de Paris, with 
others of Rodney's prizes and some of his own fleet, lost in a violent gale, Oct. 5. 
Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States. Provisional 
treaty of peace arranged with Dr. Franklin at Paris, Nov. 30. Parliament meets, 
Dec's. Hyder Ali defeated by Sir Eyre Coote, June 2; dies, and is succeeded 
by his son, Tippoo Saib, Dec. 11. The Irish parliament purchase an estate for 
Mr. Grattan. National Bank established at Dublin. Gilbert's Act, for the 
management of workhouses in England. The pope visits Vienna and endea- 
voursto divert the emperor from his course of reform ; Joseph perseveres ; founds 
new schools ; and encourages industry. Ostend and Trieste free ports. The 
Inquisition abolished in Tuscany and Naples. French troops enter Geneva to 
settle the differences between parties; many families emigrate to England and 
, Ireland. Death of Henry Home, lord Karnes, set. 86, of Daniel Beniouilli, set. 82, 
of Dr. Solander, aet. 46, and of Sir John Pringle, late President of the Royal 
Society, eet. 75. Birth of lord Althorpe, of Frederic Robinson, afterwards earl of 
Ripon, of Thomas Wilde, afterwards lord Truro, and of Daniel Webster. The Royal 
George sinks at Spithead, with admiral Kempenfeld and the crew. Monument 
to the late earl of Chatham erected in Guildhall, London. Dr. Thomas Percy, 
bishop of Dromore, April 20; and Dr. Richard Watson, of Llandaff, June 11. 
Birth of the king's sixth daughter and last child, Amelia, Aug. 8. Death of prince 
Octavius, May 3, set. 4. Preliminaries of peace with France and Spain signed 
at Versailles. Jan. 20; militia disbanded, Feb. 1. Order of St. Patrick insti- 
I tuted, 5. Coalition of Fox and North ; the address to the king seconded by Mr. 
j Wilberforce ; amendment carried by a majority of four, 17. Resignation of 
lord Shelburne, 21. Coalition ministry, April 2. Majority of 144 against Pitt's 
motion for Reform, May 7. Parliament prorogued, July 6. Trade with America 
regulated by an order of Council, Sept. 5. Peace proclaimed, 15. Convention of 
the Volunteers at Dublin, Nov. 10. Meeting of parliament, 11. The prince of 
Wales takes his seat. Fox introduces his India Bills, 18. New York evacu- 
ated by the British, 26 ; Washington disbands his army, appeases their dis- 
content, resigns his command, and retires to Vermont. Debate on the India 
Bills. 29. First parliamentary efforts of Erskine and John Scott, the first de 
fending and the last opposing the measure ; the Bills pass the Commons, and 
are read a first time by the Lords, Dec, 9. Interview of lord Temple with the 
king, 11, The Bills thrown out by the Lords, 17. Coalition ministry dis- 
missed, 18. Wm. Pitt, set. 24, prime minister, 23. General Matthews defeated 
and slain by Tippoo Saib, assisted by the French under Bussy ; on the con 
elusion of peace, they withdraw their forces, and the English raise the siege of 
Cuddalore. The Anti-Orange party of Holland, supported by France, attempt 
to curtail the Statholder's power; the king of Prussia interferes. Joseph II. 
and .Gustavus III. visit the pope. Treaty of commerce between Sweden and 
the American republic, The Russians take possession of the Crimea and the 
Kuban. Perfidious massacre of the Tartars by Potemkin. Death of Dr, 
Wm. Hunter, set. 65, of John Dunning, lord Ashburton, set. 52, of Leonard Euler, 
aet. 76, and of D'Alembert, a?t. 66. Birth of Simon Bolivar, of Reginald Heber, 
afterwards bishop of Calcutta, of Louis Spohr, and of Andr^ Dupin. Pilatre du 
Rosier and D'Arlande ascend at Paris, in Mongolfier's first fire-balloon, Nov. 2 
Mr. Spalding and his assistant perish in a diving-bell in Ireland, June 1. Hoff- 
mann, a native of Alsace, avails himself of Ged's polytype invention. A 
patent granted to Henry Johnson and Mr. Walter of the " Times," for stereotype 
or logographic printing. The first volume of " L'Art de verifier les Dates apr^s 
Jesus Christ," published by the Benedictine Francis Clement. 



678 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 


Hegi- 


Otto- 
man Em- 


Popes. 


Spain. 


France. 


Portu- 


Prus- 


WiR. 
TEM- 


Sax- 


Bava- 


Ger- 




EA. 


PIEE. 








gal. 


sia. 


BERG. 


ony. 


ria. 


many. 


1784 


1199 


11 Abdul 
Ahmed. 


lOPius 

VI. 
Feb. 15. 


26Cha8. 

HI. 


11 Louis 
XVI. 


8 Maria 
Frances- 
ca and 
Pedro 
III. 


45Fre- 
deric 
II. the 

Gh-eat. 


48 

Chas. 
Eu- 
gene. 


22Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tus III. 


7Chas. 
Theo- 
dore. 


20 Jo- 
seph 
II. 


1785 


1200 
1201 


12 


11 


27 


12 


9 


46 


49 


23^ 


8 


21 


1786 


1201 
1202 


13 


12 


28 


13 


10 

d. Pedro. 


IFred. 

Wm. 

II. 


50 


24 


9 


22 


1787 


1202 

1203 


14 


13 


29 


14 


11 


2 


51 


25 


10 — . 


23 


1788 


1203 
1204 


15 


14 


IChas. 
IV. 


15 


12 


3 


52 


26 


11 


24 


1789 


1204 
1205 


1 Selim 
ill. 


.=- 


2 


16 


13 — 


4 


53 


27 


12 


25 



























1784 TO 1789 A.B. 



679 



Repe- 
tition 
Datts. 


Sar- 
dinia. 


Tus- 
cany. 


Naples, 


Den- 

MAUK. 

19 

Chris- 
tian 
VII. 


Swe- 
den. 


Po- 
land. 


Russia. 


Hol- 
land. 


India. 
BrituhGo- 

VERNORS. 


Great 
Beitain. 


1784 


12Vic- 
tor 
Ama- 
deus 
HI. 


20 Le- 
opold. 


26 Fer- 
dinand 
IV. 


14 
Gusta- 

vus 

III. 


21 Stanis- 
las Au- 
gustus. 


23 Kath- 
arine 11. 


34 Wil- 
liam V. 

stat- 
holder. 


13 Wanen 
Hastings. 


25 Geo. 
III. 
Oct 25 


1785 


13 


21 


27 


20 


15 


22 


24 


35 


14 


26 


1786 
1787 


14 

15 


22— 
23 


28 

29 


21 

22 


16 

17— 


Stanis- 
las, the 
shadow 
of a king 
till the 
final par- 
tition of 
Poland, 
in 1795. 


25 

26 


36 — 
37 


lEarlCom- 
wallis. 


27 

28 




|i 1788 

i 

1 


16 


24 


30 


23 


18: 




27 


38 


3 


29 


1789 

1 


17 


25 


,31 


24 


19 


Amert- 
canPre- 

Sl DENTS. 


28 


39 


4 


30 


I.George 
Wash- 
ington. 



680 



FROM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



1784 



1785 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Struggle of the new ministry against a majority of the Commons. Pitt introduces 
his India Bill, Jan. 14 ; rejected, on going into committee, by a majority of eight ; 
a meeting of independent members attempts in vain to reconcile political 
parties, Feb. 2. Vote of the House of Lords to support the ministry, 4. Popu- 
larity of Pitt ; the thanks of the Common Council of London voted to him, 10. 
Address of the House of Commons to the king for the removal of ministers, 20 ; a 
representation to the throne, for the same purpose, carried by a majority of one, 
March 8. Mutiny Bill passed, 9. Parliament prorogued, 24; dissolved, 25. 
Many of the leading coalitionists lose their seats. Meeting of the new parlia- 
ment. May 18 ; large majority for ministers. Agitation in Dublin, June 7. Thf 
attorney-general, Fitz-Gibbon, prevents the assembly of a national congress. 
Riots at Edinburgh caused by high price of corn, 10. Pitt's Commutation Act 
introduced, 21 ; his budget, 30. Restoration of the estates forfeited in 1745. 
India Bill again brought forward, July 9 ; passed by large majorities. Board of 
Control established. Parliament prorogued, 18. Treaty of Mangalore >vith . 
Tippoo Saib. Great increase of trade with the American States. The convey- 
ance of letters by mail-coaches, devised by major Palmer, Birth of the prince 
of Asturias, afterwards Ferdinand VII. of Spain, Oct. 14. The emperor Joseph' 
design of re-opening the Scheldt is opposed by Prussia, Sweden, and Hol- 
land. Turkey is overawed by his alliance with Russia, gives up the Crimea, and 
yields to all Katharine's demands. Potemkin builds Kherson (now Odessa) 
death of her minister, count Panin, and of her favourite, Lanskoy. Gustavus III. i 
visits Paris, and concludes a treaty of commerce. Prince Louis of Brunswick ' 
the statholder's minister, yields to the democratic party, and withdraws from Ho', 
land. The crown prince Frederic, from the imbecility of his father, Christian . 
VIL, becomes regent of Denmark. De Grasse, on his return to France, is brought 
to trial and banished from Paris. Death of Dr. Samuel Johnson, set. 75, of Sir 
Geo. Savile, set. 58, and of Diderot, set. 71. Birth of John, viscount Palmerston, 
of John Louis Burckhardt, of Eugeaud, the French marshal, and of John, the 
present earl of Westmoreland. Commemoration of Handel in Westminste 
Abbey, May 26. Ascent of Lunardi from Moorfields, Sept. 15, and of Blanchar 
and Jeffries, Nov. 30. Iceland desolated by an eruption of Hecla for nearly 1'^' 
months. The first school for the blind established at Paris, by Valentine Haiiy. 
David founds a new school of painting in France. The "Diary" of Bubb Dou- 
dington published. 

English newspapers prohibited in France, Jan. 1. Parliament meets, 25. Pitt's 
motion for reform negatived by a majority of 74, April 18. John Adams 
first ambassador from America, presented to the king, June 1. Warren Has- 
tings having resigned his governorship of India, Feb. 8, arrives in London, 
June 16 ; Sir John Macpherson and Sir Archibald Campbell are left to act as his 
deputies. Trial of Dr. Shipley, dean of St. Asaph's, for the publication of Sir 
Wm. Jones's " Dialogue on Government." Erskine's powerful pleading in his 
defence, Aug. 6. Parliament prorogued. Critical state of the French finances ; 
affair of the queen's diamond necklace ; an-est of the cardinal de Rohan, Treaty 
of the emperor Joseph II. to obtain Bavaria in exchange for Belgium ; his plan 
defeated by Prussia and other States ; he deprives the papal nuncios of all au- 
thority in Germany. The Pliilippine Company established in Spain. Opening 
of the canal of Kiel or Knopp, to unite the river Eyder and the Baltic. Kath- 
arine's new favourite, Yermolof, endeavours to alienate her from Potemkin. 
Death of col. Oglethorpe, set. 102, of Moses Mendelsohn, a^t. 56, of Wm. White- 
head, poet laureate, set. 70, of lord George Sackville, aet. 69, of Louis Philippe, 
duke of Orleans, set. 60, and of the Abbe de Mably, set. 76. Birth of David 
Wilkie, of Hannah Gumey, afterwards Mrs. Fry, and of Henry, the present lord 
Hardinge. Howard sets out on his travels to visit the Plague hospitals, Dec. 18. 
The rev. Thos. Warton appointed poet-laureate. La Perouse proceeds on his 
voyage to explore the Northern Pacific, Beaumarchais's edition of Voltaire's 
works suppressed in France. Paley's " Moral and Political Philosophy " pub- 
lished. Weishaupt, chief of the Illuminati, expelled from his professor's chair 



1784 TO 1787 A.D. 



681 



A.D. 



1786 



1787 



Events and Eminent Men. 



at Ingolstadt. Balloon expeditions ; Blanchard and Jeifries cross the Straits of 
Dover, Jan, 7; disastrous fate of Pilatre du Rosier, June 15; Mr* Arnold 
precipitated into the Thames ; major Money ascends at Norwich, falls into the 
German Ocean, is saved by a revenue cutter. 
Opening of parliament, Jan. 24. Earl Cornwallis appointed governor-general of 
India. Feb. 24. Ministerial plan for fortresses, opposed by Sheridan in an eloquent 
speech, and lost by the Speaker s casting vote, 27. Pitt's Sinking Fund unani- 
mously adopted. March 29. Impeachment of Warren Hastings moved by Burke, 
April 4; he defends himself at the bar of the House, May 1. Lord George 
Gordon a convert to Judaism, 4. The Commons decide not to proceed on the 
first article against Hastings, respecting the Kohilla war, June 1 ; the second, or 
Benares article, moved by Fox and supported by Pitt, is adopted by the House, 
13. The prince of "Wales reduces his expenditure to pay his debts, July 11. 
Margaret Nicholson attempts to stab the king, Aug. 2. Royal visit to Oxford, 

16. Board of trade appointed ; first president, Charles Jenkinson, created lord 
Hawkesbury, Sept. 2. Treaty of commerce with France, 26. Death of the 
king's aunt, Amelia Sophia Eleanora, second daughter of George II., set. 76, Nov. 
A black colony sent from London to found the settlement of Sierra Leone, Dec. 
9. Death of Frederic II., king of Prussia, Aug. 17, set. 75 ; he is siieceeded by 
his nephew, Frederic Wm. II. The emperor Joseph gives a new code of laws to 
his subjects, in which the punishment of death is almost abrogated, and orders 
the Geraian language to be used instead of Latin, in the services of the church. 
The king of Sweden abolishes the torture. Potemkin compels Katharine to 
send Yermolof on his travels, and to take Momonof in his place. Revolt of the 
Mamelukes in Egypt suppressed by the grand vizir. Congress of German 
archbishops, at Ems, and council of Italian prelates at Pistoja ; both restrictive 
of papal supremacy. The university of Bonn founded. Death of Dr. John 
Jebb, set. 50, of cardinal de Solis, set. 110, of Gilbert Stuart, £et. 44, of Jonas 
Hanway, aet. 74, and of admiral lord Keppel, set. 61. Birth of Victoria Maria 
Louisa, daughter of the prince of Saxe Coburg, and now duchess of Kent, Aug. 

17. Birth of Karl M. von Weber, of D. F. Arago, of C. J. Blomfield, the present 
bishop of London, of Sir Robert H. Inglis, of B. R. Haydon, and of the present 
admiral Sir Charles Napier. Loss of the Halsewell, East India ship, June 6. 

Meeting of Dissenters to petition for a repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, 
Jan. 5. Parliament assembles, 23. Sheridan moves the charge against WaiTen 
Hastings for his treatment of the Begums of Oude, Feb. 7. The treaty of com- 
merce with France discussed by the Commons, and approved by a majority of 76, 
12. Consolidation of Customs, 26. Beaufoy's motion for the relief of Dissenters 
negatived by a majority of 78, March 28 ; the debts of the prince of Whales 
brought before parliament by alderman Newman. The prince's marriage to 
Mrs. Fitzherbert denied by Fox, April 20. The articles of impeachment against 
Warren Hastings presented by Burke at the bar of the Lords, May 10. The 
Commons agree to pay the debts of the prince, 21. Commodore Philipps sails 
with convicts to New South Wales, 23. Parliament prorogued, 30. Lord George 
Gordon convicted of two libels, June 6. Bishopric of Nova Scotia erected, Aug. 
11. A fleet equipped to support the statholder, and other preparations for war 
terminated by a convention with France, Oct. 30. Parliament opened, Nov. 27. 
Riot at Worcester, to prevent the spinning of wool by machinery, Dec. 1. The 
ideas of civil liberty imbibed by La Fayette and his companions in America, dis- 
seminated in France, prepare the Revolution. Louis, in want of money, calls 
the first assembly of the Notables, Feb. 22. M. de Calonne's plan of finance re- 
jected; he resigns, and withdraws to England, April 20. De Brienne, archbishop 
of Toulouse, prime minister. The Notables close their sittings. May 25. The 
Parliament of Paris refuses to register the royal edicts, and demands an as- 
sembly of the States General, July 6 ; is banished to Troyes. Aug. 15; recalled, 
Sept. 20; civil and political rights conceded to Protestants, Nov. 19. The stat- 
holder expelled from Holland ; returns to the Hague, brought back by a Prussian 
army, with the concurrence of Great Britain. France unable to interfere. The 
innovations of Joseph II. in Belgium are opposed by the States of Brabant, and 

— - 



682 



FROM THE TEAB 



A .D. 



17S7 
con- 



1788 



Events and Eminent Men. 



lie is obliged to revoke them. Journey of the empress Katharine to the Crimea. 
Joseph II. meets her at Kherson ; alliance against Turkey. Romantzof declines 
to share the command with Potemkin. The Turks declare war, and attempt 
to land at Kinburn ; Suwarof defeats them. The pope annuls the resolutions 
adopted at Ems and Pistoja. The constitution of the American States framed by 
a commission, at the head of which are Washington, Franklin, and James 
Madison ; accepted at first by only three States. The duke of Rutland, viceroy 
of Ireland, dies at Dublin. Death of Sir Wm. Draper, of Father Boscovich, 
set. 76, of Soame Jenyns, aet. 83, of Robert Lowth, bishop of London, set. 77, of Ed- 
mund Law, bishop of Carlisle, set. 84, of the count de Vergennes, set. 68, of Dr. 
Richard Jebb, set. 67, of the Rev. Paul Maty, set. 42, and of Anna Maria Yates, 
the actress, set. 59. Birth of De Lacy Evans, of Wm. Etty, and of M. Guizot. 
Herschel discovers two satellites of the Georgium Sidus. Home Tooke publishes 
his " Diversions of Purley." Wedgwood manufactures his imitations of Etrus- 
can vases. Beilby Porteous, bishop of London, Thurlow of Durham, and Pre- 
tyman of Lincoln. The Swedenborgian " New Jerusalem Church" formed. A 
shark caught in the Thames, Dec. 1. John Christopher Adelung professor at 
Leipzig and librarian to the elector of Saxony. 
Lord George Gordon (set. 38) sentenced to five years' imprisonment, Jan. 28. Death 
of Charles Edward Stuart, grandson of James II., at Rome, Jan. 31, set. 68. 
Petition of the London Common Council for the abolition of the slave trade, 
Feb. 1. The trial of Warren Hastings commences in Westminster Hall, Feb. 13. 
Burke's opening speech occupies four successive days. The Begum charge 
introduced by Mr. Adam, April 15 ; summed up by Sheridan in a speech of 
five days. The Benares charge opened by Fox, 22 ; concluded by Mr. Grey, 25. 
Resolution of the Commons, moved by Pitt, to take the African slave trade into 
consideration during the next session. May 9. Lord Mansfield, thirty-two years 
chief justice, resigns, and is succeeded by lord Kenyon, June 3. Compensation 
awarded to American loyalists, 8. Royal visit to Cheltenham, 12. Sir John Scott 
solicitor-general, 18. Pepper Arden, master of the rolls. Close of the parlia- 
mentary session, July 12. Sir Wm. Scott advocate-general, Sept. 3. Symptoms 
of the king's mental malady, Oct. Celebration of the centenary of the Revo- 
lution, Nov. 5. The king's illness publicly known, 12. Parliament assembles ; 
report made by the physicians and privy council, Dec. 4. Debate on the Re- 
gency, 10. Pitt's resolutions carried, 16; his letter to the prince of Wales, 
Attempt of the French government to establish the cour pUniere. Protest of 
the parliament of Paris, and arrest of some of its members, May 3. National dis- 
content, aggravated by a general scarcity, arising from a hail-storm, which destroys 
vineyards, orchards, and harvest, July 13. De Brienne resigns, Aug. 25. Necker 
recalled to office, 27. Edict for convoking the States-General, Sept. 27. Second 
assembly of the Notables, Nov. 6. Decree that the Tiers Etat shall compose 
one half of the States General. Alliance of Great Britain, Prussia, and Hol- 
land ; they cause the Danes to retire, who, at the instigation of Katharine, had 
invaded Sweden and laid siege to Gothenburg. Gustavus III. makes war on 
Russia and threatens Petersburg; his fleet is repulsed and blocked up in Swea- 
borg, and the progress of his army stopped by the fortress of Fredericshamm. 
The emperor Joseph interferes with the university of Louvain, and is again em- 
broiled with his Belgian subjects ; unsuccessful in his operations against Turkey, 
he gives the command of one of his armies to marshal Laudon, who conquers 
Bosnia. The Russians, under Potemkin and Suwarof, take Otchakof ; massacre 
and pillage of its inhabitants, Dec. 16. Death of Charles III., king of Spain, 
Dec. 13. £et. 72; accession of his son, Charles IV. Florida Blanca, minister. 
The American constitution accepted by eight more of the States ; the quakers 
of Philadelphia emancipate their slaves, Jan. 1. Death of Shipley, bishop of 
St. Asaph, jet. 74, of Sir Ashton Lever, of James Stuart, '• the Athenian," set. 75, 
of Sol. Gesner, tet. 58, of Le Clerc, count de Bufi'on, a^t. 81, of Thomas Gains- 
borough, set. 61, of George Joachim Zollikofifer, set. 58, of count De Grasse, and 
of admiral Greig, commanding a Russian fleet. Birth of lord Byron, Jan. 22, 
of lord Fitzroy Somerset, afterwards lord Raglan, of Robert Peel, of Basil Hall, 
and of Theodore Hook. M. de Lesseps, landed on the coast of Kamtschatka, 



1787 TO 1789 A.D. 



GcS3 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



brings to Paris the last intelligence ever received of La P^rouse or of his ships 
"LaBoussole" and " L' Astrolabe." Pugilism patronized by the royal princes 
and many men of eminence ; the death of a prize-fighter in a match at 13rigliton, 
Aug. 6, causes the prince of Wales to withdraw. Samuel Horsley bisliop of 
St. David's. The Abbe Barthelemy publishes his Anacharsis. Mdlle. Necker, 
afterwards baroness de Stael, writes in defence of Rousseau. Charles Macklin, 
set. 89, fails in an attempt to repeat his performance of '* Shylock." 
Mr. Cornwall, speaker of the Commons, dies, Jan. 2, and is succeeded by Mr. Wm. 
Grenville, 5. The Regency Bill introduced, Feb. 3. The king recovers, 19 ; 
national rejoicing, March 10 ; public thanksgivings, April 23. Mutiny of tlie 
" Bounty," 28. Beanfoy's second motion negatived by a majority of twenty, May 
8. Prince William Henry created duke of Clarence, 9. Duel between the duke 
of York and col. Lenox, 26. Mr. Grenville secretary of state, June 5. Hen, 
Addington, speaker, 8. Dr. Withers convicted of a libel on Mrs. Fitzherbert, 
July 14. Royal visit to Weymouth, 16. The duty on newspapers increased, 
Aug. 21. Royal visit to Plymouth, 27. Address of the London "Revolution 
Society " to the French National Assembly ; sermon of Dr. Price at the (Jld 
Jewry chapel, Nov. 5. A printer convicted of a libel on the duke of York, 23. 
Perryman, printer of the " Morning Herald," convicted of a libel on the Commons, 
Dec. 8. Stockdale tried for the same offence; Erskine's eloquence works upon the 
jury to acquit him, 9. Election of the States-General in France ; clubs formed ; 
that of Brittany constitutes eventually the association of Jacobins ; commotions 
in the Faubourg Saint Antoine, Apr. 29 ; at Marseilles, 30 ; meeting of the 
States-General, clergy 291, nobles 270, Tliird Estate 584, May 4 ; the three Orders 
united into one body, are declared, on the motion of the Abbe Sieyes. to be the 
National Assembly, June 17 ; meeting in the tennis-court, and oath to provide a 
new constitution, 20 ; royal sitting ; the king commands the assembly to sepa- 
rate ; encouraged by their president Bailly and by Mirabeau, the members refuse [ 
to obey, 23 ; the king yields, 27 ; dismisses Necker, July 11 ; popular agitation, and j 
destruction of the Bastille, 14; flight of the count d'Artois, of the prince de | 
Coude, of the duke de Broglio, and other nobles, to Coblentz ; emigration com- \ 
mences; La Fayette commander of the national guard, and Bailly mayor of Paris, 
16; violent excesses of the populace, 22; Necker recalled, 28; abolition of privi- 
leged orders, Aug. 4 ; declaration of rights presented to the king, 13 ; freedom 
of conscience and liberty of the press decreed, 24 ; festival of the military 
officers at Versailles, Oct. 1 ; scarcity of provisions at Paris ; the mob proceeds 
to Versailles, attacks the palace and massacres the guards, 6 ; the king and the 
royal family brought to Paris ; are followed by the National Assembly, who com- 
mence their sitting in the Riding School of the Tuileries, 12 ; church proi)erty 
taken for the service of the State, Nov. 2 ; the parliament suspended, 3 ; issue 
of assignats, Dec. 17; the domains of the crown and estates of emigrants taken 
for the public use, 22. Revolt of the Belgians. Commotions in Hungary. The 
prince of Coburg and Suwarof defeat the Turks at Foksliani, July 31 ; at Mar- 
tinesti, Sept. 18 ; Laudon takes Belgrade, Oct. 6 ; blockades Orsova ; Potemkin 
defeats Hassan pacha at Tobac, takes Bender and Akerman, and invests Ismail. 
Death of sultan Abdul Ahmed, April 7, set. 64; his nephew, Selim III., takes the 
throne. Gustavus HI. abrogates the privileges of the Swedish nobility, estab- 
lishes the absolute power of the crown, and renews the war in Finland. Poland, 
encouraged by Prussia, makes an effort to shake off the yoke of Russia. The 
constitution accepted by all the States of America; Washington elected presi- 
dent, and Adams, vice-president, April 14. Death of Fletcher Norton, lord 
Grantley, of Joseph Vernet, set. 75, of the Abb^ de I'Ep^e, set 77, of Thos. Day, 
the author of" Sandford and Merton," set. 41, of John Elwes the raiser, and of 
the Pretender's natural daughter, duchess of Albany. Birth of lord Nugent, of 
Horace Vemet, of Silvio Pellico, of the present archbishop Whately, of Neander, 
and of Mary Russell Mitford. Herschel discovers two satellites of Saturn. 
Opening of the Stroud canal, Nov. 19. Bacon's groupe, representing the Thames 
and its attributes, placed in the quadrangle of Somerset House, April 13. 
Howard's Account of the Lazarettos of Europe published. The Opera House in 
the Haymarket bumt, June 18, and the Manchester theatre, 19. 



684 
















FEOM 


THE 


TEAB 


A.D. 


Hegi- 


Otto- 1 
MAN Em- Popes. 


Spain. 


France. 


Portu- 


Prus- 


Wtr- 

TEM. 


Saxo- Bava- 


Ger- 


HA, 1 


PIRE. 






gal. 


sia. 


BERG. 


NY. 


RIA. 


many. 


1790 


1205 
1206 


2 Selim 
III. 


16 Pins 

VI. 
Feb. 15. 


3Chas. 
IV. 


17 Louis 
XVI. 


14 Ma- 
ria 
Fran- 
cesca. 


5 Fre- 
deric 
Wm.II. 


54Cha8. 
Eugene 


28Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tus 111. 


ISChas. 
Theo- 
dore. 


1 Leo-? 
pold , 
II. 

i 

f 
\ 


1791 


1206 
1207 


3 


17 


^ 


18 


15 


6 


55 


29 


14 


1 




1792 


1207 
1208 


4 


18 


5 


19 

1 Ee- 

public, 
Sept. 22.' 


16 


7 


56 


30 


15 


1 Fran- 
cis II. 


; 1793 


1208 
1209 


5 


19 


6 


2 


17 


8 


1 Lou- 
is Eu- 
gene. 


31 


16—- 


2 



























»:1790 TO 1793 A.D. 



685 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1790 



1791 



1792 



1793 



Sardi- 
nia 



Tus- 

! CANY. 



ISVic- 1 Fer- 
tor I dinaad 
Ama-! 
deiis 
III. 



j Amp:?.!' 

Naples. Den- Swe- canFre- 

mark. den. (sidents, 



III. 



32 Fer- 

dinaud 

IV. 



20- 



Chris- 
tian 
VII. 



20Gus- 
taviis 
III. 



26- 



-!34 



27- 



35 - 



2 George 
Wash- 
ington. 



Russia, 



29 Kath 
arine II 



1 Gus- 4 . 
tavus 
IV. 



-I 2- 



5 Re- 132 

elected. 



30 . 



I India. 
UoL- BritisuGo- 
land. vernors. 



^9 Wil- 5 EarlCorn- 

liam V, 

Stat- 

holder. 



41- 



wallis. 



Great 
Britain. 



3lGeo.III. 

Oct 2.5, 
duke of 
Cumberland 
b- Leopold, 
prince of 
SaxeCJoburg, 



I. duke of 
Yorii. 



33 



43 1 Sir Johu:34 

Shore. 



686 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1790 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Parliament opened, Jan. 21. J. Walter, publisher of the " Times," fined for libels 
on the dukes of York and Clarence, Feb. 3. First dissension in the House of 
Commons betAveen the Foxites and Burkites, respecting the French Revolution, 
9. The trial of Warren Hastings proceeds languidly, 16. Resolutions of the 
London Common Council to support the Corporation and Test Acts, 25. Majority 
180 against Fox's motion for their repeal, March 2 ; Flood's, for parliamentary 
reform, withdrawn, 4 ; the improved revenues of India stated to the Commons 
by Mr. Dundas, 31 ; Pitt's Budget, April 25. Misunderstanding with Spain 
respecting Nootka Sound, May 6. Parliament dissolved, June 12. Home Tooke 
unsuccessful candidate for Westminster, July 2. Retirement of Wilkes from 
Middlesex. The fall of the Bastille commemorated by a large assemblage at the 
Crown and Anchor, lord Stanhope presiding, 14. Burke publishes his "Reflec- 
tions on the French Revolution" and Thomas Paine his "Rights of Man." 
Death of the king's brother, Henry Frederic, duke of Cumberland, set. 45, leaving 
no issue, Sept. 18. The new parliament assembles ; Addington speaker, Nov. 
26 ; decides to proceed with the trial of Warren Hastings, Dec. 17. War com- 
menced in the Mysore against Tippoo Saib. Execution of the marquis de 
Favras, the first judicially-condemned victim of the Revolution in France, Jan. 
18 ; tumults in the southern provinces ; France divided into eighty-three de- 
partments ; the National Assembly completes the new constitution, to which the 
king and all the deputies swear fidelity, Feb. 4 ; monastic vows interdicted, 13 ; 
rights of primogeniture abolished, 24 ; municipality of Paris created, May 1 ; on 
the motion of M. de Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, uniformity of weights and mea- 
sures established, 8 ; the assembly, though opposed by Mirabeau, assertsits right 
to make peace or war, 22 ; titles, armorial bearings and seignorial distinctions 
abolished, June 19 ; the church organized as a civil institution, July 12 ; grand 
federation of the Champ de Mars, 14 ; Talleyrand celebrates high mass ; justices 
of peace appointed, Aug. 5 ; trial by jury, 16 ; resignation of Necker, Sept. 4 ; 
all ecclesiastics and public functionaries required to swear fidelity to the nation, 
the law, and the king, Nov. 27 ; Louis, after long hesitation, assents to the civil 
constitution of the church, Dec. 26. Declaration of independence by the Belgian 
provinces ; congress of Brussels convened, June 4. The discontents of the Hun- 
garians appeased by the restoration of their ancient privileges. Joseph main- 
tains his edicts for religious toleration and the abolition of vassalage ; he dies, 
Feb. 20, set. 49; his brother, Leopold, grand duke of Tuscany, succeeds him in 
the hereditary States, and is elected emperor of Germany, Sept. 30 ; he resigns 
Tuscany to his second son, Ferdinand ; his troops occupy Orsova, April 16, and 
advance against Widdin and Griurgevo; congress of Reichenbach, June 27. 
Great Britain, Prussia, and Holland agree to assist in suppressing the Belgian 
rebellion ; the privileges of the States are restored ; Brussels submits, Dec. 3. 
Negotiations for peace between Austria and Turkey commence at Szistova. 
Russia persists in the war; Suwarof storms Ismail, Dec. 22; horrid slaughter of 
the inhabitants, 26. Repnin crosses the Danube into Bulgaria. After several 
indecisive conflicts between the Swedish and Russian fleets, the former obtains 
a complete victory in Swenka Sound, July 10. The peace of Warela follows. 
The States of Ohio and Tenessee founded in North America, Aug. 14. Death of 
Benjamin Franklin, April 17, aet. 85, of John Howard, set. 63, of Adam Smith, act. 
67, of Dr. Robert Henry, set. 72, of Dr. Wm. CuUen, set. 78, of lord Heathfield,8Gt. 
72' of Dr. Thos. Warton, poet-laureate, set. 62, of general Roy, the ordnance 
surveyor, of the Austrian field-marslial, Gideon Ernest Laudon, set. 74, of Dr. 
Antony Addington^ the speaker's father, aet. 77, of Philip Yorke, second earl of 
Hardwicke, aet. 70,"aTMi of the Scotch heroine, Flora Macdonald. Birth of prince 
Leopold of Saxe Cobarg, now king of Belgium, Dec. 16, of the present Sir John 
Herschel, of Odillon Barrot, of Spring Rice now lord Mounteagle, of Father Mat- 
thew, of Edmund, now admiral Lyons, and of J. R. M'Culloch. Sir Joshua Rey- 
nolds' resigns the presidency of the Royal Academy, Feb. 8. Galvanism dis- 
covered by Louis Galvani of Bologna. Wm. Pulteney institutes a professorship 
of Agriculture at Edinburgh, April 14. The Forth and Clyde canal opened, 
July 28. The trigonometrical survey of Kent made by general Roy. Mr. Pitt 



1790 TO 1791 A.D. 



687 



Events and Eminent Men. 



High Steward of the University of Cambridge. William Wyndham Grenville 
created lord Grenville. Henry James Pye, poet-laureate ; the omission of the 
New Year's Ode by his predecessor, facetiously celebrated by Peter Pindar (Dr. 
Wolcot). Scipio Ricci, bishop of Pistoja and Prato, deposed by the pope. Bos- 
well's Life of Johnson published. 
Marriage of Frederic, duke of York, to Frederica, crown-princess of Prussia, Sept. 
29. General Abercrombie defeats Tippoo Saib's army, and takes Cananore, 
Jan. 9. A Bill introduced in the House of Commons to relieve some of the 
Catholic disabilities ; Fox, Pitt, and Burke agree in condemning all laws which 
attach penalties to opinions, Feb. 21. The government of Canada regulated by 
a new act, March 4 ; Mr. Walter of the " Times " pardoned and liberated, 9 ; 
naval armament in anticipation of a war to check the ambition of Russia : 
motion of Wilberforce for the abolition of the slave trade, 18. Burke quarrels 
with Fox, and joins the ministerial party, May 6. The colony of Sierra Leone 
protected by act of parliament, 12. Victory of Lord Comwallis over Tippoo Saib, 
15. Fox's Libel Bill postponed till next session, 20. The claims for private 
property seized at the capture of St. Eustatia in 1782, allowed by the privy 
council, 26. The charges against Warren Hastings concluded by the managers, 
30 ; he enters upon his defence, June 2. Dundas, secretary of state, 6. Par- 
liament prorogued, 10. Meetings to celebrate the French revolution interrupted 
by popular violence ; riots at Birmingham, July 14. Application of the nabob 
of Arcot to the Court of Chancery against the East India Company, 27 ; some of 
the Birmingham rioters capitally convicted, Aug. 25. The buckle- makers of 
Bii-mingham petition against the use of shoe-strings, Dec. 21. The emperor of 
Germany calls upon France to restore the feudal rights of which some princes 
of the empire had been deprived in Alsace ; the National Assembly orders 
additional troops to be raised, Jan. 28. The emigrant princes collect forces at 
Coblentz and Worms; first ordination of constitutional bishops at Paris by 
Talleyrand, Feb. 25 ; threats of the pope, March 10. Death of Mirabeau, April 2, 
set. 42, the first of the great men interred in the new church of St. Genevieve, 
called by the Assembly the Pantheon. M. Guillotin introduces the machine for 
decapitation, which bears his name, May 31. Flight of the king and royal 
family, June 20 ; they are stopped at Varennes and brought back to Paris, 25 ; 
his eldest brother escapes to Mons ; order for all emigrants to return within two 
months, July 9. The remains of Voltaire conveyed to the Pantheon, 11. Second 
federation, 14 ; Bailly and La Fayette disperse a tumultuous assemblage, calling 
for the deposition of the king, 17. Treaty of Pilnitz between the emperor and 
the king of Prussia for the restoration of the royal authority in France, Aug. 27. 
The constitution remodelled, Sept. 3 ; accepted by the king, 13 ; Avignon and 
the Venaissin annexed to France ; and the claims of the German princes in Al- 
sace disallowed, 23. Last sitting of the National or Constituent Assembly, 30 ; 
the new constitution comes into operation ; meeting of the Legislative Assem- 
bly, elected under the influence of the clubs, Oct. 1. Insurrections in La Ven- 
dee and Brittany ; massacres at Avignon, Marseilles, and Aix ; Petion mayor of 
Paris, Nov. 17. The emperor of Gennany protests against the rejection of his 
demands, Dec. 3. Gustavus III. offers to lead a crusade against France. Roch- 
ambeau and Luckner appointed to command the armies of the north and of the 
Rhine, Dec. 16. Treaty of Szistova between Austria and Turkey concluded, 
Aug. 4. A new constitution adopted by the king and Diet of Poland, which 
gives offence to Katharine. Victory of Repuin over the Turks at Matschin. 
Death of Potemkin, Oct. 15, a^t. 55. Plato Zubof, a new favourite, succeeds to 
his position. The States of Vermont and Kentucky founded by the American 
Union. Death of John Wesley, set. 88, of Mozart, a3t. 35, of Francis Grose, ait. 
60, of Dr. Richard Price, aet. 68, of Thomas Thurlow, bishop of Durham, 
of George, third earl of Orford, of J. D. Michaelis, a^t. 74, of Selina, countess 
of Huntingdon, set. 84, and of Catharine Macaulay Graham, set. 58. -Birth of 
lord John Russel, of Theodore K5mer, of Richard Lalor Sheil, and of H. 11. 
Milman. Vancouver's voyage of discovery. Cowper's translation of Homer 
published. The Albion Mills, near Blackfriars Bridge, destroyed by fire, Mar. 3. 



688 



FROM THE YEAH 



A.D. 



1792 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Meeting of parliament, Jan. 31. Pitt's budget oration on the flourishing state of 
the country and the prospect of a durable peace, Feb. 17. The parliament house 
at Dublin destroyed by fire, 28. Tippoo Saib, totally defeated by lord Comwallis 
and general Abercrombie, concludes a treaty of peace and gives his sons as 
hostages, March 19. The owners of property destroyed by the Binningham 
rioters recover heavy damages from the county, April 5. Vote of the Commons 
for a gradual abolition of the slave trade, 26. Fox's act decides the power of 
juries in trials for libel, 30. The " Friends of the People " associate to obtain 
parliamentary reform. M. Chauvelin, the French ambassador, requests the 
mediation of Great Britain, to avert from his country the hostilities of other 
States, May 2. Royal proclamation against the publications of various societies, 
and their correspondence with the French Assembly, 21, Mr. Whitbread's 
motion for inquiry into the conduct of the Birmingham magistrates negatived ; 
lord Thurlow resigns the great seal, which is put in commission ; act for es- 
tablishing police offices in. the metropolis ; parliament prorogued, June 15. 
Public meeting in London of the friends of Poland, Wm. Smith, M.P., in the 
chair, Aug. 2. Earl Gower, the British ambassador, recalled from Paris, 17. 
Ruinous speculations in canal-shares, which are suddenly depressed by the pros- 
pect of war. Lord Macartney departs on his embassy to China, Sept 26. Nearly 
4000 emigrants, chiefly ecclesiastics, arrive in London from France, during this 
month. Three of the mutineers of the " Bounty " executed at Portsmouth, Oct. 
29. Loyal association formed by John Reeves, Nov. 29; lord Edward Fitz- 
gerald dismissed from the army ; royal proclamation calling out the militia ; 
meeting in Merchant- tailors' hall expressive of attachment to the British con- 
stitution ; the original declaration deposited in the records of the Tower, Dec. 1 ; 
public alarm ; the guards doubled, 6. Meeting of parliament three weeks before 
the appointed time, 13 ; secession of the alarmists from the whig party ; the 
preparations for war approved by overwhelming majorities. Thomas Paine, 
now a member of the French National Convention, prosecuted before lord Kenyon, 
and found guilty of a libel in his " Rights of Man," 18. Lord Grenville intro- 
duces the Alien act, 19 ; during the debate, Burke, to heighten the effect of his 
oratory, produces a dagger, and throAvs it on the floor. Ministry of Roland and 
the Girondists in France ; war declared against Austria, April 20. The French, 
repulsed in their first invasion of Flanders, put to death their general Dillon ; 
success of La Fayette at Maubeuge and of Luckner at Menin, June 20. Louis 
dismisses the Girondists ; the Jacobins and republican party, under Robespierre, 
Danton, and Marat, become bolder. La Fayette, at the bar of the Legislative 
Assembly, denounces the proceedings of the clubs and demands their dissolution, 
28. The Prussians invade France, the Assembly proclaims " the country in 
danger," July 11. Third federation in the Champ de Mars, 14. The volun- 
teers of Marseilles arrive in Paris and introduce their patriotic hymn, composed 
by Rouget de I'lsle. The emperor and king of Prussia meet at Mentz, 23. 
Manifesto of the duke of Brunswick, 25. Declaration issued by the French 
princes at Bingen, Aug. 2. The Prussians at Thionville, 5. Frightful massacres 
commence in Paris, instigated by Danton, Tallien, Billaud-Varennes, Collot 
d'Herbois, and Santerre, 10. The palace of the Tuileries stormed ; Louis and 
his family conducted to the Temple. Decree of the Assembly for a National | 
Convention, 13. Roland and some of the Girondists recalled to office, 14. La 
Fayette withdraws from France with some of his staff, 20 ; they are seized by 
the German outposts and imprisoned, first at Wesel, then at Magdeburg, and 
lastly at Olmntz. Longwy and Verdun taken by the Prussians, 23. Atrocious 
outrages in Paris, Sept. 2, and succeeding days ; murder of the princess Lam- 
balle. The Prussians in Champagne, 14 ; Kellermann defeats them at Valmy, 
20. Dumourier defeats Clairfait in Flanders. Opening of the National Con- 
.vention, 21 ; the Jacobin majority occupy tlie highest benches and are styled 
'" the Mountain ;" vain efforts of the Girondists to restrain their violence. The 
king deposed and France declared a republic, 22 ; the executive power lodged 
in the committee of the constitution, of which Sieyes, Condorcet, Thomas Paine, 
Brissot, Barrere and Danton are members, 29. The king of Sardinia, having 



1792 TO 1793 A.D. 



6S9 



1793 



joined the leag^ie against France, loses Savoy and Nice. The Prussians com- 
mence their retreat, 30. The French general Ciistine takes Spires, Worms, and 
Mentz. Victory of Dumourier at Jemappes, Nov. 6. He conquers Belgium and 
enters Brussels, 13. Savoy incorporated with France, as the 84th department, 21. 
Decree of the Convention for the trial of Louis XVI., Dec. 3. Death of the 
emperor Leopold IL, March 1, set. 45 ; his son, Francis II., inherits Austria and 
is elected emperor of Germany, July 14. John, prince of Brazil, Regent of Por- 
tugal. Assassination of Gustavus III., March 6. aet. 46 ; his son, Gustavus IV., 
succeeds, set. 13; his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, regent. Katharine con- 
cludes the treaty of Jassy with the Turks, Jan. 9. Turns her armies against 
the Poles ; the king of Prussia deserts them and joins her, to share the spoil. 
Washington founded, to he the seat of American government. Death of Sir 
Joshua Reynolds, set. 69, of Sir Richard Arkwright, pet. 59, of lord Rodney, set. 
75, of John earl of Bute, set. 79, of Frederic earl of Guildford (lord North), set. 
59. of John Smeaton, set. 69, of general Burgoyne, and of Paul Jones, aet. 50. 
Birth of Amelia Adelaide, daughter of the duke of Saxe-Meiningen and after- 
wards queen of Great Britain, Aug. 13 ; of John Lambton, afterwards earl of Dur- 
ham, of Mastai Ferretti, afterwards pope Pius IX., of Percy Bysshe Shelley, 
and of Sir James Graham. Beujamiu West president of tlie Royal Academy. 
Dugald Stewart's "Philosophy of the Human Mind" published, and Bruce's 
Travels. The factory at Lanark on the Clyde, established by David Dale. Wil- 
liam Cobbett commences his career by publishing '* Peter Porcupine," at Phila- 
delphia. 
M. Chauvelin, the French ambassador, ordered to leave London, Jan. 24. The 
king's message causes a warm debate in the Commons, 28. The English govern- 
ment refuses to negotiate, 30. War declared by the Convention, Feb. 1 ; by 
Great Britain, 11. Alexander Wedderburn, lord Loughborough and chancellor. 
Sir John Scott, attorney-general, Sir John Mitford, solicitor-general. Pacific 
propositions of Fox negatived, 18. First embarkation of troops for Holland, 26. j 
Treaty of commerce with Russia, March 25. The duke of York, commander! 
of the British forces, attends a military council at Antwerp to settle the plan 
of the campaign, April 8. The bank of England begins to issue £5 notes, 12. 
Tobago taken by the English, 14. Mercantile embarrassments relieved by an 
issue of exchequer bills, 25. Mr. Grey's motion for parliamentary reform sup- 
ported by only 41 in a full house, May 6. Expulsion of Wm. Frend, fellow and 
tutor of Jesus College, Cambridge. The British army assists in defeating the 
French at St. Amand, 8, and in the siege of Valenciennes, 23. Board of Agri- 
culture appointed on the motion of Sir John Sinclair, 31. Dumourier arrives 
in London and is ordered to leave the kingdom, Jime 14. Surrender of Valen- 
ciennes, July 26. A " British Convention" meets at Edinburgh, Aug. 4. General 
Lake defeats the French at Lincelles, 18. Severe sentence of transportation 
fior fourteen years passed on Mr. Muir, a young advocate of the Scotch bar, for 
lending a copy of Paine's "Rights of Man," 30. Sir John Shore succeeds mar- 
quis Comwaliis as governor-general of India, 6. Pondicherry taken from the 
French, 28. Toulon surrendered to lord Hood, 28. Defeat of the Duke of York 
at Dunkirk, Sept. 7. Lord Macartney arrives at Pekin, 14. Numerous pro- 
secutions for political opinions ; Mr. Palmer, Unitarian minister, sentenced at 
Perth to seven years' transportation, 17. English embassy dismissed from 
China, Oct. 7. St. Domingo occupied by the English, Oct. 12. Messrs. Robin- 
son fined for selling Paines "Rights of Man," Nov. 26. Mr. Winterbotham, a 
dissenting minister, sentenced to four years' imprisonment and fined, for two 
sermons, 27. Marriage of the diike of Sussex to lady Augusta Murray, Dec. 5. 
Toulon evacuated by lord Hood, 19. The first ambassador from Turkey arrives 
in London, 20. Trial of Louis XVI. befin-e the convention. Jan, 7 ; sentence 
of death, 20, executed, 21. Coalition of the principal European States against 
France. Civil war in La Vendee. Dumourier defeated at Neerwinden, abandons 
the Netherlands, March 18; declares against the Cuuvention, 25; takes refuge 
in the Austrian camp, accompanied by Louis Philip, duke of Chartres, son of 
the duke of Orleans, April 4. Committee of Public Safety installed at Paris, ' 



690 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



Hegi- 



1209 



Otto- 
man Em- Popes. [Spain.] France, 

PIKE. 



Selim 
III. 



•20 Pius 7Chas. 
VI. IV. 

Feb. 15. 



1795 



1210 



1798 1211 



3 Re- 
public. 
Sept 22. 



Portu- 
gal. 



Prus- 
sia. 



18 Ma- 9 Fre- 
ria Fran- deric 

cesca, WTil- 
her son 

John 
Regent :i 



1797 1212 



23- 



liam 
II. 



WlR- 

TEM- SaXO- 

BERG. NY. 



2Louis 
Eu- 
gene, 



32Fre- 
deric 

Augus- 



1 Fre- 
deric 
Eu- 
gene. 



20- 



-5 11- 



B ATA- 
RI A. 

17 

Clias. 
Theo- 
dore. 



33- 



I Fre- 
deric 
Wil- 
liam 
III. 



34- 



1 Fre- 35- 
deric 
II. 



Ger- 
many. 



3 Fran- 
cis II. 



19- 



1794 TO 1797 A.D. 



691 



Repe- I 
tition 
Dates. ' 



1794 



1795 



1796 



1797 



23- 



Sar- 

DINIA. 



Tus- 
cany. 



22Vic- 

tor 

Ama- 

deus 

HI. 



5 Fer- 
dinand 
III, 



IChas. 
Eman- 
uellV. 



Na- 
ples. 

36 Fer- 
dinand 
IV. 



30 ■ 



88- 



39- 



Den- 

MAKK. 



Swe- 
den. 



29Cbri8-[3Gus- 
tiauVlI. tavus 
IV. 



-32 



Ameri- 
canPre- 

SIDENTS, 



6 George 
Wash- 
ington. 



Rus- 
sia. 



tharine 
II. 



Hol- 
land. 



33Ka-44 Wil- 



34- 



IPanl. 



1 John 
Adams. 



liam V, 

stat- 
holder. 



1 Bata 

vianKe- 

PUBLIC. 



India. 
BritishGo- 
vernors. 



2 Sir John 
Shore. 



Great | 
Britain.' 

35 Geo. i 
111. j 
Oct. 25 



37 

(* Princess 
Charlotte 
of Wales. 



36 — 

. Prince 
of Wales. 



38 

1- Prin- 
cess 
Royal. 



691^ 



FROM THE YEAR 




1793 

conti- 



1794 



wi til absolute power, 6. Struggle of factions ; the Girondists finally overpowered 
by the Jacobins, and the Reign of Terror commences, June 2. Revolt of the 
departments of the Gironde and Calvados, of Lyons and Marseilles ; the Ven- 
deans take Saumnr and Angers ; fail in their attack on Nantes, and retreat to 
the coast, 20. Another new constitution submitted by the Convention to the 
vote of the people, 24. Marat assassinated by Charlotte Corday, July 14; she 
is guillotined, 17. Mentz retaken by the Prussians, 22. The new constitution 
adopted by the nation, Aug. 10 ; but never carried into effect. The levy en 
masse ordered ; military enthusiasm of the people. Carnot appointed conductor 
of the war, 16. General Custine executed for the loss of Mentz, 28. Clairfait 
takes le Qiiesnoy and Cambray, Sept. 10. Victory of the duke of Brunswick at 
Pirmasens, 14. Lyons taken by the republicans ; vindictive barbarity of the 
conquerors; thousands butchered by the guillotine, drowning, and grape-shot, 
Oct. 8. Wurmser forces the lines of Weissemburg, 13. The prince of Coburg 
defeated by Jourdan at Wattignies, 15. Mock trial and execution of Marie 
Antoinette, 16, of Brissot and the Girondists, 31, of the duke of Orleans, Nov. 
6, of Madame Roland, 8, of Bailly, 11 ; suicide of M. Roland. The Convention 
decrees the worship of the goddess of Reason, Nov. 10 ; introduces the new 
calendar, 24. The duke of Brunswick gains the battle of Kaiserslautem, 30. 
The churches of Paris shut up, Dec. 1, are soon reopened. Napoleon Bonaparte 
distinguishes himself at Toulon (set. 24), and is appointed general of brigade, 19. 
The French recover the lines of Weissemburg, 27. Second partition of Poland 
Washington re-elected president. Death of the earl of M ansfield, get. 89, of 
Dr. Robertson, set. 73, of John Hunter, set. 65, of A. F. Busching, set. 69, of 
Henry Laurens, president of the first American congress, and of lord George 
Gordon, in Newgate, set. 43. Birth of C. L. Eastlake and of J. F. La Harpe, 
Volta makes known his galvanic battery. 
Political prosecutions continue ; Wm. Skirving sentenced in Scotland to 14 years' 
transportation, Jan. 6. Maurice Margarot to the same, 13. Parliament meets, 

21. Increased armaments and new taxes voted, Feb. 2. Motion for a mitiga- 
tion of the sentences on political offenders, negatived, 4. Hamilton Rowan con- 
demned to two years' imprisonment and fined, 10. Volunteer corps raised, March, 
Joseph Gerald sentenced to 14 years' transportation, 13. Martinique taken by 
Sir Charles Grey, 16. The marriage of the duke of Sussex to lady Augusta 
Murray, declared void. The freedom of London voted to marquis Cornwallis on 
his return from India, and a pension of £5,000 a year settled on him by the 
Company. The sons of Tippoo Saib restored to him, 29. Thos. Walker of 
Manchester tried for high treason and acquitted, April 2. Guadaloupe taken, 

22. Subsidies voted to Prussia, Holland, and other States, 28. Home Tooke 
and others arrested on charges of constructive treason. May 20. A royal mes- 
sage denounces seditious societies, and parliament suspends the Habeas Corpus 
Act, 23. The British troops in Flanders harassed by repeated attacks ; repulse 
the French at Espierres, 22 ; victory of lord Howe over the French fleet, June 1 ; 
Pascal Paoli, assisted by lord Hood, establishes the dominion of Great Britain 
in Corsica, 18. Royal visit to Portsmouth, 30. Lord Moira joins the duke of 
York in Flanders with a strong reinforcement, July 8. The seceding Whigs 
join the administration, 11. Burke retires from parliament and receives a pen- 
sion. Destructive fire in Ratcliff"e Highway, 21 ; and at Tiverton, Aug 3 : 
Astley's amphitheatre burnt, Sept. 17. The duke of York defeated at Bois le 
Due, 14, and at Boxtel, 17, retreats over the Meuse, 21, and takes post atRhenen, 
behind the Waal, where he loses many men from fatigue and disease. The 
State trials for constructive treason commence; the attorney-general, Sir John 
Scott, opens his charge in a speech of nine hours ; Erskine puts forth all his 
powers in defence of the accused, Oct. 22 ; acquittal of Hardy, Nov. 5 ; Home 
Tooke arraigned, 16 ; Pitt and Sheridan examined for the defence ; prisoner 
acquitted, 20. Treaty of commerce Avith the United States, 29. Thelwall ac- 
quitted, and the remaining prisoners discharged, Dec. 5. Lord Fitzwilliam 
appointed viceroy of Ireland, 10; earl Spencer first lord of the Admiralty, 17. 
Parliament opened, 30. A pacific amendment to the address, moved by Wilber-j 



1793 TO 1795 A.D. 



693 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1795 



force, and supported by Mr. Bankes, negatived by a majority of 171. Negro 
slavery abolished by the National Convention, Feb. 4; revolt of the Blacks in 
St. Domingo under Toiissaint L'Ouverture ; ferocious hostilities in La Vendee; 
the royalist leader, La Roche Jaquelein, slain. The Spaniards are driven back 
from Koussilon; reign of Robespierre ; atrocities of the Revolutionary tribunal; 
mission of Carrier, Tallien, and other Jacobins into the provinces; slaughter 
everywhere ; Hebert, Anacharsis Cloots and others of the Cordeliers party, ex- 
ecuted, March 24; Guillotin, who introduced the engine of death, suffers by it at 
Lyons, 28 ; Danton, Caraille Desmoulins, Fabre d'Eglantine and others, April 5 ; 
victory of Massena in Piedmont, 7 ; Hoche expels the allies from Alsace. The 
emperor Francis takes Landrecy 24. Pichegru invades Belgium, 26 ; Condorcet 
escapes, is captured, and ends his life by poison, aet. 51. Lavoisier sacrificed, set, 
51, May 8; Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI., 10; Jourdan defeats the allies at 
Fleurus, June 26 ; the balloon-telegraph used in this battle; ascendancy of the 
French in Geneva, July 19 ; Robespierre denounced by Tallien, 27; beheaded, 
with 71 of his party, 28 ; end of the Reign of Terror; the Committee of Public 
Safety re-established, Aug. 24; the Jacobin Club suppressed, Nov. 11 ; the 
French cross the Pyrenees and invade Spain. Pichegru takes Coude and com- 
pletes the conquest of Belgium, 30; Daendels crosses the Waal and invades 
Holland, Dec. 25. The king of Prussia having secured his subsidy from England, 
negotiates with France for peace, 27. Kosciusko animates the Poles to resist 
their oppressors ; after a noble struggle, he is defeated, wounded, and made pri- 
soner, Oct. 4. Suwarof takes Praga, and butchers the inhabitants, Nov. 5; fall 
of Poland. Death of Gibbon, set. 57, of Sir Wm. Jones, aet. 48, of the marquis 
Camden, set. 81, of James Bruce, set. 64, of Geo. Colman, set. 61, and of count 
Kaunitz, former chancellor of Austria. Birth of George Fitzclarence, afterwards 
earl of Munster, of Michael Faraday, of Edward Everett, the American, of Geo. 
Grote, of C. S. Lefevre, and of George Cruikshank. Robert Southey's "Joan 
of Arc " published. Opening of the new Drury Lane theatre, April 12. 
Marriage of the prince of Wales to his cousin, Caroline Amelia Augusta, second 
daughter of the duke of Brunswick, April 8. Embargo on all Dutch ships in 
English ports, Jan. 19. The statholder and his family arrive in London, 26. Lon- 
don petition presented to the Commons against interference in the internal go- 
vernment of France. A parliament assembles in Corsica, Feb. 9. A severe winter 
closed by a rapid thaw and extensive floods, 10. Alliance with Russia, 18. Earl 
Fitzwilliam, thwarted in his measures for the relief of the Irish Catholics, 
resigns the viceroyship, 21 ; his successor, marquis Camden, arrives in Dublin, 
March 31. Liberal settlement made by the Commons on the prince and princess 
of Wales, to enable him to pay his debts. Victory of admiral Hotham in the 
Mediterranean, March 14, The wreck of the British army reaches Bremen, 
and embarks there to return home, April 14. Warren Hastings acquitted, 23; 
the E. I. Company pay the expenses of his trial, more than £70,000, and settle 
on him a pension of £5,000 a year. Fonnation of Orange Clubs in Ireland, and 
the Society of United Irishmen, June. Lord Bridport defeats the French fleet 
off L'Orient, 22. Unfortunate expedition of emigrants to Quiberon bay, July 21. 
The Dutch settlement of Trincomalee in Ceylon surrenders to colonel Stewart, 
Aug. 26. An abundant harvest relieves the long-prevailing scarcity, 31. The 
Cape of Good Hope taken by admiral Elphinstone and general Craig, Sept. 31. 
Opening of parliament, Oct. 29. The king insulted by the populace clamouring 
for peace ; Acts passed to prevent seditious meetings, Nov, Amsterdam taken 
and Holland conquered by Pichegru, Jan. 19. Peace between France and Tus- 
cany, Feb. 9. Submission of Charette and part of La Vendee, 17 ; fruitless efforts 
of the Jacobins to regain the ascendancy, April 1. The king of Pnissia abandons 
the coalition and concludes the treaty of Basle with the French republic, 5. The 
United Provinces remodel their government as the Batavian republic; alliance, 
offensive and defensive, with France, May 16 ; a second efff^t of the Jacobins 
repressed by the national guards, 20; the revolutionary tribunal abolished, 31 ; 
Louis Charles, son of Louis XVI , still confined in the Temple, dies, June 8, set. 
10; his eldest uncle takes the title of Louis XVIII. ; liberation of his sister, 



694 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1795 

conti- 
nued. 



1796 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Maria Theresa, set. 17, in exchange for the deputies whom Dumourier had betrayed 
into the hands of the Austrians, 30. Luxemburg- surrenders to the French, 12; 
in Spain they take Bilbao and advance to Vittoria, July 17 ; their progress is 
stopped by a treaty of peace concluded at Basle, 22 ; the new constitution of the 
year III. approved by the Convention and submitted to the nation, Aug. 22 ; 
peace with the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, 28. Dusseldorf taken, Sept. 6 ; Man- 
heim, 20. The elector of Hanover concludes peace with the French republic; the 
constitution accepted by the people, 23 ; suppression of all Clubs, 30. The Aus- 
trian Netherlands united to France and divided into nine departments, Oct. 1 ; 
rising of some of the sections of Paris put doAvn by Bonaparte with his artillery, 
4 and 5. Wurmser recovers Manheim ; Clairfait defeats Jourdan at Hochst, li ; 
at Mentz, 29. Victory of Scherer over the Austrians at Loano, Nov. 23 ; armistice 
for three months, Inauguration of the new constitution, Oct. 28 ; a legislative 
chamber of 500 ; a council of Ancients of 250; and an Executive Directory of 
five, of whom Barras and Carnot are the most influential. Power of Godoy in 
Spain ; he assumes the title of Prince of Peace. Final partition and extinction 
of Poland. Conrland annexed to Russia. Death of Josiah Wedgwood, set. 64, 
of Barthelemy, 'set. 80, of Jas. Boswell, aet. 55, of Rob. Bakewell, 83t. 69, of Dr. 
Kippis, set. 72, of J. G. Zimmermann, set. 72, of Wm. Smellie, ?et. 55, and of Aid. 
Sawbridge. Birth of Thos. Arnold, afterwards master of Rugby school, of T. N. 
Talfourd, afterwards judge, and of Jas. Polk, afterwards American president. 
Return of Vancouver from his voyage, 3ept. 13. Mungo Park sets out to explore 
Africa, May 22. Brothers, the pretended prophet, sent to a lunatic asylum. - 
Birth of the princess Charlotte of Wales, Jan. 7. Wm. Stone tried for high treason 
and acquitted, 28. The king insulted by the populace on his return from Drury 
Lane theatre, Feb. 1. Amboyna taken, 16. Irish Insurrection Act passed, March 
10. Demerara taken by gen. White, April 22. Separation of the prince and prin- 
cess of Wales, 30. Parliament prorogued. May 19 ; dissolved, 21. Insurrection in 
Corsica, June 8. The isle of Elba taken by commodore Nelson, Aug. 9. Capture 
of a Dutch fleet in Saldanha bay, by admiral Elphinstone, 17; the king, on opening 
the new parliament, announces his intention to treat for peace, Oct. 6. War with 
Spain, 11. Lord Malmesbury sent to Paris, 13, The British abandon Corsica, 22. 
The duke of Portland's circular excites apprehensions of an invasion, Nov. 5. 
Loyalty Loan subscribed, Dec. 1. Debate of the Commons on advances of 
money made to the emperor without the sanction of parliament, 7. A French ex- 
pedition sails for Ireland, 18 ; dispersed b)^ a storm. Lord Malmesbury's pro- 
posed basis of a peace rejected, 19 ; seven French ships arrive in Bantry bay and 
make their way back to Brest, 26 ; lord Malmesbury returns to London, 29. 
Bonaparte, set. 27, appointed general-in-chief of the army of Italy, Feb. 23; mar- 
ries Josephine Tascher, widow of viscount Beauharnais, March 8 ; assignats 
superseded by " mandats territoriaux," 18. Hoche terminates the war in Vendee ; 
death of Charette, 29 ; Bonaparte's first victory at Montenotte, April 11, at Mil- 
lessimo, 14, Mondovi, 22 ; conspiracy of Babeuf, May 10 ; battle of Lodi, 11 : peace 
with Sardinia, June 3 ; Kleber defeats the Austrians at Altenkirchen, 4; Massena 
occupies Verona, Ferrara, and Bologna, 19 ; treaty with the pope ; Moreau crosses 
the Rhine, 24; takes Kehl, July 1. The archduke Charles falls back on the 
Danube ; Wirtemberg and Baden make peace ; victory of Bonaparte at Castig- 
lione, Aug. 5: the archduke Charles defeated by Moreau at Neresheim, 10 ; de- 
feats Bernadotte at Neumarck, 23 ; and Jourdan at Wurzburg, Sept. 3 ; the young 
French general Marceau slain ; Jourdan falls back to the Lahn ; victory of Bona- 
parte at Roveredo, 4; Wurmser shuts himself up in Mantua, 19 ; peace with 
Naples, Oct. 10; the Cispadane republic constituted, 16; skilful retreat of Mo- 
reau to Hiiningen, 26 ; the archduke Charles lays siege to Kehl ; victory of Bona- 
parte over Alvinzi at Areola, Nov. 15, 16, 17. Alliance of France with Tippoo 
Saib and with Spain, Aug. 19. Death of Victor Amadens III., king of Sardinia, 
Oct. 16, set, 49; his son, Charles Emanuel, succeeds. Visit of Gustavus IV. to 
Petersburg ; he refuses the matrimonial alliance offered to him. Death of the 
empress Katharine, Nov. 17, set. 67 ; her son and successor, Paul, recalls to court 
the still surviving friends of his father ; birth of his son Nicholas, July 2 ; gives 



1795 TO 1797 A.D. 



695 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1797 



liberty to Kosciusko and the imprisoned Poles. Washington announces to the 
American States his intention of retiring into private life. Death of Robert 
Bums, set. 37, of Kaynal, set. 84, of Jas. Macpherson, a}t.59, of Samuel Whitbread, 
set. 76, of Dr. Thomas Keid, fct. 87, of Sir Hugh Palliser, governor of Greenwich 
Hospital, set. 75, and of Gerald and Skirving, two of the exiled reformers. The 
telegraph erected on the Admiralty, London. Pretended discovery of Shakspear 
papers by Ireland; his play of " Vortigem" produced at Drury Lane theatre. 
Halhed's MSS. purchased by the British Museum. German literature excites 
attention in England ; translations of Burger's " Leonora" appear by Wra. Taylor, 
Walter Scott, and others. Popularity of Kotzebue's plays and Schiller's tragedies. 
Marriage of the princess royal to Frederic, duke, afterwards king, of Wirtemberg, 
May 18. Victory of Sir John Jervis and Nelson over the Spanish fleet off Cape 
St Vincent, Feb. 14. Trinidad taken by Sir R. Abercrombie, 21. Scarcity of 
specie ; many country banks stop payment. A body of French landed in Pem- 
brokeshire, made prisoners by the country people, 22. The Bank of England 
restricted from cash payments by an order in council, 26 ; parliamentary in- 
quiry, 28; report, March 2, followed by Restriction Act; issue of one pound 
notes, 4; of Spanish dollars, 10. Mutiny in the fleet at Spithead, April 6 ; 
appeased by lord Howe, 26; mutiny at the Nore, May 22. 3 per cent, consols, 
46. Kosciusko arrives in London, 30. The mutineers return to their duty, 
giving up Richard Parker and other ringleaders, June 12 ; execution of Parker, 
30. Lord Malmesbury negotiates at Lisle, July 1. Close of the parliamentary 
session, 20, Nelson's unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz, 24. Return of lord 
Malmesbury, Sept. 20. Lord Mornington created baron (afterwards marquis) 
Wellesley, and governor-general of India, Oct. 10. Victory of admiral Duncan 
over the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, 11. Parliament assembles, Nov. 2 ; seces- 
sion of Fox and his friends. Coinage of seven-shilling pieces, Dec. 2. Lebeau, 
one of the French Directoiy, places himself at the head of the Theophilanthro- 
pists. Kehl suireudered, Jan. 9 ; victory of Bonaparte at Rivoli, 14 ; capitula 
tion of Mantua, Feb. 2 ; of Ancona, 9 ; the States of the church conquered, 17 
treaty of peace concluded with the pope at Tolentino ; Avignon and the Venaissin 
ceded to France, 19; the archduke Charles takes the command in Italy; is de- 
feated by Bonaparte on the Tagliamento, March 16 ; Trieste occupied by the 
French, 24; Klagenfurt, 29 ; Hoche crosses the Rhine at Neuwied, April 17, and 
Moreau near Strasburg, 20 ; their progress is stopped by the preliminaries of 
peace, at Leoben, 18; Venice conquered. May 12 ; Genoa, 22 ; the Cisalpine and 
Ligurian republics foraied ; Barthelemy takes the place of Letounieur as Direc- 
tor ; execution of Babeuf, 25 ; commotions at Paris, Sept. 4 ; Augereau establishes 
the ascendancy of the moderate party; deportation of the violent to Cayenne ; 
death of Hoche at Wetzlar, 18, set. 29 ; definitive treaty of Campo Formio, Oct. 
17. Venice given up to Austria ; the Ionian isles to France ; La Fayette and 
his companions released from Olmutz ; return of Bonaparte to Paris, Dec. 5. 
Congress of Rastadt meets to arrange a treaty with the German empire, 9. 
Commotions at Rome; the French general Duphot killed; Joseph Bonaparte, 
ambassador there, restores order, 26. Death of Fred. \Vm. II., king of Prussia, 
Nov. 16, set 53; he is succeeded by his son. First hostilities between the pasha 
of Bagdad and the Wahabys. Death of Burke, tet. 67, of Wilkes, set. 70, of 
Horace Walpole, earl of Orford, set. 79, of Wm. Mason, set. 72, of Dr. Wm. En- 
field, set. 57, of lord Amherst, set. 81, of prince Ferd. of Brunswick, set. 76, of capt. 
Stedman, historian of Surinam, set. 52, of Chas. Macklin, the actor, set. 98, of 
Mary Godwin ( Wolstonecraft), set. 38, and of Peter Thelluson, whose will causes 
the legislature to limit accumulation of property after the testator's death. Birth 
of Mary Godwin (afterwards Shelley), of Charles Lyell, and of Connop Thirl- 
wall, now bishop of St. David's. Sir John Shore created lord Teignmouth. 
Count Rumford institutes his prize for discoveries in the nature of heat and 
light. Fall of a part of Stonehenge. Francis and Firmin Didot obtain patents 
in France for stereotype printing. The first newspaper printed at Constantinople. 
The "Anti-Jacobin'' commenced by George Canning aud his friends. Retirement 
of Miss Farren from the^stage, April 1. 



696 



FROM THE TEAS 



A.D. 



1798 



Hegt- 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pi RE. 



Popes. Spain. France, 



1213 



10 Selim 
III, 



1214 



1800 



1215 



24 Pius 
VI. 

Feb. 15 



25 



11 ZRe.pub- 
Chas. lie. 
IV. Sept. 22. 



1 Pius 

VII. 

Mar. 13. 



1801 



1216 13 . 
1217 



Napo- 
leon Bo. 
naparte 
First 

Consul, 



22 Maria 
Fran- 
cesca, 

her son 
John 

Regent. J 



Portu- 
gal. 



23- 



25 10 



Prus- 
sia. 



2 Fre- 
deric 
Wm. 
III. 



2 Fre- 
deric 
II. 



WlR- 
TEM- 
BERG. 



Saxo- 
ny. 



Ba- 
varia. 



36Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tus 111. 



21 

Chas. 
Theo- 
dore. 



37- 



I Maxi- 
milian 
Josepli 
II. 



-39- 



7Fran- 
cis II. 



Ger- 
many 



1798 TO 1801 A.D. 



697 



Repe- 
tition 
i kites. 



179S 



1799 



1800 



1801 



3Chas, 
Eman- 
uellV, 



Sar- 
dinia. 



TUSCA- 



9 Ferdi- 
nand 
III. 



40Fer-33 

dinand Chris- 
tian 
VII. 



10 ■ 



Etku- 

EIA. 



1 Louis 



Na- 
ples. 



Den- 
mark. 



IV. 



42- 



7 Gus- 2 eJohn 
tavus Adams. 
IV 



34- 



35- 



-36- 



; Amkui- 
SwE- CAN Pre- Rus- 

DEN. SI DENTS. SI A. 



3 Paul 



: 1 Thos. 

J fcffer- 

son. 



Batavi 
AN Re- 
public. 



lATex- 7 
ander. 



India. I 

British Go- Great 

VERNORs. Britain. 



1 Lord 
Wellesley. 



39 George 

III. 

Oct. 25. 



42 



4 T 



698 



FROM THE TEAK 



A.D. 



1798 I 



Events and Eminent Men. 



lilver tokens issued by the Bank, Jan. 1. The Assessed Taxes trebled, 4. " The 
Majesty of the People," a toast given by the duke of Norfolk, for which he is 
dismissed from his posts in Yorkshire. A voluntary subscription of more than 
£1,500,000 raised for the defence of the country, supposed to be in danger of in- 
vasion, Feb. 6. Earl Moira, in the Irish House of Lords, recommends a concili- 
atory policy, 19 ; his advice disregarded ; cruel proceedings of the government ; 
numerous arrests ; the people prepare for rebellion ; O'Connor, O'Coigley, and 
others apprehended at Margate, March 1. Eedemption of the land-tax, April 2. 
AYilberforce's motion for the abolition of the slave-trade negatived by a majority 
of four, 3. The duke of York commander-in-chief, 5, The committee of the 
London Corresponding Society arrested, 20. Lord Wellesley assumes the go- 
vernment of India, May 17. Expedition to Ostend under general Coote and capt. 
Home Popham ; the sluices and canal destroyed, 19. O'Coigley executed on 
Penenden heath ; his fellow-prisoners acquitted, 21. Arrest of lord Edward 
Fitzgerald and the brothers Sheares. Dublin declared in a state of insurrection. 
Lady Edward Fitzgerald ordered to quit the kingdom ; the rebels repulsed at 
Carlow and Naas, 24 ; take Wexford and Enniscorthy. Fox struck out from the 
list of privy-coimcillors, for repeating the duke of Norfolk's toast, 25. Havre de 
Grace bombarded by Sir R. Strahan. Duel between Pitt andTierney, 27. The 
British quit St. Domingo, 28. Lord Edward Fitzgerald dies of his wounds, 
June 3; execution of Sir Edward Crosbie and others, 4 ; general Nugent de- 
feats the rebels at Ballynahinch, and puts down the insurrection in Ulster, 12; 
marquis Cornwallis appointed viceroy of Ireland, 20; battle of Vinegar hill ; ge- 
neral Lake recovers Wexford, 21. Parliament prorogued, 29. Prosecution of 
Johnson, Flower, and others for selling Gilbert Wakefield's answer to the bishop 
of Llandaff, July 17. Execution of the Sheares and others, 19 ; the lord-lieutenant 
publishes an amnesty, and discourages the violence of the Orangemen. Battle of 
the Nile, Aug. 1 ; Nelson created a peer, Oct. 6. Landingof general Humbert 
with a French force at Killala in Ireland, Aug. 22 ; they surrender to general Lake, 
Sept. 8. Sir J. B. Warren captures a French fleet conveying more troops to 
Ireland, Oct. 12; Theobald Wolfe Toone, taken in one of these ships, is tried by 
a coiirt-rnartial,and kills himself. Minorca surrenders to general Stuart, Nov. 15. 
Malta blockaded, and Gozo taken by a part of Nelson's fleet. Opening of par- 
liament, 20. Napper Tandy arrested at Hamburg, 24. Income-tax introduced, 
Dec, 4. Treaty with Russia. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act renewed, 
19. Dissensions in Switzerland furnish a pretext for the entrance of a French 
army, Jan. 17. General Berthier takes possession of Rome, Feb. 15 ; the pope 
is expelled and a republic established ; Berne capitulates to Brune, April 12; the 
ancient Swiss confederacy abolished, and the Helvetian republic proclaimed; 
Geneva incorporated with France, 26; mission of Talleyrand to Constantinople ; 
Bonaparte sails from Toulon on his Egyptian expedition, May 19 ; takes Malta, 
June 12 ; Alexandria, July 2 ; battle of the Pyramids, 21 ; Cairo taken, 22. The 
works of art brought from conquered States, collected in the Louvre. Com- 
mencement of a new coalition. Turkey declares war against France, Sept. 11 ; 
a Neapolitan army drives the French from Rome, Nov. 26 ; is defeated by Mac- 
donald at Civita Castellana, Dec. 4 ; the French occupy Piedmont, and Charles 
Emanuel retires into Sardinia, 9; Charapionnet recovers Rome, 15 : invasion of 
Naples ; the emperor Paul is elected grand-master of the knights of Malta, joins 
the coalition, and enters into a treaty with Turkey, 23. The American States 
resist the right claimed by France of seizing British subjects and manufactures 
in neutral ships ; Washington is called from his retirement to organize their 
means of defence. Death of Stanislas, late king of Poland, at Petersburg, Feb. 
12, set. 66, of Thos. Pennant, set. 72, of capt. George A^ancouver, of Calvani, set. 
61, of J. H. Eckhel, Director of the Vienna Cabinet of Medals, set. 61. 
of Christian Frederic Schwartz, the missionary, eet. 72, of J. Z. Holwell, one 
of the survivors of the Calcutta massacre, a3t. 87, of John Palmer, the actor, set 
5.3, while performing at Liverpool, and of Thomas Muir, set. 33, having escaped 
fiom Sydney and found an asylum at Chantilly, near Paris. Birth of Don Pedro 
of Portugal, afterwards emperor of Brazil, of Adolphe Thiers, of J. Fennimore 



1798 TO 1799 A.D. 



691) 



Events a.kd Eminest Men. 



Cooper, of Henry Labouchere, and Thomas Hood. Herschel discovers four! 
more satellites of the new phinet. Gas-lights introduced by Watt and Boulton. ' 
The life-boat invented by Greathead. Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster in- j 
trodnce their systems of education. The disputed will of Sir Geo. Downing 
decided in favour of the university of Cambridge, June 9. Sir Wm. Scott 
appointed judge of the Admiralty court, Dec. 27. Sotheby's translation of Wie- 
land's '* ( )beron ' published. 
Mission of Sir Sidney Smith to Constantinople, Jan. 2. Assassination of the j 
British envoys at Benares by Vizir Ali, 14. A royal message to parliament ; 
recommends the union between Great Britain and Ireland, 22; resolutions I 
adopted by both Houses, fonu the basis of the measure, 31. Gilbert Wakefield 
sentenced to two years' confinement in Dorchester jail for his pamphlet, Feb. ' 
21. Severe frost for many weeks; travelling impeded by deep snow. Sir^ 
Sidney Smith captures the French flotilla at Acre, and conducts the defence of! 
the fortress, March 18. Lord Thanet and R. Ferguson fined and imprisoned for ; 
attempting to rescue O'Connor, April 15. Prince Edward created duke of Kent, • 
and prince Ernest duke of Cumberland, 23. Seringapatam taken; death of' 
Tippoo Saib ; conquest of Mysore, May 4. The editor and others connected with i 
the ''Courier,'' fined and imprisoned for animadversions on the emperor Paul, 30. i 
Parliament prorogued, July 12. Sir R. Abercrombie lands with a British army j 
at the Helder, Aug. 27 ; surrender of the Dutch fleet in the Texel, 30; defeat of 
general Brune, Sept 10; the duke of York arrives with a reinforcement ofj 
Russians and takes the command, 13 : he is defeated by Hrune at Bergen near , 
Alkmaar, 19 ; again. Oct. 6 : evacuates Holland, 20. Parliament assembles, 
Sept 24. Commodore Trowbridge blockades Civita Vecchia ; the city of Rome 
is surrendered to him by the French garrison, 27 ; capture of Spanish galleons 
richly laden, Oct. 16. Lord Wellesley created a marquis, Dec. 2. Offer of 
peace made from France, rejected by' lord Grenville, 2.5. Marriage of Louis 
Antony, duke d'AngoulGme, eldest son of the count d'Artois (Charles X.), to his 
cousin, Maria Theresa, daughter of Louis XVI., at Mittau in Courland, the 
residence assigned to their uncle (Louis XVIII.) by the emperor Paul, June 10 ; 
the city of Naples taken by Championnet, Jan. 26. The Panhenopean republic 
established. Bonaparte commences his march towards Syria. Feb. 4; gains the 
battle of El Arisch. 8; the Turks, assisted by a Russian fleet, take the Ionian 
Isles, March 1. The French under Jourdan and Bernadotte cross the Rhine,*and 
the archduke Charles the Lech. 4 ; declaration of war by the Directory against 
Austria and Tuscanv, 22 ; Bonaparte having taken Gaza and Jaffa, lays siege to 
Acre. 18; the archduke defeats Jourdan at Stockacb, 22. and drives him back to 
the Rhine ; the French under Scherer defeated by general Kray in a series of 
battles, near Verona, 28— 30 ; at Magnano, Aprils. The congress of Rastadt 
breaks'up,8, assassination of the French ministers, 28; Suwarof arrives in 
Italv, 14; defeats Moreau at Cassano, 27 ; Milan taken by the allies, 28: Bo- 
naparte repulsed by Sir Sydney Smith, raises the siege of Acre, and returns into 
Egypt, May 20. Victory'of Suwarof on the Adda, 27 ; Macdonald abandons 
Naples, June 5 ; is defeated by Suwarof on the Trebbia, 17 ; discord in the Di- 
rectoiy, 18; Talleyrand retires from the office of foreign affairs; the govern- 
ment disorganized and distracted ; cardinal Ruffo enters Naples and iuflicts a 
barbarous vengeance on the French party, 20. A Turkish army lands at 
Aboukir, and is routed by Bonaparte, July 24; battle of Novi; the French 
general Joubert defeated and slain, Aug. 15; another Russian army, under 
Korsakof, arrives in Switzerland, 17 ; Bonaparte gives up the command in 
Egvpt to Kleber and embarks for France, 24. Death of Pius VI., a prisoner at 
Valence in France, 29, sat. 82. Suwarof marches into Switzerland, Sept. 8. The 
archduke Charles compels the French to abandon the siege of Philipsburg, 12. 
Ma:-se la defeats Korsakof at Zurich, 25. The emperor Paul recalls his forces ; 
Suwarof leaves Switzerland, Oct. 5. Landing of Bonaparte at Fn'jus, 8 , enthu- 
siasticallv welcomed at Paris ; Si^yes and Fouche concert with him a change 
of government ; effected by military force, Nov. 9. Ancona taken by the Aus- 
trians, 13, Coni, Dec. 4 ; new constitution, 13 ; Bonaparte first consul, Camba- 



700 



FEOM THE TEAE 



1799 

conti- 
nued. 



1800 



Events and Eminent Men. 



cer^s second, and Le Brun third ; Talleyrand minister for foreign affairs, Camot 
for war, and Fouclie for police ; Sieves rewarded by an estate. Mental derange- 
ment of the queen of Portugal ; her son John, Regent since 1792, assumes sove- 
reign power. Death of Washington, at Mount Vernon, Dec. 14, aet. 67, of Kien 
Long, emperor of China, aet. 90, having reigned 64 years, of James Burnet, lord 
Monboddo, set. 85, of Spallanzani, set. 70, of Marmontel, set. 79, of Etienne Mongol- 
fier, of John TAveddell, at Athens, set. 30, of Richard, earl Howe, set. 74, of Wra. 
Melmoth, .set. 89, of John Bacon, the sculptor, set. 59, of Cornelius de Pauw, set, 
60, of Beaumarchais, aet. 67, of Wm. Curtis, the botanist, set. 53, of Dr. Towers, 
set. 62, and of Wm. Seward, set. 52. Birth of Joseph Francis Oscar, now king of 
Sweden, July 4, and of E. G. S. Stanley, the present earl of Derby. The Royal 
Institution founded. Vaccination (see 1776) publicly introduced by Dr. Jenner. 
The entire skeleton of a mammoth found on the bank of the 6by, near the 
Frozen Ocean, Aug. 2. A subterranean forest discovered on the coast of Lincoln- 
shire. Transit of Mercury, May 7. Sugar extracted from the beet-root by the 
Prussian chemist, Achard. La Place commences the publication of his 
" Mecanique Celeste," and George Cuvier his " Comparative Anatomy." 
The Union, opposed in the Irish House of Commons by Grattan, Curran, and 
Plunket, is approved by a majority of 42, Jan. 15 ; lord Castlereagh, secretary 
active in promoting the measure. The Lords, by 79 to 6, and the Commons, by 
260 to 64, approve the rejection of the French overtures, 22. Sir Sidney Smith, 
in concert with the grand vizir, concludes a treaty with general Kleber for the 
evacuation of Egypt by the French, 24. General distress and riots in many 
places, caused by the high price of bread. A comm-on hall in London, on the 
motion of Mr. Waithman, petitions for peace, Feb. 19. The British government 
refuses to ratify the Egyptian treaty, March 20 ; final agreement of the Irish 
parliament to the Union, 27. Lord Keith blockades Genoa, Apr. 5. Hatfield 
fires at the king in Drury-lane theatre, May 11. The Act of Union receives the 
royal assent, July 2. Capture of a Danish frigate and convoy by a British 
squadron, 25. Parliament prorogued, 29. Close of the last Irish parliament, 
Aug. 2. Failure of an attack on Ferrol, by Sir Edw. Pellew and Sir Jas. Pul- 
teney, 25. Manifesto of the emperor Paul against the seizure of neutral ships 
by British cruisers, 29. Surrender of Malta to the British, Sept. 5; the em 
peror Paul claims the island as grand master, and seizes all British property in 
Russia, Nov. 7. Opening of parliament, 9. Revival of the Armed Neutrality 
by the Northern powers, Dec. 15. Close of the session, preparatory to the meeting 
of the first United parliament, 31. Pursuant to the Act of 1751, this not being 
leap-year, the difference between the Old and New Styles becomes twelve days, 
from March 1. Dispute respecting the close of the century; Lalande decides 
that Dec. 31, 1800, is the last day of the 18th century. Final pacification of La 
Vendee by the treaty of Lu^on, Jan. 17. Marriage of Joachim Murat to Bona- 
parte's sister, Caroline, 20. Kleber defeats the grand vizir at Heliopolis, 
March 20, drives him into Syria, and restores the French dominion in Egypt, 
Massena, defeated by Melas, at Voltri, Apr. 18, retires into Genoa. The arch 
duke Charles resigns the command of the Austrian army; marshal Kray 
succeeds him ; Moreau crosses the Rhine, 25; conquers at Engen, May 3; at Mfis- 
kirch, 5 ; at Biberach, 9. Melas takes Nice, and threatens to cross the Var, 11 ; 
Bonaparte having collected his araiy of reserve at Dijon, leaves Paris to take 
the command; passage over the Great St. Bernard, 23 ; entry into Milan, June 2 ; 
the Cisalpine Republic restored, 4; Massena surrenders Genoa, 5; Melas falls 
back ; is checked by Lasnes at Montebello, 9 ; battle of Marengo, 14 ; Desaix slain, 
set. 32; armistice, 16; Genoa and all the fortresses of Piedmont and Lombardy 
given up to Bonaparte ; assassination of Kleber; Menou takes the command in 
Egypt, 14; Moreau enters Munich, July 2; armistice of Parsdorf, 15; prolonged 
by the convention of Hohenlindeu, Sept. 20. The differences between France 
and the American States adjusted by treaty, 30. The French take possession 
of Tuscany, Oct. 15. Hostilities renewed in Germany and Italy, Nov. 28; battle 
of Hohenlinden, Dec. 3 ; Moreau crosses the Inn, 14 ; takes Salzburg, 15 ; defeats 
the archduke John on the Traun, 18 ; a new armistice concluded at Steyer, 25 ; 



1799 TO 1801 A.D. 



701 



Events and Eminent Men. 



conspiracy against Bonaparte detected, Oct. 10 ; attempt to kill hira by an in- 
fernal machine, Dec. 24. Conclave at Venice ; cardinal Gi'egory Barnabas Chi- 
aramonte elected pope Pius VII., March 13. The republic of the Ionian Isles 
formed; their constitution drawn up by Capo d'Istria. First meeting of the 
American congress at Washington. Death of Mrs. Elizabeth Montague, the 
chimney-SAveeper's friend, set. 80, of Dr. Jos. Warton, set. 78, of VVm. Cowper, 
set. 69, of Mallet du Pan, fet. 52, of Sir George Staunton, of Dr. Hugh Blair, 
aet. 83, and of the Russian Suwarof, set. 70. Birth of Thomas Babington Macau- 
lay, of Franklin Pearce, now president of the United States, of his predecessor, 
Millard Fillmore, and of George Bancroft. First meeting of the Koyal Insti- 
tution, March 11 ; Humphrey Davy professor of cliemistry. Downing College, 
Cambridge, founded and chartered. Kussell and Tavistock Squares, London, 
commenced. St. George's Chapel, Windsor, completed. Earl Stanhope intro- 
duces his improved printing-press. 
Union of Great Britain and Ireland, Jan. 1. George III. renounces the title of 
"king of France," and removes the quartering of the lilies from the royal arms, 
3. An embargo laid on all Russian, Danish, and Swedish vessels, 14. The E.I. 
Company grant a pension of £5000 a year to marquis Wellesley, 15. The first 
imperial parliament of the United Kingdom assembles, 22. The French go- 
vei'nment refuses to clothe or maintain the Frencli prisoners in England, 31. 
Lord Grenville announces that ministers had tendered their resignation, Feb. 10; 
a return of the king's malady delays the intended change, 16. Liberation of the 
prisoners coniined by the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, March 2 ; mar- 
tial law continued in Ireland, 12 ; recovery of the king, and appointment of the 
Addington ministry, 17. Sir Ralph Abercrombie lands witli his aiTuy in Egypt, 
8; battle of Alexandria, 21; death of Abercrombie, set. 63; general Hutchinson 
takes the command, and completes the victory. The sliareholders of the Bank 
of England receive a bonus of Five, in addition to the annual dividend of Seven, 
per cent., 19. Prussia joins the Northern Confederacy. The Danes occupy Ham- 
burg and Lubeck, and exclude English vessels from the Elbe ; pacific con- 
ferences begin between lord Hawkesbury and M. Otto. The emperor Paul mur- 
dered, March 23, tet. 47 ; his son, Alexander, liberates the English ships and their 
crews, and writes to the king, proposing a reconciliation. Sir Thos. Duckworth 
captures the Danish and Swedish West India islands, 30. Attack on Copen- 
hagen by Nelson, Apr. 2 ; truce concluded ; the Prussians occupy Hanover and 
Bremen, 3. The Habeas Corpus Act again suspended; Acts against seditious 
meetings and of indemnity for ministers, passed, 14 ; capture of St. Eustatia, 21 ; 
Home Tooke returned to parliament for (Jld Sarum, May 1 ; is allowed to sit, 
but an Act is passed to exclude in future from the House of Commons all persons 
in holy orders, 17. The Danes evacuate Hamburg and Lubeck, 23; the em- 
bargo taken off Russian, Danish, and Swedish ships in Great Britain, June 1 ; 
treaty, concluded by lord St. Helen's at Petersburg, dissolves the Armed Neu- 
trality, 17. Cairo surrendered to the English, and treaty signed for the evacuation 
of Egypt by the French, 27. Close of the parliamentary session, July 2. Sir Jas. 
Saumarez defeats the French and Spaniards in successive engagements, 6 — 13 ; 
Madeira taken by col. Clinton, 24; Nelson attacks the Boulogne flotilla, Aug. 4, 
15, 16; preliminaries of peace signed by lord Hawkesbury and M. Otto, Oct. 1; 
general Lauriston brings the ratification, 10. Meeting of parliament, 29 ; discus- 
sion of the treaty of peace; Grenville and Windham opposition, Nov. 3. Deport- 
ation of 130 republicans, accused of being concerned in tlie infernal machine plot, 
Jan. 4; armistice of Treviso, 16. Peace of Luneville, between Austria and France, 
Feb. 9. Spain declares war against Portugal, 22 ; the king of Naples, by the 
treaty of Florence, consents to exclude the English from all his ports, March 18 ; 
treaty between France and Spain ; Tuscany taken from Ferdinand III. and given 
to Louis, son of the duke of Pai-ma, with the title of king of Etniria, 21. Concordat 
between France and the pope ; the Catholic church restored, but under the control 
of the State, July 15. The regent of Portugal submits to France and Spain, and by 
the treaty of Badajos agrees to shut his ports against the English, Sept. 29. French 
treaty with Russia, Oct. 4 ; with Turkey, 9. New constitutions adupted by the Ba- 



702 



FROM THE TEA] 



A.D. 



1802 



1803 



Hegi- 

RA, 



1217 
1218 



Otto- 
man Em- 

PJKE. 

14 Selim 
111. 



1218 
1219 



1804 1219 
1220 



1805 



1806 



1220 
1221 



Popes 



3 Pius 
VII 

Mar.13, 



1221 
P222 



18- 



15 

Chas. 
IV. 



Spain. 



11 Re- 
public. 
Sept. 22. 
Napole- 
on Bona- 
parte 
First 
Consul, 



7 19 



France 



26Maria 6 Fre- 
Fran- | deric 



cesca, 

her son 

John, 

Rrgentn 



1 Napo- 
leon Em- 
peror. 



2 

king of 
Italy. 



Portu- 
gal. 



Prus- 
sia. 



WlR- 

tem- 

BERG. 

3 Fre- 
deric 11 



Willi- 
amIII 



13 



Saxo- Bava- 
ria. 



40Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tus 111, 



4 Max- 
imili- 
an Jo- 
seph 
II. 



42- 



30 15 10 10 '44- 



Ger- 

many. 



11 Fran 
cis II. 



12 - 



13 - 

Empero: 
of Aus- 
tria. 
IFrancisl 



1802 TO 18C6 A.D. 



703 



tition 
Dates 

1802 



1803 



1804 



1805 



1806 



i Sar- 
dinia. 

1 Vic- 
tor 

Eman- 
uel. 

I 

i 



2Louis -14 Fer- 37 

dinand(jhi.js. 

tian 
VII. 



Etru- Na- Den- 
ria. ples. mark. 



Swe- 
den. 



Ameri- 
can Pre- 
sidents. 



11 Gus-'2 Thos. 
tavus Jeffer- 
IV. sou. 



iChas. 45 38 

Louis 



46— 



39- 



40- 



2Alex- 
ander, 



5 i?^- 



1 Jo- 41 1.J- 

seph 
Napo- 
leon. 



Rus- 
sia. 



Batavi- 
AN Re- 
public. 



11 

Schim- 

melpen- 

ninck 

PeTision- 

ary. 



Hol- 
land. 

1 Louis 
Napoleon 
king. 



India. 

BritisiiGo- 

vernors. 



5 Lord Wel- 
lesley. 



Great 
Britain. 



43 Geo. 
IIL 

Oct. 25. 



44 . 



1 Marqnis 46 

Connvallis.U duke of 



1 Sir Geo. 
Barlow. 



Glouces- 
ter. 



704 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1801 
con- 
tinued. 



1802 



Events and Eminent Men. 



tavian and Helvetian republics. Thomas Jefferson elected president of the U. S., 
after a warm contest with Burr. The planet, or asteroid, Ceres, discovered by 
Piazzi, Jan. 1, Capt. Flinders explores the southern coast of New Holland. 
First attempt to navigate a steam-boat on the Thames, and to construct a tunnel 
beneath the bed of the river. Death of Gilbert Wakefield, soon after his 
liberation from Dorchester jail, set. 46, of John Caspar Lavater, set. 60, and of 
Robert Orme, set. 73. Birth of lord Ashley, now earl of Shaftesbury, of Vil- 
liers, now earl of Clarendon, of Fox Maule, now lord Panmure, of Rich. Cobden, 
of J. A. Roebuck, and of the late marshal St. Arnaud. Lord Loughborough, 
created earl of Rosslyn, resigns the chancellorship ; is succeeded by Sir John 
Scott as lord Eldon, and Sir Edward Law attorney-general. Sir William Grant 
master of the Rolls. Nelson allowed to take the title of duke of Bronte. 
Cobbett leaves America ; publishes in London his " Porcupine," and soon after- 
wards his " Weekly Register." 
Mutiny in Ban try bay : six of the ringleaders executed, Jan. 15. Execution of 
governor Wall for murder, 28. Sir John Mitford^ created baron Redesdale and 
chancellor of Ireland ; he is succeeded as speaker of the Commons by Charles 
Abbott, Feb. 10. Death of Francis, duke of Bedford, March 2, ast. 37; Fox's 
oration in praise of him, 16. The duke of Kent appointed governor of Gibraltar, 
24. Definitive treaty of peace signed at Amiens, 27. The Commons vote 
£900,000 to pay the debts of the civil list, 29 ; reject the claim of the prince of 
Wales to the arrears of his revenue from the duchy of Cornwall, 31. Death of 
lord Keynon, Apr. 2, set. 69. Income tax repealed, 5; Bank Restriction Act re- 
newed, 9 ; Sir F. Burdett's motion for inquiry into the conduct of the late minis- 
try negatived by 207 to 89, 12. Sir Edw. Law, created lord Ellenborough, 
succeeds lord Kenyon as chief justice, 13; Spencer Perceval attorney-general. 
Peace proclaimed in London, 29 ; the treaty approved by the Lords, 122 to 16, lord 
Grenville dissentient, and by the Commons, 276 to 20, Mr. Windham opposing, 
May 13. Fire at Woolwich, 20. Bill for the abolition of bull-baiting thrown 
out by the Commons, 24 ; Canning's motion against the importatum of slaves 
into Trinidad negatived, 27 ; vote of £10,000 to Dr. Jenner, and £1200 to Great- 
head, June 3; parliament prorogued, 28 ; dissolved, 29; the opponents of the 
peace unpopular ; Windham and others unseated, July. Newspaper war ; those 
of England prohibited in France, Aug. 25. Reception of Mr. Fox at the Tui- 
leries, Sept. 3. Andreossy, the French ambassador, arrives in London, Nov. 6. 
The ncAv parliament assembles, 16. Despard's plot, 19 ; he and the other con- 
spirators are committed, 29. Treaty of Bassein, in India, with the Peishwa, 
Dec. 31. Marriage of Louis Bonaparte to Hortense de Beauharnais, daughter of 
Josephine, Jan. 9. The Italian republic succeeds the Cisalpine, and elects 
Bonaparte president, 26 ; the Concordat adopted by the legislative body, Apr. 8 ; 
inaugurated in the church of Notre Dame, 18. System of public instruction in 
France organized, May 1 ; the Legion of Honour created, 19. Toussaint I'Ou- 
verture is made prisoner in Haiti by general Leclerc, and sent to France ; Bo- 
naparte elected consul for ten years, May 6, for life, Aug. 2 ; other changes in 
the constitution tending to monarchy, 4. Piedmont annexed to France, Sept. 11. 
A French army occupies Switzerland, Oct. 21 ; after the submission of Des- 
salines, Leclerc and many of his army die of the yellow fever; the insurrection 
is renewed in Haiti, Nov. 2. Charles Emanuel IV. resigns the crown of Sar- 
dinia to his brother, Victor Emanuel, June 4. Commotions in the Ionian Islands. 
The planet, or asteriod, Pallas, discovered by Dr. Olbers, March 28. Death of 
Dr. Geddes, set. 65, of Joseph Strutt, set. 53, of col. Barre, of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, 
set. 81, of the earl of Clare, set 53, of Dr. Moore, set. 72, of Samuel Arnold, Mus. D., 
set. 63, and of M. De Calonne, set. 68. Birth of Miguel, son of the regent of 
Portugal, of lord George Beutinck, of the present earl Grey, of Victor Hugo, of 
Cavaignac, afterwards French general, and of the present cardinal Wiseman. 
The first No. of the " Edinburgh Review " published, Oct. 1 ; Chateaubriand's 
"Genie du Christianisme," and Madame De Stael's "Delphine." M. Gamerin 
descends in a parachute, Sept. 21. 



1802 TO 1803 A.D. 



705 



A.D. 



1803 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The Royal Jennerian Institution founded, Jan. 29. Bank Restriction continued, 
Feb. 7. Conviction of col. Despard and his associates, 9; execution, 21. Provi- 
sion made for paying the debts of the prince of Wales, 16. Peltier eloquently 
defended by Mr, Mackintosh, but convicted of a libel on Bonaparte, 21. Royal 
message to parliament announcing preparations for renewing the war with 

. France, March 7 ; scene at the Tuileries ; Bonaparte tells lord Whitworth that 
Great Britain cannot, single-handed, resist, him, 13 ; lord Whitworth leaves 
Paris, May 12, and general Andreossi, London, 16 ; embargo on French and Ba- 
tavian ships, 17. English declaration of war, 18 ; British residents and travellers 
in France detained by Bonaparte, 22. The war approved by the Lords and 
Commons, 23 ; Hanover declared neutral by the king, 28 ; is surrendered to the 
French general Mortier, June 3 ; the Elbe and Weser are closed against the En- 
glish and blockaded by them ; great distress ensues at Hamburg; war with the 
Batavian republic, 7 ; property-tax renewed, 13 ; Bonaparte threatens invasion ; 
plan for an array of reserve submitted to parliament, 18 ; national enthusiasm 
for self-defence ; universal arming of volunteers ; St. Lucia taken by the En- 
glish, 22 ; Tobago, 30. Mr. Tierney and Mr. Hobhouse join the Addington 
ministry. Application of the prince of Wales for military employment refused, 
July 21. Tumultuary insurrection at Dublin ; lord Kilwarden and his nephew 
killed; apprehension of Emmet and other leaders, 23. Patriotic meetings at 
the Royal Exchange, 26; at Hackney, Aug. 2. St. Pierre and Miquelon taken 
by the English, 3. Parliament prorogued, 12. Mahratta war; commencement 
of Wellington's military career: as Sir Arthur Wellesley, he takes Poonah and 
Ahmednuggur, Aug. 12 ; gains the victory of Assaye, Sept. 23. Robert Emmet 
executed, 19. Demerara and Berbice surrender to general Griniield and com- 
modore Hood, 25. Agra taken by general Lake, Oct 17. Delhi conquered, and the 
Great Mogul is pensioned by the E. I. Company. Volunteers reviewed by the 
king in Hyde Park, 26, 28. Meeting of parliament, Xov. 22. General Rocham- 
beau, driven out of Haiti by Dessalines, Christophe, and Petion, is taken, with 
the remains of his aiTny, by admiral Duckworth, 30. Victories of Sir A. 'N^'el- 
lesley over Scindiah and the rajah of Berar at Argaum, Nov., and at Gawulgurh, 
Dec. 14, followed by a treaty of peace, 30. The volunteers of Great Britain 
amount to 379,945 men, A new constitution given to Switzerland by Bonaparte's 
Act of Mediation : nineteen cantons, a federal Diet, and a Landammann for chief 
magistrate, Feb. 19. Censorship of the press in France, Sept. 27. Secularization 
of the ecclesiastical States in Germany ; Salzburg given, with the electoral 
dignity, to Ferdinand, the dispossessed duke of Tuscany. The dukes of Baden 
and Wirtemberg, and the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, created electors : only 
eight of the ancient imperial cities retain their independence. Louisiana sold 
by France to the United States. Death of Louis, the new king of P^truria, 
Oct. 9, set. 29 ; his widow, Maria Louisa, governs as regent for their son, Charles 
Louis, set 4, The troubles of the Ionian Islands settled by a new constitution. 
The emperor Alexander appoints the duke de Richelieu governor of Odessa. The 
Wahabys take Mecca and attack Djidda. Death of Francis, duke of Bridge- 
water, ait. 77, of La Harpe, a-t. 85, of Klopstock, get. 76. of Herder, aet. 62, of Al- 
fieri, set. 54, of Sir William Hamilton, set, 73, of Wm. Woodfall, ivt. 58, of John 
Hoole, the translator of Tasso, aet. 76, of Jas. Beattie, ?et. 68, of Dr. Ralph Grif- 
fiths, editor of the *' Monthly Review," aet. 83, of Joseph Ritson, set. 51 . .mid of 
Hemy Swinburne. Birth of Edwin Landseer, of R. W, Emerson, of \N ui. fcinith 
O'Brien, of Robert Stephenson, civil engineer, and of Etienne Arago. Sir James 
Mackintosh recorder of Bombay. Craniology promulgated by Dr. Gall, Malthus 
publishes his Essay on Population, and Brougham his '' Colonial Policy." 1'he 
British and Foreign Bible Society founded by lord Teignmouth. The skeleton 
of a mammoth discovered at Harwich. The Caledonian canal commenced, May 
1. Fulton tries his steam-boat on the Seine, Aug. 9. The first printing pivss 
in New South Wales established at Sydney by George Howe, Col. Montgomery 
killed in a duel, by capt. Macnamara, April 6. Embezzlement of Exchequer 
bills by the Bank-clerk, Aslett, April 28. Execution of the notorious swindler 
John Hatfield, Sept. 3. Astley's amphitheatre burnt, Sept. 2. The Lyceum, | 
London, lighted by Winsor, with coal -gas. ! 

4 T 



roG 



TEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1804 



1805 



Events and Eminent Men. 



The king's malady returns, Feb. 14. Capt. Dance repulses the French admiral 
Linois's attack on the homeward-bound East India fleet, 15. Progressive 
recovery of the king, March 14. Pitt and Fox unite in opposing the Adding- 
ton ministry, April 16 ; Pitt authorized by the king to form a new administra- 
tion, May 7 ; sacrifices the cause of Catholic emancipation, and resumes his 
former offices, 12 ; Fox excluded by the king. George Canning treasurer of the 
navy ; Wm. Huskisson » secretary of the treasury ; Wm. Cobbett convicted of 
a libel on the Irish goveniment, 26. Alteration of the corn-laws introduced by 
Mr. Western, June 20. Wilberforce's Slave-trade Bill read a third time in the 
Commons, 28 ; thrown out by the Lords. Parliament prorogued, July 31. Bonus 
of five percent, on Bank shares, Sept. 20. Naval fHe to the king at Weymouth, 
29. Failure of the catamaran attack on the Boulogne flotilla, Oct. 2 ; capture 
of Spanish frigates with their cargoes of treasure, 5; Sir George Kumbold 
seized by a French detachment at Hamburg, 25. Conciliatory interview between 
the king and prince of Wales, Nov. 12. Holkar defeated by general Eraser, near 
Deeg, 15 ; by general Lake at Furruckabad, 17 ; the armed force of the United 
Kingdom, nearly 700,000 men. Spanish declaration of war, Dec. 12. Pichegru, 
Moreau, and others accused of a conspiracy and arrested at Paris, Feb. 15. The 
duke d'Enghien seized by French soldiers at Ettenheim in the duchy of Baden, 
March 15 ; murdered by a mock-trial at Vincennes, 20, aet. 32 ; Pichegru found 
strangled in his prison, April 5. The emperor Alexander and the king of 
Sweden urge the German States to demand satisfaction for the violation of the 
territory of Baden, May 7. The Code Napoleon adopted; Bonaparte proclaimed 
emperor by the title of Napoleon I., 18. The emperor Alexander demands the 
evacuation of Hanover and Naples, and compensation for the king of Sardinia, 
July 21 ; his ambassador, M. d'Oubril, leaves Paris, Aug. 28. The empire of 
France made hereditary in the family of Napoleon, Nov. 6 ; he and Josephine 
are crowned by the pope, Dec. 2, Francis II. annuls the elective title of emperor 
of Germany, and as Francis I. decrees that of emperor of Austria to be hereditary 
in his family, Aug. 11. The American vice-president Burr kills general Hamilton 
in a duel. Dessalines assumes the title of James I., emperor of Haiti. Medina 
taken by the Wahabys ; Saoud despoils the tomb of Mahomet ; Abou Nokta 
plunders the towns of Yemen. Professor Harding, Gottingen, discovers the planet, 
or asteroid, Juno, Sept, 6. Granville Sharpe founds the " Bible Society." The 
" Frugality Bank" of Tottenham, instituted by Priscilla Wakefield, gives rise 
to Savings' Banks. Death of Dr. Priestley, at Northumberland in Pennsylvania, 
set. 71 ; of lord Camelford, killed in a duel by capt. Best, set. 29, of Necker, set. 
72, of lord Duncan, set. 73, of K. Potter, translator of --Eschylus, set. 83, of Jacob 
Bryant, set. 89, of Emanuel Kant, set, 80, of Pepper Arden, lord Alvauley, set. 
59, of Dr. Percival, set. 64, of Geo. Morland. set 40, of aid. Boydell, set. 85, 
and of C. Bannister the actor, aet. 63. Massey v. the marquis of Headfort, 
damages, £10,000. Trial of the Gordons for the abduction of Mrs. Lee. Aslett, 
the Bank-clerk, condemned and reprieved. First appearance of the young 
Roscius, Betty. 

The emperor Napoleon addresses a letter to the king with proposals of peace, 
which are declined, Jan. 2. Mr. Addington, created viscount Sidmouth, with 
some of his friends, joins the administration, 11. Parliament meets, 15. Opening 
of the London Docks, 30. The combined French and Spanish fleets fail in an 
attack on Dominica, Feb. 2. Dr. Chas. Manners Sutton archbishop of Canter- 
bury, 23; Dr. Henry Bathurst Bishop of Norwich, Mar. 9. The sheriffs 
of London, Scholey and Domville, committed to Newgate by the House of 
Commons, for partiality to Sir Francis Burdett in the Middlesex election, 11. 
Defeat of Holkar, by lord Lake, at Bhurtpore, Apr. 2. Trotter's peculations dis- 
covered. Charges against lord Melville brought forward by Mr. Whitbread ; 
carried by the Speaker's casting vote, 6. Treaty of Petersburg prepares the 
third coalition against France, 11. Death of William, marquis of Lansdowne, 
May 7, set. 69. Catholic petition presented to the Lords by lord Grenville, re- 
jected by 178 to 49, 10: by Fox to the Commons, supported by Grattan, rejected 
by 336 to 124, 13. Lord Melville defends himself at the bar of the Commons, 



1804 TO 1806 A.D. 



707 



A.D. 



1806 



Events and Eminent Men. 



June 11 ; is impeached, 25. Hamilton Rowan arraigned for treason, pleads the 
king's pardon, July 1. Lords Sidmouth and Buckingham resign, 10; parliament 
prorogued, 12. Sir Rohert Calder intercepts the French and Spanish fleets, and 
takes two of their ships, 22. Marquis Coniwallis succeeds marquis Wellesley 
in India, and begins a more pacific policy, 29. Death of the king's brother, 
Wm. Henry, duke of Gloucester, Aug. 25, set. 62. Marquis Comwallis dies at 
Ghazipore, Oct. 5, set. 67 ; Sir Geo. Barlow administers the Indian government. 
Battle of Trafalgar, 21 ; death of Nelson, set. 47 ; destruction of the French and 
Spanish fleets ; admiral Gravina killed; Villeneuve puts an end to his own 
life ; Collingwood succeeds Nelson ; four ships that escape are taken off Ferrol 
by Sir Richard Strachan, Nov. 4; Sir R. Calder reprimanded for not having 
made his victory of July 22 more complete, Dec. 23. Treaties of peace with 
Scindiah and Holkar, 24. New constitution of the Batavian Republic; Schim- 
melpenninck pensionary, March 15. The Italian Republic made kingdom of Italy, 
Napoleon king, 18 ; crowned at Milan, May 26 ; Eugene Beauhamais, viceroy. 
The Ligurian Republic annexed to France, June 4. Lucca erected into a prin- 
cipality, and given, with Tuscany and Piombino, to Napoleon's sister, Elise, and 
her husband, Bacciocchi, 23. The emperor at Boulogne repeats his boastful 
threats of invading and crushing England, Aug. 4 ; breaks up his camp, 27 ; 
Austria joins the coalition. General Mack crosses the Inn and invades Bavaria. 
Sept. 8. Treaty of neutrality with Naples, 21. Napoleon leaves Paris, Sept. 24 ; 
advances into Germany j violates the neutral teiTitory of Anspach, Oct. 3 ; 
crosses the Danube, 6. Mack at Ulm ; a division of his army is beaten at Wer- 
tingen ; another at Gunzburg, 9 ; Augsburg taken by the French, 10 ; Munich, 
12 ; victory of Ney at Elchingen, 14 ; Mack surrenders his army and fortresses, 
20 ; Napoleon enters Vienna, Nov. 12. The Russians join the Austrian ai-my of 
reserve in Moravia. Battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 2. Amiistice, 6. Negociations at 
Presburg. Hanover given up to Prussia, 15. Treaty of Presburg, 26. The em- 
peror of Austria deprived of all his Italian dominions, of the Tyrol, and other 
provinces in Germany. The electors of Bavaria and Wirtemberg take the titles 
of kings ; an English and Russian army having landed in Naples, Napoleon 
declares that Ferdinand IV. '' has ceased to reign." By a decree of Sept. 9, the 
Gregorian calendar is to be used again in France, from Jan. 1, 1806. Jefferson 
re-elected president of the American States. The Wahabys possess the greater 
part of Arabia, and make incursions into Mesopotamia. Salisbury plain, and 
many other waste lands in England, brought into cultivation. Martello towers 
erected for the defence of the coast, The aqueduct of the Ellesmere canal, in 
the vale of Llangollen, completed by Mr. Telford. The British and London In- 
stitutions founded. A machine for sweeping chimneys invented by Smart. 
Death of Paley, set. 62, of Schiller, set. 46. of professor John Frederic Gmelin, 
set. 57, of Anquetil du Perron, set. 74, of lord Rosslyn, set. 72, of Dr. Bisset, set. 46, 
of Chappe, inventor of the telegraph, set. 42, of Mungo Park, set. 34, of Henry 
Samson Woodfall, aet. 66, and of John Almon, set. 68. Birth of Edw. Lytton 
Bulwer, now Sir E. B. Lytton, of lord Mahon, of B. D'Israeli, of Samuel Wil- 
berforce, now bishop of Oxford, of Wm. H. Ainsworth, and of G. Sand. Jerome 
Bonaparte, having married Miss Paterson, an American lady, she is not allowed 
by Napoleon to enter France. Mde. De Stael visits Italy, and writes " Corinne." 
The Circus (now the Surrey theatre) burnt, Aug. 12. Philips and Lee, of Man- 
chester, light their factory with gas. 
The Cape of Good Hope surrenders to Sir David Baird and Sir Home Popham, 
Jan. 8. Public funeral of lord Nelson, 9. Meeting of parliament, 12. Capture 
of a French squadron by Sir J. Duckworth, 20. Death of William Pitt, 23, set. 
47 ; vote of the Commons for his interment in Westminster Abbey at the national 
expense, 27 ; grant for the payment of his debts, Feb. 3. New administration 
formed, of " All the Talents," 5. Fox foreign secretary ; lord Grenville first lord 
of the treasury ; lord Henry Petty (the present marquis of Lansdowne) chancellor 
of the exchequer, and Erskine lord chancellor. Monument to Wm. Pitt voted 
by the common council of London, 6. Note from Fox to Talleyrand, on an offer 
made to assassinate Napoleon, 20. Funeral of Pitt, 22. Trial of general Picton, 



708 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1807 



Hegi- 

BA. 



1222 
1223 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



1 Musta- 8 Pius 
fa IV. VII. 
Maria. 



1808 



1223 
1224 



1224 
1225 



Popes. 



IMah- 
mud 11. 



20Chas 
IV. 



4 Napo- 
leon, era- 
peror, 
and king 
of Italy. 



1810 



1225 
1226 



Napo- 
leon. 



France, 



31 Maria 
Fran- 
cesca, 

Pr. John 



Portu- 
gal. 



llFre- 
deric 
Wm. 
III. 



32- 



33 18 



34 19 



Prus- 
sia, 



11 Fre- 
deric 
II., 

king. 



WlR- 

TEM- 
BERG. 



Saxo- 
ny. 



45Fre- 
deric 
Aug. 
III., 

king. 



12- 



46- 



9 Max- 
imilian 
Joseph 
11., 



Bava- 
ria. 



12- 



Aus- 
tria. 



4 Fran- 
cis 1. 



1807 TO 1810 A.D. 



709 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1807 



1808 



1809 



1810 



Sar- 
dinia. 

6 Vic- 
tor 
Eraa- 
nuell. 



Etru- 

RIA, 

Uni- 
ted to 
the 
king- 
dom of 
Italy. 



Na- 
ples. 

2 Jo- 
seph 
Napo- 
leon. 



42 

Chris- 
tian 



1 Jo- 
achim 
Murat. 



Den- 
mark. 



Swe- 
den. 

16 Gus- 
tavus 
IV. 



1 Fre- 
deric 
VI. 



Rus- 
sia. 



7 Alex- 
ander. 



IChas. 9- 
XIII. 



Hol- 
land. 

2 Louis 
Napo- 
leon, 
king. 



Amkri- 
c an Pre- 
sidents. 

7 Thos. 
Jeffer- 
son. 



1 Lord Miuto.' 48 George 
III. 
Oct 25. 



1 James 
Madison. 



India, 
British Go- 
vernors. 



Great 
Britain, 



49 



50 ■ 



51 

d. princess 
Amelia. 



no 



FEOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1806 
conti- 
nued. 



1807 



Events and Eminent Men. 



for having allowed torture in Trinidad, 24. Debates in parliament on the intro- 
duction of chief justice Ellenborough to a seat in the cabinet, Mar. 3. Admiral 
Linois and his ships taken by Sir J. B. Warren, 13. Pacific overture from Tal- 
leyrand to Fox, 26. The king of Prussia occupies Hanover, Apr. 1. Mr. Windham 
proposes a new system for the army, 3. War declared against Prussia. Charges 
against marquis Wellesley by Mr. Paul, 24. Trial of lord Melville, 29. The 
late lord Nelson's brother created an earl, with a parliamentary grant, May 12. 
" Delicate investigation" of charges made against the princess of Wales, 22. 
Abolition of the slave-trade voted by the Lords, on the motion of lord Grenville, 
and by the Commons, on the motion of Charles James Fox, June 10. Lord Mel- 
ville acquitted, 12. Buenos Ayres taken by Sir Home Popham, 27 ; mutiny of 
the sepoys at Vellore, July 10. Victory of Maida over the French general, 
Regnier, gained by British troops, under general Stuart, landed in Calabria, 4. 
Buenos Ayres retaken by the Spaniards, Aug. 12. Death of Fox, Sept. 13, set. 58. 
The negotiations with France, conducted by lord Lauderdale, are brought to aclose; 
Stock Exchange exultation, Oct. 6. Boulogne attacked with Congreve rockets. 
Lord Howick foreign secretary, 8. The remains of Fox deposited in Westminster 
Abbey, 10. Dissolution of parliament, 24. The new parliament meets, Dec. 15. 
Treaty of commerce with the United States, 31. Eugene Beauharnais marries 
the princess Augusta of Bavaria, Jan. 14. The king of Naples retires into Sicily, 
protected by a British fleet and army, 15. Napoleon returns to Paris, 20. The 
column on the Place Vendome, tlie Arc de I'Etoile, and many other public 
works, constructed. Mollier minister of Finance. Joseph Bonaparte seated on 
the throne of Naples, Feb. 15. Venice annexed to the kingdom of Italy, Mar. 4. 
Giiastalla given to Napoleon's sister, Pauline, and her husband, prince Bor- 
ghese, who sells it to the kingdom of Italy. Talleyrand, prince of Benevento, 
Bernadotte, of Ponte Corvo, and Berthier, of Neufchatel. Murat, grand duke of 
Berg, 15. Louis Napoleon king of Holland, June 5. Confederation of the Rhine, 
Napoleon protector, July 12. Jewish Sanhedrim at Paris, Aug. 12. Palm, the 
bookseller of Nuremberg, shot by order of Napoleon, 26. Fourth coalition against 
France. The king of Prussia demands that the French troops should retire 
within the Rhine ; sets out to join his army, Sept. 21. Napoleon leaves Paris, 
26 ; first hostile encounter at Schleitz, Oct. 9. Battles of Anerstadt and Jena, 14. 
Napoleon enters Potsdam, 25; Berlin, 28; prince Hohenlohe lays down his arms. 
Nov. 6; Blucher surrenders at Liibeck. 7 ; Magdeburg taken, 8. The duke of 
Brunswick dies, at Altona, of the wounds which he received at Jena, 10 ; Na- 
poleon refuses to let him be interred in the ancestral vault of his family. The 
French occupy Hanover, 14. Mortier takes possession of Hamburg, and con- 
fiscates all British property, 19. Napoleon issues his Berlin decree for the 
Blockade of England, 21 ; enters Poland, 28 ; concludes a treaty with the elector 
of Saxony, to whom he gives additional territories and the title of king, Dec. 11 ; 
received with enthusiasm at Warsaw, 15. Arrival of the Russian army. Battle 
of Pultusk, 26. War between Russia and Turkey. Mehemet Ali aspires to in- 
dependence in Egypt Dessalines assassinated by Christophe and Petion ; they 
dispute between themselves the empire of Haiti, and establish separate go- 
vernments. Deatli of William V., prince of Orange, the expelled statholder of 
Holland, set. 58, of John Christopher Adelung, set. 72, of lord Thurlow, set. 74, of 
bishop Horsley, set. 73, of lord Macartney, set. 69, and of Henry Kirke White, 
set. 21. Birth of Louis Kossuth. The sarcophagus of Alexander the Great 
brought from Egypt by Dr. Edw. Clarke. The fossil remains of a crocodile dis- 
covered at Doddridge, in Gloucestershire. The loom invented by .lacquard, a 
mechanic of Lyons, purchased of him by an imperial decree, for the public use. 
Fulton's steam-boats ply on the river Hudson, at New York. The East India 
Docks opened, Aug. 4. Execution of Richard Patch for the murder of his part- 
ner, Apr. 8. 
An order of council prohibits all trade between ports occupied by the French, Jan. 
7. Lord Minto appointed governor-general of India. The island of Cura9oa 
taken from the Dutch. Sir Samuel Romilly introduces his Freehold Estates 
Bill, 28. Montevideo taken by Sir Samuel Auchmuty, Feb. 2. Bill for the 



1806 TO 1808 A.D. 



711 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Abolition of the Slave-trade read a second time in the House of Lords, 5- Sir J. 
Duckworth passes the Dardanelles with his fleet, 19. Mr. Whitbread proposes 
measures for popular education and the amendment of the Poor Laws. The 
British fleet returns through the Dardanelles, March 1. Lord Howick brings in 
a Bill, enabling Catholics to hold commissions in the army and navy, 5. Sir 
Home Popham reprimanded for having withdrawn forces, without orders, from 
tlie Cape of Good Hope, to attack Buenos Ayres, 6. The king objects to lord 
Howick's Bill ; it is postponed, 18. British troops under general Fraser land 
in Egypt, and take Alexandria, 20. The royal assent given to the Act for the 
Abolition of the Slave-trade, 25. Dismissal of ministers ; the duke of Portland, 
first lord of the Treasury ; Spencer Perceval, chancellor of the Exchequer ; Eldon, 
lord-chancellor ; Canning, Foreign secretary ; and Castlereagh for the Colonies ; 
Sir Arthur Wellesley, Irish secretary. Parliamentary explanations of lords 
Grenville and Howick, 26. Address of the London corporation, thanking the 
king for his care of the Protestant religion, April 22. Parliament dissolved, 29. 
Repulse of the British by the Turks at Rosetta, May 21. Encounter between 
the Leopard and Chesapeake, June 21. Opening of the new parliament, 26 ; 
ministerial majority in the Lords, 160 to 67, in the Commons, 350 to 155. Pro- 
clamation of president Jefferson closing American harbours against British 
ships of war, July 2. Defeat of general Whitelocke at Buenos Ayres, 5. Parlia- 
ment prorogued, Aug. 14. Expedition against Copenhagen; bombardment com- 
mences, Sept. 2 ; surrender of the city and fleet, 5. The British evacuate Egypt, 
23. Heligoland taken from the Danes. The emperor Alexander breaks off all 
intercourse with Great Britain, and lays an embargo on British ships, 28. 
Louis XVIII. leaves Russia and takes up his residence at Gosfield hall in 
Essex, Oct. 30. Milan decree against English commerce, Nov. 11 ; retorted by 
another Order of Council, 21. The Danish West India islands taken by Sir Alex. 
Cochrane, Dec. 22. Madeira given up to commodore Hood and general Beres- 
ford, 24. Breslau submits to the French, Jan. 7. Silesia conquered ; battle of 
Mohrungen, 25 ; of Eylau, Feb. 8 ; surrender of Dantzic, May 26 ; battle of Fried- 
land, June 14 ; Konigsberg occupied, 16 Napoleon at Tilsit, 22 ; interview with 
Alexander ; treaty of Tilsit, July 8. Alexander joins the " Continental System." 
Hanover. Hesse Cassel and the adjacent countries, constituted the kingdom of 
Westphalia, for Jerome Bonaparte. The grand duchy of Warsaw given to the 
king of Saxony. Secret agreement that Finland, Moldavia, and Wallachia are to 
be annexed to Russia. The French occupy Swedish Pomerania, July 13 ; Ragusa, 
Aug 14. A large French army admitted into Spain to act against Portugal, Oct. 
17. The prince regent of Portugal and the royal family embark for Brazil, 27 ; 
Junot enters Lisbon, 30 ; the best troops of Spain, under the marquis Romana, 
are sent into the north of Europe. Napoleon goes to Italy, after a short stay 
at Paris, Nov. 16. Cession of Etruria to the kingdom of Italy, Dec. 12. 
Revolt of the Janizaries ; sultan Selim deposed, and his nephew, Mustafa IV., 
placed on the throne. Death of Anne Amelia, duchess of Saxe Weimar, the 
patroness of German literature, ?et. 68, of Henry Benedict, cardinal of York, the 
last of the Stuarts, set. 82, of Markham, archbishop of York, set. 90, of Pascal 
Paoli, set. 82, of Abraham Newland, Bank cashier, set. 77, of the duke of Rich- 
mond, set. 73, of Lalande, set. 75, of John Bemouilli, set. 63, of John Opie, set. 45, 
of De Lolme, set. 62, of the Abbe Edgeworth, set. 62, of Dr. Willis, and of marquis 
Townshend, set. 83. The planet or asteroid, Vesta, discovered by Dr. Olbers, 
March 29. Winsor s experiment with gas-lights on the wall of Carlton gardens, 
June 4 ; in Golden Lane, Aug. 16. Byron publishes his " Hours of Idleness," 
and Sismoude de Sismondi his Italian History. Mde. De Stael ordered to leave 
France. The chapel of Henry VII. repaired. Execution of Holloway and 
Haggerty, 
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 21. Inquiry into the attack on Copenhagen refused 
by the Commons, 253 against 108, Feb. 3 ; by the Lords, 127 to 73, Feb. 8. De- 
bate of the Commons on the marquis Wellesley's Indian administration ; lord 
Folkstone's vote of censure rejected, and thanks given, by 180 to 20, March 9. 
General Whitelocke dismissed the service, 20. Lord Castlereagh's plan for re- 



712 



FEOM THE TEAK 




conti- 
nued. 



cruiting the army and raising a local militia, adopted, April 23. Sir John Moore 
sent with an army to assist the king of Sweden; returas without having landed 
his troops. Manufacturing districts petition for peace. Riot of distressed 
weavers at Manchester, May 24 A Spanish deputation arrives from Gijon, to 
request the assistance of Great Britain against the aggressions of France, 30; 
lord Collingwood co-operates with the Spanish patriots and captures the French 
fleet at Cadiz, June 4. Treaty with Spain and release of the prisoners, July 4. 
Public dinner to the Spanish deputies at the London tavern, Aug. 4 ; great en- 
thusiasm in England. Sir Arthur Wellesley sent with an army, lands in Por- 
tugal, defeats Junotat Vimiera, 21. Admiral Keats brings the marquis de Ro- 
mana and his troops from the Baltic to be conveyed to Spain, 24. Sir Hugh 
Dalrymple, having arrived in Portugal, takes the command, and concludes the 
convention of Cintra. The French evacuate the country, 30. A Russian fleet 
in the Tagus surrenders to Sir Chas. Cotton, Sept. 3. The emperors Alexander 
and Napoleon offer to treat for peace, which England refuses, unless the king of 
Sweden and the Spanish patriots be admitted as parties to the negotiation, Oct. 
12. Popular dissatisfaction with the Convention of Cintra ; meeting in West- 
minster, 20. British troops land at Corunna, 25. Court of Inquiry respecting 
the Convention meets at Chelsea, Nov. 17. Alexander Davison convicted of 
peculation and imprisoned, Dec. 8. Flushing, Wesel, and other frontier for- 
tresses annexed to France, Jan. 23, The Russians invade Finland, Feb. 21. A 
new French nobility organized, March 1 ; intrigues of Napoleon in Spain ; Murat 
enters with an army, 10; insurrection at Aranjuez, 17; Manuel Godoy dis- 
missed. Charles IV. abdicates in favour of his son, Ferdinand VII., 19. Murat 
occupies Madrid, 23. Rome and the States of the Church seized by the French, 
April 2. The royal family of Spain persuaded to meet Napoleon at Bayonne, 
30 ; they resign their rights ; Charles and the queen are sent to Fontainebleau, 
and Ferdinand to Valenyay. Joseph Bonaparte gives up the crown of Naples to 
Joachim Murat, and is created king of Spain. The Russians take Abo, Swea- 
borg, and all the strong places in Finland. InsuiTection at Madrid ; suppressed 
by Murat with great slaughter, May 2 ; general rising in Spain against the 
French ; the Junta of Seville assumes the government in the name of Ferdinand 
VII. Joseph Bonaparte enters Spain with another army, July 9. Bessi^res de- 
feats the patriots at Medina del Rio Seco, 14 ; surrender of general Dupont and 
his army to Castanos at Baylen, 20 ; Joseph abandons Madrid and takes the 
crown jewels with him to Burgos, Aug. 1 ; heroic defence of Saragossa by Pala- 
fox, 15. Meeting of Alexander and Napoleon at Erfurt, Sept. 27. Napoleon 
proceeds to Spain with a numerous veteran army, Nov. 7 ; at Burgos, 10; at 
Espinosa, 12 ; at Tudela, 23 ; enters Madrid, Dec. 4 ; abolishes the Inquisition 
and suppresses two-thirds of the monasteries ; leaves Madrid, 22. Truce in 
Finland, Nov. 20. Death of Christian VII., king of Denmark, March 12, set. 
59 ; succeeded by his son, Frederic VI. Another revolution at Constantinople ; 
Selim III. put to death ; Mustafa IV. dethroned, and his brother, Mahmud II., 
made sultan. Death of Charles, first earl of Liverpool, set 81, of Richard Por- 
son, set. 49, of Hurd, bishop of Worcester, set. 88, of Dr. Beddoes, set. 48, of Dr. 
Hawes, founder of the Humane Society, set. 72, of Angelica Kaufmann, set. 68, of 
Clara Reeve, set. 70, of Mde. Cottin, of lord Lake, of Dr. John Whitaker, set. 73, 
of Theophilus Lindsey, set. 85, of Guy Carleton, lord Dorchester, set. 84, of Sir 
Henry Grey, and of John Home, set. 86. Birth of Louis Napoleon, son of the 
king of Holland, and now emperor of France. Humphrey Davy decomposes fixed 
alkalies by means of galvanism. Napoleon visits Wieland and Goethe at Wei- 
mar ; the latter accepts from him the decoration of the Legion of Honour. 
Covent Garden theatre burnt, Sept. 20 ; first stone of a new edifice laid by the 
prince of Wales, Dec. 31. Major Campbell hanged at Armagh, for having killed 
capt. Boyd in a duel, Oct. 2. 
Retreat of the British army from Salamanca ; battle of Corunna, Jan. 14 ; the 
French repulsed ; death of Sir John Moore, set. 43 ; his troops embark. Parlia- 
ment meets, 19. Col. Wardle brings forward his charges against the duke of 
York, 27. Examination of Mary Ann Clarke. Martinique taken from the 



1808 TO 1810 A.D. 



713 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1810 



French, Feb. 23. The duke of York resigns his office of Commander-in-Chief, 
which is given to Sir David Dundas, March 25. Destruction of a French fleet 
in Basque Roads by lords Gambier and Cochrane, April 12. Sir Arthur Wel- 
lesley takes the command of the British army, at Lisbon and general Beresford 
of the Portuguese, 22. Charges against lord Castlereagh and Mr. Perceval, of 
having trafficked in parliamentary seats, dismissed by the Commons, 25. Val- 
entine Jones convicted of frauds in his public office. May 26. Parliament pro- 
rogued, June 21. Battle of Talavera, July 28 ; Sir A. Wellesley defeats Victor ; 
three fresh armies coming on his rear, compel him to fall back on Portugal ; ex- 
pedition to Walcheren ; landing, Aug. 10 ; surrender of Flushing, 15 ; Sir Arthur 
Wellesley created viscount Wellington, 26. Duel between lord Castlereagh 
and Mr. Canning, Sept. 21. The Ionian islands taken by lord CollingAvood, Oct 
1. The commencement of the 50th year of the king's reign celebrated by a ju- 
bilee, 25. Death of the duke of Portland, 30, set. 71. Perceval, prime minister ; 
marquis Wellesley, foreign secretary ; viscount Palmerston, war secretary, Robert 
Peel an undersecretary; lord Grenville elected chancellor of Oxford, Dec. 11. 
Half the army in Walcheren having been carried off by disease, the works of 
Flushing are destroyed, and the island abandoned, 25. Joseph Bonaparte returns 
to Madrid, Jan. 22. Napoleon arrives at Paris, 23 ; Soult takes Ferrol, 27 ; Pa- 
lafox surrenders Saragossa, Feb. 21. Ciudad Real submits to Sebastiani, March 
27 ; Oporto to Soult, 29. War renewed by Austria. Revolt of Hofer in the 
Tyrol, April 8. The archduke Charles passes the Inn, 9. Napoleon at Ingol- 
stadt, 18, takes Landshut, 21 ; battle of Eckmuhl by Davoust, 22 ; Ratisbon 
taken, 23. Vienna bombarded, May 10; capitulates, 13 ; decree for annexing 
Rome to France, 17, The viceroy Eugene enters Triest, 18, and Lefebvre, In- 
spruck, 19. Battles of Aspern and Essling, 21, 22 ; marshal Lasnes killed. Eu- 
gene defeats Jellachich, 25 ; joins the main army, 27 ; Marmont arrives from 
Dalmatia, June 3. The pope excommunicates Napoleon, 10, and is carried off a 
prisoner to Savona, July 6. Battle of Wagram, 6; armistice, 11. Napoleon 
dispenses titles and domains to his generals, and pensions to the wounded and 
widows of the slain, Aug. 15. Treaty of Vienna, Oct. 11. Mortier defeats the 
Spaniards at Ocana, Nov. 19, Cordova and Seville fall. Divorce of Napoleon j 
and Josephine, Dec. 16. Gustavus IV., deposed by the Swedes, retires intoj 
Switzerland, March 13; his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, appointed king, 
Charles XIII., June 5. West Bothnia and the isles of Aland conquered by the j 
Russians : peace of Fredericshamm, Sept. 17. The nobles of Russia, impoverished j 
by the stoppage of their trade with England, and the empress-mother influence 
Alexander against Napoleon ; his contingent arrives too late to assist in the 
Austrian war ; his army is defeated by the Turks near Silistria, and compelled 
to evacuate Bulgaria, Sept. 26. James Madison elected president of the U. S. ; 
his negotiations with Great Britain come to no satisfactory conclusion. Ras el 
Kheyme, a piratical station of the Wahabys on the Persian Gulf, is destroyed 
by an English expedition from Bombay ; Abou Nokta, one of their chiefs, is 
surprised and slain by the Turk Sherif Hamoud. Death of John, marquis of 
Lansdowne, set. 44 ; his brother, the present marquis, inherits the title. Death of 
Thomas Paine, ffit. 72, of Matthew Boulton, set. 81, of Haydn, set. 76, of Sir Fred. 
Morton Eden, and of Miss Anna Seward, a?t. 62. Birth of Mendelsohn, the com- 
poser, of Mazzini, of Wm. Gladstone, and of Canrobert, the French general. 
Statue of the duke of Bedford erected in Russell Square. Tunnel of the Hud- 
dersfield canal completed. Capt. Manby invents his apparatus for saving 
wrecked mariners. Merino sheep brought into England by the king. The 
first No. of the Quarterly Review published, April. Prof. Herbert Marsh 
revives the Divinity Lectures at Cambridge. Fire at Christ Church Col- 
lege, Oxford, March 3. Dmry Lane theatre burat, Feb. 24. The new Covent 
Garden Theatre opened, Sept. 17 ; O. P. resistance to the advanced prices of 
admission. 
Guineas sold at 225. 6d., Jan, 3. Parliament opened, 23. Lord Porchester's 
motion for inquiry into the Walcheren expedition, carried by 195 to 186, 26. Gua- 
daloupe taken by gen. Beckwith and admiral Cochrane, Feb. 5. Capt. Lake dis- 



4 U 



714 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1811 



Hegi- 



1226 
1227 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire, 



1812 



1227 
1228 



1813 



1228 
1229 



4Mah- 
mud II. 



Popes. 



12 Pins 

VII. 

Mar. 13 



13- 



Spain. 



4 Jo- 
seph 
Napo- 
leon. 



8 Napo- 
leon, em- 
peror 
and king 
of Italy. 



Fbance. 



36 21 



Portu- 
gal. 



35 Maria 

Fran- 

cesca. 

Pr. John 

Reffent.20 



37 22 



Prus- 
sia. 



ISFre- 
deric 
Wm 
III. 



Wtr- 

TEM- 
BERG. 

15Fre- 
deric 
II. 



16- 



Saxo-Bava- 

NY. RIA. 



49Fre- 
deric 



50- 



l3Max 
imilian 
Joseph 



Aus- 
tria, 



Fran 
cisl. 



1811 TO 18:3 A.D. 



715 



tit ion 
Dates 



1811 



Sardi- 
nia. 



lOVic- 

tor 
Ema- 
nuel 1. 



1812 



1813 



Na- 
ples. 



4 Joa- 
chim 
Murat. 



12- 



Den- 

MAKK, 



4 Fre- 
deric 
VI. 



Swe- 
den. 



3Chas. 
XllI 



Rus- 
sia. 



llAlex 
ander. 



Holland. 



Annexed 
to France. 



Ameri- 
can Pre- 
sidents. 



India. 
British Go- 
vernors. 



3 James 
Madison. 



SLordMinto. 52Geo.III 

Oct. 2.5, 
Prince of 
Wales, re- 
gent. 



Great 
Britain, 



5 re-elected. 



53 



1 Lord 
Moira. 



54 -. — 3 

d. Augusta, I 
duchess of 
firunswick.' 



716 FEOM THE YEAB 




1810 missed the service for having left a sailor on the desert island of Sombrero, 7. 
conti- Amboyna surrenders to an expedition from Madras, 17 ; strangers excluded 
nued, during the Walcheren inquiry, 21 ; popular excitement. John Gale Jones com- 
mitted to Newgate by the Commons. Mr. Perry, editor of the Morning Chron- 
icle, pleads his own cause against an indictment for libel, and is acquitted. Lord 
Chatham, censured by the Commons for his conduct in the Walcheren expedi- 
tion, resigns the Master- generalship of the Ordnance, March 2. Lord Porches- 
ter's resolutions negatived, 21. Sir F. Burdett's letter, 24 ; he is committed to 
the Tower by the Commons. Riots in London, April 6. Meeting and petition 
of Westminster, 17. Mr. Brand's motion for parliamentary reform negatived by 
234 to 115, May 21. The duke of Cumberland attacked and wounded ; death of 
his Italian valet Sellis, 31. Parliament closes, June 21. Sir F. Burdett libe- 
rated, avoids the procession prepared for him. Wm. Cobbett fined and impri- 
soned for a libel on the flogging of soldiers, July 2. The islands of Bourbon and 
Mauritius taken by col. Keats and adm. Rowley, 3. General Coxe surrenders 
Almeida to Massena, Aug. 27. O'Connell, at a meeting in Dublin, moves for a 
repeal of the Union, Sept. 1. Sir John Stuart repels an invasion of Sicily from 
Naples, Sept. 17. Lord Wellington repulses Massena at Busaco, 27 ; occupies 
the lines of Torres Vedras, Oct. 9. The London corporation order a statue of 
Geo. III. to be placed in the council-chamber, 31. The last access of the king's 
malady officially notified to the lord-mayor, Nov. 1. Parliament meets. Death 
of Amelia, the king's youngest daughter, 2, aet, 27. The late king of Sweden 
arrives in London, 12. Massena commences his retreat from Santarem, 14. 
Lucien Bonaparte and his family land at Plymouth, Dec. 18. The ministerial 
resolutions adopted by the Lords and Commons, as the basis of an Act to appoint 
the prince of Wales regent, 20. The church service of plate stolen from St. 
Paul's cathedral, 24. Napoleon's continental system causes great commercial 
embarrassment and reverses as well in other countries as in England, 
during the last months of this year; many eminent merchants commit 
suicide, among them Abraham Goldsmid and Francis Baring. The once 
wealthy Paul Benfield dies at Paris, in the deepest indigence. The Spanish 
Junta retreats to Cadiz and convokes the Cortes, Feb. 1. The papal States incor- 
porated with France, and Rome called the second city of the empire, 17. The 
king of Holland is obliged to interdict all communication between his subjects 
and Great Britain, March 16. Marriage of Napoleon to the arch-duchess Maria 
Louisa, at St. Cloud, April 1. Victor besieges Cadiz; Suchet takes Lerida, 
May 14. Dutch Brabant and Zealand united to France, 15. Fouchd dismissed, 
and Savary, duke of Rovigo, made minister of police, June 3. Abdication of 
Louis Napoleon, July 2. Holland annexed to France, and Amsterdam declared 
the third city of the empire, 9. Ciudad Rodrigo taken by Ney, 10. Decree for 
the burning of all English manufactures, Aug. 18. The Cortes assemble at 
Cadiz, Sept. 24. The Abb^ Maury appointed archbishop of Paris, in defiance of 
the pope, Oct. 14. The Valais added to France, Nov. 12. All maritime Ger- 
many, from Holland to the Elbe, with the free cities of Hamburg, Bremen, and 
Liibeck, included in the empire, Dec. 13. Death of Louisa Amelia of Mecklen- 
burg Strelitz, queen of Prussia, July 19, set. 34. Charles Aiigustus, crown- 
prince of Sweden, dies suddenly, May 28 ; count Fersen, suspected of having 
caused his death, is murdered by the populace, June 20. The French marshal 
Bernadotte, with the consent of Napoleon, is chosen heir to the crown, Aug. 21 ; 
he takes the name of Charles John, and becomes a Protestant. Sweden is com- 
pelled to declare war against Great Britain, Nov. 17. The Russians take the 
Turkish fortresses on the Danube, and advance to the Balkan. Alexander breaks 
up the continental system ; admits colonial produce and excludes French manu- 
factures, Dec. 31. Revolt of the Spanish colonies in America. Death of lord 
CoUiugwood, set. 60, of Sir Francis Baring, set. 74, of Wra. Windham, aet. 60, of 
Henry Cavendish, aet. 79, of Caleb Whiteford, set. 76, and of the chevalier D'Eon, 
set. 82. Birth of Ferdinand, the present king of Naples, Jan. 12, and of Alfred 
Tennyson, now poet-laureate. Lyon Levy throws himself from the Monument, 
Jan. 18. 



1810 TO 1812 A.D. 



717 



A.D. 



1811 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1812 



Lucien Bonaparte settles at Ludlow, in Shropshire, Jan. 3. The Regency Act 
passed. The executive power assumed by the prince of Wales. The custody of 
the king's person committed to the queen, Feb. 5. Exchequer bills advanced to 
relieve commercial distress, March 1. Proclamation against the Catholic com- 
mittee in Ireland, 3. Battle of Barossa ; Victor defeated by Sir Thomas Graham, 
5. Massena retreats to the Mondego. The duke of Gloucester elected chancellor 
of Cambridge, 26. The British garrison of Anholt, 150 men, repulse an attempt 
of 4000 Danes to recover the island, 27. Nelson's monument in Guildhall com- 
pleted, Apr. 27. Capt. Barrie destroys a French squadron in Lazone Bay, May 1. 
Wellington pursues Massena, and defeats him at Fuentes d'Onore, 6 ; takes Al- 
meida, 10. Guineas publicly sold for a pound note and seven shillings; Mr. 
Horner moves for a resumption of cash payments ; Mr. Vansittart carries, by a 
large majority, his counter-resolutions, declaring gold and paper money to be of 
equal value, 13. Lord Sidmouth's Dissenters' Bill opposed by lord Holland, and 
withdrawn, 9. Battle of Albuera ; Soult defeated by Beresford, 16. Encounter 
of the British sloop of war, Little Belt, with the American frigate, President. 
The Speakers committal of Sir F. Burdett declared by the Judges to be legal, 
17. Perceval abandons his proposed duty on raw cotton, 20. J. Drakard, editor 
of the Stamford News, fined and imprisoned for a libel on military flogging, 25. 
The duke of York again commander-in-chief; lord Milton's vote of censure 
negatived by 296 to 47, June 6. Lord Stanhope's Act prohibits the passing of 
gold coin and bank-notes for more or less than their specified value, July 2 ; 
lord Ellenborough, by his judgment in the case of De Yonge, decides that the 
practice had not previously infringed any statute, 4. Decision of the Lords on 
the Berkeley peerage ; the claim of William Fitzharding Berkeley disallowed ; 
the title descends to Thomas Morton Fitzharding, the eldest son of the late earl, 
bom in wedlock. A new clause in the Mutiny Act authorizes courts-martial to 
dispense with flogging. Parliament prorogued, 26. Batavia and all the Dutch 
settlements in Java surrender to Sir Samuel Auchmuty, Aug. 26. General Hill 
defeats the French general Gerard, at Arroyo del Molino, near Merida, Oct. 23. 
Luddite riots in Nottinghamshire and the adjacent counties, Nov. Suchet takes 
Tortosa, Jan. 2; Soult takes 01iven9a, 22, and Badajos, March 11. Birth of the 
king of Rome, 20. The pope refuses to consecrate the French bishops ; a na- 
tional council held by cardinal Fesch effects a compromise, Aug. 5. Napoleon 
visits the Northern Provinces, Sept. 19 ; issues a decree for the censorship of 
the press, 26. The union of the duchy of Oldenburg to France, Feb. 18, 
completes the alienation of Alexander from Napoleon ; he relaxes in his opera- 
tions against Turkey, to collect his forces for war with France, The continental 
system causes great discontent in Sweden, and Charles John begins to assume 
an independent tone. Christophe proclaimed Henry I., king of Haiti. The dis- 
cussions between the British government and the United States become more 
serious. Massacre of the Mamelukes by Mehemet AM ; he sends an expedition 
to Yembo against the Wahabys. Death of the duke of Albuquerque, ambas- 
sador from the Spanish Junta to Great Britain, of the duke of Grafton, set. 76, of 
Henry Dundas, viscount Melville, tet. 71, of Dr. Treadway Nash, jet. 87, of Dr. 
Neville Maskelyne, astronomer-royaL set 79, of Henry Hoppner, aet. 75, of Robert 
Raikes, the founder of Sunday-schools, set. 75, of Robert Mylne, the architect of 
Blackfriars Bridge, set. 77, of Dr. Percy, bishop of Dromore, £et. 83, of Sir Peter 
Parker, admiral of the fleet, set. 96, of Richard Cumberland, set. 80. of professor 
Peter Simon Pallas, set. 70, of John Leyden, set. 36, and of Sir Francis Bourgeois, 
aet. 56, who leaves his collection of paintings and other property to Dulwich College, 
Birth of David Maclise, of John Bright, now M.P., and of the present duke of 
Newcastle. The duke of Clarence admiral of the fleet, and John Pond astro- 
nomer-royal. The first stone laid of the Strand, now Waterloo Bridge, Oct. 11. 
Murder of the Marr family, Dec. 7, and of the Williamsons, 19 ; the supposed 
murderer, Williams, hangs himself in prison. A comet of unusual magnitude 
appears in Sept., and is visible three months. 

Parliament assembles, Jan. 7 ; settlement of the royal household, and provision 
made for the princesses, 16. B. Walsh expelled by the Commons fcJr breach of 



718 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1812 

cordi- 
nued. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



trust, 18. Ciudad Rodrigo stormed by lord Wellington, 19. The restrictions 
imposed by the Regency Act terminate, Feb. 1. The regent's letter to the duke 
of York, inviting a coalition of parties. Lords Grey and Grenville refuse to join 
the Perceval ministry ; marquis Wellesley resigns ; lord Castlereagh foreign 
secretary, 13. Dan. Eaton sentenced to imprisonment and pillory for publishing 
Paine's works, March 1. Wellington created an earl ; takes Badajos by storm, 
April 6. Much disturbance in the manufacturing districts of Lancashire 
and Yorkshire ; machinery broken, factories attacked, and murders perpetrated. 
Bellingham assassinates Mr. Perceval, May 11 ; tried, 15; executed, 18. Alma- 
rez taken by gen. Hill, 19. Long negotiations to form a ministry end in the 
appointment of the earl of Liverpool, first lord of the treasury, with Mr. Van- 
sittart, chancellor of the exchequer, Robert Peel, secretary for Ireland, June 9. 
Lord Moira made governor-general of India. Declaration of war against 
Great Britain by the American congress, 18. Lord Wm. Bentinck, captain- 
general of Sicily, promotes the establishment of a free constitution in that 
island ; the king appoints his son regent, and the queen withdraws. On the 
motion of Canning,* seconded by Castlereagh, the Commons resolve, by 225 
against 106, to take into consideration, next session, the laws affecting the Ca- 
tholics, 22 ; the same resolution, opposed by lord Eldon, is negatived by the 
Peers, 126 to 125. The orders in council of 1807 and 1809, revoked as far as they 
regard the U. S. of America, 23. Treaty of peace and alliance between Great 
Britain, Russia, and Sweden, concluded at Orebro, July 18. Battle of Sala- 
manca, 22 ; Wellington totally defeats Marmont ; enters Madrid, Aug. 12; is 
created a marquis. An American army, under gen. Hull, invades Canada ; is 
surprised and captured at Fort Detroit by gen. Brock, 16. The American frigate 
Constitution takes the Guerriere, an English ship of inferior force, 19. After 
a siege of two years and a half, the French retire from before Cadiz, 25 ; are ex- 
pelled from Seville, 27. Parliament dissolved, Sept 29. War declared against 
the U. S., Oct. 11. The American frigate United States captures the English 
Macedonian, 25. The new parliament assembles, Nov. 24; opened by the 
prince regent, 80. John and Leigh Hunt fined and imprisoned for a libel in the 
" Examiner," Dec. 9. Wellington, not having been able to take the castle of 
Burgos, falls back to Freynada ; the Cortes appoint him generalissimo of the 
Spanish armies. The French re-occupy Madrid. Suchet takes Valencia, Jan. 9. 
Treaty of Napoleon with Prussia for an auxiliary force against Russia, Feb. 24; 
the same with Austria, March 24 ; he takes possession of Swedish Pomerania 
and Riigen. The Cortes proclaim a free constitution for Spain, 19, Peace of Bu- 
charest between Russia and Turkey ; the Pruth the boundary of the two empires, 
May 28. Napoleon declares war against Russia, June 22 ; passes the Niemen, 
near Kowno, with an army of 570,000 men, and 1180 cannon, 24 ; the Russians 
retire ; he occupies Wilna, 28 ; Witepsk, July 28 ; battle of Smolensko, Aug. 17 ; 
of the Borodino, Sept. 7. Murat enters Moscow, 14, and Napoleon, 15; tiie city 
set on fire by order of the governor, Rostopchin ; the French are unable to ex- 
tinguish the flames ; nine-tenths of Moscow consumed ; the first snow falls, 
Oct. 13 ; Napoleon commences his retreat, 18 ; his army perishes by thousands ; 
after a disastrous march, he arrives at Smolensko, Nov. 9 ; conspiracy of Mallet 
at Paris detected and punished ; passage of the Beresina with great loss, 26—29. 
Napoleon dates his 29th bulletin from Malodeozeno, Dec. 3 ; he gives up the com- 
mand to Murat at Smorgony, and departs, 5 : consternation of France on the re- 
ceipt of his bulletin, 17 ; he arrives at Paris, 19 ; only 40,000 men, the wreck of 
this immense army, reach Wilna, in a state of entire destitution : pursued by 
their enemy, they retreat to Kowno, and thence to Konigsberg ; the Prussian ge- 
neral, York, capitulates, with his division, or deserts to the Russians, 31. Death 
of John Home Tooke, set. 76, of Christian Gottlob Heyne, set. 83, of E. Malone, 
set. 71, of Richard Kirwan, of John Jacob Griesbach, set. 67, of John Walter, 
proprietor of the " Times," aet. 74, and of G. F. Cooke, tlie actor, aet. 57. Birth 
of Charles Dickens, and of Charles Mackay. Mrs. Siddons takes leave of the 
stage, June 30. The new Drury Lane tiieatre opened, Oct. 10. Zera Colburn 
exhibits his extraordinary powers of calculation. The first stone of the Plymouth 



1812 TO 1813 A.D. 



719 



A.D. 



1813 



Events and Eminent Men. 



breakwater placed, Aug. 12. Sale of the Roxbnrghe library. The Townley mar- 
bles purchased for the British Museum. A submarine forest discovered at Mor- 
laix. Byron's Childe Harold and Niebuhr's History of Rome published. 
Fourteen rioters executed at York, Jan. 10. The Commons address the prince 
regent, approving his assertion of maritime rights in the discussions with the 
U. S., Feb. 18. The office of vice-chancellor created, and given to Sir Thomas 
Plumer, 22. Resolution to inquire into the claims of the Catholics, moved by 
Mr. Grattan, and carried by 264 to 224, 25. Part of the sinking fund applied to 
defray the charges of the year, March 3. Treaty for a subsidy to Sweden sanc- 
tioned. Renewal of the E. I. C. charter. The trade to India thrown open. The 
China monopoly continued, 22. Death of Augusta, duchess-dowager of Bruns- 
wick, the king's sister, and mother of the princess of Wales, 23, set. 76 ; charges 
against the princess are again brought forward and disproved. The monument 
to Wm. Pitt in Guildhall completed, 27. Sir John Murray defeats Suchet at 
Castella, April 13. A vault opened at Windsor, in which the remains of Henry 
VIII. and Charles I. are found, 28. First sitting of the vice-chancellor, May 5. 
A Bill to repeal the penal laws against Unitarians, brought in by Mr, Wm. 
Smith, passes both houses unopposed. A Bill for the relief of the Catholics, 
founded on Mr. Grattan's resolutions, is opposed by the Speaker in a committee 
of the whole house, and thrown out, 24. Forts Erie and George abandoned to the 
Americans, 27. The " Shannon," commanded by capt. Broke, captures the Ame^ 
rican frigate '* Chesapeake," June 1. Advance of Wellington ; the French 
abandon Madrid. Battle of Vittoria, 21 ; Joseph and Jourdan, totally routed, 
retreat to the Pyrenees. Parliament prorogued, July 22. Pampeluna besieged 
by Wellington, 24. Soult defeated in the battle of the Pyrenees, 28 ; driven over 
the Bidassoa, Aug. 2. St. Sebastian stormed, 31 ; its castle taken, Sept. 8. The 
British army under Wellington enters France, Oct. 8 Pampeluna surrenders, 
31. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 4. Soult driven back to Bayonne. Welling- 
ton's head quarters at St. Jean de Luz, 10. The prince of Orange embarks for 
Holland, and the Dutch prisoners in England are released, 28. Parliament ad- 
journs till March, Dec. 20. Lord Castlereagh proceeds to join the allied sove- 
reigns, 27, Earl Moira enters on the government of India, Oct. 4, Conscription 
of 350,000 men in France, Jan. 11. Murat gives up the command of the French 
troops in Prussia to Eugene Beauharnais, 16 ; they cross the Oder, and reach 
Berlin, Feb. 21. The king of Prussia retires to Breslau ; meets Alexander, and 
concludes with him the treaty of Kalisch, 28. All Germany prepares to throw 
off the yoke of France. Austria negotiates secretly with Great Britain and 
Russia, March 20. Napoleon endeavours to conciliate the pope, 23 ; sets out to 
join his army, Apr. 15 ; battle of Liitzen, May 2; of Bautzen, Wurtchen, and Hoch- 
kirchen, 19 — 22 ; armistice of PoischAvitz, June 3 ; congress of Prague, July 5 ; 
the news of Wellington's victories raises the demands of the allies ; convention 
with Austria, 9. Charles John lands with an army of Swedes in Pomerania ; the 
congress breaks up, Aug. 9, Austria declares war against France, 15, Moreau 
arrives in the allied camp from America, 16. Oudinot defeated by Charles John 
at Grossbeeren, 23 ; Neyby Bliicher on the Katzbach, 26. Napoleon repulses the 
attack of the main army on Dresden; Moreau killed, 27. Ney defeated at 
Dennewitz, Sept. 6 ; Vandamme and his division made prisoners ; retreat of Mac- 
donald. Napoleon abandons Dresden, and concentrates his forces at Leipsic ; 
Bavaria declares against him, Oct. 8; decisive victory of the allies at Leipsic, 
16—19 ; the Saxon and Wirtemberg troops quit the French ranks, and join the 
allies ; capture of the French rear-guard, 20,000 men, on the bank of the Elster. 
Prince Poniatowski drowned, in attempting to escape. Flight of Jerome from 
Cassel, 26, The Confederation of the Rhine is dissolved; the legitimate princes 
of Germany re-occupy their States. The king of Prussia promises his subjects 
a representative government, 27. Battle of Hanau, 30. Napoleon breaks 
through the Bavarian army under Wrede ; crosses the Rliine with the 
wreck of his army, Nov. 2 ; and returns to Paris. Charles John besieges 
Davoust, in Hamburg, and occupies Holstein. Bulow enters Holland, and pro- 
claims the prince of Orange at Amsterdam, Dec. 1, Declaration of the allied 



720 



PROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1814 



Hegi- 

RA. 



1229 
1230 



1815 



1230 
1231 



Otto- 
man Em- Popes. 

PIRE. 



7 Mah- 
mud II. 



Spain. 



France 



15Pius IFer- 
VII. dinand 
VII. 

Bour- 
bons 

re- 
stored. 



1816 



1231 
1232 



1817 



1 Louis 
XVIII. 

Bour- 
bons re- 
stored. 



Portu- 
gal. 



38 Maria 
Frances- 

ca. Pr. 

John 

Regent. 23 



1233 1 10 



WlR- 

Prus-1 tem- 

SIA, BERG, 



18Fre- 
deric 
Wm 
III. 



18Fer- 

dinaud 

II. 



1 John 
VI. 



20- 



Sax- 
ony. 



52Fre- 

deric 
Augus- 
tus III, 



16Max- 
imilian 
Joseph 



19- 



1 Wil- 
liam. 



54- 



Bava- 

RTA. 



18- 



Aus- 

TRIA. 



IJ Fran, 
cis I. 



1814 TO 1817 AD. 



'21 



Hepe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1814 



1815 



Sar- 
dinia, 



:i3Vic- 
1 tor 
Eina- 
uuell. 



Tus- 
cany- 



1 Fer- 
dinaud 
III. 

again. 
Grand 
Dukes 

rfi- 
stored. 



Na- 
ples 



7 Joa- 
chim 
Murau 



1 Fer- 
dinand 



again. 



1816 



1817 i 16- 



D EN- 
MARK. 



7 Fre- 
deric 
VI. 



Swe- 
den. 



Rus- 
sia. 



6 Chas. I4^1ex- 
Xlll. iaiider. 



Amkri- 

NETHER-C A nP RE- 
LANDS. IsiDENTS 



1 Wil- I 6 James 
liam I. Madison, 



8 16- 



9 17- 



India. 
BritishGo- 

VERNORS. 

2 Lord 
Moira, 



Great 
Britain. 

55 Geo. Ill 

Oct 25. 
Prince of 
Wales re- 
\gent. 4 



)6 5 

n. Duke of 
Cumber- 
laud- 



4 

Created 
marquis 
Hastings. 



,57 6 

in Princess! 
I Cliarlotte 
I of Wales. 
i>« Princess 
Mary. 



1 James 5 
Monroe. 



58 — 

,rf. Princess 

. Charlotte 

of Wales. 



4 X 



"22 



FEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1813 

con- 
tinued. 



1814 



Events and Eminent Men. 



sovereigns at Francfort, 4. Treaty of Valen^ay ; Napoleon lilberates Ferdinand 
VII,, and sends him to Spain, 11. Another conscription for 300,000 men in 
France. The legislative body demurs to order the additional taxes demanded 
by Napoleon, 15. Schwartzenberg and the Austrian army enter France through 
Switzerland, 21. Joachim Mnrat abandons Napoleon ; opens the ports of Naples 
to English vessels, and negotiates with the allies. The Spanish Cortes abolishes 
the Inquisition. Death of Christopher Martin Wieland, set 80, of Granville 
Shai-pe, eet. 79, of Henry James Pye, poet-laureate, set. 69, of Jaques Delille, the 
French poet, ait. 75, of Jas. Wyatt, the architect, set. 70, of J. L. Lagrange, pet. 
77, of Bodoni, the celebrated printer of Parma, set. 73, of the Russian field- 
marshal, Kutusof, June 21, and of the methodist preacher, William Pluntington, 
set. 69. The poet laureateship, declined by Walter Scott, conferred on Kobert 
Southey. Thos. Moore publishes his Irish melodies ; Mde. de Stael her " Ger- 
many," and Sismonde de Sismondi his History of the Literature of Southern 
Europe. The patriotic songs of Frederic Schlegel and Charles Theodore Korner 
popular in Germany. Murder of Mr. and Mrs. Bonar, May 31. 
Treaty between Great Britain and Joachim Mnrat, Jan. 5 Sir Thos. Graham, 
with a British force, and the Prussians, under Biilow, defeat the French near 
Breda, 12, The Custom-house at London burnt, Feb. 12, Berenger's fraud on 
the Stock-exchange, 22. Battle of Orthes, 27 ; Soult defeated by Wellington ; 
treaty of Chauraont, between Great Britain and the allies, March 1. Sir Thos. 
Graham fails in an attack on Bergen-op-Zoom, 8 Marshal Beresford enters 
Bordeaux ; the mayor and chief inhabitants declare for the Bourbons, 12. Parlia- 
ment meets after the adjournment, 21. The duchess of Oldenburg, Alexander s 
sister, visits London. Deputies from Bordeaux arrive to invite Louis XVIII to 
France, 25. Capture of the American frigate Essex, 29. Battle of Toulouse, 
Apr. 10, fought by Wellington and Soult, in ignorance of the events at Paris : 
the latter is defeated and retreats ; sally of the French from Bayonne ; Sir John 
Hope wounded and taken prisoner; close of the Peninsular war, 14. Genoa 
surrenders to lord Wm. Bentinck, 17. Louis XVIII. enters London in state, 20 ; 
embarks at Dover and lands at Calais, 24; convention for the cessation of hosti- 
lities between Great Britain and France. Wellington created a duke, with an 
annuity of £13.000, and a grant of £300,000 to purchase an estate, May 1. Dr. 
Thos. Fanshaw Middleton consecrated at Lambeth first bishop of Calcutta, 8. 
Sir John Hope, created lord Niddry ; Sir Thos. Graham, lord Lynedoch ; Sir Sta- 
pleton Cotton, lord Combermere ; Sir Richard Hill, lord Hill ; Sir W. L. Beres- 
ford, lord Beresford ; and Sir Edward Pellew, viscount Exmouth, 17. Treaty of 
Paris, 30. Visit of the emperor Alexander and king of Prussia to the prince 
regent, accompanied by Bliicher, Platofif, Metternich, and other distinguished 
men, June 7 ; London illuminated three nights ; civic banquet at Guildhall, 18 ; 
departure of the visitors, 27. Lord Cochrane convicted of participation in the 
Stock Exchange fraud, and expelled the House of Commons ; the electors of 
Westminster declare their belief of his innocence, and choose him again for 
their representative. The princess Charlotte of Wales refuses to marry the 
hereditary prince of Orange ; her mother, not permitted to appear at court, deter- 
mines to leave England, and travel. National thanksgiving for the peace. July 9. 
Act for the better preservation of the peace in Ireland, introduced by Mr. Poel, 
and passed ; parliament prorogued, 30. Jubilee in the Parks, Aug. 1 ; the princess i 
of Wales embarks at Worthing, 8. Sir A. Cochrane and general Ross take the 
city of Washington, 24 ; destroy the public buildings and ships of war, and re- 
embark, 30 ; the British flotilla, on lake Champlain, captured by the Americans, 
Sept. 11 ; General Ross fails in an attack on Baltimore, and is killed, 13. The title of 
elector laid aside, and that of king of Hanover assumed. Oct. 11. War in India 
with the Nepaulese, Nov. 1. Lord Castlereagh attends the congress of Vienna as 
the representative ofGreat Britain; Mr. Canning appointed ambassador to Lisbon. 
Parliament opened, 8. Peace between Great Britain and the U. S. concluded at 
Ghent, Dec. 24. Bliicher crosses the Rhine at Manheim, Jan. 1. Murat joins 
the coalition against France, 11 ; treaty of Kiel ; Denmark makes peace, and 
cedes Norway to Sweden, 14. Napoleon restores the pope to liberty, and allows 



1813 TO 1815 A.D. 



723 



1815 



Events and Eminent Men. 



him to return to Rome, 23. Blucher joins Schwartzenberg: at Langres, and the 
sovereigns of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, repair to the head-quarters of their 
army, 25. Napoleon arrives at Chalons siir Marne, and maintains an active 
struggle, in a series of almost daily combats, by which he sometimes retards the 
progress of the allies, but in the end they always gain ground ; negotiations 
commence at Chatillon, Feb. 4, terminate without result, March 18. By a false 
movement to St. Dizier, 20, Napoleon leaves the road open in front of the allies, 
and they immediately advance ; the empress Maria Louisa retires with her son 
to Blois, 29 ; defeat of Marmont and Mortier, at Montmartre, 30 ; the allies oc- 
cupy Paris, 31 : the senate decrees the deposition of Napoleon, Apr. 1 ; he abdi- 
cates at Fontainebleau, 6. The prince of Orange installed at Amsterdam sovereign 
of the Netherlands. Louis XVIII. declared king of France by the senate, 10. 
The isle of Elba assigned to Napoleon, and the duchy of Parma to ^laria 
Louisa, 11; she quits France, 26; he embarks at Frejus, 28. Loais enters 
Paris, May 3. Ferdinand VII. dissolves the Cortes, abolishes the constitution, 
restores the Inquisition, and treats the defenders of their country with the 
basest ingratitude, 4 — 10 ; death of the former empress, Josephine, at Malmaison, 
29, set. 51. By the treaty of Paris, 30, France is reduced to the limits of 1792, 
Belgium united to Holland, to constitute the kingdom of the Netherlands, 
Savoy and Piedmont restored to the king of Sardinia, Tuscany to its former 
grand duke, Ferdinand III., and Lombardy given up to Austria. Constitutional 
charter of Louis, June 4 ; the pope re-establishes the Jesuits, Aug. 7, and the 
Inquisition, 15. The Storthing of Christiania votes the union of Norway with 
Sweden, Nov. 21. The congress of Vienna, opened Nov. 1, sits through the 
winter. Death of Maria Carolina, queen of Sicily, ast. 62, of Dr. Burney, set. 88, 
of Benj. Thomson, count Rumford, set. 62, of lord Minto, of De Ligne, set. 79, and 
of Chas. Dibdin, the nautical and patriotic song writer, set. 66. The delusions 
of Johanna Southcott terminate in her death, Dec. 27, *t. 62, but are still 
upheld by her credulous votaries. London generally lighted with gas. First 
printing of the " Times'' by Konigs steam-engine, Nov. 28. Col. Quintin tried 
on a charge of cowardice and acquitted. Roseberry v. Mildmay, damages £10,000. 
The Order of the Bath new-modelled and extended, Jan. 2. Repulse and death of 
general Pakenham at New Orleans, 8. Capture of the American ship President, 
by the Endymion, 15. Mr. D'Esterre killed in a duel with O'Connell, 31. Par- 
liament re-assembles after the recess, Feb. 9. Mr. Robinson's Corn-laAv brought 
forward, 17. Candy in Ceylon taken by general Brownrigg, 19. Popular tu- 
mults in opposition to the proposed Corn-law, 28. The regent and both houses 
of parliament declare their resolution to oppose the restoration of Napoleon in 
France ; the British army collected in the Netherlands, March 30. Wellington 
arrives and takes the command, April 5 ; battle of Ligny ; BlUcher driven back 
to Wavre, June 16 ; Ney attacks Wellington at Quatre Bras, and is repulsed ; 
the duke of Brunswick killed ; Wellington falls back to keep up his communi- 
cation with Blucher, 17: battle of Waterloo, final overthroAv of Napoleon, 18 ; 
Paris invested by Wellington and Blucher, 29, surrendered to them by Davoust, 
July 3. The Commons, 126 to 125, refuse a grant to the duke of Cumberland on 
his maiTiage. Parliament prorogued, 11. Napoleon, at Rochefort, gives himself 
up to capt. Maitland of the Bellerophon, 15 ; arrives at Torbay, 24 ; is conducted 
to Plymouth, 26 ; sails for St. Helena, under the care of admiral Cockburn, in the 
Northumberland. Aug. 8. Marriage of the duke of Cumberland to Frederica 
Caroline, widow of the prince of Salms Braunfels, 29 ; disapprobation of the 
queen. The prince regent refuses to join the " Holy Alliance," Sept. 26. Arrival 
of Napoleon at St. Helena, Oct. 15. Riot of sailors at Sunderland for increase 
of wages, 21, Fire at the Mint, 31. The Protectorate of the Ionian Islands 
given by treaty to Great Britain, Nov. 5. Second treaty of Paris, 20. An allied 
force of' 150,000 men, commanded by the duke of Wellington, hold seventeen 
French fortresses for five years. Peace in India with the Nepaulese, Dec. 12. 
The king of Saxony restored to his States, on the sacrifice of a third part of 
them to Prussia, Jan. 23. Napoleon leaves Elba, Feb. 26 ; lands at Cannes, 
March 1 ; arrives at Lyons, 8, is joined by Ney, 17. The allied sovereigns 



724 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1815 

conti- 
nued. 



1816 



Events and Eminent Men. 



declare against him. Louis XVIII. withdraws from Paris to Ghent, 19. Na- 
poleon enters Paris, 20. The Congress of Vienna recognizes the independence 
of Switzerland, formed of 22 Cantons, and finally adjusts the union of Holland 
and Belgium, 19. The duke and duchess of Angouleme fail in an attempt to raise 
the departments in their favour, and retire from France, April 11. Ferdinand 
VII. joins the European alliance, May 2. Napoleon endeavours to fortify his 
power by liberal measures, and alters his former constitution by an "Additional 
Act," which is solemnly inaugurated by a " Champ de Mai," June 1. La Roche 
Jaquelin perishes in an effort to support the Bourbon cause in La Vendee, 4. A 
new German Confederation organized, 8. The Act of the Vienna Congress 
completed and signed, 9. Napoleon leaves Paris to join his army, 12 ; returns 
after the battle of Waterloo, 20; departs for Rochefort, 29. Louis XVIII. re- 
enters Paris, July 8. The allied sovereigns arrive there, 10. Protest of the 
Belgian prelates against the equality of religious rights established in the Ne- 
therlands, 28. Marshal Brune, set. 52, massacred by a royalist mob at Avignon, 
Aug. 2. Marshal Eerthier commits suicide by throwing himself from a window 
at Bamberg. Execution of col. Labedoyere, 10. Dismissal of Fouchd. Sept. 19, 
and of Talleyrand, 24 ; the duke de Richelieu minister. The baroness Valerie de 
Krudener persuades the emperor Alexander to form the " Holy Alliance," in 
which he is joined by Austria and Prussia, 26. Marshal Ney shot, Dec. 7, set. 
46. Escape of Lavalette, 20. Murat declares in favour of Napoleon, and drives 
the pope from Rome, March 22 ; is defeated at Modena, April 11 ; again at To- 
lentino, and escapes to Corsica, May 3. The pope returns to Rome, 10. Ferdi- 
nand IV. restored at Naples, June .3 ; Murat attempts to recover his crown, and 
lands at Pizzo, Sept. 28; is seized by the people, tried by a court-martial, and 
shot, Oct. 13, set. 44. The duchy of Warsaw erected into a kingdom of Poland 
and given by the Vienna congress to the emperor Alexander, April 30 ; he frames 
for it a new constitution, Nov. 27. Continual persecution of the Spanish patriots 
by Ferdinand. Arguelles condemned to serve as a private soldier, May 23. 
The regent of Portugal orders the Acts of the Inquisition to be burnt at Goa, 
May 27 ; he re-unites Brazil with the mother-country, Dec. 16, The loss of 
human life, on the Frencli side alone, in the wars consequent on the Revolution, 
estimated to have been 4,556,000. Suicide of Samuel Whitbread, July 6, set. 
55. Death of Fred. Josiah, prince of Coburg, of J. G. Rosenmliller, set. 79, of 
Karsten Niebuhr, the traveller, of Dr. Wm. Vincent, set. 76, of Dr. Trusler, set. 
80, of J. S. Copley, artist, set. 77, of Geo. Ellis, set 70, of Wm. Nicholson, set. 57, 
of Wm. Hutton, set. 92, of Dr. Lettsom, set. 71, of Claudius Buchanan, set. 49, and 
of Mrs. Abingdon, actress, set. 84. Birth of Otho of Bavaria, now king of Greece, 
June 1. First stone of Southwark Bridge laid. May 23, and of the London In- 
stitution, Nov. 4. Belzoni commences his travels in Egypt. 
War renewed with the Nepaulese, Jan. Parliament opened, Feb. 1. Departure of 
lord Amherst on an embassy to China, 8. Debate in the Commons on Mr. 
Brougham's motion for a copy of the " Holy Alliance" Treaty, 9. The prince 
regent erects a monument at'Rome to cardinal York, 12. Defeat of the Nepau- 
lese, and close of the war, March 15. Repeal of the property tax and the addi- 
tional duty on malt; ministers in a minority of 201 against 238, 19. Captain 
Tuckey and major Peddie set out to explore the interior of Africa, 20. Act 56 
Geo. III. c. 22 and 23, to regulate the detention of Napoleon in St. Helena, Apr. 9. 
Sir John Newport's motion on the state of Ireland opposed by secretary Peel 
and negatived, 23. MaiTiage of the princess Charlotte of Wales to prince Leo- 
pold of Saxe Coburg, May 2; in the event of her demise, £50,000 a year settled 
on him for life by parliament. Riots at Ely and the neighbouring districts ; incen- 
diary fires, and destruction of agricultural machinery, 19 ; special commission 
at Ely; 34 rioters convicted, June 18. The Lords, by 73 to 69, reject a motion, 
supported by the duke of Sussex, for the relief of the Catholics, 21 ; parliament 
prorogued, July 2. Marriage of the princess Mary to her cousin, William Fre- 
deric, duke of Gloucester, 22. Bombardment of Algiers by lord Exmouth, and 
submission of the Dey, Aug. 27. A new silver coinage issued, Oct. 21. Great 
distress and discontent throughout the country ; Henry Hunt becomes a popular 



1815 TO 1817 A.D. 



725 



A.D. 



1817 



Events and Eminent Men. 



leader; he presides at a meeting for parliamentary reform, Nov. 15. Spa-fields 
riot, suppressed by the lord mayor, Matthew Wood, and the police, Dec. 2 ; 
Watson, the ringleader, escapes to America. Petition of the London corporation 
to the regent for economy and reform, 9. Representative governments in Han- 
over, Saxe Weimar, and some minor German States. The duke of Cambridge 
viceroy of Hanover. Death of the king of Wirtemberg ; he is succeeded by his 
son. Death of the qneen of Portugal, at Rio Janeiro, March 20, set. 81 ; her 
son, after a regency of 17 years, becomes king. Marriage of the duke de Berry, 
second son of the count D'Artois, to Maria Carolina, grand-daughter of the king 
of Naples, June 17. A new tariff in Russia prohibits almost all British manu- 
factures. Moscow rebuilt. Bolivar leader of the war of independence in Vene- 
zuela. Fraucia president of Paraguay. Petion president of the south-western 
division of Haiti. Death of Dr. Watson, bishop of Llandaff, £et. 79, of R. B. 
Sheridan, aet. 65, of earl Stanhope, set. 64, of viscount Hood, set. 92, of viscoimt 
Fitz William, founder, by his will, of the museum at Cambridge, of Sir Herbert 
Croft, aet. 65, of Adam Ferguson, set. 93, and of Mrs. Jordan, at St. Cloud. The 
statue of Fox placed in Bloomsbury Square. The safety-lamp invented by Hum- 
phrey Davy. The Elgin marbles purchased for the British Museum. Lord 
Moira created marquis of Hastings. Herbert Marsh, bishop of Llandaff. Waverley 
published by Walter Scott. Belvoir castle nearly destroyed by fire. An ancient 
boat discovered in Lincolnshire, beneath the bed of the river Witham. 
Trial of the Spa-fields rioters ; Cashman condemned, Jan. 20 ; the country still 
more agitated by the working classes destitute of employment ; riots at Lei- 
cester, 27. Opening of parliament; the prince regent insulted and fired at, 
28 ; a reward of £1000 offered to discover the perpetrator of the act, 29. Meeting 
of the Livery in London to consider the distresses of the people, 31 ; the '■ Green 
Bag" sent down to parliament, and referred to a secret committee of each house, 
Feb. 3 ; petitions, numerously signed, presented to the Commons by lord Cochrane 
and Sir F. Burdett, praying for economy and reform, 6 ; the prince regent sur- 
renders £50,000 a year, marquis Camden his sinecure, and Mr. Ponsonby his 
pension, towards the relief of the public burdens, 7. 50,000 of Cobbett's " Poli- 
tical Register" sold weekly ; the parliamentary committees present alarming 
" Reports," 10 ; Bill brought in to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, 21 ; the citizens 
of Westminster petition against it, 24, and the London common-council, 26 ; it 
receives the royal assent, March 4 ; a great meeting at Manchester ; the " blan- 
keteers," on their way to London, dispersed ; Ogden and many others arrested, 11. 
Cashman executed in Skinner street, 12. Cobbett goes to America, 15. Papers 
respecting the treatment of Napoleon, moved for by lord Holland and refused, 
19 ; an Act passed to prevent seditious meetings, 31 ; a debating society of Cam- 
bridge under-graduates suppressed by the vice-chancellor, Apr. 5 ; Mr, Grattan's 
motion on the Catholic Question lost by 245 to 241, May 9 ; the new custom-house 
opened, 12. The " Sidmouth Circular," though defended by ministerial majorities 
in both houses, excites such general indignation that it is never acted upon; the 
Lords, by 142 to 90, negative lord Donoughmore's motion on the Catholic claims, 
16 ; the Commons, by 265 to 77, reject that of Sir F, Burdett for reform, 20 ; the 
members of the Cambridge Debating Society remonstrate against the vice-chan- 
cellor's arbitrary act, 28; Mr. Abbott resigns the Speakership; is created lord 
Colchester, with a pension, and succeeded by Mr. C. M. Sutton, 30 ; trial and 
acquittal of Wooler, June 6; Watson arraigned for high-treason, 9 ; defended 
by Copley and Wetherell, and after a trial of seven days, acquitted. Renewed 
suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, 13. Sir F. Burdett brings the conduct of 
Oliver, the spy, under the notice of the Commons, and accuses the ministers of 
employing agents to seduce the ignorant and uuAvary into seditious practices and 
then betray them, 16. Issue of " sovereigns," a new gold coin, July 5. Par- 
lia.ment prorogued, 12. Lord Amherst returns from his unsuccessful mission in 
China, 30. Treaty with Spain ; compensation given for abolishing the slave- 
trade, Sept. 23. Brandreth and others convicted of treason at Derby, on the 
evidence of Oliver, Oct. ; three of them executed. Death of the princess Char- 
lotte of Wales, Nov. 6, set. 22 ; want of skill imputed to Sir Richard Croft, who 



726 



FROM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



HectI- 

RA. 



1818 1234 



1819 



1235 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



llMali- 
mud II. 



1820 1236 



19 Pius 
VII. 

March 13. 



1821 



Popes. 



Spain. France. 



20 ■ 



5 Fer- 5 Louis 3 John 
cMnaad XVIII. VI 



Portu- 
gal. 



13 21 7 7 



1237 



1822 1238 



22- 



15 23 



22Fre- 
deric 
Wm. 
III. 



Prus- 
sia. 



3Wil. 
liam. 



23- 



Wtr- 

TEM- 
BERG. 



Saxo- 
ny. 



56Fre-20Max- 



5 24 5 



25- 



26- 



Bava- 

RIA. 



deric 
Aug. 
III. 



57- 



58- 



imilian 

Joseph 

II. 



Aus- 
tria. 



loFran^ 
cis X. 



22- 



24- 



1818 TO 1822 A.D. 



727 



Bepe- 
titioii 
Dates. 



1818 



Sar- Tusca- 

UJNIA. NY. 



17Vic- 
tor 

Eman- 
uel 1. 



1819 18 



1820 



IH 



1821 



1822 



naiid 
III. 

again. 



Na- I Den- 

PLES. 1 MARK, 



5 Ferdi- 4 Fer-|llFre- 



19- 



dinand 
IV. or 
I. of 
the 
Two 
Sici- 
lies. 



Swe- 
den. 



Rus- 
sia. 



deric XTV, 
VI. Chns. 
John. 



IChas. 18 Al- 
exan- 
der. 



IChas, 
Felix i 
Jos. 



6 13 



Neth- Ameri- 

ER- CANPrE- 
LANDS. SIDENTS 



5 Wil- 
liam I. 



19- 



2 James 
Monroe 



-21- 



-il5- 



Indta. 
British Go- 
vernors. 

6 Marquis 
Hastings. 



Great 
Britain. 

59 George 
III. 

Oct. 25. 

Prince of 

Wales 

regent. I 
/. Qiiten 
Chnrlotte. 
n. duke of 

Clarence. 
m. duke of 

Kent. 
n. tluke of 

Caiubr. 



60 £ 

b, Queerr 
A'ictoria. 

b. Prince 
Geo. Fred, 
of Cum- 
berland. 

6. Prince 
Geo. AVm. 
of Cam- 
brioKe. 

b. Prince 
Albert of 
Saxe-Co- 
burg. 



\ duke of 

Kent. 
d. Geo. III. 

Jan. -2 

1 George 
lY. 

Jan. - 
Qu- Caro- 
line of 
Brunswick. 
d. ducbess 

of York- 



2 

d Queen 
Caroline. 



"28 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1817 

conti- 
nued. 



1818 



Events and Eminent Men. 



attended her. Stratlifieldsaye purchased for the duke of Wellington. British 
subjects forbidden by proclamation to serve in the contest between Spain and 
the South American States, 28. Wni. Hone tried on three separate criminal infor- 
mations for libellous parodies ; he defends himself, and is acquitted on each, Dec. 
18—20; a public subscription raised for him. Pindarec and Mahratta wars ; 
Holkar defeated by Sir Thos. Hislop at Maheidpore, Dec. 21. Gradual advance 
of consols, during the year, from 64 to 82. The first division of the army of occu- 
pation withdrawn from France, Feb. 10. Assembly of the States in Wirtemberg 
opened by the king, March 23. Meeting of German students on the Wartburg, Oct. 
18. The king of Prussia recommends the Lutheran and Calvinist churches to unite. 
Spain retains 01iven9a, and Portugal seizes Montevideo. Ferdinand, governed 
by his priests, neglects the advice of the allied sovereigns to abandon his arbi- 
trary course ; Porlier and Lascy are executed, July 6. Conspiracy of general 
Freyre in Portugal. The emperor Alexander establishes schools throughout 
Russia ; marriage of his second brother, the grand duke Nicholas, to Charlotte, 
daughter of the king of Prussia, July 1. Struggle of Parga against Ali Pacha. 
James Monroe, president of the U. S., visits many parts of the Union. Congress 
of Chili held at Santiago; O'Higgins president, Feb. 12. Bolivar organizes the 
independent government of Venezuela, Nov. 10. The Belgian prelates claim the 
general direction of education ; the archbishop of Ghent is deposed by the king, 
and retires into France. A papal Bull issued against Bible societies. Death of 
Francis Horner, at Pisa, set. 39, of Geo. Ponsonby, set. 63, of John Louis Burck- 
hardt, the traveller, of Dr. Charles Burney, aet. 60, of Mde. De Stael, set. 51, of 
Curran, est. 67, of Frank Sayers, M.D., of Ab. Gottlieb Werner, pet. 67, of Kos- 
ciusko, of J. A. De Luc, set. 91, of marshal Massena, set. 59, of Sir John Duck- 
worth, set. 69, of Chas. Messier, the astronomer, set. 87, of Johann Heinrich Jung, 
set. 77, of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, set. 77, of professor Eberling, set. 76, and of 
Signora Storace. Birth of William, son of the hereditary prince of the Nether- 
lands, and now king William TIT., Feb. 19. Opening of Waterloo bridge, June 
18. A steam-packet explodes at Norwich ; many lives lost, April 4 ; another at 
Philadelphia, eleven persons killed, June 4 ; another burnt on the Thames, 
crew and passengers saved, July 2. Paris first lighted by gas. Moore's Lalla 
Rookh published, and the first No. of Blackwood's Magazine. Lithography in- 
troduced at London by R. Ackermann. John Kemble retires from the stage, 
June 23, set. 60. M. De Freycinet sets out on his voyage of discovery. The 
magnetic needle from its western declination turns to the north. 
Tri-centenary of the Reformation celebrated in London, Jan. 1. Meeting of par- 
liament, 27. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act repealed, 28. Sir Richard 
Croft, depressed by the unfortunate result of his attendance on the princess 
Charlotte, takes away his own life, Feb. 14. Parliamentary provision made for 
royal marriages of this year ; none is asked for the princess Elizabeth ; the 
Commons, by 143 to 136, refuse another application made for the duke of Cumber- 
land, April i3. Thornton, convicted of an atrocious murder, escapes punishment 
by availing himself of an ancient statute, which allows him to demand the 
'Vwager of battle," 16 ; the attorney-general brings in a Bill to correct this defect 
in the law, 20. Marriage of the princess Elizabeth to Augustus Frederic, 
hereditaiy prince of Hesse Homburg, of the duke of Cambridge to Augusta, 
princess of Hesse Cassel, May 7. Sir Robert Heron's motion for a repeal of the 
Septennial Act, supported by Sir Samuel Romilly and Mr. Brougham, defeated 
bv 117 to 42, 19. Marriage of the duke of Kent to Victoria Maria Louisa, princess 
of Saxe Coburg, and widoAV of the prince of Leiningen, 29. Sir F. Burdett's 
resolution for annual parliaments and universal suffrage, seconded by lord 
Cochrane, rejected by 100 to 2, June 1. The prince regent closes the session by 
a speech in which he announces the improved state of the country. Parliament 
prorogued and dissolved, 10. Messrs. Wood, Waithraan, Wilson, and Thorpe 
elected for London, Sir S. Romilly and Sir F. Burdett for Westminster, Mr. 
Canning for Liverpool. Marriage of the duke of Clarence to Amelia Adelaide 
Louisa Theresa, princess of Saxe Meiningen, July 11. Turn-out of the Man- 
chester cotton-spinners, Aug. 15. Numerous forgeries of bank-notes ; thirty- 



1817 TO 1819 A.D. 



29 



A.D. 



1819 



Events and Eminent Men. 



eight prosecutions for this crime at the Old Bailey Sessions, Sept. 11. Resigna- 
tion of lord EUenborough, Oct. 21. Sir S. Romiily, overwhelmed by his profes- 
sional labours and grief for the death of his wife, commits suicide, Nov. 2. Jus- 
tice Abbott, appointed chief of the court of King's Bench, and Justice Dallas of 
the Common Pleas, in the room of Sir Vicary Gibbs resigned, 4. Capt. Ross 
and lieut. Parry retum from an unsuccessful attempt to discover a North-West 
passage, 10. Death of queen Charlotte, at Kew, 17, yet. 75. Commissioners sent 
to Milan, under the management of Sir John Leach, to inquire into the conduct 
of the princess of "Wales. Two juries refuse to convict for forgery, Dec. 5. 
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 29. Treaty to withdraw the army of occupa- 
tion from France, signed, Oct. 9. Visit of the emperor Alexander and the king of 
Prussia to Louis, 28. The congress breaks up, Nov. 22 ; retirement of the Riche- 
lieu ministry, Dec. 29 ; De Cazes minister of the Interior, Dessolles for Foreign 
Affairs, and baron Louis, for Finance. Representative governments in Bavaria 
and Baden. Death of Charles XIII., king of Sweden, Feb. 5, set. 70 ; Charles 
John (Beraadotte) succeeds quietly as Charles XIV. Meheraet Ali overcomes 
the Wahabys, and commences his system of reform in Egypt. Illinois the 
twentietli State of the North American Union. Bolivar defeats Morillo at Som- 
brero. San Martin, the Buenos Ayres general, confirms the independence of 
Chili by his victory at Maypo. Boyar succeeds Petion in Haiti. Death of lord 
EUenborough, jet. 68, of the prince de Conde, set. 82, of Warren Hastings, set. 86, 
of Sir Philip Francis, aet. 78, of Hetmann Platoff, of Dr. Cogan, set. 82, of -John 
Palmer, inventor of the mail-coach system, of Geo. Rose, set. 74, of M. G. (Monk) 
Lewis, set. 45, of John Gitford, editor 'of the Anti-Jacobin Review (1806), set. 60, 
of the Rev. John Hayter, of Harvey Christian Combe, of Monge, French statician, 
set. 72, of Mrs. Billington, the vocalist, and of Miss Pope, the actress, set 75. 
Birth of Francis Ferdinand of Orleans, now prince de Joinville, Aug. 14. Dr. 
Burney's Library purchased for the British Museum. The statue of Memnon 
conveyed by Belzoni from Egypt to London. Publication of the Fourth Canto 
of Chi'lde Harold, and of Hallam's History of the " Middle Ages." The eccentric 
planet, now called Encke's comet, discovered by M. Pons, Nov, 26. 
Birth of the princess Alexandrina Victoria, daughter of the duke of Kent, and now 
queen of Great Britain, May 24. A public display of the Southcottian delusions 
causes a breach of the peace in London, Jan. 13. The new parliament meets, 14, 
is opened, 21. Many petitions against the severity of the criminal law, especi- 
ally in cases of forgery. A Bill introduced giving the care of the king's person 
to the duke of York, with an allowance of £10,000 a year. 25. Emigration to 
the Cape of Good Hope encouraged by government. Committee on capital pun- 
ishments. Sir Jas. Mackintosh, chairman, March 2. Thanks voted by parlia- 
ment to the marquis of Hastings and the army in India, 23. Sir Manasseh 
Lopez fined and imprisoned for bribery at Grampound. Birth of George William, 
son of the duke of Cambridge, 26. The duchess of Clarence gives birth to a 
daughter, which soon dies, 27. The allowance to the duke of York vehemently, 
but ineffectually, opposed, 29. The Catholic question defeated in the Commons, 
by 243 to 241, in the Lords by 147 to 106, May. Sir Thos. Maitland gives up 
Parga to Ali Pacha ; the inhabitants abandon the town, and are conveyed to 
Corfu, 10. An Act passed to legalize the marquis Camden's surrender of his 
sinecure, 11. Amval of an ambassador from Persia, 24. Birth of George Fred., 
son of the duke of Cumberland, and now king of Hanover, 27. Riot of unem- 
ployed weavers at Carlisle, June 1. Act 59 Geo. IlLc. 46, abolishes the wager 
of battle. Large meetings of the working classes at Leeds, Glasgow, Stockport, 
and other places to petition for reform. Lord Edw. Fitzgerald's attainder 
reversed, July 1. Peel's Act, 59 Geo. III. c 49, for the resumption of cash 
payments. A circular addressed by bn-d Sidmouth to county magistrates, 
for the preservation of the public peace, 7. Sir Charles Wolseley elected 
legislatorial attorney and representative of Birmingham, 12. Parliament pro- 
rogued, 13. Indictment of Sir C. Wolseley at Chester, 15. Proclamations 
against seditious meetings, 21. Henry Hunt presides at a meeting in Smith- 
field, 22. A constable shot at Stockport, 24. Proclamation against military 
training and election of legislatorial attorneys, 30. Attack of the yeomanry on 



4 T 



730 



FROM THE TEAB 



Events and Eminent Men. 



tlie Manchester Reform meeting in St. Peter's field ; Henry Hunt, the chairman, 
and others, arrested, Aug 16. Lord Sidmouth's letter of thanks to the magis- 
trates for their conduct in this affair, 27; general indignation; meetings in 
cities and counties reprobate the proceeding. Birth of Francis Albert Augustus 
Charles Emanuel of Saxe Coburg, now prince-consort of queen Victoria, 26. Bill 
against some of the Manchester yeomanry ignored by the grand jury at Lan- 
caster, Sept. 5. Hunt enters London, attended by a numerous procession, 13. 
Richard Cariile fined and imprisoned for republishing Paine's " Age of Reason," 
Oct. 12. Earl Fitzwilliam dismissed from the lord-lieutenancy of the West 
Riding of Yorkshire, 23. Mr. Swan fined and imprisoned for bribery at Penryn, 
Nov. 16. Criminal information against Sir Francis Burdett for his letter to the 
electors of Westminster, 20. Parliament meets, 23. Warm debates on the 
Manchester massacre ; large ministerial majorities ; the " Six Acts " brought 
in, 30; petitions against them from all parts of the country, and complaining of 
distress. Cobbett returns from America, Dec. 3. Mr. J, C. Hobhouse committed 
to Newgate by the Speaker's warrant for a pamphlet disparaging the House of 
Commons, 15. Labourers petition to be employed in cultivating waste lands, 30. 1 
A severe winter. Subscription for the relief of the suffering and exasperated 
poor, 31. Political excitement in Germany ; associations of students in the uni- 
versities. Discontent in Prussia at not receiving the constitution promised by 
the king ; jealousy of Russian influence. Kotzebue, £et. 58, assassinated at 
Manheim by Sand, a student of Jena, March 23. Gymnastic and fencing-schools 
closed at Berlin and other cities. Congress at Carlsbad, Aug. A new constitu- 
tion given to Wirtemberg, Sept. 29. A congress of ministers assembles at 
Vienna, Nov, 25. Attempted reaction of the ancient nobility in France, checked 
bv a large creation of peers ; baron Pasquier minister for Foreign Affairs. 
Death of Charles IV., ex-king of Spain, at Rome, Jan. 19, set. 71. Insurrection 
of col. Vidal at Valencia suppressed by gen. Elio. Birth of Maria da Gloria, 
afterwards queen of Portugal, April 4. Alabama the twenty-first of the N. Ameri- 
can U. S. Victory of Bolivar at Boyaca ; he forms the Republic of Colombia, 
by uniting New Granada with Venezuela, and is elected president. The Sa- 
vannah, the first steam-packet that crosses the Atlantic, arrives at Liverpool from 
New York, July 15. The Southwark Bridge opened, March 24. Commencement 
of a Suspension Bridge over the Menai, by Mr. Telford, Aug. 10. Death of 
James Watt, aet. 83, of prof. Playfair, set. 70, of field-marshal Bliicher, set. 77, of 
Dr. Robert Watt, set. 42, of Malcolm Laing, set. 57, of Samuel Lysons, set. 56, of 
Dr. Wolcot( Peter Pindar), set. 81, of Cyril Jackson, master of Christ Church, 
set. 79, and of Sir Walter Farquhar. Dr. Herbert Marsh translated from 
Llandaff to Peterborough. Serjeant Copley Solicitor-general. Robert Owen 
in England, and St. Simon in France, propound their systems of Social refoi-m. 
Mde. Blanchard's fatal ascent at Paris, in a balloon, which takes fire. Marriage 
of Miss O'Neil to Mr., now Sir W. W. Beecher. Kaleidoscopes and velocipedes 
excite a transitory interest. 
Death of the duke of Kent, at Sidmouth, Jan. 23, aet. 53. Death of George III., at 
Windsor, Jan. 29, set. 83. After governing nine years as Regent, the prince of 
Wales ascends the throne as George IV. The living of Rochdale given by the 
archbishop of Canterbury to the rev. Mr. Hay, chairman of the Manchester 
magistrates, Jan. 19. The name of the queen omitted in the liturgy, Feb. 11. 
Cato-Street conspiracy to assassinate tiie king's ministers ; Thistlewood and 
others arrested ; police-officer Smitliers killed, 23. Parliament dissolved, 
29. The Manchester reformers arraigned at York, March 16 ; trial of ten days ; 
Hunt and others convicted, and afterwards sentenced to imprisonment. Sir. F. 
Burdett found guilty at Leicester of a libel on government, 23. A radical 
meeting at Bonnymuir near Glasgow, contrived by spies and dispersed, April 5. 
Sir Chas. Wolseley tried at Chester, and sentenced to imprisonment, 11. Trial 
of the Cato-Street conspirators, 16. Messrs. Brougliam and Denman appointed 
the queen's attorney and solicitor-general, 29. Opening of the new parliament, 
27. Execution of Thistlewood and four other conspirators, May I. Inquiry into 
the Droits of Admiralty refused, 5. Bills to mitigate the criminal laws brought 



1819 TO 1821 A.D. 



731 



A.D. 



1821 



Events and Eminent Men. 



ill by Sir Jas. Mackintosh, 9. On the motion of marquis LansdoAvne, the Lords 
appoint a committee to inquire how far tlie principles of free-trade may he 
adopted in our foreign commerce, 26. Arrival of the queen from tlie continent, 
June 6; message from her to the Commons, challenging inquiry, 7 ; congratu- 
latory address presented to her by the London common-council, 14; the same 
from other cities ; a secret committee of the Lords examines tlie documents sent 
to them, 28 ; Bill of Pains and Penalties against the queen brought in by lord 
Liverpool, July 5. An account of the expenses of the Milan commission (said to 
exceed £25,000) moved for by Sir R. Ferguson, and refused, 6. Coronation post- 
poned, 7. Major Cartwright, Wooler, and others convicted of a conspiracy to 
elect a " legislatorial-attorney" for Birmingham, Ang. 4. Death of the duchess 
of York at Oatlands, 6, get. 54. The attorney-general, Sir R. Gifford, opens the 
case against the queen, 19 ; calls the witness Majocchi, 21 ; summing-up of the 
solicitor-general, Sir Jas. Copley ; the Lords run out to observe the great solar 
eclipse, and leave him speakingto almost empty benches, Sept. 7: Mr. Brougham 
commences his defence of the queen, Oct. 3 ; folloAved by Mr. Williams, 5; exami- 
nation of witnesses concluded ; Mr. Denman sums up, 24 ; followed by Dr. Lush- 
ington, 26; the attorney-general replies, 27, and the solicitor-general, 28— 30 ; 
discussion of the Lords, Nov. 2; second reading, 123 for, 95 against, 6; third 
reading, 108 for, 99 against, 10; the Hill abandoned; great rejoicing through- 
out the country ; general illumination. Parliament prorogued v/ithout a 
speech from the throne, 28. The queen goes in state to St. Paul's, to return 
thanks for her happy deliverance, 29. Mr. Canning disapproves the perse- 
cution of the queen, and resigns his office in an early stage of the proceedings. 
Assassination of the duke of Berry, Feb. 14, set. 42 ; birth of his son, the duke 
of Bordeaux, Sept. 29. Richelieu recalled to office. Representative goveru- 
ment in Brunswick and Hesse Darmstadt. Riego and Quiroga, at the head 
of the troops assembled in the Isle of Leon for embarcation to S. America, 
demand the restoration of the constitution of 1812, Jan. 5 ; Ferdinand submits, 
March 3; abolishes the Inquisition, banishes the Jesuits, and convokes the 
Cortes ; meeting of the Cortes, July 9 ; dissimulation and secret treachery of 
the tyrant. A similar revolution in Portugal. Insurrection excited by the Car- 
bonari at Naples ; general Pepe joins them with the army, and establishes a free 
constitution. Birth of Victor Emanuel, the present king of Sardinia, ^Nlar. 14. The 
Polish diet convoked by the emperor Alexander, rejects the laws proposBd by him ; 
he closes the session abruptly. Metternich assembles a congress at Troppau, and 
afterwards at Lay bach, to consult on the means of suppressing the revolutionary 
spirit in Europe. Revolt of Ali Pacha in Albania ; he urges the Greeks to assert 
independence. Florida ceded to the U. S. by Spain ; Maine the twenty-second 
State of the Union, The liberation of Peru commenced by the assistance of St. 
Martin and Bolivar. Morillo returns to Spain. Christophe kills himself, and 
the Avhole of Haiti submits to Boyer. Death of Sir Joseph Banks, set. 77, of 
Henry Grattan, set. 70, of Sir Vicary Gibbs, set. 69, of col. Mudge, set. 58, of Beiij. 
West, president of the Royal Academy, set, 82, of Brownlow North, bishop of 
Winchester, aet. 79, of Wm. Hayley, set 75, of Patrick Colquhoun, set. 75, of Arthur 
Young, set. 79, of Wm. llatsell, clerk of the House of Commons, aet. 87, of Sir 
Home Popham, set. 67, of the count de Volney, a3t. 63, of marshal Kellermann, set. 
86, of marshal Lefebvre, of Tallien, sot. 54, of Dollond, the optician, set, 90, and 
of Henry Andrews, the maker of " Moore's Almanack," set. 76. Birth of Jenny 
Lind, Sir W. Scott the first baronet created by Geo. IV. Sir H. Davy presi- 
dent of the Royal Society, and Sir T. Lawrence of the Royal Academy. Rees's 
Encyclopsedia completed. Suspension Bridge over the Tweed, July 18. Total 
eclipse of the sun, Sept. 7. Francis Jeffrey, editor of the Edinburgh Review, 
elected rector of the Glasgow university, Dec. 28. 
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 23. Annuity of £50,000 settled on the queen, 31, The 
king visits Drury Lane Theatre, Feb. 6. Sir F. Burdett lined £2000 and impri- 
soned for his letter, 8 ; his constituents pay the line. Mr. Hume moves for a re- 
duction of the army, March 1 ; after sixteen divisions, his motion lost. Mr. Plun- 
kett's Bills for the removal of Catholic disabilities passed by the Commons, 10, 



TEOM THE TEAB 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1821 jl thrown out by the Lords, April 18. Thirty-five Bills found at the Old Bailey 
conti- \ against ntterers of forged notes, 11. The " Fury," capt. Parry, and the *' Hecla." 
nued. capt. Lyon, proceed to the Frozen Ocean, 30. Knighthood surreptitiously ob- 
tained by two medical men at the levee, May 8. The Bank of England antici- 
pates the time fixed by parliament, and commences payment in specie. John 
Hunt of the " Examiner," imprisoned for a libel on the House of Commons, 25. 
Mr. Hume exposes the extravagance of the public expenditure, June 27. Ju- 
dicial decision of the privy-council, that queens-consort are not entitled of right 
to be crowned, July 4. Parliament prorogued, 11. Coronation of Geo. IV. ; 
the queen refused admittance into Westminster Abbey, 19 ; she is attacked by 
illness, 30 ; departure of the king to visit Ireland, 31 ; death of the queen, Aug. 

7, set. 53; enthusiastic reception of the king on his landing at Howth, near 
Dublin, 15: funeral of the queen, 19 ; streets barricaded by the people, to compel 
the procession to pass through London on its way to Harwich ; affray with the 
soldiers at Cumberland gate; interment at Brunswick, attended by lady Hood, 
lady Anne Hamilton, Dr. Lushington, and Serjeant Wilde ; the king embarks at 
Dunleary, since called Kingstown, on his return from Ireland, Sept. 5. Sir Ro- 
bert Baker, censured for having allowed the queen's funeral to pass through the 
city, resigns his office of magistrate, and is succeeded by Sir Richard Birnie, 14. 
Arrival of the king at Carlton palace, 15. Sir Robert Wilson dismissed from 
the army by the king's command, for his attendance on the queen's funeral, 20 ; 
he is indemnified for his loss by a piiblic subscription of £10,000. The king 
embarks at Ramsgate, on his route, via Calais, to Hanover, 24 ; public entrance 
into Hanover, Oct. 11. Imposture of Olive Wilmott Serres, pretending to be 
daughter of the late duke of Cumberland. The king returns from Hanover, Nov. 

8. Marquis Weilesley lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Dec, 29. Death of Napoleon 
at St. Helena, May 5, set. 52 ; he is interred there, in Rupert's Valley, A con- 
stitutional government established in Saxe Coburg. Union of the Lutheran 
aud Calviiiistic churches in Baden. An " Army of the Faith " organized by the 
priests in Spain. John VL returns to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro regent 
in Brazil. Ferdinand, king of Naples, goes to the congress of Laybach, annuls 
the constitution to which he had sworn fidelity ; an Austrian army marches into 
his States, defeats general Pepe, and crushes the Revolution, Santa Rosa excites 
a constitutional revolt in Piedmont ; Victor Emanuel resigns the crown to his 
brother Charles Felix Joseph, March 13 ; the interference of an Austrian force 
represses the movement. Outbreak of the Greek insurrection under Alexander 
Ipsilanti ; massacre of the Greeks in Turkey ; the patriarch of Constantinople 
put to death ; defeat and flight of Ipsilanti into Hungary, where he is imprisoned 
at Mongatz ; his brother Demetrius, with Mavrocordato and Ulysses, take Na- 
poli di Romania, Aug. 2 ; defeat the Turks at Thennopylai, Sept. 6 ; storm Tri 
politza, Oct, 17 ; Missolonghi, Nov. 1 ; establish a provisional government, and 
convoke the Congress of Epidaurus, Dec. 15. Missouri 23rd member of the U. S, 
Iturbide enters Mexico, Sept. 27. St. Martin takes Lima, July 12, and is pro- 
claimed Protector of Peru, Aug. 8. A statue and monument to Luther erected 
at Wittenberg. Death of lord Sheffield, the friend of Gibbon, »t. 86, of the 
dowager-duchess of Orleans, mother of Louis Philippe, £et. 68, of the young poet 
Keats, get. 25, of Dr. Gregory, get. 68, of Dr. Johnson's friend, Mrs. Piozzi 
(Thrale), set. 82, of Dr. Carmichael Smith, set. 80, of John Rennie, set. 60, of 
professor Vince, of Dr. Vicesimus Knox, set. 68, of Oliver Cromwell, a lineal 
descendant of the Protector, set. 79, of John Ballantyne, Sir W. Scott's printer 
and publisher, eet. 45, of Sir J as, Mansfield, ait 88, of Francis Hargrave, set. 81, 
of Jas. Perry, editor of the Morning Chronicle, set. 65, of Dr. T. D. Whitaker, aet. 
63, of Mrs, Inchbald, set. 64, of C. J, Rich, oriental scholar, set 34, of Richard 
Twiss, iet. 74, of Dr. Barrett, vice-provost of T, C. Dublin, set. 69, of C. A. Stot- 
hard, artist, of Geo, Howe, the first Australian printer, set. 52, and of John Scott, 
editor of the *' London Magazine," killed in a duel with Mr. Christie. Prosecu- 
tion of Beranger for some of his Odes. First deciphering of Egyptian hiero- 
glyphics by Champollion. Malte Brun founds the Geographical Society of Paris. 
Sismondi publishes his " Histoire des Fran9ais." New Haymarket theatre 
opened, July 4. Delusions of prince Hohenlolie at Bamberg, 



1821 TO 1822 A.D. 



733 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1822 



Jeremy Bentham receives an address of thanks from the Cortes of Portugal for 
his writings ; and Mr. Hume pieces of plate from public hodies for his exertions 
to enforce ministerial economy. Accession of the Grenville party to the Liver- 
pool government; Mr. Flunkett, attoiTiey- general for Ireland; retirement of lord 
Sidmouth; Mr. Peel, home secretary. Parliament opened, Feb. 5. InsuiTection 
Act for Ireland to repress outrages of the White Boys, 11. Reduction of interest 
on the Navy Five per cents.. 25. The Commons, by 182 to 128, discontinue the 
two junior lords of the admiralty, March 1 ; Mr. Canning appointed governor- 
general of India, 27. Famine in Ireland, from the failure of potatoes, relieved 
by a large subscription in England, Apr. Capt. Birley, of the Manchester yeo- 
manry, tried for unlawful wounding at the great refoiTQ meeting, and acquitted, 
4; Mr. Denman common serjeant of London, 25. The Commons, by 269 to 16i, 
negative lord John Kussell's motion for reform, 29 ; Canning his most formidable 
opponent ; committee on agricultural distress; Canning's Bill to admit Catholic 
peers to sit in the House of Lords, passed by the Commons, rejected by the 
Lords ; the Commons, by 216 to 201, adopt a resolution moved by lord Normanby, 
for one postmaster- general instead of two, May 2. Duel between the dukes of 
Bedford and Buckingham. Mr. Vansittart's plan adopted for relieving the 
" dead weight"' of pensions, 24. Eesoiution of the Commons not to alter the 
standard of the currency, June 11. The rate of discount lowered by the Bank 
of England to four per cent., 20 ; " extents in aid" restricted ; scurrilous publica- 
tions for political pui-poses brought under the cognizance of the Commons by 
Mr. Abercrombie; two of the parties summoned to the bar of the House, 22. 
Complete editions of the ancient historians of the realm ordered by parliament 
to be printed, July 24; new Marriage Act. Parliament prorogued, Aug, 6. The 
king embarks at Greenwich for Scotland, 10. Sir Benjamin Bloorafield envoy to 
the court of Sweden. Suicide of the marquis of Londonderry, 12, ?et. 53. The 
king lands at Leith. 15; returns to London, 30. Canning, on the eve of his de- 
parture for India, relinquishes that appointment, and takes the office of foreign 
secretary, Sept. 16. The policy of the British government becomes more liberal 
both at home and abroad. Orange demonstrations discouraged in Ireland, Oct. 
31. Sir Jas. Mackintosh lord rector of the University of Glasgow, Nov. 15. 
Panic in the foreign stock-market ; rapid decline in the value of scrip ; many spe- 
culators ruined. The marquis Wellesley insulted by an Orange faction at the 
Dublin theatre, Dec. 14. Subscription in England for the starving Irish, 
£350.000; in Ireland, £150,000; granted by parliament, £300,000; total, £800,000. 
Projects of the ultra-royalists to restore absolutism in France ; popular discon- 
tent and con.spiracies; general Berton executed for an attempted revolt, at 
Saumur. The Faculty of Medicine at Paris suppressed by a royal ordinance. 
M. de Yillele president of the council. Congress of Yerona ; Montmorency and 
Chateaubriand undertake that France shall overthrow the constitution in Spain; 
Great Britain, represented by the duke of Wellington, declines to interfere. M. 
Guizot's Lectures on History, at the Sorbonne, suspended. The Normal school 
closed. The royal guards at Madrid declare against the constitution ; they are 
overpowered by the militia and citizens ; a royalist Junta of regency formed at 
Urgel. The emperor Alexander having no issue, his brother and heir, the 
grand-duke Constantine, signs a secret renunciation of his claim to the throne, 
in favour of his next brother, Nicholas. The congress of Epidaurus proclaims 
the independence of Greece. The vizir Churschid takes Janina and puts Ali 
Pacha to death. Massacre of the Greeks in the island of Scio. Successful en- 
terprizes of Canaris and Miaulis against the Turkish fleets. Mavrocordato 
defeated at Arta. The Turks enter the Morea ; are routed by Colocotroni. Omer 
Vrioni driven from Anatolico by the Suliots and :Mavrocordato. The U. S. ac- 
knowledge the independence of the Southern States, Iturbide proclaimed 
emperor of Mexico. St. Martin in Peni, and O'Higgins in Chili, resign their 
power to national councils. Brazil separates from Portugal, and proclaims Don 
Pedro emperor. The Spanish half of St. Domingo submits to Boyer, who becomes 
president of the whole island. Opening of the Caledonian canal, Nov. 1. An 
iron steam-boat exhibited on the Thames, May 9. The statue of Achilles placed 



734 



FEOM THE YEL'R 



A.D. 


HEai-: 


Otto- 
man Em- 


Popes. 


i 

Spain.jFrance. 


Portu- 


Prus- 


WlR- 

tem- 


Saxo- 


Bava- 


Aus- 




RA. 


pire. 




1 


gal. 


sia. 


BERG. 


ny. 


ria. 


tri a . 


1823 


1239 


16 Mah- 
mud II. 


24 Pius 

vri. 

Mav.13. 

d Aujf. 

20. 
1 Leo 
XII. 

Sept.28. 


lOFer- 

dinaad 

Vil. 


10 Louis 
XVIII. 


8 John 
VL 


27Fre- 
deric 
Wil- 
liam 
IIL 


8 Wil- 
liam. 


61 Fre- 
deric 
Augus- 
tus 111. 


25 Max- 
imilian 
Joseph 
11. 


20 Fran- 
cis i. 


1824 


1240 


17 


2 


11 — 


1 Chas. 
X. 


9 


28 


9 


62 


26— 


21 '\ 


1825 


1241 


18 


3 


12 


2 


10 


29 


10 


63 


1 Louis 
Chas, 
.Augus- 
tus. 


22 


1826 


1242 


19 


4 


13 


3 


1 Pedro 
IV. 


30- 


11 


61 


2 


1 

23 
















empe- 
ror of 
Brazil, 
I Maria 
II. da 
Gloria. 












1827 


1243 


20 


5 


14 


4 


2 


31 


12 


lAnto- 
nyCle- 
ment. 


3 


24 


1828- 


1244 


21 


6 


15 


5 


1 Mi- 
guel. 


32— 


13 


2 


4 


25 


1829 


1245 


22 


rf Feb 

10 
1 Pius 

VIII. 

Mar. 31. 


16 


6 


2 


33 


14 


3 


5 


26 



























1823 TO 1829 A.D. 



73o 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 


Sar. 

DIXIA. 


Tus- 
cany. 


Na- 
ples. 


Den- 

MAKK. 


SWE- 1 Rus- 
DEN. SIA. 


Neth- 
er- 
lands. 


Ameri- 
canPre- 

SIDENTS. 


India. 
BritishGo- 

VERNORS. 


Great 
Britain. 


1823 


3Chas. 
Felix 
Josepb. 

1 
1 

! 


lOFer- 

dinand 
III. 


9 Fer- 
dinand 
IV., or 
I. of 
the 
Two 
Sici- 
lies. 


16Fred- 
eric VI. 


eciuis. 

XIV. 

Chas. 
John. 


•23 A lex 
ander 


10 Wil- 
liam I. 


7 James 
Monroe. 


1 Lord Am- 
herst. 


4 Geo. 
IV. 

Jan. 29- 


1824 


i \ 


1 Leo- 
pold 
11. 


10 


17 


7 


24 


11 




2 


5 




1825 


1 

1 5 


2 


1 Fran- 
cis 1. 


18 


8 


1 Ni- 
cholas 


12 


1 John 
Qnincy 
Adams. 


3 


6 — - 


1826 


6 — 


3 


2 


19 


9 


2 


13 


2 


4 


7 


1827 


j 


4 


._ 


20 


10 


3 


14 


3 


5 


8 

d. duke of 
York. 


1828 


1 
8 


5 


4 


21 


11 


4 


15 


4 


1 Loi-dWm. 
Bentinck. 


9 

d. Qu. of 
Wirtem- 
berg. 


1829 

J 


i 
9 


- 


5 22 

1 


12 


K 


16 


1 An- 
drew 
Jack- 
son. 


2 


10 





736 



FROM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1822 
conti- 
nued. 



1823 



Events a.nd Eminent Men. 



in Hyde Park, June 18, Death of Sir Wm. Herschel, set. 84, of Christoplier 
Wy vill, the patriarch of reform, ggt. 83, of Dr. Middleton, bishop of Calcutta, 
set. 53, of Canova, set. 65, of Percy Bysslie Shelley, ait. 30, of Delambre, set. 73, 
of prince Hardenberg, get. 72, of Sir Isaac Heard, Garter King at Arms, set. 96, 
of HaUy, the mineralogist, of Berthollet, set. 64, of Dr. Aikin, set. 75, of Sir Jolm 
Borlase Wan-en, of Dr. E. D. Clarke, the traveller, set. 54, of Dean Kipling, 
of Sir N. Conant, the magistrate, set. 77, of Marie Lsetitia Bonaparte (nee Ka- 
molini), mother of Napoleon, of Eva Maria (Violetti), widow of David Garrick, 
set. 99, and of Emery, the comic actor, set. 45. Sir Alexander Boswell killed in a 
duel by Jas. Stuart. Sir Humphrey Davy's experiments on the MSS. of 
Herculaneum. Babbage invents his calculating machine. The lord chancellor 
refuses injunctions to protect Byron's "Cain," and Lawrence's " Lectures." The 
Parisians refuse to allow the performance of English plays. The innkeepers on 
the Dover road petition against steam-navigation. The tide ebbs so low, that 
the Thames is forded near London Bridge, March 6. Litigation respecting 
some millions of francs, placed in the hands of Laffitte by Napoleon. The great 
wealth of Mr. Coutts devolves by his will to his widow, formerly Miss Mellon, 
the actress. Proceedings commence to prove the lunacy of the earl of Ports- 
mouth. Jocelyn, bishop of Clogher, absconds and is degraded from his see. 
Purchase of Fonthill by Mr. Farquhar. 
Revival of employment for the working classes, tranquillity and prosperity ; the 
agricultural interest still depressed ; at a county meeting in Norfolk, Cobbett 
carries his petition for an " equitable adjustment of contracts," appropriation of 
a part of the wealth of the church to relieve public burdens, and the repeal of 
taxes on the produce of the land, Jan. 3 ; the same petition rejected in Here- 
fordshire, 17 ; the Yorkshire freeholders petition for reform, 22. Mr. Vansittart, 
created lord IBexley, takes the duchy of Lancaster ; Mr. Robinson, chancellor 
of the exchequer, and Mr. Huskisson, president of the Board of Trade, 31. Par- 
liament opened, Feb. 4 ; lord Lausdowne and Mr. Brougham denounce the prin- 
ciples of the " Holy Alliance." The half-yearly Bank dividend, reduced from 
five to four per cent. ; stock falls from 236 to 210, March 30. Discussion on the 
affairs of Spain in the Commons, Apr. 24. Peel's Currency Act comes into opera- 
tion. May 2. Animated meeting to support the Greeks, lord Milton in tlie chair, 15. 
Resolution of the Commons to prepare the slave population of the colonies for 
emancipation, 16. The common council decide to rebuild London Bridge, 30. 
Meeting and subscription to assist the Spanish patriots, June 18. Parliament 
prorogued, July 18. Return of capt. Parry from the Polar regions, Oct. 29. Con- 
vention with Austria to accept £2,500,000 as full payment for loans of £30,000,000, 
Nov. 17. Plymouth Dock receives the name of Devonport, Dec. 27. The king 
presents the library of Geo. III., 120,000 volumes, to the British Museum. 
Marquis Hastings having resigned the government of India, departs for England, 
June 9 ; his successor, lord Amherst, arrives, Aug. 1 ; in the interval, J. S. Buck- 
ingham is banished from India, and his Journal, the "Oriental Herald," is sup- 
pressed. Reginald Heber, appointed to succeed Dr. Middleton, the late bishop 
of Calcutta, sails, June 16. The Austrian, Prussian and Russian ambassadors 
recalled from Madrid. Louis XVIII. declares war against Spain. The Cortes, 
unable to offer effectual resistance, retire to Seville, and take Ferdinand with 
them. A French army, under the duke D'Angoul^me, enters Spain ; arrives 
unopposed at Madrid, May 24 ; the Cortes shut themselves up in Cadiz ; 
give Ferdinand liberty, Oct. 1 ; surrender of Cadiz ; the constitution abo- 
lished ; the reign of tyranny restored ; Riego executed at Madrid, Nov. 7, 
Great Britain threatens to resist all foreign interference in Portugal ; Don 
Miguel's revolt is put down, and he is sent to Vienna. Death of Pius VIL, 
Aug. 20, set. 83; cardinal Annibale della Genga elected pope by the name 
of Leo XII. Lord Byron arrives in Greece. The Greeks obtain many vic- 
tories by sea and land, but injure their cause by discord among themselves 
and disorderly management of their affairs. The U. S. declare that they will 
resist any attempt to interfere with the new republics in the South. Bolivar, 
receives from the Peruvians the title of El Lihcrador. Iturbide resigns his im^ 



1822 TO 1825 A.D. 



737 



A.D. 



1824 



1825 



Events and Eminent Men. 



i perial dignity to a Mexican congress. Death of earl St. Vincent, set. 89, of lord 

' Erskine, sst. 74, of Dr. Jenner, aet. 74, of Dr. Chas. Hutton, set. 86, of general 
Dumourier, aet. 85, of David Ricardo, set. 52, of the Rev. a Wolfe, set. 31, of John 
Julnis Angerstein, set. 91, of Nollekens, get. 86, of Carnot, of John Philip Kemble, 
aet. 66, of the traveller Belzoni, of Mrs. Ann Radcliffe, set. 62, and of Robert 
Bloonitield, set. 57. First meeting of the Royal Society of Literature, June 27. 
The Mechanics' Institute of London founded by Dr. Birkbeck ; imitated at 
Glasgow and other cities. Union of tlie Lutheran and Calvinist churches of 
Hesse at Marburg. Sale of splendid effects at Fonthill, Sept. 9. Lord Ports- 
mouth pronounced to be of unsound mind, Feb. 28. Cabriolets introduced into 
London. Dr. Wollaston foreign associate of the French Institute. 

Iturbide arrives in England, Jan. 1. Parliament opened, Feb. 3 ; the royal speech 
announces the appointment of consuls to the South American Republics ; retire- 
ment of Wilberforce from parliament, 5 ; Fowell Buxton takes his place as leader 
of the anti-slavery question. Advance in the price of agricultural produce. 
Mr. Robinson's budget-oration on the prosperity of the country, 23. Reduction 
of the four per cent, stock to 3^ per cent. Mr. Huskisson introduces his m^easure 
for improving the silk manufactures, March 8 ; lord Lansdowne moves the re- 
cognition of the new American States, 15 ; Canning's plan for training the slave- 

« population in Trinidad, 16 ; lord Gifford Master of the Rolls, Apr. 1. Death of 
lord Byron at Missolonghi, 19, aet. 36. The proceedings against missionary 
Smith at Demerara, brought before the Commons by Mr. Brougham, June 1 ; 
petitions from London, Leeds and Liverpool, for the recognition of the S. American 
States, 15. Parliament prorogued, 25 ; general abatement of political asperity in 
England. The king and queen of the Sandwich Islands arrive in London, July 
14 ; they die soon afterwards. War with the Burmese ; Rangoon taken. May 5 ; 
lord Combermere commands the British army in India. Marquis of Hastings 
appointed governor of Malta. The Ashantees attack the colonies in Africa ; 
death of Sir Chas. M'Carthy ; Sierra Leone saved by col. Sutherland. The baron 
Dumas takes the place of Chateaubriand in the French foreign department, Aug. 
4. Death of Louis XVIII., Sept. 16, tet. 69; his brother, the count d'Artois, 
succeeds as Charles X., proposes an indemnity to the emigrants who lost their 
property. Visit of La Fayette to the U. S. Don Miguel returns to Portugal ; 
fails in another attempted revolt, and is sent again to Vienna. Death of Ferdi- 
nand III., grand duke of Tuscany, June 18, set. 55 ; his son, Leopold II., succeeds 
him. St. Petersburg devastated by an inundation of the Neva, Nov. 19. Un- 
settled state of S. America; war between Brazil and Buenos Ayres, and 
between Bolivar and Francia. Iturbide returns from England to Mexico, 
endeavours to regain his power, is taken prisoner and shot, July 10. Death of 
Eugene Beauharnais, set. 43. of Cambaceres. set. 70, of major Cartwright, aet. 84, 
of the Rev, Sir H. Bate Dudley, aet. 78, of the African traveller, Bowdich, set. 30, 
of Dr. Lerapriere, of Thos. Maurice, set. 70, of R. Payne Knight, aet. 76, of the 
Cursitor baron Maseres, set, 93, of Capel Loft, set. 73, of Wm. Sharpe, the en- 
graver, aet. 73, of admiral Russell, aet. 85, of R. C. Maturin, of Luke White, M.P., 
of Mde. Krudener, «t. 59, and of Wm. Oxberry, the comic actor, eet. 40. Com- 
mencement of the National Gallery, by the purchase of the Angerstein Collection 
and Sir G. Beaumont's gift of his pictures. Subscription for a monument of 
national gratitude to Jas. Watt. The first pile driven for the new London 
Bridge, March 15. Act passed for the Thames Tunnel, June 24. Skeleton of a 
mammoth di.seovered at Ilford. The MS. of a Latin work by Milton found in the 
State Paper Office. The valuable collection of Sir Stamford Raffles relative to 
Sumatra, lost in the "Fame," Indiaman. Mr. Harris killed by the fall of his 
balloon near Croydon, and Mr. Sadler, near Blackburn. Sale of Sir F. Sykes's 
Librarv. Robert Owen founds his settlement of New Harmony in Indiana. 
First No. of the Westminster Review published. Execution of John Thurtell, 
Jan. 9, and of Henry Fauntleroy, Nov. 30. 

Speculation in foreign loans, mining shares, and joint-stock companies ; the Real 
del Monte shares, from 550, rise to £1350, Jan. 11. The floor of the Long Room 
in the new Custom House gives way, 26. Parliament opened, Feb. 3. Catholic 



-k Z 



738 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1825 

conti- 
nued. 



1826 



Events and Eminent Men, 



Association suppressed, 14 ; State lotteries abolished ; resolutions for the relief 
of the Catholics, moved hy Sir F. Burdett, carried by 247 to 234, March 1. Mr. 
Brougham lord rector of the University of Glasgow, Apr. 4. Speech of the 
duke of York in the House of Lords against the Catholic claims, 25; Mr. Stu- 
art-Wortley's Bill for legalizing the sale of game rejected by the Lords, May 9 ; 
grant of £2000 to M'Adam for his improved system of making roads, 13 ; the 
Lords, by 178 to 130, throw out the Catholic Relief Bill, 17 ; report of the Lords* 
committee on the abject state of the Irish peasantry ; the Irish currency assi- 
milated to the British by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 79 ; salaries of the Judges augmented ; 
fees and sales of offices abolished ; the abuses of the court of Chancery exposed 
to the Commons by Mr. John Williams, May 31 ; petition of a widow, whose 
property, devised to her by her. husband, had been absorbed in Chancery suits, 
and she reduced to the workhouse, June 27 ; combination laws repealed, Act 
6 Geo. IV, c. 129. Parliament prorogued, July 6. The "Comet" steam-packet 
run down by the " Ayr" in the Clyde, Oct. 21. Panic in the money-market, Dec. 
8 ; foilure of city and country banks ; universal alarm ; fall of prices ; shares 
depreciated ; ruin of thousands ; the Bank of England issues one and two-pound 
notes, 16 ; large coinage of gold at the Mint. General Campbell defeats the 
Burmese and takes Prome, 25. Revolt of Bhurtpore. Great Britain recognizes 
and concludes treaties of commerce with Colombia and Mexico. The indepen- 
dence of Haiti acknowledged by France, and of Brazil by Portugal. Death of 
Maximilian Joseph, king of Bavaria, Oct. 13 ; his son, Louis Charles Augustus, 
succeeds him ; of Ferdinand IV., king of Naples, Jan. 4, set. 74 ; he is succeeded 
by his son, Francis I. ; and of the emperor Alexander, at Taganrog, Dec. 1, set. 
47 ; in virtue of Constantine's renunciation (see 1822), Nicholas ascends the 
throne of Russia. Charles Felix forbids the poor in Piedmont to be instructed 
in reading and writing. Death of Frederic IV., duke of Saxe Gotha Altenburg, 
without issue, Feb. 11. Ibrahim, son of Mehemet Ali, conducts a powerful ex- 
pedition from Egypt against Greece ; disasters of the Greeks ; Tripolitza taken ; 
Missolonghi besieged. John Quincy Adams, son of the veteran of the Revolu- 
tion, elected president of the U. S. Upper Peru constituted a separate State 
under the name of Bolivia. Francia suppresses the Monastic Orders in Paraguay. 
S. Juan de Ulloa, the last fortress held by Spain, taken by the Mexicans, Nov. 
18. Death of the marquis of Hastings, set. 71, of Dominique Vincent, baron 
Denon, set. 84, of the French painter David, in exile, set. 75, of Dr. Samuel Parr, 
set. 79, of Mrs. Lsetitia Barbauld, set. 82, of Henry Fuseli, set. 84, of Geo. Dance, 
professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy, and last survivor of the original 
forty members, aet. 84, of lord Whitworth, set. 71, of Dr. Alexander Tilloch, set. 
66, of Dr. Abraham Rees, set. 82, of Jean Paul Richter, set. 62, of Geo. Chalmers, 
chief clerk to the Board of Trade, set. 82, of general Foy, aet. 50, of Pauline 
Borghese, sister of Napoleon, and of col. Stanhope, set. 39. In a letter to Mr. 
Brougham, Thos. Campbell first suggests the idea of instituting a London Uni- 
versity. The first brick of the Thames Tunnel laid by Wm. Smith, M.P., 
March 2 ; excavation commenced, Apr. 1. The first stone of New London Bridge 
laid by the lord mayor, June 15. The works of Voltaire purchased by metho- 
dists, to be burnt. Judge Best decides, that a court of law can give no compen- 
sation for labour employed on the " Memoirs of Harriette Wilson." Balloon 
ascent of Mr. and Mrs. Graham at Plymouth ; they fall into the sea, but are 
saved. Capt. Johnson, in the " Enterprise," performs the first voyage by steam 
to India, leaving Falmouth Aug. 16, and arriving in the Hoogley Dec. 9. Building 
of the new Post-Of&ce commenced, R. Smirke architect. 
Lord Combermere storms Bhurtpore and quells the revolt, Jan. 18. Meeting of 
parliament, Feb. 2. Charter of the London University granted, 11. The Commons 
decide by 223 to 40, to support Mr. Huskisson's free-trade policy, 24. The 
British troops, under general Campbell, approach the capital of Ava ; the king 
submits, and the treaty of Yandabu closes the Burmese war, 26. Commercial 
distrust and distress continue ; large numbers of the working classes are out of 
employment. Sir Walter Scott and his publishers. Constable and Co., involved 
in the general wreck. Real del Monte mining shares fall to 20 percent, discount, 



1825 TO 1827 A.D. 



739 



A.D. 



Events a^d Emink^tt Men. 



1827 i 



March 1. The Commons receive coldly, and negative, by 249 to 123, a motion 
of lord John Russell against bribery at elections, 2. Increased consumption in 
the country since 1816, shewn by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in his 
budget oration, wine 88 per cent,, malt 60 per cent., tea 20 per cent., coffee 43 
per cent., and other articles in proportion, 13. Riots of unemployed weavers in 
Lancashire to destroy power-looms, April 24, May 3 ; subscription raised for 
their relief. Mr. Hume disputes the asserted increase of consumption, 4. Dis- 
cretionary power granted for the release of corn in bond, 5. Relaxation of the 
navigation laws vindicated by Mr. Huskisson, 12. Parliament prorogued, 31 ; 
dissolved, June 2. Defeat of the Ashantees by coI.Purdon, Aug. 7. More than 
£16.000 recovered from the Hundred, for power-looms destroyed by the rioters 
in Lancashire. The duke of Devonshire ambassador extraordinary at the coro- 
nation of the emperor Nicholas, Sept. 3 ; Mr. Canning at Paris, Oct. 16. Meeting 
of the new parliament, Nov. 14; Manners Sutton, Speaker; the Commons ap- 
point a Committee, on the motion of Aid. Waithman, to inquire into the pro- 
ceedings of the Arigna Company, Dec. 5. Reform of the criminal law by Peel's 
Acts, 7 Geo. IV. c. 27—31. A British auxiliary force under gen. Clinton sails 
for Portugal, 17 ; illness of the duke of York, 27. The States of the deceased duke 
of Saxe Gotha are divided among the three other branches of the family, by 
treaty, Nov. 15. Death of John VI., king of Portugal, March 10, set. 59 : 
his son Pedro retains his empire of Brazil, and gives up Portugal to his daughter 
Maria da Gloria, aet. 7 ; before his abdication he gives Portugal a free constitu- 
tion, and appoints his sister Maria Isabella, Regent. The Absolutists under 
Chaves take arms, are overpowered and retreat into Spain. The Cortes assem- 
bles, Oct. 30. Ferdinand of Spam assists the fugitives ; they gather a larger 
force, enter Portugal again with Silveira at their head, and proclaim Don Miguel 
absolute king; the Regent and Cortes apply to Great Britain for assistance. 
Missolonghi taken by the Egyptians and Turks ; Ibrahim devastates the Morea ; 
his progress is aiTested by the Mainotes. Treaty between Great Britain and 
Russia for the pacification of Greece ; France accedes. The sultan, by the treaty of 
Akeiman, grants to Russia the free navigation of the Black Sea. Suppression and 
massacre of fhe Janizaries at Constantinople. Bolivar elected President of Peru 
for life ; Paez rebels against him. John Adams, set. 91, and Thos. Jefferson, aet. 
83, both having served the office of President U. S., expire on the same day, the 
anniversaiy of American independence, July 4. Death of Sir Thomas Stamford 
Raffles, set. 45, of Wm. Shipley, dean of St. Asaph, and brother-in-law of Sir 
Wm. Jones (see 1785), set 81, of Reginald Heber, bishop of Calcutta, ast, 44, of 
Dr. Shute Barrington, bishop of Durham, set. 92, of John Milner, Roman Catholic 
bishop, set. 74, of Lindley Murray, a3t. 80, of John Pinkerton, aet. 67, of professor 
Bode, the Geniian astronomer, set. 79, of Chas. Mills, set. 38, of John Nichols, 
editor of the Gentleman's Magazine, set. 81, of Flaxman, the sculptor, aet. 72, of 
Wm. Gifferd, editor of the Quarterly Review, set. 71, of Alexander Volta, set. 
81, of Malte Brun, the geographer, set. 81, of Piazzi, the astronomer, a^t. 80, of 
Talma, aet. 63, of Boissy d'Angla.s, set. 70, of marshal Suchet, aet. 54, of the 
Russian general Rostopchin, of Karl von Weber, set. 40, of A. G. Laing, mur- 
dered on his return from Timbuctoo, set. 32, of St Simon, xi. 64, of Incledon, the 
vocalist, and of John Farquhar, the purchaser of Fonthill, set. 75. A MS. 
translation of Boethius by queen Elizabeth, found in the State Paper Ofi&ce. 
T.he Household Book of James V. of Scotland laid before the Antiquarian Society 
by the earl of Aberdeen. The Astorga library purchased by the Edinburgh 
Faculty of Advocates. The " Unknown Tongues," and other illusions oH the 
Irvingites, amuse the public for a time. 

Commercial confidence is restored ; the poor employed ; and prosperity revives. 
Death of the duke of York, Jan. 3, set. 64. The duke of Wellington commander- 
in-chief. Parliament meets, Feb. 8. Sudden illness of the earl of Liverpool, 
17. Mr. Canning's resolutions on the Corn-Laws agreed to by the Commons, 
March 1. The first stone of the London University laid by the duke of Sussex, 
April 30. Canning ministry ; resignation of Wellington, Peel, Eldon, and four 
other members of the late cabinet. The duke of Clarence lord high admiral. 

I 



740 



FEOM THE TEAB 




1827 
conti- 
nued. 



1828 



The Whigs support the new government ; parliamentary explanations, May 1 ; 
the measures consequent on these changes postponed till the next session ; mar- 
quis of Lansdowne secretary for the Home department ; Sir J. S. Copley created 
lord Lyndhurst and chancellor ; Tierney master of the Mint. Parliament pro- 
rogued, July 2. Treaty of London, between Great Britain, France, and Russia, 
for the pacification of Greece, 6. Death of Canning, Aug. 8, aet. 57 ; viscount 
Goderich prime minister ; Huskisson colonial secretary, 17. Ketum of captains 
Parry and Franklin from their Northern expeditions, Sept. 29. Battle of Nava- 
rino, Oct. 20; the Turco-Egyptian fleet destroyed by the combined British, 
French, and Russian, under Sir Edward Codrington. Don Miguel arrives in 
London, Dec. 30. The ministers of Charles X. fail in their attempt to pass a law 
for restraining the liberty of the press; dissolution of the Chamber of Depu- 
ties ; preponderance of liberals in the new chamber ; seventy-six new peers 
created. France commences hostilities against Algiers. The English at Lisbon 
abstain from taking part in the internal affairs of Portugal ; resist all foreign 
interference. Pedro appoints his brother, Miguel, regent, on condition of his 
maintaining the charter. Sultan Mahmud rejects the propositions of the three 
allied powers for the settlement of Greece ; they resolve to use force ; he demands 
satisfaction for the loss sustained at Navarino, and invokes his subjects to a re- 
ligious war. Capo d'Istrias appointed president of Greece, lord Cochrane high 
admiral, and Church commander of the army; they fail to relieve the Acropolis 
of Athens ; commence the siege of Missolonghi ; many German officers arrive 
to assist them. The congress of Colombia refuses to accept Bolivar's resigna- 
tion. Death of Fred. Aug. III., May 5, after a reign of 64 years over Saxony as 
elector and king ; his brother, Antony Clement, succeeds him. Death of La 
Place, set. 78, of J. G, Eichhorn, set. 75, of Pestalozzi, set. 82, of Beethoven, set. 
57, of John Mason Good, set. 62, of Henry Salt, traveller and consul in Egypt, 
of card. Ruffo, set. 83, of Hugh Clapperton, the African traveller, set. 40, of Wm. 
Eelsham, aet. 75, of Wm. Mitford, set. 83, of George Dodd, the designer of Wa- 
terloo Bridge, set. 44, of Caulaincourt, duke of Vicenza, set. 54, of Dr. Kitchener, 
aet. 50, of Ugo Foscolo, tet. 50, of Helen Maria Williams, set. 69, and of Archibald 
Constable, set. 51. Society established " for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge." 
Printing for the blind introduced. First burst of water into the Thames Tunnel. 
May 18. Lord chancellor Eldon refuses to Mr. Wellesley'Pole the custody of 
his children, Feb. 1. Trial of the Wakefields for the abduction of Miss Turner, 
March 24. Sir H.Davy resigns the chair of the Royal Society; Mr. Davies 
Gilbert elected president. 
Resignation of lord Goderich ; the duke of Wellington minister, Jan. 25 ; Peel 
Home secretary ; lord Aberdeen Foreign ; Sir C. Wetherell attorney-general, and 
Sir N, C. Tindal solicitor ; lord Hill commander-in-chief. Meeting of parliament, 
29 ; the battle of Navarino termed " an untoward event ;" on the motion of Mr. 
Brougham, two committees appointed to inquire into the state of the law, Feb. 7 ; 
finance committe proposed by Peel, and ordered, 15 ; the Commons, by 237 to 193, 
adopt lord John Russell's motion for the repeal of the Test and Corpopation 
Acts, 26 ; the Act for that purpose, 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, passes both Houses with 
little oppositio.n. Distribution of the Deccan prize-money, March 20. The 
British auxiliaries withdraw from Portugal, 20. After a debate of three nights, 
the Commons, by 272 to. 266, agree to Sir F. Burdett's motion for a committee on 
the Catholic claims, May 8; the Lords, by 181 to 137, refuse to concur, June 10; 
the duties on foreign corn regulated by a " sliding.-scale," Act 9 Geo. IV. c, 60 ; 
secession of Huskisson, Palmerston, and their friends, from the ministry. High 
duties imposed on British manufactures by the American tariff, 13. King's Col- 
lege, London, originated by a meeting at which the duke of Wellington presides, 
June 21. Lord Wm. Bentinck governor- general of India, July 4. Daniel O'Con- 
nell elected for the county of Clare, 5. Financial statement made by the chan- 
cellor of tlie exchequer, 10. Parliament prorogued, 28. The duke of Clarence re- 
signs his olfice of lord high admiral ; viscount Melville first lord of the admiralty. 
London University opened, by a lecture of professor Bell, Oct. 1. The queen of 
Portugal an-ives in London, 6. Opening of St. Katharine's Docks, 25. The 



TO 1829 A.D. 



741 



1829 



Events axd Eminent Men. 



repairs and improvements of Windsor Castle by Sir Jeffrey Wyatville completed, 
Dec. 9. Great power of the Catholic Association in Ireland ; the duke of Wel- 
lington intimates to Dr. Curtis his anxiety for a settlement of the question ; the 
marquisof Anglesey, lord-lieutenant, recalled for encouragement given by him to 
a-itation. Death of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, the king's eldest sister and queen- 
dowager of Wirtemberg, a3t. 62. Feodora, daughter of the duchess of Kent by her 
first Husband, married to the prince of Hohenlohe Langenburg, Feb. 18. Change of 
ministers in France ; Martignac takes the place of M. de Villele at the head of the 
cabinet. Don Miguel arrives at Lisbon and takes the constitutional oath, Feb. 
22 ; as soon as the British troops are withdrawn, he is proclaimed king, June 29 ; 
Palmella and Villa Flor are driven out of Portugal ; absolutism triumphant; 
the young queen, Donna Maria, is removed from Brazil to England. War be- 
tween Russia and Turkey, Feb. 22; the Russians take Varna, Oct. 11; are repulsed 
at Schumla and retire over the Danube. Sir Edw, Codrington concludes a treaty 
at Alexandria for the evacuation of Greece by the Egyptians, Aug. 6. The 
Greek government organized; pii*acy suppressed; order established; Alexander 
Ipsilanti released by the emperor of Austria, dies soon after his liberation; the 
representatives of the three powers meet at Poros to settle the limits of the new 
State ; the sultan refuses to assent. Contest for the president's chair of the 
U. S.; John Quincy Adams loses his re-election; Andrew Jackson is chosen to 
succeed him at the expiration of his term of four years. Bolivar dictator of 
Colombia. The Banda Oriental forms the republic of Uruguay. Death of Ro- 
bert Jenkinson, earl of Liverpool, late prime minister, Dec. 4, set. 58, of C. M. 
Sutton, archbishop of Canterbury, set. 73, of Sir James Edw. Smith, president of 
the Linuaean Society, set. 69, of Sir R. Strachan, set. 67, of lady Caroline Lamb, 
a^t. 42, of the Hon. Mrs. Darner, set. 80, of the margravine of Anspach (lady 
Craven), set. 77, of Sir Wm. Drummond, of Sir Wm. Cougreve, a^t. 56, of Dugald 
Stewart, aet. 75, of Dr. Gall, the phrenologist, at. 73, of Dr. Wollaston, set. 62, of 
archdeacon Coxe, ast. 62, of Thos. Bewick, the wood-engraver, set, 75, of J. Cur- 
wen, long M.P, for Cumberland, set. 72, of Luke Hansard, a-t. 76, of gen. Sir 
Alan Cameron, of Henry Neele, set. 30, and of John Scott, the engraver, set. 51. 
Dr. Howley archbishop of Canterbury, and Dr. Blomfield translated from Chester 
to London. Second irruption of water in the Thames Tunnel, Jan. 12. New 
Corn-Exchange opened, June 24. Fall of the BrunsAvick theatre, Feb. 29. The 
fate of La Perouse ascertained by capt. Dillon of the "Research," Apr. 7, M. 
ChampoUion sets out for Egypt to explore its antiquities, July 31. The tomb of 
John Hampden opened by lord Nugent and Mr. Denman, July 21. Sport of fal- 
conry at Redbourne by the duke of St. Alban's, Oct. 8. Detection of Burke's 
systematic murders at Edinburgh, Dec. 24. Execution of Wm. Corder for murder, 
Aug. 8, and of Joseph Hunton, a quaker, for forgery, Dec. 8. 
The ministers decide to grant Catholic Emancipation. Robert Peel resigns his 
seat for Oxford university, Feb. 4 ; when proposed for re-election, Sir R. H. Inglis 
defeats him by 705 votes against 559. Parliament opened, 5. Bill to suppress 
dangerous meetings in Ireland, 10. Voluntary dissolution of the Catholic Asso- 
ciation, 12, The Relief Bill brought in, March 5 ; second reading carried by 353 
to 180, 18. Duel between the duke of Wellington and the earl of Winchelsea, 
21. Third reading of the Bill, 320 to 142, 30 ; introduced in the Lords, 31 ; 
second reading, 217 to 112, April 5; third reading, 10; receives the royal assent, 
13. Act passed at the same time to disfranchise the forty-shilling freeholders 
in Ireland and raise the qualification to ten pounds. Distress of the Spital- 
fields weavers. A farther reduction made in the duties on the importation of 
raw silk ; increase of the silk manufacture in Congleton, Macclesfield, and Man- 
chester. The duke of Norfolk, lord Dormer, and lord Clifford take their seats 
in parliament, April 28. The earl of Surrey elected M.P. for Horsham, May 4 ; 
O'Connell's election for Clare declared void, and a new writ issued, 18. The 
ground on the east side of Somerset House, given for the site of King's College, 
16. Capt. Ross departs in a steam-vessel to explore the North-west passage, 23. 
Marquis of Blandford's motion for parliamentary reform rejected by 401 to 118, 
June 3. Sir N. C. Tindal, chief-justice of the Common Pleas ; Sir C. Wetherell 



742 



ITEOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 


Hegt- 


Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 


Popes. 


Spain. 


France. 


Portu- 
gal. 


Prus- 
sia. 


WlR- 
TEM- 

berg. 


Saxo- 
ny. 


Bava- 
ria. 


Aus- 
tria. 


1830 


1246 


23 Mah- 
mud 11. 


2 Pius 
VIII. 

Mar.31. 

d.Nov 
30. 


17Fer- 
dinand 
VII. 


1 Louis 
Philip. 


3 Mi- 
guel. 


34Fre- 
deric 
Wm. 
III. 


15 Wil- 
liam. 


4 An- 
tony 
Cle- 
ment. 


6 Louis 
Chas. 
Aug. 


27 Fran- 
cis 1. 


1831 


1247 


24 


1 Gre- 
gory 
XVI. 
Feb. 2. 


18 


2 


4 


35 


16 


5 


7 


28 1 


1832 


1248 


25 


2 


19 


3 


5 


36 


17 — - 


6 


8 


29 




1833 


1249 
1250 


26 


3 


1 Isa- 
bella 
II. 


4 


1 Maria 
11. re- 
stored. 


87 


18 


7 


9 


30 


1834 


1250 
1251 


27 


^ 


2 


5 


2 


38 


19 


8 


10 


31 




1835 


1251 
1252 


28 


5 


3 


6 


3 


39 


20 


9 


11 


IFer- 
dinand. 


1836 


1252 
1253 


29 


6 


^ 


7 


4 


40 


21 


IFre- 
deric 
Aug. 
IV. 


12 


2 





























1830 TO 183G A.D. 



743 



Btrpe- 
titiou 
Dates. 



1830 



Sab- 



lOChds 
Felix 
Joseph 



I Two 
Tus- I Sici- Den- 
cany. I LIES. MARK, 



7 Leo- 
pold 
II. 



1831 IChas. 8- 
I, Albert. 



1832 I 2 



1833 



1834 i 



1335 



1S36 



1 Fer- 23Fre- 
diuand deric 
11. VI 



2 24 



3 25- 



23- 



SWE- 

DEN. 



Rus- 



ISChas.'e N 
XIV. cholas. 

Chas. I 
John. I 

i 



28- 



7 29 -19 12 23 



I Amkri 
Nether- IcanPre- 

LANDS. iSIDENTS. 



17 Willi- 2 An- 
am I. I drew 

Jackson. 



ffol- Bel- 
land, gium. 



18 

Leopold. 



9 i20 5 Jie- 6 

3 elected. 



India. 
British Go- 
vernor; 



3 Lord Wm, 
Beutinck. 



Great 
Britain. 



11 Geo. 

IV. 
Jan. 29. 

d. June 26. 
1 Willi- 
am IV. 
June 26. 

Qu. Ade- 
laide. 



5 - 

d duke ot 
Glou- 
cester. 



1 Lord 
Auckland. 



744 



FROM THE TEATl 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1829 
conti- 



dismissed, for his opposition to Catholic Emancipation, is succeeded by Sir Jas. 
Scarlett, in the office of attorney-general ; Sir E. Sugden, solicitor-general, 10. 
Peel's Metropolitan Police Act, 10 Geo. IV. c. 44. Parliament prorogued, 24. 
The Society of the Inner Temple institutes previous examinations into the at- 1 
tainments of candidates for admission to the bar, July 10. O'Connell re-elected 
for Clare, 30; his expenses paid out of the Catholic rent; and he begins to 
demand "Repeal of the Union." Combinations of weavers to obtain advance of 
wages, by destroying work on the looms, Aug. New Post-Office opened, Sept. 23. 1 
New Fleet-Market opened, Nov. 20 ; the old Market called Farringdon Street 
Royer Collard, president of the French Chamber of Deputies, Feb. 1 ; union ol 
parties against the Martignac ministry; M. de Polignac recalled from his em- 
bassy in London to form a new cabinet ; his government influenced by the ultra- 
royalists and priests. Commercial union of the central States of Germany, 
under the guidance of Prussia. Death of Leo XII., Feb. 10, aet, 68; cardinal 
Francis Xavier Castiglioni, elected pope Pius VIII., protects the Jesuits and 
Inquisition. Atrocious persecution of the Constitutionalists in Portugal. Miguel 
refuses to marry his niece Donna Maria ; she returns to Brazil. Death of tlie 
queen of Spain ; Ferdinand marries Maria Christina, daughter of the king 
of Naples. The Russians take Silistria, pass the Balkan, and advance to 
Adrianople; mediation of Great Britain and France ; treaty of Adrianople, 
Sept. 14 ; the emperor Nicholas relinquishes his conquests ; the sultan 
acknowledges the independence of Greece. Increased jealousy between Hollavid 
and Belgium. Andrew Jackson, president U. S., announces to Congress that tlie 
Tariff had failed to accomplish its purpose. Spanish invasion of Mexico 
defeated by Santa Anna, Death of Sir Humphrey Davy, at Geneva, set. 50, of 
count Darn, of Fred, von Schlegel, est. 57, of lord Colchester, set. 72, of Barras, at. 
74, of Stephen Dumont, the friend of Jeremy Bentham, set. 79, of Thcs. Belsham, 
set. 80, of Francis Plowden, of Dr. Thos. Young, set. 56, of generals lord Harris, 
set. 82, Sir David Baird, and Thos. Garth, set. 85, of Sir Wm. Curtis, set. 77, of 
the countess of Derby (Miss Farren), aet. 70, of John Reeves, set 77, and of Francis 
Egerton, earl of Bridgewater, whose legacy calls forth the Treatises which bear 
his name. York Minster set on fire by a lunatic ; the damage, £65,000, repaired 
by a public subscription of the county. Prize given by the directors of the 
Liverpool and Manchester Railway to Mr. Stephenson for the speed of his 
locomotive engine. Prosperity of Life Insurance Societies, particularly of the 
London Equitable. The Atheuseum and other clubs of London, erect splendid 
buildings for the reception of their members. The first double-sheet No of the 
" Times" publi-shed, Jan. 19. Meeting of London booksellers to regulate the 
discount allowed on books, Dec. 29. Porcelain paper and card invented by De 
la Rue, Cornish^ and Rock of London. 
Death of George IV., at Windsor, June 26, set. 68; accession of his brother, Wm. 
Henry, duke of Clarence, William IV. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 4 ; difficult 
position of the ministers ; the high churcli party abandon them ; the Whigs 
support them ; lord Darlington moves the address, which is carried by 158 to 105. 
The colonists of Sydney petition for a legislative assembly and trial by jury, 9. 
Remission of the excise duties on fur and leather ; reduction of public expendi- 
ture, 15; the franchise of East Retford extended to the freeliolders of the Hun- 
dred. Death of Sir Robert Peel, aet. 80, father of the Home Secretary, who 
inherits the title and great wealth, May 3. Sir Jas. Graham moves for a return 
of the salaries and emolument of privy councillors, 14 ; the king being unable 
to affix the sign manual, an Act is passed legalizing the use of a stamp, 29. 
Parliament prorogued, July 23 ; dissolved, 24. Brougham elected for Yorkshire, 
Aug. 5. Arrival of Charles X. in England, 17. Opening of the Liverpool and 
Manchester Railway, Sept. 15. Death of Mr. Huskisson, set. 63. Recognition 
of Louis Philip by the British government. Opening of American ports to 
British commerce, Oct. 1. The new parliament assembles, 26 ; opened by the 
king, Nov. 2 ; Aveakness of the ministry ; a strong excitement produced by the 
duke of Wellington's assertion that the House of Commons needed no reform. 
The intended visit of the king and queen to tlie City of London, at the lord- 



1829 TO 1830 A.D. 



745 



A.D. 



Events and Emjkent Men. 



mayors feast, postponed, 7. Sir Henry Parnell's motion for a committee 
to examine the Civil list, carried against ministers by 233 to 204, 15 ; the duke 
of Wellington and his colleagnes resign, 16; lord Grey's administration formed, 
22; he announces peace, retrenchment, and reform, as the principles on which it 
is to be conducted. Incendiary fires, destruction of machinery, and other out- 
rages, in many counties ; special commissions sent to try the offenders. The 
French Chamber of Deputies votes an address hostile to the Polignac ministry, 
March 16; prorogued by the king. 19; dissolved, May 16 ; expedition under 
the count de Bourmont against Algiers, 25 ; landing in Africa, June 13 ; Algiers 
taken, July 5 ; the popular party strengthened by the elections ; the ministers 
determine to dissolve the new Chamber before it meets ; unconstitutional ordi- 
nances prepared and laid before the king, 21 ; are signed by him and pub- 
lished, 25 ; journals suppressed, 26 ; popular resistance ; three days' war of the 
Barricades in Paris, 27 — 29 ; victory of the people ; the national guard restored 
under the command of La Fayette. 30 ; Louis Philip, duke of Orleans, appointed 
lieutenant-general. 31 ; Charles X. abdicates, Aug. 2; is conducted to Cher- 
bourg by commissaries of the provisional government, 4 ; Louis Philip pro- 
claimed king of the French, 7 ; Charles and his family embark for England, 16 ; 
death of Louis Henry de Bourbon, prince de Conde, 27. set. 75 ; Laffitte minister, 
Nov. 2; Guizot and de Broglie retire; trial of the ex-ministers of Charles, Dec. 
15 ; Polignac. Peyronnet, Chantelauze, and Kanville, condemned to imprisonment 
for life, 21 ; La FaA'ette resigns the command of the National Guard, 26. Revolt 
of Brussels and expulsion of the Dutch troops, Aug. 25 ; prince Frederic repulsed, 
Sept. 25 ; general revolt of Belgium ; the king restricts his authority to the 
Northern provinces, Oct. 20 : conferences of the Guarantee-States at London, 
Nov, 2 ; Belgium declared independent, 17. Changes in Germany; duke Charles 
of Brunswick, expelled by his subjects, takes refuge in England ; his brother 
William is called to assume the government, Sept. 6—28. Commotions in 
Leipzig and Dresden, The king of Saxony shares his power with his nephew 
Frederic, and gives his people a constitution, Sept. 13. The elector of Hesse 
Cassel embodies a civic guard, and authorizes the States to re-model the go- 
vernment, Oct. 2 — 16 ; similar movements at Jena, Weimar, Hanau, and Manheim. 
Birth of Francis Joseph, the present emperor of Austria. Aug. 18 Ferdinand 
VII. abolishes the Salic law, and declares the throne of Spain heritable by 
females, March 29 ; birth of his daughter Maria IsabelU, the present queen, 
Oct. 11 ; protest and revolt of his brother Carlos ; Ferdinand acknowledges Louis 
Philip in France. Death of Carlotta Joachima. queen-dowager of Portugal, Jan. 
6, aet. 53. Deplorable state of the finances ; disorder and distress throughout the 
kingdom are the results of Miguel's misgoverament. Pedro establishes a 
regency at Terceira, under Palmella, in the name of queen Maria, March 15. 
Copenhagen, Kiel and Flensburg call upon the king of Denmark for reforms. 
The democratic party in Switzerland agitates in Basle and Freyburg ; an ex- 
traordinary Diet convoked at Bern, Dec. 25. Death of pope Pius VIII., Nov. 
30, set. 68 ; the papal chair remains vacant two months. Attempted revolts at 
Rome and at Annecy in Savoy repressed. Death of Francis I., king of Naples, 
Nov. 8, set. 53 ; his son Ferdinand II. succeeds. The crown of Greece offered to 
prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg, Feb. 3 ; refused by him. May 21. The cholera 
spreads from Asia to Moscoav, Oct. Insurrection in Poland ; the grand duke 
Constantine driven from Warsaw, Nov, 29 ; a Diet assembles and appoints 
Khlopicki dictator, Dec 19; proclamation of Nicholas against the Poles, Dec. 
24. Portions of the Texas territory claimed by the U. S. Bolivar resigns all 
his offices, Jan. 20 ; the president's chair again offered to him, and declined, 
April 27 ; he withdraws in triumph. May 9 ; dies Dec. 17. set. 48. Death of lady 
Augusta de Ameland (Murray), married to the duke of Sussex in 1792, of Geo. 
Tierney, set. 74, of \\ m. Hazlitt. set. 52. of Benjamin Constant, set. 63, of marshal 
Gouvion St. Cyr. aet. 66, of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed. set. 79, of the countess 
de Genlis, set. 84, of Sir Thomas Lawrence, aet. 61, of major James Rennell, set. 88. 
of Fred. Albert Winsor, set. 68, of Samuel Favell, set. 70, of R, Chenevix, and of 
Wm. Bulmer, set 74. The English Opera-house (Lyceum) destroyed by fire, 
Feb. 16. 

5 A 



746 



FROM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



1831 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Eight hundred prisoners tried by the special commissions ; two executed at 
Winchester and two at Salisbury, Jan, 25 ; many transported ; outrages sup- 
pressed ; meeting of the Birmingham Political Union, headed by Thomas 
Attwood, the banker, Feb. 1, Lords Grey and Althorpe announce that the Re- 
form Bill will be introduced by lord John Russell, 3. The Budget of lord Althorpe 
proposes many retrenchments ; the abolition of the taxes on coals, candles, and 
printed calicoes, and reduction of other duties, 11. The Reform Bill brought in, 
March 1 ; intense national excitement in favour of it ; after a debate of seven 
days, read the first time ; second reading carried by a majority of one (302 to 301), 
22 ; general Gascoyne's motion in opposition to the measure carried in Com- 
mittee by 299 against 291, April 18 ; the king refuses to accept the resignation 
of ministers. Parliament prorogued, 22 ; dissolved, 23 ; popular ferment; anti- 
reformers ejected by most of the large constituencies ; proclamation for all ships 
from the Baltic to perform quarantine, to guard against the cholera, June 10 ; 
the new parliament assembles, 14-; C. M. Sutton, Speaker ; the king's speech 
recommends Reform, 21. Fatal conflict on a seizure for tithes at Newtown 
Barry in Ireland, IS. The Reform Bill again introduced, 24 ; second reading 
carried by 367 against 231, July 7 ; long and strict scrutiny of its clauses in 
Committee. New London Bridge opened by the king and queen, Aug. 1. Coro- 
nation, Sept. 8; the banquet in Westminster Hall discontinued; theatres 
opened gratis, and fire-works in Hyde Park. The Reform Bill read a third time, 
and passed by the Commons, 345 against 236, 19; lords Althorpe and John Russell, 
attended by 100 Commoners, take it up to the Lords ; after a debate of five 
nights on the motion for its second reading, they reject it by 199 against 
158 ; popular indignation, especially against the bishops, all opponents of 
the measure, except Bathurst of Norwich, and Maltby of Chichester ; the 
Birmingham Union threaten to march to London; tumults and burnings -ef 
anti-reformers in eifigy ; Nottingham castle, the property of the duke of 
Newcastle, destroyed. Parliament prorogued, 20. Riots in Bristol, on the 
entrance of the recorder, Sir Chas. Wetherell, to hold the sessions, 29. Meet- 
ing of the London Political Union in Lincoln's Inn Fields, Sir F. Burdett in the 
chair, 31. First cases of cholera occur at Sunderland, Nov. 4. Proclamation 
declaring affiliated Political Unions unlawful, 21 ; that of Birmingham abandons 
its intended organization. 22. Meeting of parliament, Dec. 6 ; the king again 
recommends reform ; the Bill introduced a third time, 12 ; the second reading 
carried by 324 to 162, 17. Parliament adjourned for the Christmas recess. Negro 
insurrection in Jamaica, 22. Lafiitte resigns ; Casimir Perier heads a new ad- 
ministration in France, March 15. Leopold, of Saxe Coburg, king of Bel- 
gium, July 21; he is attacked by the sons of the king of Holland, Aug. 5 ; ? 
British fleet and a French army arrive to support him ; the Dutch retire. Here-] 
ditary nobility confirmed in France, Oct. 18, Dec. 28. Constitutional government- 
ratified in Hanover by the duke of Cambridge, viceroy, Feb. 23, and in Hesse 
Cassel by the elector, Jan. 5. The cholera breaks out in Dantzig, May 29, and 
soon afterwards rages in Northern Germany. Don Joze Maria Torrijos, treach- 
erously enticed from his asylum in Gibraltar, is shot with his companions at 
Malaga, Dec. 4. Miguel resumes his persecution of the constitutionalists ; he 
offends Great Britain and France ; their fleets enter the Tagus and compel him 
to make reparation. Pedro resigns the empire of Brazil to his son ; visits London 
and Paris to concert measures for restoring his daughter in Portugal. Cardinal 
Maurus Capellari elected pope Gregory XVI., Feb. 2. Attempt to form a federal 
republic in Italy, repressed by Austrian troops. Discord in Greece ; arrest of 
Pietro Mavromichali ; assassination of Capo d'Istrias, Oct. 9 ; his brother, Au- 
gustin, appointed president. Warsaw taken by the Russians, and the Polish 
insurrection quelled, Sept. 7 ; their general, Diebitsch, dies of the cholera at 
Pultusk, June 10, set. 46, and grand duke Constantino at Minsk, 27, set. 52 ; 
Paskewitz takes the command. Death of the dowager-duchess of Saxe Coburg. 
mother of Leopold and the duchess of Kent, ajt. 73, of B. G. Niebuhr, set. 53. of 
Wm. Roacoe, ret. 79, of Mrs. Siddons, set. 75, of John Abernethy, set. 66, of Pamela, 
daughter of the countess de Genlis and widow of lord Euw. Fitzgerald, of lord 



TO 1832 A.D. 



7A7 



A.D. 



1832 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Mulf^ave, jet. 77, of lord Norbmy, set. 85, of lord Dundonald, aet. 82, of Augustus 
La Fontaine, ret. 75. of James Monroe, set. 72, of Robert Hall, set. 68, of Sir Benj. 
Hobhouse, set 74, of John Calcraft, M.P., set. 65, of Henry Mackenzie, fet. 86. of 
G. W. F. Hegel, set. 61, of Jas. Northcote, R.A., set. 85, of John Jackson, R.A., 
set. 53, of Sir A. Hart, set. 72, of col. John Macdonald, set. 72, and of R. W. Ellis- 
ton, set. 57. Monument to John Locke ordered to be placed in the London Uni- 
versity. Statue of major Cartwright erected in Burton Crescent, and of W. Pitt, 
in Hanover Square. The old " Boar's Head" tavern in East Cheap taken down. 
Paganini's first concert in England, June 3. 
Trial of the Bristol rioters, Jan. 2; four executed ; suicide of col. Brereton, com- 
mander of the troops in that city during the riot, 13. Parliament resumes its 
sittings, 17. The cholera at Rotherhithe, Feb. 13. The Commons, by 355 to 239, 
pass the Reform Bill, March 23 ; first reading by the Lords, 26 ; after a debate of 
four nights, the second reading carried, at 7 o'clock in the morning, by 184 to 
175, Apr. 14. Easter recess, IS. A motion of lord Lyndhurst in committee car- 
ried by 151 to 116, May 7; resignation of ministers, 9 ; popular ferment; the 
London and Birmingham Unions increase their members, and resolve to pay no 
taxes till the Reform Bill be passed. The king decides, if necessary, to create 
new peers. The Grey ministry returns to office, 18. The hostile lords desist 
from opposition ; the Bill is passed by 106 to 22, June 4 : receives the royal 
assent, 7. The duke of Wellington unpopular, and insulted in Fenchurch Street, 
18. Lord Durham's embassy to Russia, July 3. The slave-owners in Mauritius 
resist the appointment of Mr. Jeremie to the office of attorney-general of the 
island, 8. The royal assent given to the Reform Bills for Scotland, 17, and for 
Ireland, Aug. 7. Subscription in London to erect alms-houses in commemoration 
of the Reform, Oct. 1. The mayor of Bristol tried for neglect of duty, and ac- 
quitted, Nov. 1. The lord mayor and a deputation of subscribers present gold 
cups to lords Grey, Brougham, Althorpe, and John Russell, 6. Parliament dis- 
solved, Dec. 3. The French occupy Ancona, Feb 22. Tumult of the republican 
party in Paris after the funeral of gen. Lamarque, June 5. Death of the duke 
of Reichstadt, son of Napoleon and Maria Louisa, at Schonbrunn, July 22, set. 21. 
Marriage of Leopold, king of Belgium, to Louisa, eldest daughter of the French 
king, Aug. 8. The presidency of the council, vacant by the death of Casimir Pe- 
rier, is given to marshal Soult ; De Broglie, Thiers, and Guizot are his colleagues 
in the ministry, Oct. 11. The duchess de Berri fails in an attempt to excite an 
insurrection in La Vendee, is arrested at Nantes, and sent prisoner to the castle 
of Blaye, Nov. 7. An English fleet blockades the Scheldt, and a French army, 
under marshal Gerard, invests the citadel of Antwerp, 15-, after a vigorous de- 
fence, the commandant, gen. Chass^, sun-enders, Dec. 23. Don Pedro gains pos- 
session of Oporto and proclaims Donna Maria, July 8. Illness of Ferdinand VII. ; 
he appoints his queen regent ; she takes Zea Bermudez as her minister, Oct. 6. 
The anniversary of the Bavarian constitution celebrated at Hambach, May 27. 
Otho, son of the king of Bavaria, appointed king of Greece, and accepted by the 
Greeks ; the northern boimdary of his kingdom determined by a line drawn from 
the Gnlf of Arta to that of Volo. An ukase of Nicholas incorporates Poland with 
Russia, Feb. 25. Mehemet Ali, having sent his son Ibrahim during the pre- 
ceding year into Syria with an army, refuses to obey the sultan's orders to with- 
draw his forces ; Ibrahim takes St. Jean d' Acre, Damascus, and Antioch, defeats 
the vizir Redschid Pasha at Konieh, and takes him prisoner, Dec. 21 ; threatens 
Constantinople, President Jackson refuses his assent to the renewal of the U. S. 
Bank charter; discord respecting the tariff; So. Carolina threatens to withdraw 
from the Union ; tariff modified. Death of Sir Walter Scott, set, 61, of Sir Jas. 
Mackintosh, set. 67, of Goethe, set. 82, of Geo. Cuvier, set. 63, of Jeremy Bentham, 
set. 85, of Chas. Buller, a3t. 83, of Sir Wm. Grant, at. 77, of J. F. Champollion, 
set. 42, of Priscilla Wakefield, set. 82, of Anna Maria Porter, of Sir Everard Home, 
set. 76, of lord Donoughmore, set. 75, of lord Tenterden, set. 71, of Alex. Nimmo, 
set. 49, of Geo. Crabbe, set. 76, of Jean Baptiste Say, set. 65, of Jas. Stephen, set. 
73, of Sir John Leslie, set. 66, of Sir John Carr, set. 60, of Dr. Adam Clarke, aet. 72, 
of Dr. Andrew Bell, set. 80, of Casimir P^rier, set. 54, of gen. Lamarque, set. 60, 



r48 



FEOM THE TEAB 




1832 
cwiti- 
nued. 



1833 



of Sir Alex. Cochrane, set. 73, of Legendre, of C. C. Colton, of Sir Richard Bimie, M 
set. 72, of the architect Pugin, of Thos. Hardy, set. 82, of Muzio Clementi, aet. / 
81, of Ignace Pleyel, aet. 75, and of Joseph Munden the actor, set. 73. Statue 
of Canning, by Westmacott, placed in Palace Yard, and of James Watt, by Chan- 
trey, in Westminster Abbey, in the British Museum, and at Greenock. First 
Nos. published of Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, and of the Penny Magazine. 
Kensal Green cemetery opened, Jan. 31 ; consecrated, Nov. 2. Rev. E. Irving 
expelled from the Scotch church, May 2. Dramatic Copyright Act, 3 William 
IV. c. 15. 
The first reformed House of Commons assembles ; C. M, Sutton re-elected Speaker, 
Jan, 29. Parliament opened by the king, Feb. 5 ; Jos. Pease, a quaker, admitted 
on his affirmation, 14. Disturbed state of Ireland ; Insurrection Act, 15. Morning 
sittings adopted by the Commons for private business and petitions, 20. Mr. 
Stanley colonial secretary, March. Thanksgiving for the departure of the cho- 
lera, Apr. 14. Cobbett's motion on the currency negatived by 298 to 4, and the 
proceedings expunged from the minutes of the House, May 16. Reform of the 
Irish church; ten bishops reduced by the union of sees ; tithes and tempo- 
ralities regulated. Abolition of colonial slavery ; compensation of £20,000,000 to 
the planters. Employment of children in factories regulated by Act 3 and 4 
Wm. IV. c. 103. Renewal of the E. I. C.^charter; the company ceases to be 
commercial, and remains a purely political' body. The trade to China thrown 
open. Charter of the Bank of England renewed. Robert Grant's Bill for remo- 
ving the civil disabilities of the Jews, rejected by the Lords, Aug. 1. Parliament 
prorogued, 29. The cholera breaks out again. Municipal corporations visited 
and investigated by royal commissioners ; the corporation of Leicester sets the 
example of refusing to produce documents or answer inquiries, Sept. 24. In- 
structions issued for carrying into effect the abolition of slavery, Nov. 19. Pre- 
valence of incendiary fires. Debates in the French Chambers on the construction 
of forts round Paris. The duchess de Berri gives birth to a daughter in her 
captivity at Blaye, May 10; is liberated and returns to Sicily, June. Extension 
of the commercial union in Germany ; congress of ministers at Toplitz, and of 
sovereigns at Miinchengratz, to repress the revolutionary spirit; Polish refugees 
ordered to withdraw to America. Preliminaries of peace between Holland and 
Belgium, June 5 ; fresh discussions arise respecting Luxemburg and Maestricht. 
Death of Ferdinand VII., Nov. 29, set. 49; his daughter, Isabella II., is pro- 
claimed queen, and her mother, Christina, continues to govern as regent. Don 
Carlos, set up by his partizans as Charles V., seeks refuge in Portugal. Don Pe- 
dro, supported by Great Britain, maintains his ground in Oporto ; his fleet, 
commanded by admiral Napier, captures the whole of Miguel's naval force, July 
5 ; the duke of Terceira enters Lisbon, proclaims Maria and the charter, 24; the 
young queen arrives there, Sept. 11 : Pedro offends the church, and is excommu- 
nicated by the pope. Federal conflict in Switzerland ; the league of Sarnen 
defeated and dissolved by the Diet of Zurich. Otho arrives at Athens and 
assumes the government of Greece, Feb. 6. The sultan invites the aid of the 
emperor Nicholas against the rebellious pachas of Servia and Egypt. Great 
Britain and France, jealous of the progress of Russia, unite to settle the affairs 
of the East. Death of the duke of Sutherland, set. 75, of earl Fitzwilliam, set. 
86, of the earl of Caernarvon, set. 60, of lord King, set. 58, of lord Dudley and 
Ward, set. 52, of admiral lord Garabier, set. 70, of admiral lord Exmouth, set. 76, 
of Sir John Malcolm, set. 60, of Agar Ellis lord Dover, set. 36, of Wm. WilberforcjB, 
set. 74, of Rammohun Roy, set. 60, of Dr. Babington, set. 76, of Joshua Brookes, 
set. 72, of Hannah More, set. 88, of capt. Lyon, of Godfrey Higgins, set. 62, of 
Wm. Sotheby, ffit. 77, of E. J. Planck, of the Rev. Rowland Hill, set. 89, of Richard 
Heber, set. 60, of Sir John Stevenson, set, 75, of Sir Wm. Domville, set. 91, of 
aid. Waithman, a?t. 70, of Wm. Morgan, actuary of the Equitable Life Office, 
of Savary, duke of Rovigo, set. 59, of marshal Jourdan, a^t. 71, of John O'Keefe, 
set. 86, and of Edmund Kean, set. 46. London and Birmingham Railway com- 
menced, May 14. The decision of the vice-chancellor takes " Lady Hewley's 
Charity" out of the hands of Unitarian trustees, Dec. 23. Hungerford Market 
opened, July 2. ^ 



1832 TO 1834 A.D. 



749 



1834 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Meeting of parliament, Feb. 4. Discontent in the legislative assembly of Lower 
Canada, 13. A large surplus of revenue announced by the chancellor of the ex- 
chequer, 14 ; Mr. Hume's motion on the Corn laws negatived by 312 to 155, 
March 1. Strike of gas-workmen in London, 8. Motion to abolish military 
flogging lost in the Commons, 14. Six agricultural labourers sentenced at Dor- 
chester to transportation for administering illegal oaths, 17. Strike of manu- 
facturing workmen at Leeds, 18. The lord-chancellor introduces a Bill for esta- 
blishing a Central Criminal Court in liOndon, 26. The rayah of Coorg defeated 
by col. Lindsay and deposed, Apr. 10. Riots at Oldham by the Trades' Union, 
15. Bill to amend the Poor Laws brought in by lord Althorpe, 17. Meeting of 
the London Trades' Union in Copenhagen Fields ; they proceed in a body to 
present a petition on behalf of the Dorchester convicts, which lord Melbourne 
declines to receive from so tumultuous an assemblage, 21. The Commons, by 
256 to 140, adopt lord Althorpe's plan for the abolition of church-rates ; afterwards 
abandoned. Quadruple treaty of Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, 22. 
The exclusive privilege of serjeants-at-law to plead in the court of Common 
Pleas annulled, 25. After a debate of six nights, O'Connell's motion for a 
" Repeal of the Union," negatived by 528 to 88, 27. Strike of the journeymen 
tailors in London, 28. Interest on the Four per cent, annuities reduced. May 3. 
Second reading of the Poor Law-Bill carried by 319 to 20. Voluntary dissolution 
of the Birmingham Union, 10. The Commons, by 235 to 185, reject Mr. Tenny- 
son's motion for shorter parliaments, 15; Mr. Ward's motion on the Irish church, 
and the appointment of a commission of inquiry, lead to the resignation of the 
duke of Richmond, the earl of Ripon, Sir James Graham, and Mr. Stanley, 27. 
The Leeds unionists retura to their work, ,lune 13. Mr. Raphael elected one of 
the sheriffs of London, the first Catholic since the Revolution, 24. Strike of the 
jounieymen shoemakers of Derby, 28. Irish Coercion Bill renewed, July 1. The 
queen embarks at Woolwich to visit Germany, 5. Resignation of earl Grey, 9 ; 
lord Melbourne prime minister with the same cabinet, 17 ; the duke of Wellington 
supports the new Poor-Law ; the Lords, by 76 to 13, agree to the second reading, 
21. Lord Althorpe announces a further surplus of revenue, and reduces more 
taxes, 25. The abolition of slavery carried satisfactorily into operation in the 
West Indies ; celebrated by many festivities in England, Aug. 1. The Lords, 
by 102 to 85, reject the earl of Radnor's Bill for the admission of Dissenters into 
the English universities. The Glasgow calico-printers, after a strike of nine 
months, submit to the terms of their employers, 10. The Lords, by 189 to 122, 
reject the Irish Tithe Bill, 11. Parliament prorogued, 15. Strike of the jour- 
neymen builders in London, 18. Church rate refused at Manchester, Sept. 3. 
Public dinner at Edinburgh to earl Grey, 15. The Chinese suspend commercial 
intercourse with the British factory at Canton, and fire upon two ships of war ; 
demolition of their forts ; restoration of the trade ; lord Napier, the superin- 
tendent, dies at Macao, and is succeeded by Mr. Davies, Oct. 11. The Houses of 
Parliament in Westminster destroyed by an accidental fire, 16. Public dinner 
to the earl of Durham at Glasgow, 29. Central Criminal Court opened, Nov. 1. 
Death of earl Spencer, 10, set. 76 ; his son, lord Althorpe, succeeds to the title, and 
can no longer hold the office of chancellor of the exchequer. Dissolution of the 
Melbourne ministry, 15. Public dinner to W. Cobbett at Dublin. 17. Sir R. 
Peel called from Italy to form an administration ; the duke of Wellington in 
the meantime transacts all official business. Death of the duke of Gloucester, 
30, set. 58. Public meetings of the metropolitan electors, deprecating a Tory 
ministry. Retum of Sir R. Peel, Dec. 9 ; appointed first lord of the treasury 
and chancellor of the exchequer; the duke of Wellington foreign secretary; the 
earl of Aberdeen colonial, 10. The parishioners of Birmingham refuse to levy 
a church rate, 13. Mr. Grote defeats a meeting called in London to support the 
new ministry; an address to the king for that purpose privately signed by many 
merchants, bankers, and others. Parliament dissolved, 30. Death of La Fa- 
yette, May 20, set. 76. Marshal Gerard minister in the place of Soult, July 15: 
is removed, and Mortier appointed, Oct 29. Under the protection of Great 
Britain and France, the two young queens are firmly established in Spain 



750 



FEOM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



1834 

C07lti- 

nued. j 



1835 



Events ani> Eminent Men. 



and Portugal, and the constitutional cause prevails ; Carlos and Miguel are both 
expelled. Martinez de la Rosa succeeds Zea Bermudez as minister. Don Pedro 
declares his daughter of age, and resigns the regency ; she is contracted in mar- 
riage to the duke of Leuchtenberg, son of Eugene Boauharnais. Death of Pedro, 
Sept 24, aet. 36. The duke of Palmella minister in Portugal. Death of lord 
Grenville, aet. 74, of lord Teignmouth, set. 83, of the earl of Derby, set. 82, of earl 
Bathurst, <'et. 72, of S. T. Coleridge, set. 62, of T. R. Malthus, set. 69, of Thomas 
Telford, set. 77, of John Thelwall, aet. 68, of Daniel Lysons, of Chas. Lamb, set. 
60, of Alex. Chalmers, set. 76, of Dr. Robert Morrison, set. 53, of R. Lander, the 
African traveller, set. 30, of the Rev. Wm. Carey, the Indian missionary, aet. 73, of 
Thos. Stothard, R.A., £et. 76, of Prince Hoare, set. 80, of Louis de Bourienne, set, 
65, of the Rev. E. Irving, set 43, of Wm. Blackwood, set. 58, of Sir John Leach, set. 
74, of Henry Bankes, M.P., «jt. 77, of adm. Keats, set. 84, of M. A.Taylor, set. 77, 
of adm. Sir B. Hallo well Carew. set. 74, of col. Wardle, set. 72, of Hamilton Rowan, 
ait. 83, of Sir John Doyle, set. 78, of Jas. Doyle, R.C., and of Sus. Cromwell, 
set. 90, last of the Protector's family. Duke of Wellington chancellor of Oxford, 
Jan. 29 ; installed, June 10. Lord Stanley Lord Rector of Glasgow, Nov. 15. Mr. 
Jeffrey Judge of Session, May 18. Robert Grant governor of Bombay, June 18. 
Wellington Column at York completed, Apr. 10. Statistical Society founded in 
London, March 15. Meeting of the British Association at Edinburgh, Sept. 8. 
Commencement of the Belgian Raihvay. 
Royal commissioners appointed to inquire into the revenues of the dioceses of 
England and Wales, Feb. 3. Meeting of parliament, 9, Mr. Abercrombie 
elected Speaker, in opposition to Mr. C. M. Sutton, by 316 to 306 ; the session 
opened, 24; the late Speaker created viscount Canterbury, March 3. Ministe- 
rial Bills introduced for reform of the ecclesiastical courts, 12 ; for the marriage 
ceremony by dissenters, 17, and for the settlement of Irish tithes, 20; and of 
English tithes, 24, Dinner to lord John Russell, 28 ; call of the House ; his first 
motion on the Irish church carried by 322 to 289 against ministers, 30; other 
motions follow ; after successive defeats. Sir R. Peel and his colleagues resign, 
April 8 ; the Melbourne ministry restored, with the omission of lord Brougham ; 
the great seal put in commission, with Sir Charles Pepys at the head, 18. 
Dinner to Sir R. Peel at Merchant Tailors' hall, May 11. Reform Association 
and Carlton Club formed. Municipal Reform introduced by lord John Russell, 
June 5. The Foreign Enlistment Act suspended in favour of Spain ; col. De 
Lacy Evans enrols a British auxiliary legion to serve against the Carlists, 9. 
The Lords hear counsel and evidence against the Municipal Reform Bill, July 
30. Committee appointed by the Commons to inquire respecting Orange Lodges 
in the army ; col. Fairman, secretary of the Orange Society, absconds to avoid 
producing papers demanded by the committee, 19. Lord Wm. Bentinck re- 
turns from India. Dinner of the E.I.C. Directors to lord Auckland on his 
appointment to be governor-general, Sept. 5. The Municipal Reform Bill passed 
with the alterations made by the Lords, 9. Capt. Back returns from his Arctic 
expedition. The Lords reject the Appropriation clause in the Irish Church Bill. 
Parliament prorogued, 10. Mr. Salomons, a Jew, serves the olKice of sheriff for 
Loudon ; is elected alderman ; the court refuses to admit him, Nov, 17. The 
Municipal Reform Act comes into operation. The new Town Councils elected, 
25. The duke de Broglie succeeds Mortier as minister in France, March 11 ; 
the Chambers vote the payment of the long-disputed indemnity claimed by the \ 
U. S. Attempt of Fieschi to assassinate Louis Philip, July 28 ; marshal Mortier ' 
killed by the explosion, set. 67. War in Algeria with Abd El Kader ; mar- 
shal Claiizel sent against him. Death of Francis, emperor of Austria, March 2, 
set. 67 ; his son and successor Ferdinand confides in Mettemich, Baden joins the 
Commercial Union (Zollverein), and completes the frontier. Carlist war in 
Spain ; Zumalacarregui, the rebel leader, killed near Bilboa. Mina commands 
the royal forces in Biscay, and Esp.artero in Catalonia. Cabrera heads a rebel 
band in Arragon. Mendizabal prime minister, Sept. 14. The Methuen treaty 
between Great Britain and Portugal annulled. Death of the duke of Leuchten- 
berg, March 28. Second marriage of queen Maria to Ferdinand Augustus of 



1834 TO 1836 A.D. 



751 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Saxe Coburg. Death of lord Darnley, from an accident in his park, vet. 40, of 
earl Nelson, set. 78, of earl Chatham, last of the Pitts, set 80, of Sir John Sinclair, 
set. 82, of Dr. Brinkley, bishop of Cloyne and president of the Koyal Irish 
Society, set. 72, of baron Wilhelm Humboldt, aet. 67, of William Smith, 46 rears 
M.P., Jet. 79, of M. T. Sadler, wt. 58, of Guillaimie Dupuytren, set. 57, of Henry 
])av. Inglis, £et. 79, of Mrs. Hemans, set. 41. of Vincente Bellini, set. 33, of John 
Nash, architect, aet. 83, of Henry Hunt, set. 62. of Wm. Cobbett, fvt. 73, of W. 
H. Ireland, of Don Telesforo de Trueba, set. 30, and of Chas. Matthews, set. 60. 
Advance of Exchequer Bills made by government to complete the Thames Tun- 
nel, March 3. First stone of the City School. London, laid by lord Brougham, 
Oct. 31. Meeting of the British Association at Dublin, Aug. 6. Railway from 
Brussels to Mechlin opened. May 5. Law for the construction of a raihvay from 
Paris to St. Germains. Destructive fire at New York, Dec. 13 ; estimated loss, 
twenty millions of dollars. 
Sir Chas. Pepys created lord Cottenham and chancellor, Jan, 1 ; Mr. Bickersteth, 
lord Langdale and Master of the Rolls. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 4 ; committee 
on agricultural distress appointed, 8 ; after sitting four montlis, makes no Report ; 
Bill for the commutation of tithes in England, 9 ; Dr Birkbeck and a deputation 
request lord Melbourne to abolish the stamp duty on newspapers, 11 ; general 
Registration Bill and new Man'iage Law introduced by lord John Russell, 12 ; 
Irish Constabulary Bill by lord Morpeth, 18. Lord Sidmouth relinquishes his 
pension, 19. Lord Dudley Stuart moves for a copy of the Treaty of Unkiar 
Skelessi, to show the encroaching policy of Russia. 'Dr. HampdenRegius Pro- 
fessor of Divinity at Oxford, 20. Debate in the Lords on t'he recent appoint- 
ments of Borough magistrates. 23; second reading of the Irish Municipal Refonn 
Bill in the Commons, 29; regulation of stamp duties; that on newspapers re- 
duced, March 15. The British squadron, under lord John Hay, co-operates 
with the royal forces on the northern coast of Spain against the Carlists. Third 
reading of the Irish Municipal Bill in the Commons earned by 260 to 199, 28.- 
The statue of Wm. III. on College Green at Dublin blown up, Apr. 8. Irish 
Tithe Bill brought in by lord Morpeth, 25 ; the Lords, by 203 to 119, pass a reso- 
lution hostile to the Irish Municipal Bill, 26 ; ministers abandon the measure ; 
Bill for some refonus in the Court of Chancery brought in by the chancellor, 28 ,' 
thrown out by the Lords ; a farther surplus of revenue applied* to the repeal of 
taxes. May 6; D. O'Connell declared by a committee not duly elected for Dublin, 
is returned for Kilkenny, 16. Sir Francis Head, governor of Upper Canada, 
dissolves the house of Assembly, 28. The "Appropriation Clause"' of the Irish 
Tithe Bill carried in the Commons by 300 to 261 ; Bill read a second time. June 3 ; 
Action, Norton v. lord Melbourne ; verdict for the defendant, 22 ; the Municipal 
Bill, mutilated by the Lords, is sent back to the Commons, and after discussions 
and conferences, thrown out by them, 30 ; Bill for the Reform of the English 
Church brought in by lord John Russell, July 8; the "Appropriation Clause" 
rejected by the Lords, 25 ; their amendments rejected by the Commons, and the 
Tithe Bill' lost, Aug. 2 ; similar proceedings with the Charitable Trusts Bill, 10 ; 
lord Lyndhurst moves for a return of all the Bills brought in during the session, 
and their fate, 18 ; Mr. Hume severely reprobates the obstructive proceedings of 
the Lords. Parliament prorogued, 20. The reduction of the Newspaper Stamp 
duty comes into operation, Sept. 15. Lord Gosford dissolves the Lower Canada 
House of Assembly, 22. Commission appointed to report on a general system 
of Railways for Ireland, Oct. 19. Michael OLoghlin the tirst Roman Catholic 
Judge. 30. Municipal elections on the day appointed by the Act. Nov. 1. Sir 
R. Peel Lord Rector of Glasgow, 16. Notices of intended railways occupy 46 
pages of the Gazette. The Agricultural and Commercial Bank of Ireland, and 
the Carlisle Bank of Foster and Co., stop payment ; symptoms of a coming panic. 
M. Thiers secedes from the French ministry, Feb. 5, Fieschi executed. 6; a new 
cabinet with M. Thiers at the head, 22; attempt of Alibaud on the life of Louis 
Philip, June 25 ; a new administration under Mole, Sept. 6. Polignac and his 
colleagues liberated from their prison at Ham and banished from France, Oct. 
17. Louis Napoleon, son of the ex-king of Holland, fails in a revolt at Stras- 



752 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D, 



1837 



1838 



1839 



1840 



1841 



1842 



1843 



1844 



1845 



He- 

GI- 
RA. 

1253 
1254 



1254 
1255 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 



50 Mah 
mud II. 



1255 : 1 Abdul 

1256 Medjid, 



1256 
1257 



1257 
1253 



1258 
1259 



1259 
1260 



1*260 
1261 



1261 
1262 



Popes. 


Spain. 


France. 


7 Gre- 
gory 
XVI. 
Feb. 2. 


5 Isa- 
bella 
II. 


8 Louis 
Philip. 


q 


6 

7 


9 

10 


9 


10 


8 


11 


11 


9 


12 


12 


10 


13 


13 


u- 


14 


U 


12 


15 


15 


13 


16 



Port- 
ugal. 



5 Ma- 
ria II. 



41 Fre- 
deric 
Wm. 
III. 



Prus- 
sia. 



7 43- 



1 Fre- 
dei'ic 
Wm. 
IV. 



2 9.- 



3 10- 



50tho 



5 12- 



WlR- 

TEM- 
BERG. 

12 Wil- 
liam. 



28- 



.30- 



Sax- 

ONY. 

2 Fre- 
deric 
Aug. 
IV. 



Bava- 
ria. 

I'^Louis 
Chas. 
Aug. 



5 



6 — 17- 



7 18- 



8 — 1 



10 — 2 



Aus- 
tria. 



3 Fer- 
dinand. 



10- 



1837 TO 1845 A.D. 



753 



Ee.pe- 
titimi 
Bates. 

1837 



1838 



1839 



1840 



1841 



1842 



1843 



Sar- 
dinia. 



7Chas, 
Albert 



1844 



Two 
Sici 

LIES. 



II. 



14 is Fer- 
Leo-'j •li- 
poid Inand 

II'. 



15- 



10 — 



Den- 
mark 



30Fre- 
deric 
VI. 



1 Chris- 
tian 
VIII. 



Swe- 
den. 

20 

Chas, 

XIV. 

Chas. 
John, 



21 — 



11 :18— 12 — 



12 ;i9— 113- 



13- 



il4- 



1845 1115. 



21—15 - 



22— 



16 — 



7 



22- 



23 — 



Rus- 
sia. 



Hol- 
land. 



13 Ni- 24Wil- 
cholas. liam I 



25- 



16 



24— 17 



25—118- 



26 — 19 



1 Os- 20- 
car. I 



[ Wil 
liam 
11. 



Bel- 
gium. 



7 Leo- 
pold. 



Ameri- 
canPre- 
sidents. 



1 Martin 
Van Bii- 
ren. 



India. 
British Go- 
vernors. 



2 Lord 
Auckland. 



2-21- 



1 Gen. 
Harri- 
son. 
d. Apr 4 
1 John 
Tyler. 

2 



Great 
Britain 



William 
IV. 

d June 2(1 
IVictoria. 
June 20 



IJaines 

Knox 

Polk. 



1 Lord El- 
lenborougli, 



1 Sir Henry 
liardinge. 



4 — 
»/« to Prince 

Albert. 
b. princess 

Royal 
d. priiiCPSs 

Augusta 

Sophia. 

5 

* prince of 
Wales 



' princess 

Alice 

'. duke of 

Sussex. 
m- princess 

Aum ot' 
Cambridge. 

8 

b prince 
Alfred. 



J u 



"54 



FT^OM THK TEAR 



1836 

I cordi- 
nued. 



1837 



burg ; is seized and sent to America, Nov. 13. Meunier fires at Louis Philip 
on his way to open the Chambers, Dec. 27. Death of Antony Clement, king of 
Saxony, June 6, set 81 ; he is succeeded by his nephew, Frederic Augustus, co- 
regent since 1830. Massacre of Carlist prisoners at Barcelona; dismissal of 
Mendlzabal ; the Constitution of 1812 proclaimed throughout Spain and accepted 
by the queen regent, Aug. 14; the British auxiliaries defeat the Carlists near 
Hernani, May 5, and at St. Sebastian's, Oct. 1 ; the naval force assists Espartero 
to raise the siege of Bilboa, Dec. 24. Mina from ill health retires to Barcelona, 
where he dies, Dec, 24, set. 55. Commotiims and changes in Portugal ; the Con- 
stitution of 1822 is proclaimed at Lisbon, Sept. 9, and confirmed by the queen : 
fresh outbreaks of the Miguelites repressed. Marriage of Otho, king of Greece, 
to a princess of Oldenburg, nie-ce of the Russian emperor, Nov. 22. The slavery 
question causes violent animosities in the U. S. Martin Van Buren elected to 
succeed general Jackson at the expiration of his term of office. Banking and 
commercial embarrassments, Arkansas and Michigan admitted into the Union. 
Separation of Texas from Mexico. Death of Charles X., ex-king of France, at 
Goritz in Austria, Nov. 4, set. 80, of lord Stowell, set. 91, of earl Rosslyn, set. 75, 
of the earl of Kerry, eldest son of marquis Lansdowne, eet. 25, of George Augustus 
Lamb, only son of lord Melbourne, set. 29, of Aug. Wm. Schlegel, set. 69, of Sir 
Francis Freeling, set. 73, of Sir Chas. Wilkins, set. 85, of Sir Wm. Gell, set. 59, 
of Dr. Valpy, set. 82, of Abbe Sieyes, set. 88, of James Mill, set. 60, of Dr. Henry 
of Manchester, set. 60, of William Taylor of Norwich, set. 68, of Dr Gillies, set. 
90, of Dr. Nathan Drake, set. 80, of Dr, Edw. Burton, Regius Prof., Oxford, set. 42, 
of Wm, Godwin, set. 81, of col. Tod, set. 53, of Jas= Madison, former president, and 
Aaron Burr, set. 80, former vice-president, U. S., of Jas. Hogg, set. 64, of Barry 
O'Meara, of J. Davidson, murdered on his travels in Africa, of John Landor 
M' Adam, set. 80, of Nathan Meyer Rothschild, set. 60, of Mdme. Malibran, set. 28, 
of John Bannister, set. 76, and of Edw, Day, the constable who arrested Eugene 
Aram., set. 101. Meeting of the British Association at Bristol, Aug. 22. Ascent 
of the Nassau balloon, Nov. 7. Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate, restored. 
Death of William IV. at Windsor, June 20, set. 72. Accession of queen Victoria 
the Salic law excludes her from the throne of Hanover and gives it to the duke 
of Cumberland, who, as king Ernest Augustus, abolishes all the free institutions 
which had been recently introduced there. Commencement of panic in London ; 
discounts refused ; many houses trading with the U. S. stop payment. Sir R. 
Peel installed at Glasgow, Jan. 11. Parliament opened, 31. Lord Denman, in 
the action Stockdale v. Hansard, questions the extent of the privilege of par- 
liament in publishing Reports, Feb. 6; Irish Municipal Bill again introduced, 7 ; 
and the Irish Poor Law Bill, 14, Joseph Hume presides at a meeting to erect 
monuments to Muir and the other Scotch Reformers prosecuted in 17S3 — 4, 20. 
Church Rates Bill again brought in, March 3 ; the Commons by 265 to 153, reject 
Mr. Grote's motion for the ballot, 7 ; opposition of the bishops to the Church 
Rates Bill, 9 ; the Commons carry the measure only by 287 to 282 ; it is aban- 
doned by ministers ; resolutions of the Commons on the disturbed state of 
Canada, April 24. Irish Tithe Bill brought in for the fifth time. May 1 ; after- 
wards defeated. Mr. Spring Rice intimates that a royal commission will be 
issued for inquiry into the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, 4. On the 
motion of the duke of Wellington, the Lords again defeat the Irish Municipal 
Bill, 5. Sir F. Burdett complies with a requisition to resign his seat for West- 
minster and is re-elected, 11. Agitation against the ncAv Poor Laws by Oastler and 
others, 16. The princess Victoria, set. 18, attains her majority, 24. Distress of the 
operatives in Birmingham and other towns, caused by the London panic, 30. Gen, 
De Lacy Evans returns from Spam, June 20. Queen Victoria proclaimed, 22. Par- 
liament prorogued and dissolved, July 17. The queen dines at Guildhall, Nov, 9 : 
the lord mayor. Cowan, created a baronet ; iVloses Montefiore and his brother 
sheriff knighted. Tbe new parliament assembles, 15 ; is opened, 20 ; committee 
appointed to inquire into the pension list, Dec. 8, Commotions in Canada headed 
by Papineau ; defeat of the rebels at St. Eustace, 19; the Americans on the 
frontier support the insurrection with men and arms ; their steam-boat, the Ca- 



183G TO 1839 A.D. 



755 




1838 



roline, is set on fire and precipitated down the Fall of Niagara, 29. Seceasion 
of M. Guizot from the French ministry; replaced by M. Montalivet. Marriage 
of the duke of Orleans to princess Helena of Mecklenburg, May 30; political 
ajnnesty granted. Historical Museum of Versailles opened, June 11. The. 
German States of the second Order protest against the abolition of the Hanove- 
rian Constitution. Charles Albert promulgates a new code for Piedmont and 
Sardinia. Don Carlos joins his partisans, and with Cabrera, advances towards 
Madrid ; they are driven back over the Ebro. Martin Van Buren installed 
President of the U. S., March 4 ; they recognize the independence of Texas. 
Death of Gustavus IV., ex-king of Sweden, at St. Gall in Switzerland, Feb. 7, 
set. ,59, of Mrs. Fitzlierbert, aet. 81, of lady De Lisle, eldest daugliter of the duke 
of Clarence and Mrs. Jordan, of admiral lord Saumarez, aet. 80, of the duchess of 
St. Alban's, leaving by her will to a daughter of Sir F. Burdett, the wealth be- 
queathed to her by her tirst husband, Mr. Coutts, of Thos. Burgess, bishop of 
Salisbury, aet. 81, of Henry Bathurst, the liberal bishop of Norwich, of Sir John 
Soane, set. 84, of Sir Egerton Brydges, set. 75, of Carlo Botta, ast. 70, and of 
Samuel Wesley, set. 71. Festival at Mentz in honour of John Guttenberg, Aug. 
14. The granite embankment commenced, to form a site for the new Houses of 
Parliament. The first electric telegraph constructed by prof. Wheatstone on the 
London and Blackwall railway. Dr. Edw. Stanley, bishop of Norwich. Execu 
tiou of Jas. Greenaere for murder, May 2. 

The rebels of Upper Canada under Dr. Mackenzie, repulsed at Toronto by Sir 
Francis Head, Jan. 5 ; American interference forbidden by a proclamation of the 
president of the U. S. The Koyal Exchange, London, burnt, 10. The earl of 
Durham appointed governor-general of Canada, 16. Mr. Villiers' motion to 
consider the Corn Laws, negatived by 300 to 95, March 15. Coronation of queen 
Victoria, June 28 ; marshal Soult ambassador extraordinary from France. 
Slavery abolished in the East Indies, Aug. 1. Irish Poor Law passed ; parlia- 
ment prorogued, Aug, 16. Lord Durham resigns and leaves Canada, Oct. 9. 
Treaty of commerce Avith Turkey, concluded by Kedschid Pasha in London, Nov. 

I 16. Canada tranquillized, 17. The Persians, instigated by Russia, assist Dost 
Mahomet to besiege Herat, and are repulsed ; the British troops prepare to enter 
Cabul. Birth of the count of Paris, son of the duke of Orleans, Aug. 24. Lou 
Napoleon in Switzerland ordered to leave, he repairs to London, Oct. 14. War 
between France and Mexico; admiral Baudin and the prince de Joinville take 
St. John de Ulloa and Vera Cruz. Espartero captain-general of Spam: Don 
Carlos maintains a harassing warfare in Valencia, Aragon, and Murcia. The 
French evacuate Ancona, and the Austrians the Papal States, except Ferrara, 
The archbishops of Cologne and Posen resist a de<:ree of the king of Prussia 
respecting marriages between Protestants and Roman Catholics. Mehemet All 
claims the hereditary governorship of Egypt and Syria and prepares to support 
his claim by arms. Death of Talleyrand, aet. 84, of lord Eldon, aet. 87, of Sir 
Robert Grant, of Silvestre de Sacy. set. 80, of Sir R. C Hoare, aet. 80, of Joseph 
Lancaster, set. 67, of Laura Junot, duchess d'Abrantes, set. 54, of Dr. Jamieson, 
set. 80, of Fred. Cuvier, set. 65, of Franyois Pouqueville, set. 68, of Mrs. Grant of 
Laggan,8et.82, of Mrs. Maclean (L. E. Landon), set. 36, and of Thos. Morton, set. 94. 
Meeting of the British Association at Newcastle, Aug 18. Railways opened : 
London and Southampton, 23 miles. May 17 ; Ghent and Ostend, Sept. 2 ; London 
and Birmingham, line completed, 17; London and Greenwich, Dec, 26. The 
" Great Western" steam packet arrives at New York from Bristol in 15 days, 
June 17. Wreck of the " Forfarshire ;" heroism of Grace Darling, Sept. 5. In- 
ternational copyright in certain cases secured by an Act passed, July 31. Me- 
dical College of Bombay erected in memory of Sir Robert Grant. 

A violent hurricane on the coasts of the Western counties and Ireland; Liverpool 
and Dublin suffer greatly, Jan. 6. Opening of parliament, Feb. 5 ; the Lords, 
by 63 to 58, condemn the Irish policy of ministers, March 19. Arrest of capt. 
Elliott, the superintendent, and some British merchants at Canton by commis- 
sioner Lin, and surrender of opium demanded, 24. The Commons approve the 
Irish policy of ministers by 318 to 296, Apr. 15. Candahar occupied by the 



756 



mOM THE YEAB 



A.D. 



1839 

conti- 
nued. 



' 1840 



Events and Eminent Men. 



British, 21. Jamaica Bill carried by 294 to 289, May 7 ; ministers resign, 8. 
The queen refuses to dismiss the ladies of her household. Sir R. Peel declines 
to accept office ; lord Melbourne's cabinet reinstated, 10 ; Mr. Abercrombie re- 
signs the Speakership and is succeeded by Mr. Shaw Lefevre, 15. Opium to the 
amount of £3,000,000 given up to the Chinese and destroyed by them, 21 : capt. 
Elliot and the British Factory leave Canton, 24. Resolution of the Corumons 
for an uniform rate of postage, tirst of fourpence, to be reduced to one penny, 
July 6. Commencement of hostilities with the Chinese, 7. Riot in the Bull- 
Ring at Birmingham, 15. Sir J. Keane enters Cabul and takes Ghuznee, 23; 
Dost Mahomet deserted by his army and Shah Soojah restored in Cabul, Aug. 7 ; 
capt. Elliot takes possession of Hong-Kong, 23. Constabulary Act passed ; 
parliament prorogued, 27. Prince Albert of SaxeCoburg arrives in London, 
Oct. 10 ; the queen announces to the privy council her intended marriage. Chi- 
nese junks destroyed by two British frigates, Nov. 3. Chartist insurrection at 
Newport ; arrest of Frost and other leaders, 4. The fourpenny postage comes 
into operation, Dec. 5. British trade with China stopped, 6. Sentence of death 
on Frost and his companions commuted to transportation for life, 31. A British 
force takes possession of Aden, on the coast of Arabia. Soult prime minister of 
Louis Philip. Peace betAveen France and Mexico. Espartero, created duke of 
Victory, concludes a treaty with the Carlist Maroto ; Don Carlos retires into 
France. Death of Frederic VI., king of Denmark, Dec. 3, set. 71 ; he is suc- 
ceeded by his cousin. Christian VIII. The king of Prussia deposes the arch- 
bishop of Posen ; the pope protests. Settlement of the differences between 
Holland and Belgium. Deatli of Mahmud II., June 30, aet. 54; his son, Abdul 
Medjid, takes the throne. Ibrahim defeats the Turks at Nezib, June 24; their 
fleet is betrayed into the power of Mehemet Ali and taken to Alexandria ; the 
five great powers interfere to protect the sultan. The banks in the U. S. suspend 
payments in specie. Death of lord Wm. Bentinck, set. 65, of lady Hester Stan- 
hope, set. 73, of lady Flora Hastings, ast. 26, of the earl of Lauderdale, set. 80, 
of S. Butler, bishop of Lichfield, set. 66, of Herbert Marsh, bishop of Peter- 
borough, of Davies Gilbert, president of the Royal Society, aet. 72, of Runjet 
Singh, set. 77, of Caroline, sister of Napoleon and widow of Joachim Mtirat, of 
Sir Herbert Taylor, of Sir Wm. Beechy,"a3t. 86, of John Gait, ajt. 60, of Archibald 
Alison, set. 82, of Edmund Lodge, set. 83, of Wm. Wilkins, R.A., ait. 62, of Jas. 
Boaden, set, 77, and of Joseph Francis Michaud, set. 72. A false report of the 
death of lord Brougham furnishes occasion for newspaper biographies of him, 
Oct. 22. Daguerre invents his photographic process. Eglinton tournament, 
Aug. 29. Railways opened — Lyons and Dunkirk, Apr. 7 ; Eastern Counties to 
Romford, June 18. Two suicides — of a young woman, Sep. 11, and a lad, Oct. 
18, by throv/ing themselves from the Monument. 
Marriage of queen Victoria at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, to prince Albert, Feb. 
10. Birth of the princess-royal, Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Nov. 21. The 
Penny-Postage Act comes into operation, Jan. 10; parliament opened, 16 ; Act 
3 Victoria, c. 9, protects the printers of parliamentary Reports. The British 
ambassador at Naples protests against the sulphur monopoly, March 15. Ox- 
ford fires at the queen and is confined as a lunatic, June 10. Sir Gordon Bremer 
blockades Canton, 28; takes Chusan, July 5; extends the blockade on the 
coast of China, 10. Treaty for the defence of Turkey signed at London, IS. 
Death of the earl of Durham, 28, set. 48. The provinces of Upper and Lower 
Canada united. Irish Municipal Act, 4 Victoria, c. 108, modified by compromise, 
passes, Aug. 10; parliament prorogued, 11. Fire in Plymouth dock-yard, two 
men-of-war burnt, Sept. 27. Defeat of Dost Mahomet, Oct. 18 ; he submits and 
surrenders, Nov. 5. Truce and negotiations with the Chinese, 6. Thiers prime 
minister in France, March 1 ; favours Mehemet Ali ; takes umbrage at the 
treaty of London, and threatens war. The four powers decide on the expulsion 
of Ibrahim from Syria. The British fleet under admirals Stopford and Napier, 
takes Sidon, Sept. 27 ; Beyrout, Oct. 10; and St. Jean d'Acre, Nov. 3. Louis 
Philip disapproves the policy of Thiers ; recalls Soult and Guizot to office, Oct. 
29. Submission of Mehemet Ali ; he gives up the Turkish fleet, and signs a 



1839 TO 1841 A.D. 



757 



1841 



Events and Eminent Men. 



convention with Sir Clias, Napier. The British government having allowed 
the remains of Napoleon to be removed, tlie prince de Joinville brings them 
from St. Helena, and they are receivetl at Paris with funeral honours, Dec. 15. 
Louis Napoleon lands at Boulogne, Aug. 6 ; is arrested, tried, and condemned to 
imprisonment for life, Oct. 6. Failure of another attempt on the life of Louis 
Philip, Oct. 15. Marshal Bugeaud governor of Algeria. Cabrera and the other 
Carlist chiefs are driven into France ; their rebellion finally suppressed. Chris- 
tina empowers Espartero to form a cabinet, of which he is to be the chief; re- 
signs her authority as regent, Oct. 12, and departs for France, 19, leaving the 
young queen Isabella and the government of Spain in his hands. Death of 
Frederic William IV., king of Prussia, June 7, set. 71 ; his sou, Frederic William 
IV., is called upon by the States, at his coronation, to give them the constitution 
promised by his father. William I. resigns the crown of Holland to his son, 
Wm. II. ; responsibility of ministers declared a constitutional principle, Oct. 
7 — 10. Disastrous Russian expedition against Khiva; victories of the Cir- 
cassians over general Oolovin, and destniction of all the new forts constructed 
against them ; persecution of the nuns of Minsk by the emperor Nicholas. The 
U. S. refuse to re-elect Van Buren on account of his war against the banks ; 
general Harrison is chosen President; continued discord on the Slavery question. 
The independence of Texas acknowledged by the commercial nations of Europe. 
Death of Francia, president of Paraguay, set. 85 ; a period of anarchy ensues. 
Death of the princess Augusta Sophia, second daughter of George III., set. 72, 
of lord Holland, set. 67, of Lucien Bonaparte, ait. 66, of Sir Sidney Smith, set. 76, 
of Sir Antony Carlisle, set. 73, of Sir Jeffrey Wyatville, set. 74, of Sir Kichard 
Philipps, set. 73, of Dr. Blumenbach, set. 88, of Dr. Olbers, set. 82, of Dr. Lant 
Carpenter, a^t. 60, of Wm. Smith, geologist, set. 71, of Paganini, set. 60, of Mde. 
d'Arblay, set. 88, and of Jas. Smith, one of the authors of the "Rejected Ad- 
dresses." The building of the new houses of parliament begins. Father 
Matthew converts many drunkards to take the pledge of temperance. London 
and Southampton Railway completed, May 11 ; Birmingham and Gloucester, 
Sept. 17 ; Leeds and Derby, July. Execution of Courvoisier, for the murder of 
lord Wm. Russell, July 6. 
Birth of Albert Edward, prince of Wales, Nov, 9. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 26. 
Discussions between Great Britain and the IT. S. re-specting the charge of 
murder brought against Mr. M'Leod. Mr. Poulett Thomson, created lord 
Sydenham, proclaims the union of the Canadas at Montreal, and assumes the 
office of governor, Feb. 10. The emperor of China rejects the treaty concluded 
by his commissioner, Kishin, 11; the British evacuate Chusan, 24; stonn the 
Bogue forts, 26. Charge of trespass against Mr. Jackson, an English naval offi- 
cer, for the seizure of the American slaver, Tigris, March 2. Sir Hugh Gough 
takes the command, and proceeds to attack Canton, 18. Agitation for Free Trade. 
Meeting of the Metropolitan Anti-Corn-Law Association, 31 ; alterations pro- 
posed by lord John Russell, May 7. Meeting at Manchester, 18 ; followed by 
others at London, Liverpool, and other important cities. The ministerial plan for 
regulating the Sugar duties rejected by 317 to 281 ; Sir R. Peel carries by 312 to 
311, a motion of want of confidence in ministers, 24. Canton besieged and ran- 
somed, 31. Enfranchisement of Copyholds, 4 and 5 Victoria, c. 35. Parliament 
prorogued, June 22 ; dissolved, 23. Convention of London. France joins 
with the other Powers to settle the affairs of the East, July 13. Mr. Cobden 
elected a member of the new parliament. Great Anti-Corn-Law meeting 
at Manchester, Aug. 17. Parliament assembles, 18; Mr. Shaw Le Fevre, 
Speaker; opened, 24. Ministers defeated in the Lords by 168 to 96, in the 
Commons by 360 to 269. Lord Melbourne resigns, 30. Sir Henry Pottinger 
arrives to direct the operations in China; Amoy taken, 27. Sir R. Peel 
forms a new administration, Sept. 6; is joined by lord Stanley, Sir Jas. 
Graham, and the earl of Ripon. Death of lord Sydenham, at Kingston, in 
Canada, 19, set. 42. Increase of bribery at elections complained of by lord 
Brougham, 30 ; by Mr. Duncombe, and admitted by Sir R. Peel. Mr. M'Leod 
tried and acquitted at Now York, Oct. 1. Parliament prorogued, 7. Chusan re- 



758 



FROM THE YEAR 



A.D. 



1841 

conti- 
nued. 



1842 



Events and Eminent Men. 



occupied by the British forces ; Ningpo taken, 13. First elections in Ireland, 
under the new Municipal Act ; D. O'Connell lord mayor of Dublin, 25. Lord 
EUenborough appointed governor-general of India. Fire in the rower of London, 
30. The British expelled from Cabul ; Sir Alexander Burnes and other officers 
killed, Nov. 2; Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mahomet, joins the insurgents, 25 ; 
invites Sir Wm. M'Naghten to an interview and assassinates him, Dec. 25. Lord 
Ashburton's special mission to the U.S., 31. French Laws for the fortification 
of Paris, and to regulate the employment of children in factories ; attempted as- 
sassination of ths king's son, duke d'Aumale, Sept. 13. Espartero appointed 
regent of Spain, July 8; protest of Christina and general Narvaez, 19; insur- 
rection ofO'Donnell at Pampeluna, and of Concha at Madrid. Gen. Harrison, 
President U.S. March 4, dies, Apr. 4, set. 68 ; is succeeded by the Vice-President, 
John Tyler. Death of Thos,, earl of Elgin, set. 70, of Sir David Wilk4e, aet. 56, 
of Sir Francis Chantrey, aet. 60, of Sir Astley Cooper, fet. 73, of Dr. Geo. Birk- 
beck, set. 65, of Dr. Oliuthus Gregory, of Joseph Chittv, set. 65, of Geo. Dyer, 
set. 85, of Thos. Dibdin, set 69. of the Rev. Blanco White, ait. 67, of Theodore 
Hook, set. 53, of John Hawkins, aet. 83, of Augustin Candolle, set. 63, of Garnier 
Pages, of Thomas Barnes, editor of the "Times," set. 56, of M. Bertin, editor of 
the "Journal des Debats," set. 80, of Jas. Eraser, publisher of the Magazine, of 
Louis, count de Forbin, Director of the Parisian Museums, set. 62, of Wm. Frend, 
and of Dennis Frayssinous, set. 76, Preparatory works of the new Royal Ex- 
change begun, Jan. 7. The first stone of the Infant Orphan Asylum, at Wan- 
stead, laid by prince Albert. British Association meets at Plymouth, July 28. 
Dr. Alexander, Protestant bishop of Jerusalem, under the protection of Great 
Britain and Prussia, Nov. 7. Schism in the Scotch church. Pusepte Tracts 
condemned by the University of Oxford, March 15. (^ireat Western Railway, 
from London to Bristol, opened, June 30; London and Blackwall, Aug. 2 ,' London 
and Brighton, Sept. 21 ; Manchester and Leeds, xMarcli 1 ; Berlin to Magdeburg, 
Sept. 10 ; Strasburg to Basle, Sept. Wynyard House, seat of the marquis London- 
derry, burnt down, Feb. 19, and Astley's amphitheatre, June 8. Loss of the 
" President" steam-packet ; Tyrone Power, the actor, perishes. Lord Cardigan 
tried and acquitted by the Peers, for his duel with capt. Tuckett, Feb. 16. Con- 
spiracy to defraud the principal bankers of Europe, detected and exposed by the 
" Times" newspaper. Forged Exchequer Bills to the amount of £350,000, circu- 
lated by Beaumont Smith. Wood pavement tried in London. 
Massacre of the British by Akbar Khan, after their evacuation of Cabul, Jan. 6. 
The first stone of the New Royal Exchange laid by prince Albert, 17. The king 
of Prussia visits London, and is godfather to the prince of Wales. Bazaar of 
the Anti-Corn-Law League at Manchester, Feb. 2. The duke of Buckingham 
resigns his seat in the cabinet, and his otfice of lord privy seal. Parliament 
meets, 3. Departure of the king of Prussia, 4. Assembly in London of Anti- 
Corn-Law deputation, 8; Sir R Peel proposes his modifications of the law; 
objections of Mr. Cobden, 9 ; lord John Russell's amendment negatived by 349 
to 226, 14 ; Mr. Villiers' motion for the free importation of corn rejected by 303 
to 90, 22 ; lord Brougham introduces his Local Courts Bill, 28. Ghuznee evacu- 
ated by the British, March 6 ; Chinese attack on Ningpo repulsed, 10. Sir R. 
Peel makes his financial statement; proposes to repeal many duties on articles 
of consumption and substitute for them an income-tax, 11. Repulse of the 
Afghans ; gen. Pollock forces the Khyber Pass and joins gen. Sale at Jella- 
labad, Apr. 6. The " People's Petition" presented to the Commons by Mr. 
Duncombe, for universal suffrage, miuimimi of wages, and other point.s of the 
charter, rejected by 287 to 49, May 2. Revolt of the Boers of Port Natal, 4. Dr. 
Lushington's judgment in the Braintree case decides that a minority cannot 
levy a church-rate. Destructive fire for three days at Edinburgh, 6. Gen. 
England joins gen. Nott at Candahar, 9. John Francis fires a pistol at the 
queen, 26. Strike of the colliers at Dudley, June 1 ; riots at Cork and Ennis, 4. 
Persecution of Dr. Hampden by the Oxford convocation 9. Light gold called 
in. Sir Henry Pottinger enters the great river Kiang, 13; takes Shang-hae, 19. 
Francis transported for life, 17. Submission of the insurgents at Port Natal, 26 



TO 1843 A.P- 



759 



£vEKT,«i AND Eminent Men. 



Bean presents a pistol at the queen, July 3. Act passed for the better protection 
of her majesty's person. Strikes and disturbances in the manufacturing dis- 
tricts, Aug. 8. Income-tax Act passed,, 4 and 5 Victoria, c. 35 ; Serjeant Tal- 
fourd's Copyright Act c 45 ; lord Ashley's, to prohibit the employment of 
females in mines and collieries, c. 99. Parliament prorogued, 12. The British 
army disembarks at Nankin ; the Chinese sue for peace, 9 ; treaty concluded 
with their commissioners by Sir H. Pottinger, 29. The queen and prince Albert 
embark at Woolwich for Scotland. Lord Ashburton's treaty with the U. S. con- 
cluded at Washington, Aug. 9. Gen. Nott recovers Ghuznee, Sept 6, and gen. 
Pollock, Cabul, 16. Sir Clias. Bagot, governor-general of Canada, nnites the 
most popular leader.*; of all parties in official situations. The queen returns from 
Scotland, 17. Lady Sale and other captives restored by Akbar Khan, 21 ; spe- 
cial commission for the trial of the rioters, 30 ; none condemned to death ; lord 
EUenborough proclaims a cessation of hostilities, Oct. 1 ; Cabul dismantled and 
evacuated, 12. The Anti-Coni-law League diffuses information by means of 
lectures, pamphlets, and tracts, 20. 3 per cent, consols 94,i, Dec. 14. Death of 
Ferdinand Philip, duke of Orleans, July 13, ?et. 32. Regency law passed by 
the French Chambers, Aug. 30. Admiral Dupetit-Thouars takes possession of 
the Marquesas Islands, May 1. Railways projected in all directions from Paris. 
The king of Prussia summons to Berlin deputies from the provincial States of 
his dominions ; first approach tOAvards a parliament, June 21. Dreadful fire at 
Hamburg, May 5. The king of Bavaria builds near Ratisbon a temple, which 
he calls WalhaJla, to receive statues and other memorials of the great men of 
Gei-many. Revolt of Barcelona, Nov. 13 ; bombardment of the city by Espar- 
tero, Dec. 3: his influence in the countiy declines. The charter of Don Pedro 
restored in Portugal. The serfs of Russia emancipated by an imperial ukase. 
Death of George Fitzclarence, earl of Munster, set. 48, of Thomas Wm. Coke, 
earl of Leicester, aet. 90, of marquis Wellesley, eet. 82, of lord Hill, commander-in- 
chief, set. 71, of professor Heeren, of Wm. Gesenius, oriental professor in Gottin- 
gen, set. 56, of Sismonde de Sismondi, set. 69, of Dr. Channing, set 63, of Pozzo 
di Eorgo, set. 74, of Sir Chas. Bell, set 64, of T. D. Fosbroke, «t. 72, of count Las 
Cases, set. 76, of D. J. Larrey, Napoleon's favourite physician, set. 76, of count 
Laborde, set. 69, of Dr. Thos. Arnold, master of Rugby, set. 47, of AVm, Hone, 
set. 63, of John Banim, set 42, of Sir R. K. Porter, tet. 62, of Allan Cunningham, 
set. 56. and of Robert Mudie. First passage through the Thames Tunnel, Aug. 1. 
The House of Lords confirms the chancellor's decision in the case of Lady 
Hewley's Charity. 
Birth of princess Alice Maud Mary, the queen's second daughter, April 25. Death 
of Augustus Fred., duke of Sussex, at Kensington palace, April 21, set. 71. Mar- 
riage of the princess Augusta Caroline of Cambridge to Fred. Wm. Aug., grand 
duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, June 28. Meeting of "Repeal Association" at 
Dublin, Jan. 9. Mr. Diiiraraond, Sir R. Peel's private secretary, shot by 
M'Naughten, 20; the assassin, found to be insane, is confined. Meeting of par- 
liament, Feb. 2. Bill brought in for reform of ecclesiastical courts, 9 ; resisted 
by country attorneys and withdrawn. Defeat of the Ameers of Scinde, by Sir 
Chas. Napier, 17; Hydrabad taken, 20. "Rebecca '' riots in Wales. Secession 
from the Kirk of Scotland, May 18. " Monster meetings " in Ireland. Monu- 
ment erected to John Hampden, in Chalgrove Field, June 10. The degree of 
D.C.L. confeiTed on Mr. Everett, the American ambassador, at Oxford, 28. Car- 
toons for the new houses of parliament, exhibited in Westminster hall, July 3, 
J. Bright, a quaker, and leader of the Anti-Com-Law League, elected for Dur- 
ham, 25. Irish meeting on the hill of Tara, Aug. 22. The queen and prince 
Albert embark at Southampton, and visit Falmouth, 28 ; pass a week with the 
royal family of France, at the Chateau d'Eu, and land again at Brighton, Sept. 
9 ; visit the king of the Belgians at Ostend, 13. Capt. Ross returns from an 
expedition to the South Pole, Sept. 6. The Anti-Com-Law League commences a 
series of monthly meetings in Covent Garden theatre, 28. Repeal meeting at 
Clontarf prohibited by the Irish government, Oct 9 ; D. O'Connell, his son, 
and others, held to bail on a charge of conspiracy, 14. Royal visit to Cam- 



760 



FllOM THE YEAH 



A.D. 



1843 

C07lti- 

nued. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



bridge, 26 ; to Sir Robert Peel at Tamworth, Nov. 23 ; to the duke of Devon- 
shire at Chatsworth, and the duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle; return to 
Windsor, Dec. 7. Gualior, in Scinde, taken by the British, 29. Three per 
cent, consols, 96^. Treaty of commerce concluded, by Sir H. Pottinger, opens 
China, to all nations, July 27, Occupation of Otaheite, by the French. In- 
cursions of Abd el Kader in Algeria. Marriage of the prince de Joinville to 
a sister of the emperor of Brazil. Espartero withdraws from Spain to Eng' 
land ; Narvaez appointed lieutenant-general, July 24 ; Isabella, set. 13, pro- 
claimed of age by the Cortes, Nov, 8. Boyer expelled from Haiti. Death of 
Thomas Graham, lord Lynedoch, set. 94, of Robert Southey, set. 68, of Henry 
Goulburn, of J. F. C. Delavigne, set. 49, of T. C. Hoffland, set. 66, of Dr. 
Noah Webster, set. 84, of Sir Matthew Wood ; of J. C. Loudon, set. 62, and of 
Dr. Hahnemann, author of Homoeopathy, set. 88. The Thames Tunnel opened, 
March 5, London and Colchester Railway, March 29 ; London and Hertford, 
Oct. 11 ; Paris and Rouen, May 2 ; Paris and Orleans, 3 ; Antwerp and Cologne, 
Oct. 13. Father Matthew in London. 
Birth of prince Alfred Ernest Albert, the queen's second son, Aug. 6. Parliament 
opened, Feb. 1 ; trial of G'Connell, 12 ; debates on the state of Ireland ; the 
Lords, by 175 to 78, approve the policy of ministers, 15; the Commons, by 324 to 
235, reject lord John Russell's motion, 22. The proceeding of the French autho- 
rities in Otaheite, against the English consul, Mr. Prichard, disavowed by their 
government, March 1 ; reduction of interest on 3^ per cent, stock, 8. Sir Henry 
Hardinge appointed governor- general of India, May 6 ; Sir Henry Pottinger 
resigns the command in China ; Mr. Davis succeeds him. O'Connell sentenced 
to a year's imprisonment and a fine of £2000, 24. The king of Saxony 
arrives in England, 28, and the emperor of Russia, June 1. The claim of Sir 
Augustus D'Este to the dukedom of Sussex disallowed by the lords and judges, 
July 9. Treaty with Hanover to settle the Stade duties, 22. Committees ap- 
pointed by the Lords and Commons to enquire into the practice of opening letters 
in the post office, Aug. 5. Treaty of commerce with Belgium and the German 
Union, Sept. 2. The j udgment against O'Connell reversed by the House of Lords, 
4. The queen embarks at Woolwich for Scotland, where she remains at Blair 
Atholl, 9 ; returns, Oct. 3 ; is visited by the king of the French at Windsor, 7 ; 
he embarks at Dover, for Calais, 15. The new Royal Exchange opened by the 
queen, 28. Her majesty visits the marquis of Exeter at Burleigh Hall, Nov. 12 ; 
returns to Buckingham palace, 15. Three per cent, consols, lOOf . Commission- 
ers of charitable trusts gazetted for Ireland. Roman Catholic prelates for the 
first time officially designated by their hierarchical titles, Dec. 18. Tangier and 
Mogador bombarded by the prince de Joinville. Victory of I sly, by marshal 
Bugeaud. Peace between France and Morocco. Abd el Kader abandoned. Chris- 
tina returns to Madrid. Revolt of Zurbano suppressed. Exhibition of German 
art and industry at Berlin. Disputes respecting the " holy coat of Treves." 
Ronge founds a new Catholic sect. Death of Charles XIV". (Charles John), king 
of Sweden, March 8, set. 81 ; he is succeeded by his son, Joseph Francis Oscar. 
Dissension in Switzerland respecting the convents of Aargau ; Lucerne invites 
the Jesuits ; seven Catholic cantons form a separate league. Mr. Polk elected 
president, U. S., in opposition to Mr. Clay. Death of Ernest Antony, duke of 
Saxe Coburg and Gotha, father of prince Albert, Jan. 29, of lord Sidmouth, 
set. 87, of the duke of Grafton, set. 85, of James Scarlett, lord Abinger, of Sir 
F. Burdett, of Sir Hudson Lowe, of the duke d'Angouleme, set. 69, of Thomas 
Campbell, set. 67 ^ of Jacques Laffitte, the Paris banker, set. 77, of the Rev. H. 
Cary, translator of Dante, aet. 78, of Sir Henry Halford, of Dr. Haslam, set. 88, 
of Dr. Dalton, set. 78, of Thorwaldsen, of Wm. Beckford, set. 84, of prof. 
Thos. Henderson, set. 46, of Granville Penn, set. 80, of capt. Basil Hall, of 
Mrs. Hoffland, set. 71, and of Fanny Holcroft. Commemoration of the poet 
Burns at Ayr, Aug. 6. Formation of public parks at Manchester, Aug. 8. 
Monument to Muir and his brother reformers, founded by Mr. Hume, at Edin- 
burgh, Aug. 21. Another commenced there to Sir Walter Scott. Equestrian 
statue of the duke of Wellington, in front of the Royal Exchange. KailwaySi 



1843 TO 18^5 A.D. 



761 



A.D. 



1845 



Events an]> Ljiinent Men. 



opened ; London and Dover, Feb. 6 ; Bristol iind Exeter, May 1 ; Dublin and 
Drogheda, May '26; Norwich and Yarmouth, May 1 ; Newcastle and Darling- 
ton, April 15 ; Kingstown and Dalkey (atmospheric), Marcli 29. 
Letter of the archbishop of Canterbury, to allay the disputes raised in the church 
by Dr Pusey and the Kev. H. Newman, about surplices, candlesticks, bowing, 
turning to the East, and other ceremonies, Jan. 11. Protest of the Irish bishops 
against the proposed plan of National Education, 15. Annual meeting of the 
Anti-corn-law League, 22 ; perseverance in their system of diffusing information, 
Parliament assembles. Feb. 4 ; Mr. Gladstone retires from the Board of Trade ; 
Sir R. Peel's financial measures, 14; renewal of the Income-tax; reduction or 
abolition of many duties ; 430 articles taken out of the tariff; the Danish pos- 
sessions in the East Indies purchased by Sir H. Hardinge, 22 ; committee ap- 
pointed on the Game Laws, 27 ; speculation in railways ; report of a committee 
to facilitate the scrutiny of the numerous Bills applied for, March 4; lord 
Brougham censures the gambling in shares, Apr. 7 ; the Commons, by 322 to 
176, vote the additional grant to Maynooth College, 18 ; reject, by 322 to 148, 
Mr. Ward's motion to provide it out of the revenues of the Established Irish 
Church, 24. Anti-corn-law Bazaar in Covent Garden theatre, May 4. A depu- 
tation from Dublin invites the queen to visit Ireland, 21. Sir John Franklin 
proceeds on his Arctic expedition, with the " Erebus " and " Terror," 23. United 
English and French expedition against Madagascar, June 15. Treaty of com- 
merce with the Two Sicilies, 25 Mr. Watson, and other Irish magistrates, 
dismissed for forming Orange Lodges, July 31. 'The earl of Winchilsea resigns. 
Maynooth Act passed, 8 & 9 Victoria, c 25 ; labour of children in calico print- 
works regulated, c. 29; endowment of colleges at Belfast, Cork, and Galway, c. 
56 ; municipal councils authorised to establish museums, c. 43. Parliament pro- 
rogued, Aug. 8. The queen embarks at Woolwich, on a tour in Germany, 9 ; 
re-embarks at Antwerp, Sept. 7; visits the French king at the chateau d'Eu, 
and arrives at Osborue-house, 10. Irish National Education Society incorporated, 
23. Lord Ashley tells the electors of Dorsetshire that the " destiny of the corn- 
laws is fixed," Oct. 10. The Bank directors raise their rate of discount from 2^ 
to 3 per cent , 16. The queen opens the new hall of Lincoln's Inn, 30. Mr. Wag- 
horn brings the Bombay mail by an overland route in 30 days, 31. Re-action in 
the Railway market; the Bank rate of discount raised to 3^ per cent., Nov. 6. 
"Protestant Alliance" formed at Armagh, out of the Orange Society, 7. 3 per 
cent. Consols, 96J, 14. The Irish Roman Catholic prelates oppose the new col- 
leges ; refer the question to the pope, 19. Lord John Russell, in a letter from 
Edinburgh to his London constituents, declares for the total repeal of the corn- 
laws, 22. Resignation of Sir R. Peel, Dec. 10. The Sikhs cross the river Sutlej 
to attack the British, 14 ; are defeated at Moodkee, 18; Sir R. Sale mortally 
wounded, set. 65. Lord John Russell fails in his attempt to construct a cabinet ; 
Sir R. Peel continues in office, 20 ; lord Stanley retires, and is succeeded by Mr. 
Gladstone, as Colonial Secretary. Defeat of the Sikhs at Ferozeshah, 22. Great 
meeting of the Anti-corn-law League at Manchester, 23 ; more than £60,000 
subscribed in four hours. The Sikhs re-cross the Sutlej, 27. The failure of the 
potato-crop begins to cause great misery in Ireland. Abd el Kader instigates 
the Kabyles to attack the French in Algeria ; cruel warfare on both sides ; mas- 
sacre in the caves of Dahra. Zurbano, the rebel chief, taken by Narvaez and 
shot. Carlos resigns his pretensions in favour of his son, the count de Monte- 
molino. President Polk claims the Oregon territory ; Florida admitted into the 
Union ; the proposed annexation of Texas causes Mexico to declare war against 
the U. S. Death of earl Grey, set. 81, of earl Spencer, set. 64, of the marquis of 
Westminster, set. 78, of lord Stuart de Rothesay, set. 66, of lord Whamcliffe, set. 
67, of viscount Canterbury, of sir T. F. Buxton, set. 58, of Sir Wm. Follett, at- 
torney-general, set. 47, of count John Dominic Cassini, get. 97, of lord Wynford, of 
gen. Jackson, former pres. U. S., set. 78, of the rev. Sidney Smith, set. 74, of Mrs. 
Eliz. Fry, set. 66, of Miss Linwood, set. 96, of R. Smirke, set. 93, of Thos. Mitchell, 
translator of Aristophanes, set. 62, of bishop Alexander of Jerusalem, of J, F. 
Daniell, prof, of chemistry at King's College, of col. Gurwood, and of Thos. 



;> c 



762 



FEOM THE TEAR,, 



1 He- 



A.D 



1846 



Otto- 
man Em- 

PIEE. 



1262 
1263 



Popes. 



1847 



1263 
1264 



1848 



1264 
1265 



1849 



1265 
1266 



8 Abdul 
Medjid. 



16Gre- 
gory 
XVI. 

rf.Ju.iel. 

1 Pius 

IX. 
Junel6 



Spain. 



14 Isa- 
bella 
II. 



France. 



17 Louis 
Philip. 



1850 



•Republic 16- 
Feb. ie 

Louis 
Napole- 
on Pre- 
sident. 
Dec. 20. 



.18 



POR- 



Prus 

SIA. 



7Fre- 14 Otbo 
deric 
Wm. 
IV. 



Greece. 



WlR- 

TEM- 
BERG. 



31 

Wil- 
liam. 



32 — 



33 — 



17— 10— 17 ■ 



18— 



Sax- Bava- 

ONY. RIA. 



deric 
Aug. 
IV. 



22 

Louis 
Chas. 
Au- 
gustus 



12Fer- 
dinand. 



Aus- 
tria. 



1 Max- 
imilian 
Joseph 
II. 



Fran 
cis Jo- 
seph I 



14 — 2 



15 — 



1846 TO 1850 A.D. 



763 



Repe- 
tition 
Dates. 



1846 



1848 



1849 



1850 



I Tug-, Two I 

Sakdi-' ca- I Sici-i Den- i Swe- 

NIA. I NY. LIES. I MARK. DEN. 



16 123 17 SCliris- 3 Os- 
Chas. {Leo-Ferdi-: tian 
Albert, pold "f^*^ VIII 
II, 



-24—18- 



1 Vic- 26— 20 — 

tor E 

manu- 

elll. 



27— 21 — 



Rus- 
sia. 



2'? Ni- 
cholas. 



j I Ameri- I India. j 

HoL- Bel- JcanPre- British Go- 
land. I gium. Isidents.I VERNORS. ' 



Great 

Britain. 



7 Wil- 16 Le- 
iam opold, 



4 — 23- 



IFre-' 5- 

deric 

VII. 



7 — 



25- 



2 James 2 Sir Henry 
Knox Hardinge. 
Polk. 



10 Vic- 
toria. 
June 20 

b princess : 
Helena 



I Wil-:19- 

liam 

111. 



20- 



IZa- 

chary 
Taylor. 



1 Millard 
Fill- 
more. 



] Lord Dal-jl2 

housie. A. princess 

I Louisa 
d. princess 
Sophi^. 



13 

d. queen 
dowager 
Adelaide. 



prtnce 

Arthur. 

duke of 

Cambridge 



764 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1845 
conti- 
nued. 



1846 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Hood, aet. 47. The planet, or asteroid, Astrsea, discovered by Hencke, Dec. t 
From the perturbations in the orbit of Uranus, Mr. Adams calculates the el 
ments of another unknown planet. Quebec nearly destroyed by two fires, Ma 
28 and June 28. Opening of the Charing Cross or Hungerford bridge, May : 
A suspension bridge over the river Bure, at Yarmouth, gives way, and 79 live- 
are lost, May 2. The " Great Britain" iron steam-ship leaves Liverpool, July 
26 ; arrives at New York, Aug. 10. Statue of Beethoven erected, and festival 
in his honour at Francfort, Aug. 12. Railway opened from Norwich and Cam- 
bridge to London, July; Northampton and Peterborough, June 2 ; Manchester 
and Sheffield, Dec. 22. Trent Valley commenced ; Sir R. Peel turns the first 
sod, Nov. 11. 
Birth of Princess Helena Augusta Victoria, May 25. Opening of parliament, Jan. 
22; Sir R. Peel, after having shown the success of his financial system, proposes 
its extension, and the repeal of the corn-laws, 27. The Sikhs cross the Sutlej 
again, and attack Sir H. Smith, 21 ; are defeated at Aliwal, 28; totally routed 
at Sobraon, Feb. 10 ; Sir Hugh Gongh occupies Lahore, 20. Inquiry into the 
treatment of paupers in the Andover Union, March 5. Treaty of Lahore, 9. The 
govenior of the Cape of Good Hope commences the Caffre war, Apr. 4. W. Smith 
O'Brien committed to the custody of the Serjeant-at-arms, for refusing to sei-ve 
on committees, 30. Sir H. Hardinge created a viscount, and Sir H. Gough a 
baron; pensions voted to them by the E. I. Company and by parliament, May 
4. The Commons, by 327 to 229, read the Corn-importation bill a third time, 15 ; 
the Lords, by 211 to 164, carry the second reading, 28. Ibrahim Pacha arrives 
in London, June 8. Treaty with the U. S. settles the Oregon dispute, 12. The 
Commons, by 292 to 229, reject the ministerial bill for the protection of life in 
Ireland, 25 ; royal assent given to the Corn-importation and the Customs' Duties 
bills, 26 ; resignation of Sir R. Peel and his colleagues, 29. The Anti-corn-law 
League meets at Manchester, and closes its operations, July 2 ; national sub- 
scription for Mr. Cobden. Lord John Russell prime minister, with his former 
associates, 13. Mr. T. B. Macaulay paymaster of the forces, with a seat in the 
cabinet. Ibrahim Pacha leaves London, 15. Mr. Cobden in Paris, Aug. 7 ; 
honourably received by king and people ; afterwards in Spain ; inculcates every- 
where the principles of Free Trade. Parliament prorogued, 28. Second failure 
of the potato-crop ; the lord-lieutenant of Ireland orders the execution of public 
works, to relieve distressed districts, Sept. 4, Oct. 2. Protest of the British go- 
vernment against the marriage of the duke de Montpensier to the Infanta Louisa, 
sister of the queen of Spain, Sept. 21. Rowland Hill secretary G. P. O. Nov. 30. 
Active exertions of government to relieve the distress of Ireland. Visit of the 
queen to the duke of Norfolk at Arundel Castle, Dec. 1. Settlement of Labuan, 
by Sir Jas. Brooke, 2. The earl of Elgin governor-general of Canada. Two at- 
tempts to assassinate the king of the French : by Lecompte at Fontainebleau, 
Apr. 16 , and by Joseph Henri, in the gardens of the Tuileries, July 29. Death 
of Louis Bonaparte, the former king of Holland, at Florence, July 25, set, 68. 
Escape of his son, Louis Napoleon, from Ham, May 25. Marriage of the queen 
of Spain to her cousin, Francis d'Assise, duke of Cadiz, son of Francis de Paula, 
youngest brother of Ferdinand VII., and of her sister to the duke de Montpen- 
sier, Oct. 10 ; the marquis of Nomianby absents himself from the grand reception 
at the Tuileries, Nov. 6. Cracow, the last remnant of Poland, annexed to the 
Austrian empire ; vain protests of Great Britain and France. Death of Gregory 
XVI. June 1, set. 81. Cardinal Mastai Feretti elected pope, 16, takes the name 
of Pius IX., appoints cardinal Gizzi secretary of state, proclaims a general am- 
nesty, and excites popular enthusiasm by his reforms. The king of Denmark 
incorporates Holstein and Schleswig with his kingdom ; the States of the two 
duchies insist on their rights as portions of the Germanic body. The democratic 
party acquires the ascendancy in Geneva ; the breach between the Protestant 
and Catholic Cantons becomes Avider. The U. S. general Taylor defeats the 
Mexicans near Matamoras on the Rio Grande; takes Santa Fe, Aug. 22; Texas, 
Wisconsin, and Iowa join the Union. Death of the earl of Yarborough, of lord 
Wodehouse, of lord Metcalfe, of Sir Geo. Murray, set. 74, of Sir Chas. Wetherell, 



1S45 TO 1847 A.D. 



765 



A.U. 



1847 



Events asd Eminent Men. 



of Sir N. C. Tliidal, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, of Sir Clias. Wolseley, 
of Thos. Clarksou, aet. 86, of B. R. llaydon, the liistorical painter, of the 
baron De Bode, of 11. Gaily Knight, aet. 59, of the rev. T. Gisborne set. 87. of 
R. Plumer Ward. aet. 81. of Thos. Grenville, aet. 91, of Dr. List. set. 56, of the 
astronomer, Bessel, of Mrs. Cornwall B. Wilson, ajt. 49, of Dragonetti, set. 91. and 
of Liston. the comedian, aet. 69. The Wellington statue phiced on the marble 
arch, at tlie entrance of the park, Sept. 29. Monument of Sir Walter Scott com- 
pleted at Edinburgh. National testimonial presented to Rowland Hill, June 17. 
Public parks opened at Manchester, Aug. 22. The calculations of Mr. Adams, 
confirmed by those of Le Verrier, are verified by the discovery of the planet 
Neptune, by M. Challis, Aug.4 and 12, and by M, Galle at Berlin, Sept. 23. The 
" Great Britain" steam-packet wrecked in Dundrum Bay, Sept. 22. Destructive 
fire at St. John's, Newfoundland. June 9. Brighton, Hastings, and Chichester 
Railway opened, June 27 ; Colchester to Ipswich, June 15; to Bury St. Edmunds, 
Dec. 24; Dublin to Carlow, Aug. 10; Edinburgh to Berwick. June 18; Exeter 
and Plymouth, May 29 ; Lancaster to Carlisle, Dec. 16 ; London and Richmond 
July 27 ; the French lines, de Tours, March 25, du Nord, June 14. 
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 19; measures for the relief of Ireland proposed by 
lord John Russell, 25 ; Corn and Navigation Laws suspended ; lord Geo. Ben- 
tinck brings forward his plan for railways in Ireland, Feb. 4; rejected bv 322 to 
118. 14 ; grant of £lO,OOC,000 for the destitute ; Irish Poor Law passed, May 31 ; 
Mr. Ricardo's motion for a committee on the Navigation Laws, carried by 155 to 
61. Feb. 6; Act for erecting the bishopric of Manchester, July 21. Parliament 
prorogued and dissolved, 23. Prince Albert elected chancellor of the University 
of Cambridge, Feb. 28; installed at Buckingham palace, March 25: at Cam- 
bridge, when the queen visits the University, July 6. Death of the earl of 
Bessborough, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, May 16, set. 66 ; the earl of Clarendon 
is appointed to succeed him. Sir John Davis takes the forts of Bocca Tigris 
and compels the Chinese to make reparation for their insults and aggressions on 
British residents at Canton, Apr. 5. Lord Hardiuge resigns the goveniorship 
of India ; his successor, lord Dalhousie, appointed Aug. 4, sails in Nov. The 
queen embarks for Scotland, Aug. 11 ; returns to Buckingham palace, Sept. 21. 
Daniell O'Connell, on his way to Rome, dies at Genoa, May 15, iet. 72. Com- 
mercial distress and panic; some of the first houses in London stop payment. 
The new parliament assembles, Nov. 18; Mr. Shaw Lefevre re-elected speaker* 
business opened, 23. Election of baron Rothschild for London. Lord John 
Russell brings in a Bill for admitting Jews to sit in parliament ; first reading 
carried by 253 to 186 : Act passed for repressing crime in Ireland. Parliament 
adjourns, Dec. 20. The Caifres commence hostilities and are defeated by col. 
Somerset, Nov. 15. Registration of voters, for counties. 561,329, for cities and 
boroughs, 383,114 : total, 944,443. Reform banquets in many parts of France ; 
Ledru Rollin agitates. Marshal Soult resigns his post as prime minister; he 
is succeeded by M. Guizot, Sept. 15. M. Teste accused of corruption, attempts 
suicide, is condemned to civil degradation, fined and imprisoned. Bou Maza 
and Abd el Kader surrender; hostilities cease in Algeria. Marshal Bugeaud, 
duke d'Isly, returns to France. The duke d'Aumale is appointed governor of 
the colony. Death of Eugenie Adelaide Louise, sister of Louis Philip, Dec. 
31, aet. 71. ^Repeated change of ministers in Spain. Espartero recalled and 
created a senator. Queen Isabella separates from her husband; after some 
months they are reconciled. Christina and Narvaez return to Madrid and re- 
cover their influence. Civil war in Portugal quelled by the intervention of 
Great Britain, France, and Spain. The Catholic cantons of Switzerland submit 
to the Protestants. The Sonderbund dissolved, and the Jesuits expelled. Re- 
presentative government commenced in Prussia, by a royal decree. Pius IX. 
introduces a national guard and municipal institutions in Rome. Charles Albert 
adopts liberal reforms in Piedmont. Austrian troops occupy Ferrara. Deatli 
of Maria Louisa, widow of Napoleon, Dec. 17, aet. 56. Parma and Placentia ar«; 
given to the duke of Lucca, and his duchy annexed to Tu.scany. The U. S. ge- 
nerals, Taylor and Scott, defeat the Mexicans in successive battles ; take Vera 



766 



FEOM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1847 
conti- 
nued. 



1848 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Cruz, March 29 ; Mexico, Sept. 15. The gold region of California j&rst made 
known, Sept. Death of the archduke Charles of Austria, set. 75, of the duke of 
Northumberland^ est. 62, of John, duke of Argyll, set. 70, of Henry, lord Cowley, 
set. 75, of Dudley Ryder, earl of Harrowby, set. 85, of prince John de Polignac, 
set. 65, of Palafox, the hero of Saragossa, of admiral Sir R. Stopford, set. 80, of 
Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, set. 64, of gen. Sir Wm. Anson, set. 75, of Sir Walter 
Scott, son of the author of Waverley, set. 46, of Sir Archibald Christie, set. 73, 
of gen. Sir Geo. Cockburn, set. 84, of Sir David Pollock, ch. justice of Bombay, 
set. 67, of Oudinot, duke of Reggio, set. 80, of marshal Grouchy, set. 82, of mar- 
shal Drouet, set. 73, of Dr. Robert Fellowes, author of "Religion without Cant," 
set. 77, of Dr. Thos. Chalmers, aet. 67, of Wm. Crotch, M.D., set. 72, of Joseph 
John Gumey, aet. 59, of Sharon Turner, set. 78, of Robt. Liston, set. 53, of prof. 
Macvey Napier, set. 70, of prof. J as. M'Cullagh, set. 88, of the O'Connor Don, 
set. 53, of W. Gore Langton, M.P., set. 87, of Geo. Byng, M.P., aet. 82, of J. 
Walter, proprietor of the " Times," set. 74, of Wm. Herbert, dean of Manchester, 
set. 70, of Jos. Planta, ait. 60, of Thos. F. Dibdin, set. 71, of Geo. Maclean, 
former gov. of Cape Castle, of Dr. Felix Mendelsohn Bartholdy, set. 38, of Geo. 
Robins, and of Mademoiselle Mars, set. 68. Discovery of " Hebe," by M. Hencke, 
at Driessen, July 1; of "Iris," Aug. 13; and of "Flora," Oct. 10, by Mr. Hind, 
at London ; and of a satellite of " Neptune," by Mr. Lassell, at Cambridge, 
Oct. 3. Total length of British Railways opened this year, 754| miles ; Chester 
and Holyhead (in part) ; Norwich, Dereham, and Lynn ; Ely and Lynn ; Nor- 
wich and. Lowestoft ; Dundee and Perth ; Ely and Peterborough ; Newcastle 
and Berwick ; Trent Valley, June 26. French lines : Amiens to Boulogne, 
Mar. 13 ; and Rouen to Havre, 20. 
Birth of the princess Louisa Carolina Alberta, fourth daughter of queen Victoria, 
March 18. Death of the princess Sophia Matilda, fifth daughter of George III. 
May 27, set. 71. The " Plover " is dispatched to search for Sir John Franklin, 
Jan. 1. Rescript of the pope, forbidding Roman Catholic priests in Ireland to 
interfere in politics, 3. Parliament reassembles, Feb. 3 ; additional expendi- 
ture required to improve the national defences ; increase of the Income Tax pro- 
posed, 18 ; abandoned, 28. Tumults in Trafalgar-square, at Glasgow, and other 
places, March 6. Return of viscount Hardinge from India, April 5. Chartist 
demonstration on Kennington common foiled, and order preserved by the zeal- 
ous co-operation of all classes, 10. Mr. Agnew and lieut. Anderson murdered 
by the Sikhs at Mooltan, 21. Trial of W. Smith O'Brien and others, for sedi- 
tion, at Dublin, May 15 — 27 ; Mitchell transported ; the jurors agree on no ver- 
dict in the remaining cases. The Steam Basin at Portsmouth opened by the 
queen, 25. Lieut. Edwardes defeats Moolrai, June 18, July 1. The Commons, 
by 234 to 173, pass the Jewish Disabilities Bill, May 4. The Lords, by 
163 to 128, reject it, 25. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in Ireland, 
July 21. Smith O'Brien's attempted rebellion on Boulagh common, near 
Ballingarry, repressed by the police, 29 ; he is arrested at Thurles, Aug. 5 ; 
Meagher, and two others, 12. The existing Income Tax continued for 
three years longer, 11 and 12 Victoria, c. 8 ; the Freemen of Great Yarmouth 
disfranchised, c. 24 ; Act to facilitate the sale of Encumbered Estates in 
Ireland, c. 48 ; alteration of the Sugar Duties, c. 97 ; diplomatic relations 
with the pope, c. 108 ; amendment of the law for the Removal of Paupers, 
c. Ill ; parliament prorogued, Sept. 5. Shere Sing deserts, and goes over with 
his army to the Sikhs ; gen. Whish raises the siege of Mooltan, Sept. 15. Death 
of lord George Bentinck, 21, set. 47. Revolt of the peasantry of Cephalonia sup- 
pressed, 26. Special commission at Clonmel ; W. S. O'Brien convicted of high 
treason and condemned, Oct. 9 ; M'Manus, O'Donoghue, and Meagher, 23. Sir 
Harry Smith, governor of the Cape of Good Hope, suppresses a rebellion in the 
Orange River district, 19 ; mutiny at Peshawur, 23. Gen. Thackwell defeats the 
Sikhs on the river Chenab; gen. Cureton slain, Nov. 22 ; victory of Ramnuggur, 
Dec. 3 ; bombardment of Mooltan, 27 ; explosion of the powder magazine, 30. 
General desire in France for an extension of the electoral franchise ; Reform 
banquet of the opposition members prohibited by the government, Jan. 19 ; vio- 



1847 TO 1818 A.D. 



767 



A.D. 



Events and Eminent Mkn. 



lent scenes in the Chamber of Deputies ; M. Odillon Barrot accuses the govern- 
ment of selling offices ; M. Berville declares that the Orleans dynasty had not 
performed its promise to the nation, 22 ; M. Guizot refuses to give any pledge 
respecting reform, Feb. 12 ; another banquet prohibited, 21 ; Odillon Barrot im- 
peaches the ministers; Guizot resigns, 22 ; first, count Mole, and then, Odillon 
Barrot and Thiers, attempt to form an administration; popular excitement; 
collision between the crowd and the troops, 23; Louis Philip abdicates, 24; 
provisional government fonned, 25 ; republic proclaimed, 26; Lamartine rejects 
the red flag; national workshops opened; warrant for the arrest of M. Guizot 
and his colleagues, 27; escape of the king and queen to Honfieur; the duke de 
Nemours, and other members of the royal family, land at Dover ; Louis Napo- 
leon arrives at Boulogne, and offers his services to the republican government, 
March 2; pacific manifesto of Lamartine, as foreign secretary, 3 ; dangerous 
principles avowed by Ledni Kollin, in his circular as minister of the interior. 
Louis Philip and the queen land at Newhaven, and M. Guizot at Folkstone, 3 ; 
foreign workmen ordered to leave France, 19 ; irruption of French revolution- 
ists into Belgium repulsed, 29 ; cool reception of Smith O'Brien and the Irish 
deputation, by Lamartine, April 3; meeting of National Assembly, May 4 ; 
executive committee appointed, 10 ; invasion of the Hall of the Assembly by a 
communist mob, repressed by the national guards ; arrest of Barbes, Blanqui, 
Albert, and other leaders, 15. Louis Napoleon elected a deputy, June 8 : de- 
cision of the Assembly to admit him, 13 ; expense and abuses of the National 
Workshops denounced by M.Leon Faucher ;, provincial workmen ordered to 
quit Paris ; insurrection and barricades, 23 ; the archbishop slain, 25 ; the 
counter-revolutionists put down with great slaughter, by gen. Cavaignac, 26 ; he 
is appointed President of the Council, 28 ; suppression of tlie workshops, July 3 ; 
prosecution of Louis Blanc and Caussidi^re ; they escape to England, Aug. 25; 
Louis Napoleon takes his seat in the Assembly, 27 ; debates on the new constitu- 
tion ; the Assembly decides, by 602 to 211, that the President should be elected 
by universal suffrage, Oct. 7 ; constitution proclaimed, Nov. 12; Louis Napo- 
leon elected President, Dec. 20 ; general Cavaignac resigns his authority ; Odil- 
lon BaiTot, president of the council, and Drouyn de Lhuys minister for foreign 
affairs. Revolt of Palermo, Jan. 12. Pefonns demanded by the Austrian pro- 
vinces in Lombardy ; declaration of Metternich against any concessions, Jan. 17. 
The constitution of 1812 for the Two Sicilies, proclaimed at Naples, Jan. 29, 
Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, gives his people a free constitution, Feb. 8; 
the duke of Tuscany the same, 11 ; and pope Pius IX., 12 ; the new constitution 
proclaimed at Rome, and the Jesuits expelled, March 15. The Austrian troops 
overcome by the people at Parma ; flight of the duke, and appointment of a 
regency, March 19. Revolution at Venice, March 22, at Milan, 17—23. Charles 
Albert, with a Sardinian army, arrives, to support the insurgents, 27. Battle of 
Verona, May 4 ; suiTender of Peschiera, and repulse of the Austrians, at Goito, 
30. Lombardy annexed to Piedmont, June 29. The Sicilian parliament invites 
the duke of Genoa to be their king, July 11. Charles Albert defeated by Ra- 
detzky, at Somma Riva, 26, at Milan, Aug. 5. He retreats to Turin, and the 
Austrians re-occupy Milan, 6. Armistice concluded, 9. Messina taken by the 
Neapolitans, Sept. 7. Insurrection at Rome; count Rossi assassinated, Nov. 15 ; 
cardinal Palma shot, 16 ; flight of the pope to Gaeta, 24. Animosity of the Ba- 
varians to the king's favourite, Lola Montes ; she is dismissed by him, Feb. 11. 
Popular commotions at Cologne and Francfort, March 3. The people of Hesse 
Cassel obtain the reforms demanded by them, 6. Free press and constitution in 
Saxe-Coburg Gotha, 8. The Diet of Francfort proposes the meeting of a Ger- 
man parliament, 11. Tumults at Vienna ; resignation and flight of Metternich ; 
the emperor promises a constitution, 13 — 15. Conflict between the military and 
the populace at Berlin, 18; the king removes the soldiers from the city, 19. 
The king of Bavaria resigns his crown to his son Maximilian Joseph, 20. The 
king of Prussia proposes a general confederation of Germany, under a free con- 
stitutional government, 21. The emperor leaves Vienna, May 17. The German 
parliament meets at Francfort, 18. The new National Assembly of Prussia 



768 



FROM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



18-18 
j conti- 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1849 



opened, 22. Insurrection at Pi'a^e, June 12. at Berlin, 14. The archduke 
John, of Austria, elected regent of Germany, July 5 ; arrives at Francfort, Aug. 
3. The emperor returns from Innspruck to Vienna, 12. Discontent in Hungary ; 
Kossuth appointed minister, Sept. 10. Riots at Francfort; major Von Aners- 
wald and prince Lichnowski murdered, 18. Count Lamberg killed at Pesth, 
The Hungarian Diet invests Kossuth with dictatorial powers, 25. Insurrection 
at Vienna ; count Latour murdered, Oct. 6 ; flight of the emperor, 7. He gives 
the command in Hungary to Jellachich, ban of Croatia, and in Austria, to prince 
Windischgratz, 16. They unite their forces and bombard Vienna, 28 ; the in- 
surgents capitulate, 30. Robert Blum shot, Nov, 9. The Burgher Guard of 
Berlin disarmed, 15. Messenhauser shot, at Vienna, 16. The emperor resigns 
his crown at Olmlitz, to his nepheAV, Francis Joseph, Dec. 2; his resignati< 
not accepted by the Hungarian Diet, 19. The king of Holland appoints a con 
mittee to revise the constitution, March 17. Death of Christian VIII., king 
Denmark, Jan. 20, aet. 62 ; accession of his son, Frederic VII. Schleswig and 
Holstein desire to remain members of the Germanic body, March 22 ; declare 
their independence at Kiel, 23 ; are supported by the king of Prussia, 24 ; by the 
Francfort Assembly, April 12. Prussian and Hanoverian troops take Schleswig, 
April 23 ; Flensburg, 25. Sweden and Russia support Denmark. Blockade of 
the German ports. Prussians driven back to Gravenstein, May 28, defeat the 
Danes at Duppeln, June 5. Great Britain mediates. Armistice of Malmo, 
Aug. 26 Espartero arrives at Madrid, Jan. 7 ; takes his seat in the Senate, 13. 
Lord Palmerston advise* the Spanish government to adopt a more liberal po- 
licy, March 16. The duke of Sotomayor takes offence, and gives Sir Hen. Bulwer 
his passports, May 19 ; diplomatic intercourse ceases between Great Britain and 
Spain. Cabrera again in arms. Peace between the U. S. and Mexico, Feb. 2 
gen. Taylor elected president, Nov. 7. Superannuation of Mehemet Ali. Ibra- 
him appointed viceroy of Egypt, Sept. 1 ; dies Nov. 10, set. 59 ; is succeeded by 
his nephew. Abbas Pacha. Death of the dowager duchess of Saxe Gotha, set. 
77, of lord Melbourne, spt. 70, of the earl of Carlisle, set. 75, of lord Ashburton, 
set. 73, of earl Powis, get. 63, of lord Granville Somerset, a8t. 56, of Sir Aug. Fred. 
D'Este, son of the late duke of Sussex, set. 54, of Dr. Howley, archbishop of 
Canterbury, set. 82, of Dr. Mant, bishop of Down, set. 73, of Sir T. D, Lauder, set 
64, of adm. Sir Wm. Hotham, set. 76, of Sir Thomas Baring, set. 75. of Sir John 
Barrow, set, 85, of Sir N. Harris Nicolas, aet. 49, of Sir Samuel Meyrick, set. 65. 
of vise aint Chateaubriand, set. 80, of Michaud, of John Quincy Adams, set. 82, 
of Dr. Gerald Valerian Wellesley, set. 72, of Caroline Herschel, sister of the as- 
tronomer, set. 98, of prof. Tennant, of Dr. Prichard, set. 62, of adm. "Warren, set. 
72, of H. Zschokke, set. 78, of Charles Buller, aet. 42, of E. Baines, set. 74, of Ber- 
zelius, set, 69, of Schwantaler. set. 47, of Charles Heath, set. 64, of capt. Mar 
ryatt, set. 56, of Donizetti, of Geo. Stephenson, set. 67, of Henry Baring, of Isaac 
D'Israeli, set. 82, of James Watt, the son, set. 80, of Robert (Romeo) Coates, set. 
75, and of Thomas Steele. Dr. Hampden, bishop of Hereford, March 20. Dr. 
J. B. Sumner, archbishop of Canterbury, April 28. Dr. Lee, first bishop of Man- 
chester. " Metes " discovered by Mr. Graham, April 26, A statue of Mr 
Huskisson placed in the vestibule of Lloyd's, Feb. 7. Chloroform, discovered 
by Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh, to be an anaesthetic, first administered in Lon- 
don by James Robinson, Dae. 14. Tlie French steamer " Cuvier'" destroyed by 
the spontaneous combustion of coals, Jan. 23, The "Ocean Monarch" burnt, 
Aug, 24. Assassination of Mr. Jermy, recorder of Norwich, and his son, 
Nov. 26, 
Death of Adelaide, queen-dowager, Dec. 2, set, 57. Surrender of Mooltan, except 
the citadel, to gen. Whish, Jan. 2. Attock taken by the Affghans, 10, Defeat 
of the Sikhs by lord Gough, at Chillianwallah, 13; and of Ram Singh by gen. 
Wheeler, at Baree Doab, 16. Moolrai gives up the citadel of Mooltan ; himself 
and his garrison prisoners, 22. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 1 ; disputes on 
baptismal regeneration ; proceedings in the case Gorham v. bishop of Exeter, 
17. Total rout of Shere Singh and the Sikhs by lord Gough, at Goojerat, 21. 
The Affghans evacuate Attock, Maixh 17. Annexation of the Punjaub to the 



1848 TO 1849 A.D. 



"6^ 




British dominions, 29. Bill for altering the Na,vigation Laws read a third time 
by the Commons, April 23. Riot at Montreal ; lord Elgin assaulted, and the 
parliament house destroyed, 25. Defeat of the Rohillas. Sir Charles Napier 
arrives to command the army in India, May 6. The Navigation Bill read a 
second time by the Lords, 7. Bishopric of Victoria established at Hong Kong, 
11. Petition of the Colonists that the Cape of Good Hope may not be made a 
penal settlement, 24. Trial of Moolrai for the murder of Messrs. Agnew and 
Anderson, 31. Capt. Keppel releases Mr. Summers from the Portuguese prison 
in Macao, June 9. Protest of Cape ToAvn against the reception of convicts, 18. 
First importation of Californian gold at Liverpool, 21. Moolrai sentenced to 
death, 22. Navigation Act, 12 and 13 Victoria, c. 29, passed, 26. The sentence 
on W. Smith O'Brien and his comrades being commuted, they are embarked 
for transportation, July 9. Affray at Dolly's Brae, between Orangemen and 
Papists, 12. Court for "the sale of Encumbered Estates in Ireland constituted, 
12 and 13 Victoria, c. 77, July 28. Moolrai banished for life. Suppression of 
the Borneo pirates by Sir James Brooke, 31. Tlie queen embarks for Ireland, 
Aug. 1. Parliament prorogued, 2. Decision of Sir H. J. Fust in the case 
Gorham v. the bishop of Exeter. The queen lands at the Cove of Cork, to which 
she gives the name of Queenstown, 3 ; arrives at Dublin, 6. The Exhibition to 
be held in 1851 is prpjected, 23. Cabinet Council held to deliberate on the af- 
fairs of Turkey, Oct, 2 ; the British government encourages the sultan to resist 
the demands of Russia, 3. Dismissal of the magistrates concerned in the affray 
at Dolly's Brae, 6. Opening of the Encumbered Estates Court, 24. Sir John 
Ross returns from unsuccessful search for Sir John Franklin, Nov. 3. Expedi- 
tion under Mr. Richardson to explore Central Africa, Dec. 5. Mr. Gorham ap- 
peals to a committee of the Privy Council, 11. Sir Henry Bulwer, ambassador 
to the C. S., 24. Marshalsea and"^ Palace courts abolished. Authority given for 
a submarine electric telegraph between England and France, 31. Proposed 
suppression of political clubs, and redaction of the Garde Mobile at Paris, At- 
tempted insurrection stifled by gen. Changamier, Jan. 29. Clubs abolished by 
the National Assembly, March 20. Barbes and Albert condemned by the tri- 
bunal of Bourges to transportation for life ; Blanqui, Raspail and others to im- 
prisonment, April 2. The Assembly sanctions an expedition into Italy, Gen, 
Oudinot proceeds to embark at Marseilles, 17; lands at Civita Vecchia, 25; 
is repulsed at Rome, 30 ; concludes an armistice, May 17 ; resumes hostilities, 
June 3; another attempt at insuiTection is put down by Changamier, 13 ; flight 
of Ledru Roliin and D' Alton Shee, 14; capitulation of Rome, 30; the president 
liberates Bou Mr.za, July 22 ; remonstrates against the proceedings of the papal 
authorities at Rome, Aug. 21; meeting of the Peace Society at Paris, 22. The 
Austrians invest Comom; the Hungarian Diet tries to negotiate, Jan. 3. Kos- 
suth evacuates Buda, and retires to Debreczin, taking with him the crown of 
St. Stephen and the royal insignia, 5. Intestine warfare of the Magyar and 
Romanic races in Hungary, 9. Bern defeats the Austrians at Hermannstadt, 21. 
The Russians enter Transylvania. Bem defeated, Feb. 4. Grosswardein taken, 
12. Defeat of the Austrians by the Magyars at Godolo, April 6. Waitzen 
taken, 11. Kossuth declared by the Diet of Debreczin supreme governor of 
Hungary, 14. The Austrians defeated near Gran, 20. The emperor of Austria 
invites the assistance of Russia, May 1 ; his troops are defeated at Altenburg 
and Oedenbiirg, 7. The Hungarians recover Pesth, 20. Conference of the two 
emperors at Warsaw, 22. General Haynau takes the command of the imperial 
army, 30 ; occupies Funf kirchen, June 21 ; Raab, 28 ; sends Count Bathyany 
and other prisoners to Presburg, July 26 ; gains a victory at Szegidin, Aug. 2; 
enters Temeswar, 9. GSrgey deprives Kossuth of his authority, 11. Flight of 
Kossuth anl Bem into Turkey, 12. Gorgey surrenders his army, 13. The 
Russians receive orders to withdraw from Hungary, 19. Austria and Russia 
require Turkey to give up the fugitives, 23; they are removed to Widdin, 27. 
The two emperors suspend diplomatic intercourse with the Porte, Sep. 17. The 
surrender of Comom closes the Hungarian insurrection, 27. Count Bathyany 
shot, Oct. 6. Great Britain and France interpo.se to protect Turkey. Nessel- I 



D D 



770 



PROM THE TEAR 



Events and Eminent Men. 



1849 
conti- 
nued. 



rode lowers his demands, 17. The emperor Nicholas accepts the propositions 
of the sultan, Dec. 19. The king of Prussia elected emperor of Germany by the 
Frankfort parliament, March 28; Austria, Hanover, and Bavaria dissent, and 
his own ministers persuade him to reject the offer. The archduke John resigns 
his office of regent, 29. The emperor of Austria withdraws from the Frankfort 
parliament, April 8. Insurrection at Dresden, May 3 ; suppressed, 9. Disturb- 
ances at Cologne, Dusseldorf, and neighbouring towns, 10. Revolt of Baden ; 
flight of the grand duke from Carlsruhe, 14. Trial by jury introduced at Berlin. 
The emperor Nicholas at Breslau, June 14. The citizens of Manheim open 
their gates to the Prussians, 22. The Baden revolt quelled, 23. " Interim " 
treaty between Austria and Prussia, Sept. 30. The king of Prussia summons a 
parliament to meet at Erfurt, Nov. 20. Protest of the emperor, 23. Acquittal 
of Waldeck and Ohm, the first political offenders tried by a jury in Prussia, 
Dec. 3. Adhesion of Bavaria to the Austrian protest, and of Saxony, 27. 
Penny Postage introduced in Prussia, 24. Death of Wm. II. ^ king of Holland, 
March 17, set. 57. Sardinian parliament opened by Chas. Albert, Feb. 1. Flight 
of the grand duke Leopold from Florence, Feb. 7. Provisional government in 
Tuscany, 8. Rome proclaimed a republic, 9 ; invites Mazzini, 12. The English 
and French admirals mediate between the king of Naples and the people of 
Palermo, March 6. The Sicilians reject the terms offered, 11. Insurrection at 
Brescia. Charles Albert renews hostilities ; is totally defeated by Radetzky at 
Novara, 23 ; resigns his crown to his eldest son, and leaves Italy, 26. G-en. 
Filangieri attacks Palermo, 28. A triumvirate appointed at Rome with Maz- 
zini at its head, 29. Haynau bombards Brescia ; ruin of the tovv^n, and mas- 
sacre of its inhabitants, 30. Venice blockaded, April 17. Leghorn plundered by 
the insurgents, 22. Garibaldi, gen. of the Romans, defeats the Neapolitans, 
May 5. Palermo surrenders, 14. Bombardment and capture of Ancona by the 
Austrians, June 18. After the capitulation of Rome to the French, Mazzini 
resigns his authority, July 1. Garibaldi withdraws with a part of his army, 3, 
The papal government re-established, 15. Death of Charles Albert at Oporto, 
28. Leopold, restored by an Austrian army, returns to Florence. Victor Emanuel 
concludes a treaty of peace at Milan, Aug. 6. Amnesty proclaimed by Radetzky, 
18. Submission of Venice, 22. The king of the Two Sicilies issues a decree 
that all teachers and tutors in his dominions, public or private, male or female, 
must be examined as to their religious belief, Oct. 27. Hostilities recommenced 
in Holstein and Schleswig ; the Danish naval force defeated in the harbour of 
Eckernfiord, April 5. Blockade of the Prussian and German ports, 12. The 
Danish intrenchments at Duppeln forced, 13. Colding taken, 23. Repulse of the 
Prussians at Aarhuus, May 31. Armistice and preliminaries of peace between 
Prussia and Denmark, July 10 ; rejected by the Schleswig and Holstein Diet, 
21. Arrest, on the French frontier, of the Count de Montemolino, April 4 ; and 
of Cabrera, 21. Narvaez dismissed and recalled, Oct. 20. The emperor Nicholas 
everyAvhere active to repress revolution; places his whole army on the Avar 
footing, March 4 ; his troops enter the Circassian fort of Achulga ; Schamyl 
escapes, Aug. 29. The sultan, by a finnan, admits Christians to office in 
Turkey, Jan, 8 ; invests Abbas Pasha with the viceroyalty of Egypt, 12. Death 
of Mehemet Ali, Aug. 1, set. 80. Gen. Taylor, pres. U. S., prohibits the expe- 
dition of American adventurers against Cuba, Aug. 11. The alteration of the 
British Navigation Law, reciprocated by the like alteration in the U. S. Law, 
Oct. 15. Death of Prince Waldemar of Prussia, set. 32, of lord Auckland, of 
the earl of Caernarvon, of earl Talbot, of lady Blessington, of Dr. Copleston. 
bishop of Llandaff, of Dr. Stanley, bishop of Norwich, and Pres. Linn. Soc, of 
baron d'Ussel, former page of Louis XV., set. 102, of prince Hohenlohe, of Sir 
EdAv. Knatchbull, of Sir AndrcAv Agnew. set. 56, of Sir M. J. Brunei, civil en- 
gineer, set. 81, of Sir Robert Wilson, set. 72, of Maria Edgeworth, at. 83, of mar- 
shal Bugeaud, set. 65, of marshal Molitor, 3et. 79, of Sir Charles Forbes, set. 76, 
of Chas. Lyell, of gen. Caffarelli, set. 83, of Sir Geo. Nugent, of J. K. Polk, ex- 
president U. S., set. 53, of John Fielden, M.P. for Oldham, of And. Kinloch, 
the first worker of a poAv^er-loom in GlasgOAAr, of Robert Vernon, of Sir Jasper 



1849 TO 1850 A.D. 



771 



A.D. 



1850 



EvEXTs AND Eminent Men. 



Nicolls, of P. Fraser Tytler, of Wm. Etty, R. A., of Aston Key, of Horace Twiss, 

of Clift, conservator of the Hunterian museum, aet. 77, of Hartley Coleridge, of 
Bernard Barton, of Ebenezer Elliott, and of Mde. Catalani. The first tube of! 
the Britannia bridge over the Menai placed, June 19. Islington cattle-market j 
opened, Jan. 9. The electric telegraph, G. P.O., completed, Aug. 31. Contract] 
for the Indian Peninsula railway, Aug. 17. Discovery of " Hygeia," by De | 
Gasparis, Apr. 12. First experiment of a submarine telegraph at Folkstone, | 
Jan. 10. Prince Albert lays the first stone of the Grimsby Docks, April 18 ; opens 
the new Coal Exchange, London, Oct. 30. New prison at HoUoway commenced, 
Sept. 26. Queen's College, Galway, opened, Oct. 30. Sale of the Montcalm 
Gallery of Pictures, June 8 ; of the Stowe Library and of Tieck's. Commemora- 
tion of Alfred the Great at Wantage, Oct. 25 ; of Goethe at Frankfort, Aug. 28. 
Festival at Berlin in honour of Humboldt entering his 80th year, Sept. 14; 
Dr. Routh celebrates the commencement of his 95th year by laying the first 
stone of the new grammar-school of his college. Air. Macaulay Lord Rector of 
Glasgow, March 21. Dr. Hinds, bishop of Nonvich, and Dr. Olivant of Llan- 
daff. Sale of the Pavilion, Brighton, July 17. Olympic Theatre burnt, March 
29. Cathedral of Montreal destroyed by fire, Apr. 7. The cholera rages in 
Russia and France ; breaks out at Southampton, July 10 ; ceases in England, 
Nov. 15. Riot at New York against Mr. Macready, May 10. 
Birth of the queen's third son, Arthur Patrick William Albert, May 1. Death of 
the duke of Cambridge, July 8, aet 76. The new Navigation Law comes into 
operation, Jan. 1. Commission issued to prepare for the Exhibition in 1851, 3. 
Sir W. Parker demands reparation for injuries sustained by British subjects in 
Greece, 18. Meeting of parliament, 31. The order for sending convicts to the 
Cape of Good Hope recalled, Feb. 14. Russia remonstrates against the measures 
of the British government in regard to Greece ; France mediates, 19. Lord Pen- 
man retires ; lord Campbell becomes Chief Justice, March 5. The committee 
of the Privy Council reverses the decision against Mr. Gorham, in his suit with 
the bishop of Exeter, 8 ; meeting of clergy, to protest against the interference of 
the Privy Council, and uphold the doctrine of baptismal regeneration, 18. Dinner 
at the Mansion House to Prince Albert and the promoters of the Exhibition, 21. 
E.I.C. Banquet to lord Gough on his return, 23. Friendly relations with Spain 
re-established, 31. The Koh-i-noor diamond, the symbol of Indian empire, shipped 
for England, Apr. 6. Banquet of the Goldsmiths' Company to lord Gough, 24. 
Lord Campbell refuses the rule applied for by Sir F. Kelly in the Gorham case, 
25. Adm. Parker threatens to bombard the Piraeus; the Greek government 
submits, 27. Sir F. Kelly moves the Court of Common Pleas against Mr. Gor- 
ham, May 2, The British fleet returns from Greece to Malta, 4. Lord Howden 
sent ambassador to Spain, 14. Di.spute with France on the Greek question ; the 
French ambassador recalled from London, 16. The Universities of Oxford and 
Cambridge protest against the Royal Commission of Inquiry, 20. Arrival of the 
Nepaulese ambassador, 25. Chief Justice Wilde refuses the rule applied for by 
Sir F. Kelly, 27. The Commons, by 275 to 234, approve the policy of ministers 
in regard to the sugar duties, 31. The Lords, by a majority of 37, censure the 
proceedings against Greece, June 17 ; lord John Russell announces that this vote 
will not influence the Cabinet, 20. Amicable settlement of the discussion with 
France, 21. The queen assaulted by Pate, 27. The Commons, by a majority of 
49, adopt Mr. Roebuck's motion of confidence in ministers, 28. Arrival of 'the 
Koh-i-noor. Sir R. Peel seriously injured by a fall from his horse, 29 ; dies, 
July 2, fet. 62 ; is interred at Drayton, 9. Sir Charles Napier resigns his com- 
mand in India. Pate transported, 11. Monument to Sir R. Peel in Westminster 
Abbey voted by the Commons, 12. Resignation of lord Cottenhara ; Sir Thos. 
Wilde chancellor, with the title of lord Truro, 14. The bishop of Exeter admits 
Mr. Gorham to his livings, 20; meeting of clergy to protest, and address the 
queen, 23. The Prussian minister, chevalier Bunsen, addresses a note to lord 
Palmerston on the Schleswig-Holstein affairs, Aug. 1 ; treaty for the settlement 
of them concluded at London, by Great Britain, France, Russia, Denmark, and 
Sweden, 2. Mr. Gorham inducted, 6—11. Death of Sir Launcelot Shadwell, aet. 



//I 



FKOM THE TEAB 



|A.D. 



1851 



Hegi- 



1267 
1268 



Otto- 
man Em- 
pire. 

13 Abdul 
Medjid. 



1852 



1853 



1854 



1269 



1269 
1270 



1270 
1271 



1855 



1271 
1272 



Popes, 



Spain, 



6 Pius 
IX. 

Junel6. 



15 ■ 



1856 1272 
1273 



18 



19 Isa 
bella 
II. 



Feance. 



4 Re- 
public. 
Feb. 26. 
Louis 
Napole- 
on Pre- 
sident. 
Dec- 20. 



5 

1 Napo- 
leon III. 



22- 



GAL. 



20— 



12Fre- 
deric 
Wm. 
IV. 



13- 



1 Pe- 
dro 
V. 



2— 



Prus- Greece, 

SIA. 



19 Otho. 



20 ■ 



WlR- 
TEM- 
BERG. 

36 Wil- 
li am. 



16 

Fre- 
deric 
Aug. 
IV. 



37- 



Ba- 

Sax- va- 

ONY. RIA. 



4Max- 
imi- 
lian 
Jos. 
II. 



5 — 



22 ■ 



16 23 • 



3— 



Aus- 
tria, 

4 Fran- 
cis Jo- 
sephl. 



7 



1851 TO 18" 6 A.D. 



773 



j Repe- 
tition 



1851 



1852 



1853 



! Sar- 
;dinia. 



I 3 Vic- 
jtor E- 
mauu- 
\ el II. 



Tus- 

CA- 



28 
Leo- 
pold 
II. 



1855 I 



1858 I 8 



Two 
Sici- 
lies. 

22Fer- 
di- 
nand 
II. 



23 — 



30- 



24- 



26 — 



27 — 



Den- 
mark. 



4 Fre- 
deric 
VII. 



Swe- 
den. 



8 Os- 
car. 



27 Ni- 
cholas. 



Rus- 
sia. 



3 Wil- 
liam 
III. 



10— 29 



11- 30- 



HOL- 
LAND. 



21Leo- 
pold. 



22 



Bel- 
gium. 



Amrri- I India. 
canPke- BritishGo- 
sidents' vernors. 



23 



24- 



2 Mil- 1 4 Lord Dal- 
lardFill- housie, 
more. 



I Frank- 6 
lin Pierce- 



12— lAlex-i 7 ;25 3 • 

ander 
IL 



Great 
Britain. 



15 Vic- 
toria. 

June 20. 
d. kin^ of 

Hanover. 



16 



17 

h prince 
Leopold 



1 Yiscoimt 20 
Camiing. 



774 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1850 

conti- 
nued. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



71. The office of vice-chancellor of England expires. Parliament prorogued, 
15. The bishop of Exeter urges the churcli\Yardens to report Mr. Grorham's 
heresies, 16. Queen Victoria visits the king of Belgium, 21 ; returns to Scot- 
land; opens the new viaduct over the Tweed, 28. The wire of the submarine 
Electric Telegraph experimentally laid between Dover and Calais. Prince Al- 
bert places the foundation-stone of the Edinburgh National Gallery, 30. Gen. 
Haynau, on a visit in London, assaulted at Barclay's brewery, Sept. 4. The 
pope creates Dr. Wiseman cardinal arclibishop of Westminster, 30; issues a Bull 
erecting a Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, Oct. 19 ; lord John Russell 
censures this proceeding, and the Church of England dissensions, in a letter to 
the bishop of Durham, Nov. 4 ; Dr. Wiseman replies by a manifesto, 20. The 
British government supplies blankets to the Danish army, 22. National indig- 
nation excited by the papal assumption of authority ; addresses presented to the 
queen by the city of London and the universities, Dec. 10. The Caffre war breaks 
out, 24- -29. Universal suffrage superseded in France by a limited constituency. 
May 31. M. Thiers visits the exiled royal family at Claremont, June 13 ; death 
of Louis Philip, Aug. 28, set. 77; and of his daughter, the queen of Belgium, 
Sept. 11, set. 38. Restriction ©n the liberty of the French press, Sept. 26. The 
parliament of Erfurt opened, March 20 ; closed, Apr. 29. The king of Prussia 
slightly wounded by an assassin, May 22 ; concludes a treaty of peace with 
Denmark, July 2. The Holstein army enters the town of Schleswig, 15 ; the 
Danes occupy Flensburg and the island of Femern, 16; obtain a decisive victory 
at Idstedt, July 26 ; take Eckenifiord, 28. Marriage of the king of Denmark to 
Lola Rasmussen, Aug. 7 ; his army enters Tonningen, 10. Meeting of the Peace 
Society at Francfort, 22 ; of the Schleswig-Holstein Legislative Assembly at 
Kiel, Sept. 9. Insurrection in Hesse Cassel ; the elector withraws to Hanover, 
13. The Holsteiners besiege Friederichstadt, 29 ; are repulsed at Tonningen, 30. 
The officers of the Hessian army resign, Oct. 5. Prussian volunteers join the 
forces of Holstein, 13. Austrian and Bavarian troops assemble on the frontiers 
of Hesse, 21. Definitive treaty betAveen Prussia and Denmark signed at Franc- 
fort, 26. Meeting of the emperors of Austria and Russia at Warsaw, The 
Austrians and Bavarians occupy Hanau, Nov. 1. The Prussians enter Cassel 
and Fulda, 2. Death of the Prussian minister, count Brandenburg, set. 59, 6. 
The king of Prussia puts his whole army on a war footing, and calls out the 
landwehr; the emperor of Austria proposes a mutual disarming, 7; concurrence 
of Prussia with Austria and the Federals, to restore order in Hesse Cassel and 
Holstein, 29. The pope returns to Rome, Apr. 12. Arrest of Franzoni, arch- 
bishop of Turin, May 4 ; he is fined and imprisoned for resisting the authority 
of the State, 23. The Piedmontese clergy refuse the last sacrament to the 
minister of commerce, Santa Rosa, Aug. 6. Removal of the monks from Turin, 
8. Franzoni banished by the Criminal Court, Sept. 27. Kossuth removed to 
Kutayah, Feb. 15. The harbour of Sebastopol completed, Feb. 20. A band of 
adventurers, under gen. Lopez, land in Cuba, May 17; fail in their enterprise, 
and return to Savannah, 25 ; are prosecuted in the district court without eflect. 
Treaty for the construction of a transit-way across the Isthmus of Panama, June 
23. Death of gen. Zachary Taylor, Pres. tl. S., July 9, set. 60 ; his place is filled 
by Vice-President Millard Fillmore. California admitted into the Union, Oct. 
18. Death of the Chinese emperor, Taou IvAvang, Feb. 25, set. -69, of Pedro Al- 
fonso, son of the emperor of Bi-azil, of Francis, lord Jeffrey, set. 77, of lord Ayl- 
mer, set. 75, of Sir Gordon Bremer, of Sir Wm. Allan, R, A., set. 68, of Sir M. A. 
Shee, Pres. R A., of the duke of Palmella, of lord Nugent, of Sir Jas. Malcolm, 
of Sir XL R. Pakenham, of Wm. WordsAvorth, poet-laureate, set. 80, of lieut. 
Waghorn, R.N., set. 49, of the Rev. Dr. Ingram, of the Rev. Wm. Kirby, of the 
Rev. W. Lisle Bowles, of Dr. A. Neander, set. 61, of Adam Ochsenschlager, of 
gen. Bem, the Hungarian exile, set. 55, of the American senator, Calhoun, set. 68, 
of the Abbe Gregoire, a3t. 102, of M. Gay Lussac, of M. de Blainville, of count 
MoUien, set. 92, of M, de Balzac, of C. E. Law, recorder of London, of C. W. W. 
Wynn, of Wm. Westall, R.A., of R. J. Wyatt, sculptor, of Miss Jane Porter, 
and of the Rev. Jas. Ford, a liberal benefactor by his will to Trinity College, 



1850 TO 1851 A.D. 



775 



1851 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Oxford. The third tube of the Britannia Bridge placed, June 10; the fourth, 
July 25 ; finally fixed, and the Chester and Holyhead Railway completed, Sept. 
13. Lord Brougham addresses the Academy of Sciences at Paris, Jan. 22. Dis- 
covery of '• Partheuope" b;/ De Gasparis, May 11 ; of " Victoria'' by Hind, Sept. 13, 
and of " Egeria" by De Gasparis, Nov. 2. Sir C. Eastlake President R. A. Alfred 
Tennyson poet-laureate. Donation of ancient marbles to the university of Cam- 
bridge, by Mr. Disney, Apr. 11 ; of an entomological collection to Oxford, by Mr. 
Hope, 18. The Nineveh antiquities deposited by Mr. Layard in the British Mu- 
seum, Oct. 11. The Zoological Society receives a young hippopotamus from the 
Nepaulese ambassador, May 25. The correspondence between Goethe and Schil- 
ler taken from the sealed casket and ordered to be printed, May 17. The Crystal 
Palace in Hyde Park commenced, Sept. 23. Banquet at York to prince Albert 
and the lord mayor of London, Oct. 25. Territic storm at Dublin, Apr. 18. Sale 
of tlie king of Holland's gallery of paintings, Aug. 12. Turin and Novi Rail- 
road opened, Jan 2. 
Repulse of the Caffres at Fort Beaufort, Jan. 7. Meeting to address the queen 
for a revival of convocation, 14. Shere Singh and the other captives removed 
to Fort William, 17 ; Caffres repulsed at Fort Hare, 21, and near Fort Cox, .30. 
Parliament meets. Feb. 4 ; lord John Russell obtains leave to bring in the '• Ec- 
clesiastical Titles Bill," 7 : the Commons, by 281 to 267, negative Mr. D'Israeli's 
motion on agricultural distress, 13; by 395 to 63, read the Ecc. Tit. Bill the 
first time, 14 ; by 100 to 52 agree to Mr. Locke King's motion on the franchise, 
20 ; lord John Russell and his colleagues resign ; lord Stanley, the earl of Aber- 
deen and Sir Jas. Graham, fail in their attempts to form a cabinet, 22 — 27 ; the 
queen consults the duke of Wellington and the marquis of Lansdowne, 28; lord 
John Russell resumes office, March 3 ; viscount Duncan carries by a majority 
of one, his vote of censure on the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, 11 ; 
lord Langdale retires and Sir John Romilly succeeds as Master of the Rolls, 24; 
majority of 343 to 95 for the second reading of the Ecc. Tit. Bill, 25 ; lord Lynd- 
hurst complains of the plots carried on in London by foreign refugees against 
the continental governments, 28, Census taken of the United Kingdom, 31 ; 
total population, 27,738,940 ; London, 2,359,640. Defeat of tlie Caffres by col, 
Mackinnon, Apr. 23. The Grand Exhibition opened by the queen in state. May 
1. The Commons, by 244 to 230, grant the income-tax for only one year instead 
of three, 2. Charter granted to the Submarine Telegraph Company, 10. First 
discovery of gold near Bathurst, in Australia, 14. Vote of the Oxford Fellows 
to resist the royal commission of inquiry, 21. Riot at Tamworth against a Pro- 
tectionist meeting, 28. The Commons, by 282 to 202, reject a motion of censure 
on lord Ton-ington's government of Ceylon, 29 ; pass a Bill for the relief 
of Jewish disabilities. Revolt of Hottentots, suppressed by gen. Somerset, 
June 3 — 5. M'Manus, one of the Irish convicts, escapes from Sydney, 5. The 
pope orders a collection for the building of a Roman Catholic cathedral m Lon- 
don, 9. The Ecc. Titles Bill passed by the Commons. July 4. The queen and 
prince Albert attend a festival to celebrate the Exhibition, 9. The Commons, 
by 230 to 19, negative Mr. Hume's motion for inquiiy into the proceedings of 
Sir Jas. Brooke against the Borneo pirates, 10 ; the Lords, by a majority of 36, 
reject the Jews' Bill, 17 ; the Commons refuse to hear Mr. Salomons or his 
Greenwich constituents at their bar, 28 ; the Ecc. Titles Bill passed by the Lords, 
29. Parliament prorogued, Aug. 8. "Catholic Defence Association" formed at 
Dublin. 19. The duke of Norfolk leaves the church of Rome, 31. Sharp encounters 
with the Caffres ; capt. Oldham slain, Sept. 8, 9 ; a new constitution for the Cape 
of Good Hope, 15. Completion of the Submarine Telegraph, 25. The Queen, on 
her return from Balmoral, visits Liverpool and Manchester, Oct. 7. Exhibition 
closed, 11. The Cafl're camp at Waterkloof destroyed, 16. Mr. Hargreaves, dis- 
coverer of the Australian gold fields, appointed superintendent of them, 17. Kos- 
suth aiTives at Southampton, 23. Messrs. Paxton, Cubitt, and Fox, architects of 
the Crystal Palace, knighted. Col. Fordyce killed in an action with the Caffres, 
Nov. 6. Kossuth at Manchester, 11. The Submarine Telegraph opened to the 
public, 13. Kossuth embarks for America, 20. Commodore Lambert amves 



m 



FHOM THE TEAE 



A.D. 



1851 

conti- 
nued. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



before Rangoon with a British expedition, 27. Extensive discoveries of gold in 
Australia, Dec, 10; a single piece, weighing 106 lbs., is received by Matheson 
and Co. of London, 22. Lord Palmerston retires from the Foreign Office and is 
succeeded by earl Granville. Louis Napoleon appoints Drouyn de I'Huys mi- 
nister ; displaces Changarnier ; gives the command of the army of Paris to 
Baraguay d'Hilliers, and the National Guard to gen. Perrot, Jan. 9 ; tlie As- 
sembly rejects the Dotation Bill, Feb. 10. Gen. St. Arnaud, commanding in 
Algeria, attacks the Kabyles, May 11. Petitions laid before the Assembly to 
review the constitution and prolong the President's powers, 22. Sti Arnaud 
proceeds against the Beni Aissa, June 9. The Assembly, by 428 to 199, reject a 
proposition for a reform of the commercial code, 28. Victorious close of the 
campaign against the Kabyles, July 17. The revision of the constitution not 
carried in the Assembly, 19; numerous arrests in France on a charge of con- 
spiracy, Sept. 3 ; new ministry — marquis de Turgot for foreign affairs, and St. 
Arnaud for war, Oct. 27 ; the electoral law rejected, Nov, 13 ; Coup d' Etat ; the 
President dissolves the Assembly ; restores universal suffrage ; confines Chan- 
garnier, Cavaignac, and many others, in the castle of Ham, Dec. 2; insurrection, 
martial law, and dreadful massacre in Paris, 4 ; deportation of all suspected 
persons, 18 ; the President appeals to the nation, and is re-elected by a majority 
of nearly seven millions, 24. Austrian and Prussian commissaries at Kiel 
demand the entire submission of Holstein, Jan. 6. The Bavarian troops with- 
draw from Hesse, 9. The Chamber at Kiel submits, 11. Trial by jury intro- 
duced at Vienna, 15. The Holstein authorities resign, Feb. 1 ; army disbanded, 
March 29. Conference at Dresden closes, May 15. The emperor Nicholas and 
the king of Prussia meet at Warsaw, 17. Statue of Frederic the Great, by 
Ranch, erected at Berlin, 31. Assembly of Nobles at Flensburg, June 15. Diet 
of Francfort restored, Aug. 23. Hanover concludes a treaty with Prussia and 
joins the ZoUverein, Sept. 17. Death of Ernest Augustus, king of Hanover, 
Nov. 18, a3t. 81 ; his son, Geo. V. Frederic, blind from his birth, succeeds him on 
the th7-one. Resignation of Narvaez, the queen of Spain's prime minister, Jan. 
10, and appointment of Murillo, 14. The Cubans under Aguero defeat the 
Spanish troops and declare themselves independent, July 4; Lopez arrives with 
an expedition to assist them, Aug. 18; another battle, in which the Spanish ge- 
neral Enna is slain, 17 ; final defeat of the insurrection; Lopez prisoner, is pub- 
licly executed, Sept. 1 ; the other invaders sent out of the island, 7. Birth of 
Isabella Maria Christina, princess of Asturias, Dec. 20. The duke de Saldanha 
resists the government of count Thomar in Portugal and takes up arms at Cintra, 
Apr. 8; the Thomar ministry resigns, 26; Saldanha fixes his head quarters at 
Oporto, 27; a British ship is sent to convey him to Lisbon, May 8; he arrives 
there and is appointed minister, 15 ; the Cortes convened, 28. The Polish re- 
fugees leave Turkey for Liverpool, Jan. 21. The pasha of Egypt contracts with 
Mr. Stephenson for a railway from Alexandria to Cairo, July 12; the sultan 
forbids it, Sept. 4; grants a firman for its construction, Nov. 4, Death of the 
duchess d'Angoullme, Oct. 19, set. 73. A rebellion breaks out in China. Death 
of the marquis of Northampton, aet. 61, of the marquis Hastings, set. 19, of the 
earl of Derby, ret. 76, of earl Cottenham, itt. 70, of the earl of Shaftesbury, of the 
earl of Liverpool, set. 66, of the earl of Donoughmore, set. 64, of lord Dalmeuy, 
{Bt. 42, of the duke of Newcastle, set. 66, of lord Bexley, set. 85, of the earl of 
HaiTington, jet. 71, of lord Langdale, of the earl of Bantry, set. 84, of lord Newry, 
of viscount Melville, set. 80, of adm. lord Hay, set. 58, of viscount Bolingbroke, 
set. 65, of lord Stafford, set. 81, of the earl of Clare, of the prince of Salerno, ivt. 
61,' of' count Reventlow, Danish ambassador, of Prince Wittgenstein, 56 years 
Prussian minister, set. 81, of Manuel Godoy, Prince of Peace, set. 87, of count 
D' Alton, set. 75, of marshal Soult, set. 82, of marshal Sebastiani, aet. 80, of field- 
marshal Thos. Grosvenor, set. 87, of adm. Sir Edw. Codrington, set. 80, of lord 
Mackenzie, lord of Session, set. 74, of Sir E. C. Disbrowe, of F. Hope, president 
of the Court of Session, set. 90, of Sir J. M. Gordon, 39 years Q. M. G., of Sir 
Gilbert Heathcote, set. 77, of J. M. W. Turner, R.A., set. 76, of W. W^yon, R.A., 
medal-die engraver, ffit. 56, of Dr. Haviland, set. 66, of Dr. Lingard, eet. 82, of 



TO 1R52 A.D. 



in 




Joatinn Raillie. aet, 89, of Vincent Priossnitz, the hydropatliist, ?et. 52. of Oersted, 
the Danish i^'ofcssov, one of the teachers of electro-maenetism, of I. J. Anclnbon, 
apt. 76. of T. S Bell, Mr. Layard's condintor at Nineveh, of M. Dajjnerre, of 
Richard Lalor Shiel, ?et. 5S, of Basil Monta^^ue, set. S2. of Dr. Pve Smith, of 
Mrs. Shellev, set 54, of James Richardson, tlie African traveller, of Wm. Holmes, 
the active M. P. under lord Liverpool, ?et. 72, of SirGeore:e Tucker, E. I. director, 
set. SO of Dan. O'Connor, son of the Irish exile, of D. M. Moir, Blackwood's 
: "Delta.'" of John Fennimove Cooper, set. 53. of archdeaf^on Ton-ens, ?et 83. and 
I of W. S. Lascelles, M.P. Discovery of "Irene" by Hind, May 19, and of " En- 
I nomia" by De Gasparis. July 29. Lord Eglintoun lord Rector of Marischal 
College, Aberdeen. March 18, Museum of Practical Geoloe^y opened, May 12. 
Statues raised: of Nicholas Poussin. at Andelys, June 15, of Wm. the Con- 
queror, at Falaise, Oct. 26. and of lord Geo. Bentiuck. in Cavendish Square, 
Nov. 4. The ai-ea in front of St. Paul's thrown open to the public, Feb. 17. The 
French Assembly votes a sum to assist tlie publication of PeiTet's "Rome Sou- 
terraine." Railways completed : between Dublin and Galway, Aug. 1, between 
Petersburg and Moscow, 31, the Panama to Gatun, Oct. 12. The " Pacific" 
arrives at Holyhead, having crossed the Atlantic in 9 days 19 h. 25 m.. May 20. 
The chemical operations of the Ii'ish Peat Company commence at Athy, Dec. 8. 
Mr. Macready retires from the stage, Feb. 26. Entry of Kossuth into New York, 
Dec. 6. 
The Bank of England reduces the rate of discount to 2^ percent., Jan. 1. The in- 
habitants of Frome petition against the minister appointed for their church, 2. 
The master engineers of Manchester resist the demands of the " Amalgamated 
Society" of their workmen, 3. The batteries of Rangoon destroyed by the 
British, 10. Lord Granville's circular to the Continental States respecting po- 
litical refugees, 13. Sir Harry Smith recalled from the Cape, 14; overtures of 
the Caffre chiefs for peace. 15. Meeting of parliament; first entrance of the 
Queen through the Victoria tower, Feb. 3. The Convocation prorogued by the 
archbishop till August. 4. Schwartzenberg's reply to lord Granville's circular. 
Lord Cathcart appointed governor of the Cape, 8. Lord Palmerston's amendment 
on the Militia Bill carried by a majority of 11 ; lord John Russell resigns, 21. 
The earl of Derby forms a ministry; B. D'Israeli chancellor of the exchequer, 23. 
Revival of the Anti Corn-law League, March 4. Lord Cathcart arrives at the 
Cape, 31. The Burman fortress of Martaban stoiTned by tlie British, April 5; 
Rangoon, 14. Sir Edward Belcher sails to seek for Sir John Franklin, 21. Bank 
discount, 2 per cent. The operative engineers of Manchester submit to their em- 
ployers' terms, 26. Mr. Locke King's motion on the County Francliise rejected 
by a majority of 53, 27. The British army advances from Rangoon and takes 
Bassein, May 19. Report of the Oxford University Commission, 21. Thomas 
Meagher escapes from Van Dieraan's Land to New York, 25. Pegu taken, June 
4. Parliament dissolved, July 1. Prome reduced, 9. The Queen visits Ply- 
mouth, 20. Election-riot at Six-mile bridge near Limerick, 22. Kossuth arrives 
at Liverpool from NeAv York, 25. Excursion of the Queen to Belgium, Aug. 10; 
return to Osborne house, 17. Death of the duke of Wellington, Sei)t. 14, set. S3. 
The queen directs his interment in St. Paul's Cathedral, and a public fiuieral. 
Oct. 7. Royal inspection of the Britannia Bridge, 14. The London Common 
Council vote a monument to the duke of Wellington in Guildhall, and the E. \. 
Company a statue in their court room, 27. Funeral services in honour of him 
are performed at Vienna, Sept. 30, and at Madrid, Oct, 7. The new parliament 
assembles. Nov. 4. The London clergy oppose the attempt to revive the active 
powers of Convocation, 8. Funeral of the duke of Wellington ; national tributes 
of mourning and respect, 18 The British government acknowledges the French 
emperor, Dec. 6. Annexation of Pegu to our Indian dominions, 20. The earl 
of Derby and his colleagues resign, 28. A Coalition ministry is formed by lords 
Aberdeen, John Russell, and Palmerston, with their respective supporters. The 
French coin ordered to bear the effigy of prince Louis Napoleon, Jan. 4. Res- 
toration of the ancient names of public edifices ; erasure of republican inscriptions, 
6. 600 political prisoners embarked for Cayenne, 8. Thiers, Changarnier, Be- 



O £ 



7/8 



IFEOM THE TEAR 




1852 dean, Lamoriciere, Victor Hugo, and other democrats banished, 10. The National ! 
crmtl- Guard dissolved for re-organization, 12. New constitution ; president for ten j 
?iued. years ; senators appointed by him for life ; deputies elected by universal suffrage, 
15. Confiscation of tlie Orleans property, 23. Titles of nobility restored. 25- 
Treaty with the sultan for the protection of the " Holy Places " in Palestine, 
Feb. 13. French journals subjected to a government licence and foreign news- 
papers prohibited, 17. Martial law suspended, code Napoleon restored, Mar. 
28. Order to erect a Crystal Palace in the Champs P^lysees, 30. Eagles de- 
livered to the French army, May 10. Conspiracy to assassinate Louis Napo- 
leon detected, July 1. M. Thiers and other eminent exiles allowed to return 
to France, Aug. 8. The Parisian Crystal Palace commenced, Sept. 6, Abd el 
Kader liberated; the prefect of the Seine calls upon Louis Napoleon to restore 
the empire, Oct. 16. The Senate refers the question to the people, Nov. 4. 
Jerome Bonaparte, proposed to be excluded from the succession, resigns his 
post of president of the Senate, 8. Majority of more than seven millioiis of 
the French people in favour of restoring the empire, Dec, 1. Napoleon II L 
proclaimed, 2. Jerome included in the Act of Succession, 24. Death of the 
Austrian minister, prince Schv/artzenberg, Apr. 5, 8Bt. 52. The emperor ap- 
points no president of the council; places at the head of the office for Foreign 
Affairs, count Buol Schauenstein, brother-in-law of baron Meyendorf, the 
Kussian ambassador at Vienna. A new constitution in Hesse Cassel, April 14. 
Death of Chas, Leopold Fred., grand duke of Baden, 24, set. 62 ; his eldest son, 
Louis, relinquishes the succession to his brother, Fred. Wm., May 4. The 
emperor Nicholas visits Vienna, 8, Dresden, 12. European treaty for securing 
the duke of Glucksburg as presumptive heir to the crown of Denmark, 8. The 
emperor Francis Joseph at Berlin ; first visit of an Austrian sovereign to Prussia, 
Dec. 17. The queen of Spain wounded by the assassin Merino, Feb. 2; he is 
degraded from the priesthood and executed, 7. Persecution of the Madiai at 
Florence, May 8. Lord Koden and an English deputation arrive to intercede for 
them, Oct. 22; are refused an interview by the grand duke, 25. Reshid Pasha 
dismissed by the sultan, Jan. 25; made president of the Council of State, 28; 
viz-r again, March 6. Kossuth presented to the House of Pepresentatives at 
Washington, Jan. 7. Expedition of the U. S. to Japan, March 10. Gen. Franklin 
Pierce elected president. Soulouque emperor of Haiti, Apr. 18. The Chinese 
Insurgents defeat Commissioner Leu, June 19 ; are repulsed at Chang-sha-fu, 
Sept. 12. Death of the earl of Shrewsbury, of lord Panmure, set. 81, of lady 
Lovelace (Ada Byron), set. 37, of the duke of Leuchtenberg, set. 35, of the duke 
of Hamilton, set. 85, of Castauos, duke of Baylen, set. 95, of isir II. Jenner Fust, 
set. 75, of Thos. Moore, set. 72, of Sir John Guest, of gen. Sir John Rose, set. 75, 
of Dr. Hodgson, provost of Eton. set. 72, of marshal Marmont, aet. 78, of marshal 
Gerard, set. 79, of marshal Excehnans, of gen, Gourgaud, of Daniel Webster, 
set. 70, of Henry Clay, eet. 75, of Dr. Murray, R. C. archbishop of Dublin, of count 
D'Orsay, of A. W. Pugin, architect, of Her.ry Fynes Clinton, set. 72, of J. H. Bent, 
chief justice of Guyana, set. 72, of Armand Marrast, of Rob. Blackwood, and of Wm. 
Finden, the engraver, set. 66. International Copyright Treaty between Great Bri- 
tain and France, Jan. 8. New planets discovered : '* Psyche," Mar. 17, by De Gas- 
paris; " Thetis," Apr. 17, by Luther ; " Melpomene," June 24, " Fortuna," Aug. 22, 
" Calliope," Nov. 16, and " Thalia," Dec. 15, all by Hind ; " Massiiia," Sept. 20, by 
Chacornac; and " Lutetia," Nov. 15, by Goldschmidt. Sculptures from Nineveh 
presented to the imiversity of Oxford by Mr. Layard, Jan. 30. Submarine 'iele- 
graph completed between Holyhead and Howth, June 2 ; commenced between 
Port Patrick and Donaghadee, July 16. Tubular bridge over the Wye at Chep- 
stow, Apr. 8. Dublin and Belfast Junction Railway, June. Panama to Bugo 
Soldado, March 15. Strasburg and Paris, July 18. Quebec to Richmond com- 
menced, Jan. 14. Grimsby Dock opened, Mar. 18. Statues of Sir R. Peel erected, 
at Saiford, May 8, at Tam worth. July 23, at Leeds, Aug. 20, at Bury, Sept. 7 ; 
of the duke of Wellington at Edinburgh, June 18; of Niipoleon I. at Lyons, 
Sept. 20; of Des Cartes at Tours. Sept. 12. The Crystal Palace purchased by 
the Brighton Railway Company, May 13; re-erected at Sydenham, Aug. 5; 



?52 TO 1^:53 AD. 



779 



A.D. 



1853 



Events and Emixext Mkx. 



leave obtained to place "Cleopatra's Needle" there, Nov. 9. Cork Exhibition 
opened. June 10. The earl of Eglintonn lord Kector of Glasgow nnivcrnity, 
Nov. 30 The earl of Derby chancellor of Oxford, Oct. 12. The Minie rifle in- 
troduced, March 3. 
Biith of queen Victoria's fourth son, Leopold Geo. Duncan Albert, April 7. Bank 
of England rate of discount advanced to 2^ per cent., Jan. 6, to 3 per cent., 20. 
Mr. Gladstone, chancellor of the exchequei\ re-seated for the university of Oxford 
by a maiority of 124. after a contest of 15 days. Close of the Caffre war, 26. 
Union of Great Britain and France to protect Turkey against Russia, 28. Meeting 
of parliament, Feb. 10, Lord John Russell resigns to lord Clarendon tlie office 
of Foreign Secretary, 21. The Clare grand jury ignores the bills of indictment 
against the soldiers Avho quelled the riot at Six-mile Bridge, 24. The Chinese 
government allows the sale and use of opium, 25. Lord Stratford de Redd iffe 
sent to Constantinople, 26. Debate of tlie Commons on the grant to Maynooth, 
M?rch2: of the Lords, April 18. Treaty concluded by lord Cathcart Avitli the 
Catires, March 9. Lord Stratford de Redcliffe arrives in Turkey, and consults 
with the French and Austrian envoys, April 5. The ''Canada Reserves" Bill 
passed by the Commons, 11 ; by the Lords, 28. Tlie "Jewish Disabilities Dill" 
passed by the Commons, 15, rejected by the Lords, 29 ; the Commons, by 323 
to 252, continue the Income Tax till 1860, and extend it to Ireland, May 2; 
the Bill passed by the Lords, June 27. The Burmese refuse the terms of 
peace offered to them, May 7. Lord John Russell's comments on the illiberal 
spirit of the Romish clergy, cause Messrs. Keogh, Monsell, and Sadleir to 
resign, May 31. Lord Aberdeen's explanation induces them to remain in 
office, June 4. The duke of Genoa, son of tlie king of Sardinia, visits Eng- 
land, May 31. Bank discount advanced to 3| per cent., June 2. Bill for the 
government of India introduced, 3; passed by the Commons, July 28; ap- 
proved by the Lords on the second reading, Aug. 5. Strike of the Stockport 
op<^ratives, June 10. A camp formed at Chobham, 14. Departure of the 
duke of Genoa. The king and queen of Hanover avrive, 16. Review at Chobham, 
21. Assent of the Burmese to the llritish demands ; Avithout a formal treaty of 
peace, hostilities cease, 30. The king and queen of Hanover leave England, July 
4. Discussions in both houses of ])ar]iameut on the oppression of Turkey by 
Russia, July 11, 13 ; Aug. 2, 12. The legacy duty extended to real property by 
the Commons, July 18 : by the Lords, 28 ; duty on advertisments repealed, 21. 
Naval review at Spithead, Aug. 11. The camp at Chobham broken up, 19. 
Parliament prorogued, 24. The Queen visits Dublin, 29. Bank discount ad- 
vanced to 4 per cent., Sept. 1 ; to 4^ per cent., 15 ; to 5 per cent. 29 ; decline of the 
3 percent, consols from the Jan. price of 100 J to 9H, 24. The Queen founds a new 
tower at Balmoral palace, 29. Strike of the Preston operatives, Oct. 17. First 
meeting of the Conmiission of Inquiry into the London Corporation, Nov. 1. 
Lord Palmerston resigns; is prevailed upon to resume office, Dec. 16. Lord 
Clarendon remonstrates against the proceedings of the czar toAvards Turkey, 27. 
Marriage of the Frencli emperor to Eugenia de Montijo, duchess of Teba, Jan. 30. 
Amnesty proclaimed, Feb. 4. The will of Napoleon 1. given up to the French 
government, by the Prerogative Court of London, 17. A French fleet ordered to 
join adm. Dundas, March 19 ; sails from Toulon, 23; arrives in the Bay of Sal- 
amis, April 4. The French ambassador, M. de la Cour, arrives in Constantinople, 
6; objects to the Russian propositions, 9. Reconciliation of the Bourbon and 
Orleans princes ; interview between the dukes of Bordeaux and Nemours at 
Frohsdorf, Nov. 17. Tlie emperor of Austria Avounded by an assassin, Feb. 18. 
Commercial treaty between Austria and Prussia, 19. Death of Paul Fred. Aug., 
grand duke of Oldenburg, Feb. 27, ajt. 70; he is succeeded by his son Nicholas 
Fred. Peter. The bishop of Treves requires, in mixed marriages, an oath that 
the children shall be brought up Roman Catholics, March 15. The king of 
Prussia forbids the oath. Count Buol advises the czar to desist from his 
measures against Turkey, May 30 ; and not to occupy the principalities, June 
11. Baron von Bruck, the Austrian ambassador, arrives at Constantinople, 14. 
Meeting of the Austrian and Russian emperors at Olmiltz, Sept. 24; the czar at 



780 



A.D. 



I 1853 

C07lti- 

nued. 



FROM THE TEAE 



Events and Emikent Men. 



Berliu, Oct. 8. Conference of Great Britain, France, Austria, and Prussia at 
Vienna, Dec. 5, Papal aggression in Holland checked by a law for religions 
liberty, Sept. 8. Marriage of the duke of Brabant, heir-apparent of Belgium, to 
Maria Henrietta, archduchess of Austria, Aug. 22. Death of Maria da Gloria, 
queen of Portugal, Nov. 15, set. 34 ; her consort, prince Augustus of Leuchtenberg, 
assumes the regency during the minority of their son, Pedro V. Interposition 
of the British government in favour of the Madiais, Jan. 18 ; they are released 
on condition of leaving Tuscany, March 16. The king of Sardinia permits a 
church at Turin for the Waldenses, Dec. 15. Concentration of Russian forces 
under gen. LUders on the Turkish frontier, Jan. 7; demands of count Nesselrode, 
8,14; Abd el Kader arrives at the residence assigned to him, Boursu, in Asia 
Minor. Prince Mentchikof at Constantinople, March 2 ; the vizir applies for 
assistance to adra. Dundas, who, having no orders to act, remains at Malta, 6 ; 
negotiations of Mentchikof. 8 — 26 ; his proposals rejected, April 14 ; firmans of 
the sultan for the rights of the Greek and Latin churches in Palestine, May 4 ; 
Mentchikof addresses another note to the Porte, 5 ; breaks off negotiations, 10 ; 
leaves Constantinople, 21 ; Nesselrode threatens to occupy the principalities, 
31; the czar collects his Baltic fleet at Cronstadt, June 12; the British and 
French fleets arrive in Besika Bay, 13; Russian manifesto, 26; passage of the 
Pruth, July 3; convention proposed by lord Clarendon, 9 ; protest of the sultan, 
14 ; Gortchakof enters Bucharest, 28 ; the divan decides on war with Russia, 
Sept. 18 ; the Russian fleet sails from Sebastopol, 29 ; Omar Pasha demands the 
evacuation of the principalities, Oct. 4; the sultan invites the British and 
French fleet to enter the Dardanelles, 8 ; the king of Greece prepares to act in 
concert with the czar ; Gortchakof refuses to negotiate or retire ; the Turks cross 
tlie Danube at Kalafat, 27 ; arrival of the combined fleets, Nov. 1 ; defeat of the 
Russians by Omar Pasha at Oltenitza, 4; they destroy a Turkish flotilla at 
Sinope, and massacre the crews, 30; indignation of Europe; protest of lord Cla- 
rendon; the British and French admirals drive the Russian fleet out of the 
Black Sea into the harbour of Sebastopol, Dec. 27. The sou of the President 
Elect killed by an accident on the Boston railway, U. S., Jan. 6. Installation of 
gen. Franklin Pierce, March 4. The governor of Nankin applies to the foreign 
consuls in China for assistance, March 16 ; the insurgents take the city, 21, and 
Amoy, 18; they are expelled from the latter, Nov. 11. Death of the sultana 
Valide, mother of Abdul Medjid, of the archduke Reinier of Austria, set. 70, of 
Chas. Fred., grand duke of Saxe Weimar, set. 71, of the duke of Beaufort, set. 62, 
of Fred., viscount Melbourne, set 71, of the marquis of Huntley, set. 92, of lord 
Saltoun, get. 68, of lord Skelmersdale, set. 83, of Edw., lord Suflield, set. 40, of 
Georgiana, dowager-duchess of Bedford, set. 72, of lord Cloncurry, set. 80, of count 
Montholon, of count Corbiere, set. 86, of Dr. Kaye, bishop of Lincoln, set. 70, of 
M. De Bille. Danish ambassador, of gen. Sir Fred. Adam, and of his brother, 
adm. Sir Charles, gov. of Greenwich Hospital, set. 73. of gen. Sir W. S. Whish, 
set. 66, of gen. Sir Edw. Kerrison, aet. 78, of adm. Sir Geo. Cockburn, set. 81, of 
Sir W. Betham, Ulster king-at-arms, set. 74, of gen. Sir Chas. Napier, sec. 71, of 
Sir C. A. Elton, set. 75, of David Boyle, pres. of the Court of Session, 8et. 81, of 
Dr. Broughton, bishop of Sidney, set. 71, of Dr. Ponsonby, bishop of Derry, set. 
82, of the Austrian field-marshal, baron Julius von Playnau, set. 67, of Dr. 
Butler, dean of Peterborough, set. 79, of adm. Davies, set. 65, of lady Sale, of 
Amelia Opie, set. 85. of Ludwig Tieck, set. 80, of Dom. Arago, director of tlie Paris 
Observatory, set. 68, of M. Orfila, set. 70, of the geologist Von Buch, set. 79, of 
prof. Mill, set. 62, of H. E. Strickland, of W. R. Bexfield, Mus. D., a^t. 30, of the 
Rev. W. Jay, set. 85, of M. Fockeday, a member of the Nat. Convention, who 
voted against the death of Louis XVI., set. 95, of Joseph Cottle, set. 84, of 
Bransby Cooper, set, 60, of the Spanish minister, Mendizabal, of Louis Fontaine, 
the architect, set 90, of J. M. Cripps, the companion of Dr. Edw. Clarke's travels, 
set. 73, of H. Southern, set. 54, of Saml. Woodburn, set. 67, of Geo. Palmer, aet. 82, 
of Geo. Lyall, of C Baring Wall, set. 58, of Col. Hawker, set, 67, of aid. Harmer, 
set. 79, of T. G. Estcourt, set. 78, of E. Oswald, set. 75, of gen. von Radowitz, set. 57, 
of Maurice O'Connell, and of lieut. Bellot, set. 27. Dublin Exhibition opened, 



1853 TO 1854 A.D. 



781 



1854 



EVKNTS AND EMINENT Men. 



May 12 ; closed, Oct 31. Planets discovered : "Themis," by De Gasparis, Apr. 
5. " Phoc8ca,'' by Chacornac, 6; ''Proserpine,'' by Lnther, May 5; " Eutei-pe," by 
Hind, Nov. 8. Submarine Telegraph laid down between Port Patrick and Uonag- 
hadee, May 23; projected between France and Algeria, 24. \Vm. Brown, M.P. 
for south Lancashire, gives £6000 to found a Public Library in Liverpool, Sept. 
21. A statue of Sir 11. Peel erected at Manchester. Oct. 13; of Marshal Ney on 
the spot where he fell, and on the anniversary of his death, Dec. 7. Dr. Barth 
reaches Timbuctoo, Sept. 7. New York Exhibition opened, July 15. The 
Excise Othce, the original site of Gresham College, sold by government, May 
12. Report on beds of guano in tlie Chineta Islands, Aug. 29. The Rev. J. H. 
Newman lined for his libel on Achilli, Jan. 31. Cab strike in London, July 27. 
Meeting of parliament, Jan. 31. Vindication of prince Albert from false charges 
brought against hira. Unanimity of both houses in resisting the aggression of 
Russia. The Convocation assembles and continues sitting for the dispatch of 
business, Feb. 1. Mr. Sturge and a company of Quakers have an audience of the 
emperor Nicholas to dissuade him from Avar, 10. A new Kefonn Bill introduced 
by lord John Russell, 13 ; second reading postponed, Mar. 3 ; withdrawn, Ap.ll. 
Bill to prevent Bribery brought in, Feb 10; after much debate in both houses, 
tinally passed, Aug. 8. First embarkation of guards at Southampton for Turkey, 
Feb. 22 Lord Raglan, appointed to command, proceeds to Paris to arrange the 
plan of the campaign, 25. The Preston turn-outs resist the introduction of 
strangers, March 3. Financial plans of Mr. Gladstone; proposition to double 
the Incomt -tax, 6. Banquet of the Reform Club to Sir Charles Napier, 7 ; he 
leaves Spithead with the first division of the Baltic fleet, 11 ; admiral Corry 
follows, 16. Oxford University RefoiTn Bill, 17; passed by the Lords, July. 
Queen's message to parliament announcing war with Russia, March 17. Lord 
Raglan and the duke of Cambridge set out for Turkey, Apr. 10. Blockade of 
the Gulf of Finland, 12 ; not a Russian ship seen in the Baltic, Bank discount 
5i per cent., May 11. Chevalier Bunsen presents to the Queen his letters of re- 
call, 31. The king of Portugal and his brotiier visit London, June 2. Reciprocity 
treaty with the U. S. conclnded by the earl of Elgin, 5. Fourth secretary of 
state, for war. 8. The Queen opens the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, 10. First 
bombardment of Bomarsund, 21. Departure of the king of Portugal, July 3. 
The Elgin treaty ratified, by the U. S. senate, Aug. 2. Bank discount re- 
duced to 5 per cent.. 3. Parliament prorogued, 12. Capture of Bomarsund 
and destruction of its fortifications, 16. Unsuccessful attack on Petropau- 
lowsky, Sept. 4. Prince Albert arrives at Boulogne to meet the French 
emperor, 5. Inauguration of the Queen's statue at Glasgow, 6. The royal 
family leave Osborne for Balmoral, 13; on their return, visit Hull, and inspect 
the new works at Grim.sby. Oct. 13. Conference of lord Palmerston with Louis 
Napoleon, Nov. 17. Lord Raglan created Field Marshal, 21. The fleets leave 
the Baltic for the winter, Dec. 7. Burmese ambassadors at Calcutta, 11. 
Meeting of parliament, 12 ; thanks of both houses to the army and navy and 
their French allies, 15 Sir C. Napier arrives at Spithead, 17. Admiral Lyons 
succeeds admiral Dundas in the command of the Black Sea fleet, 22. Foreign 
Enlistment Bill passed by the Commons. Gen. Canrobert sets out to conduct his 
division of the French army to the east, March 13; marshal St. Arnaud, com- 
mander-in-chief leaves Paris, Apr. 15. The Turks storm the Russian camp at 
Citate, June 6. Count Orloff arrives at Vienna, 28. A Greek force joins the 
insurgents in Epirus. The French emperor, with the concurrence of Great 
Britain, writes to the czar, proposing temis on which hostilities may be avoided, 
31. The Russian minister in Paris demands his passports, Feb. 1 ; in London 
ceases diplomatic relations, 4. The Turks attack Giurgevo, 5. Lord Clarendon 
requires the Greeks to desist from abetting the insurrection in Epirus, 16. The 
czar rejects the terms proposed by the French emperor, 18 ; the British and 
French ambassadors leave St. Petersburg, 21. Austria assents to the principle 
of the Western alliance, but declines to act, March 7. Treaty between Great 
Britain, France, and Turkey, 13. Unsatisfactory answer of the Greek govern- 
ment to the demands of the allies, 21. Second defeat of the Russians at Olte- 



782 



rHOM THE TEAR 



A.D. 



1854 

conti- 
nued. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



nltza, 23; they invent Silistria, 28. Landing of the allies at Gallipoli, Apr. 5 ; 
the Isthmus of the Chai-souesus fortified; a British flag of truce tired upon at 
Odessa, 6; the Russians enter Kosteudie. 8; arrival of the " Himalaya" at Galli- 
poli, 13 ; defeat of the Russians at Kalafat, 19. Odessa bombarded by the allied 
fleet, 22. Religious raanlfesto of the czar, 23. Retreat of the Russians from 
Krajova, 24. Lord Raglan arrives at Constantinople, 29, and marshal St. Arnaud, 
May 8. Loss of the " Tiger," 12. Council of war at Varna, 18 ; intrepid defence 
of Silistria, aided by capt. Butler and lieut. Nasmyth, 21. Landing of the 
French at the Pirseus, 25 ; submission of king Otho, 26. A fierce attack of the 
Itussians on Silistria repulsed, 29 ; sortie of the garrison, 30; the besiegers again 
repulsed, June 13 ; their works destroyed and the siege raised, 18: advance of 
the allies to Varna, sufferings from disease, 19 ; death of capt. Butler, 20, set. 27 ; 
retreat of the Russians, 22 ; the czar orders them to evacuate the Turkish terri- 
tories, 24. The Turks cross the Danube and attack the retiring Russians at 
Giurgevo, July 5. Destruction of the Sulina batteries by the British gun-boats, 
8. The Russians fail in an attempt to storm the Turkish camp at Giurgevo, 23. 
They gain a victory at Bayazid in Asia, 30. The Turks enter Bucharest, Aug. 6. 
Conllagration of Varna, 10. The emperor of Austria proposes four conditions as 
the basis of a treaty of peace — accepted by Great Britain and France, rejected by 
Russia; Austria declines to support them by war; occupies the principalities; 
ambiguous conduct of Prussia; the Austrians enter Bucharest, Sept. 6. The 
allied armies sail from Varna for the Crimea, 7 ; land at Old Fort and take 
Eupatoria, 14 ; battle of the Alma, 20 : sufferings from cholera and fever, 24 ; 
capture of Ba,laklava, 26 ; St. Arnaud from ill health resigns his command to 
Canrobert — dies, 29, ?et. 53 ; first attack on Sebastopol, Oct, 17 ; battle of Bala- 
klava, 25 ; death of capt. Nolan; signal repulse of the Russians at Inkermann, 
Nov. 5 ; death of gen. Sir Geo. Cathcart, 8st. 60 ; of brigadier-gen. Strangways, 
pet. 64, and of brigadier-gen. Goldie ; Miss Nightingale and a band of English 
nurses arrive at Scutari to attend the sick and wounded, 6 ; gen. Sir De Lacy 
Evans compelled by ill-health and exhaustion to resign his command, 11 ; fright- 
ful storm on the coast of the Crimea, great loss of ships, lives, and stores, 14 ; 
distress of the army from the inclemency of the season, sickness, and want of 
supplies ; patience, fortitude, and courage of all ranks. Conference on the four 
points opened at Vienna, 28. Marriage of the emperor of Austria to the prin- 
cess Elizabeth of Bavaria, Apr. 24. The king of Prussia recalls the chevalier 
Bunsen from his embassy in London, 26. Death of Frederick Aug., king of 
Saxony, Aug. 9, set. 57 ; his brother John succeeds him. Treaty of alliance be- 
tween Great Britain, France, and Austria, Dec. 2. Ferdinand Charles, duke of 
Parma, assassinated, March 26, fet. 31; his son Robert inherits the dukedom, 
under the regency of his mother, Louisa, daughter of the late duke de Berri. 
Insurrection in Spain: Generals Concha and (J'Donnell support the insurgents ; 
barricades in Madrid ; Sartorius and his colleagues displaced, take refuge in 
France; Espartero minister ; impeachment of the queen dovfager Christina; she 
is conveyed to Lisbon, and passes thence to Paris. Prince Vasa, son of the former 
king of Sweden, Gustavus IV., protests against the Denmark Succession Treaty, 
On tlie death of Abbas Pasha, July 13, his uncle, Said Pasha, becomes viceroy 
of Egypt. The U. S. obtain by treaty commercial intercourse with Japan. The 
Chinese rebels repulse an attack made on them at Shangai, March 20. Death of 
lord Plunkett, set. 90, of lord Beresford, set. 84, of the marquis of Londonderry, set. 
76, of the duke of Portland, set. 86, of the marquis of Anglesea, aet. 86, of gen. lord 
Fred. Fitzclarence, set, 54, and of his brother the Rev. lord Augustus, set. 50, 
of the marquis of Ormond, set. 46, of John, third earl of Eldon, set. 49. of viscount 
Jocelyn, set. 38, of lord Colborne, set. 75, of lord Beaumont, set. 49, of lord Dudley 
Coutts Stuart, set. 52, of the earl of Lichfield, set. 59, of lord Mostyn, set. 86, of lord 
Denman, set. 76, of Casimir count Bathyany, the Hungarian exile, a>t. 45, of baron 
de Rehausen, the Swedish ambassador, set. 51. of the lords of session, Rutherford, set. 
63, andCockburu, set. 75, of Dr. Denison, bishop of Salisbury, a3t. 53, of Sir Thos. 
Noon Talfourd, tet. 58. of Sir Jas. Kempt, ajt. 90, of Dr. Bagot, bishop of Bath 
and Wells, ait. 71, of Sir Robert Heron, set. 89, of Sir Geo. Arthur, set. 70, of Sir 



1854 TO 1855 A.D. 



783 



A.D. I 



EVT5NTS AND EMINENT MEN. 



1855 



Thos. Byam Martin, ret. 82, of prof. E. Forbos, est. 39, of Dr. Routh, master of 
Magdalen College, Oxford, set. ICO, of prof. Wilson, get. 69, of James Montgorj.ery, 
ffit. 82, of cardinal Angelo Mai, ret. 73, of prof. Jameson, ret. 81, of Dr. Wallich, ret. 
68, of J, G. LockUart, ret. 60, of T . C. Croker, ret. 57, of the Austrian field mar- 
shal Wimpffen, ret. 85, of count Thibaiideau, of Silvio Pellico, ret. 65, of Arthur 
Aikin, ret. 80. of Henry Gunning, 65 year:^ Esquire Bedell of Cambridge, ret. 86, 
of Leon Faucher. ret 55, of Araand Bertin, of A. J. Yalpy, ret. 68, of Caroline 
Anne, widow of Kobt. Souther, ret. 68, of W. H. Bartlett. ret. 45, of Wm. Maltbv, 
ret. 90, of capt. Manby, ret. 90, of G. S. Faber, ret. 80, of F. K. Hunt. ret. 40, of 
Miss Fe^rier, the novelist, of ^Ide. Sontag, countess Kossi, ret. 49, of Mrs. Fitz- 
william, ret. 52, of Rubini, ret. .59. of J. J. Chalon, K.A , of G. Clint, ret. 84, of 
John Martin, ret. 64, of C. Tufnell.ret. 49, of Ralph Bernal, of aid. Thompson, ret. 
62, of H. Hobhouse, ret. 78, of Chas. Kemble, ret. 79, of Jedediah Strutt of Belper, 
ret. 69, and of M. Delius, a German traveller, by falling into the crater of Ve- 
suvius. Sir R. H. Inglis resigns the representation of Oxford University. Jan. 
14. Sir E. B. Lytton installed president of the Edinburgh Society, 18. Astro- 
nomical discoveries: " Beilona," by Luther, March 1 ; " Araphitrite," by Marth, 
3; "Urania,'' by Hind, July 22; " Euphrosyne," by Ferguson, Sept. 1; "Po- 
mona," by Goldschmidt, Oct. 26; "Polyhymnia," byChacornac, 28. Portrait of 
Joseph liume presented by his friends to Mrs. Hume, and by her to the Loudon 
University. A statue of Geo. Stephenson placed in the Great Hall of 
Euston Square station, Apr. 10. First section of the Bengal Railway opened, 
Aug. 15. Quebec to Richmond completed, Oct. 2 ; Flensburg to Tonningen, 25^ 
Electric Telegraph from Paris to Bastia, Kov. 12. Dr. Rae announces the fate 
of Sir John Franklin, Oct. 22. Cholera in Soho and St. James, Westminster, 
Aug. 27. Grisi leaves the London stage, Aug. 7. Riot in the Australian gold- 
diggings suppressed by Sir Chas. Hotham, Dec. 4. 
Return of lord Elgin from Canada, Jan. 9. The opinions of archdeacon Denison 
are pronounced by a commission of inquiry to be contrary to the doctrine of the 
church of England, 10. Lord Dunkellin, taken prisoner in the Crimea, is re- 
leased by order of the czar. Meeting at Leeds. Mr. Cobden and his constituents 
differ on the policy of the war, 17. Resignation of lord John Russell, 23. The 
Commons, by 305 to 148, adopt Mr. Roebuck's motion for inquiry into the con- 
duct of the war, 29. The earl of Aberdeen and his colleagues re.sign, Feb. 1. 
Speeches of the earl of Cardigan and Sir Chas. Napier at the Mansion House 
dinner, 6. Sir De Lacy Evans receives in his place the thanks of the Commons 
for his services, 2. Lord Palmerston forms a ministry, 7. Lord John Russell 
proceeds to attend the conference of Vienna, 16. Sir James Graham, Mr. Glad- 
stone, and Mr. Sidney Herbert, withdraw from the new ministry, 22. Mr. Roe- 
buck's committee appointed, 23. Sir F. Cornewall Lewis, chancellor of the 
Exchequer, 26. First meeting of the Sebastopol committee, ^Marcli 5. Sir R, 
Peel takes office as a junior lord of the admiralty, 9. The earl of Carlisle vice- 
roy of Ireland, 13. The Commons, by 155 to 76, give Sir Wm. Clay leave to 
bring in a bill for the Abolition of Church Ratesr 29. The Baltic fleet under 
admiral Dundas sails from i'ortsmouth, April 4. Visit of the French emperor' 
and empress to queen Victoria, 16 — 21. Lord R. Grosvenor's bill to prevent; 
Sunday Trading, 17. Cambridge University Reform Bill passed through com- 
mittee by the Lords, 24. Retuni of lord John Russell; having been re-elected as 
coloniHl secretary, he takes his seat and states the proceedings of the Vienna 
conference, 30; second reading of the Sunday Bill, May 3 ; the Commons, by 217 
to 189, read the Church Rates Abolition Bill the second time, 16. Public distri-j 
bution of the Crimean medals by the Queen in St. Jamess park, 18. Petropaul- ) 
ow.ski abandoned by the Russians, and the works destroyed by the allied arma-' 
ment. A flag of truce attacked by the Russians at Haugo, in Finland, June 5.! 
Cambridge University Reform Bill passed by the Lords, 14. Report of the Sebas- 
topol committee bro'.ight up by Mr. Roebuck. 18; committee of inquiry into capt. | 
M'Clure's discoveries in the Arctic Sea, 29; popular excitement against the! 
Sunday Bill manifested in Myde park, 24 ; the Bill Avithdrawn, July 2, Visit of 
the king of Belgium to the Queen, 3. Resignation of lord John Russell, 13 ; thet 



784 



FROM THE TEAB 



A.D. 



1855 

conti- 
nued. 



Events and Eminent Men. 



Commons, by 289 to 182, negative Mr. Roebuck's motion of censure on the late 
government, 19; Sir Wm. Molesworth colonial secretary, 20; the Commons vote 
£10,000 to capt. M'Clure and the crew of the " Investigator," for the discovery of 
the N. W. Passage, and a monument to Sir John Franklin, 31. Viscount Can- 
ning appointed governor-general of India, Bombardment of Sweaborg, Aug. 9. 
Parliament prorogued, 14. Visit of the Queen and prince Albert to the emperor 
and empress at Paris, 18— 27 ; the Queen goes to Balmoral, Sept. 6; receives 
there by electric telegraph the news of the fall of Sebastopol, 10 ; is visited by 
prince Fred. Wra. of Prussia. Reception of the Britisli embassy at Ava, 17. 
Death of Sir Wra. Molesworth, 22, &et. 45; Mr. Labouchere colonial secretary. 
Treaty betAveen Great Britain, France, and Sweden, Nov. 20. Arrival of Sir 
Colin Campbell from the Crimea. Testimonial to Miss Nightingale, 29. Visit 
of the king of Sardinia to queen Victoria, 30— Dec. 6. Meeting to raise a me- 
morial of Joseph Hume, 13. Attempts to assassinate the French emperor, by 
Pianori, April 28, who suffers death ; and by Bellemare, Sep. 8, who is confined 
as a lunatic. Exhibition opened at Paris, May 15; closed, Nov. 15. The king 
of Sardinia visits Paris, Nov. 22. Gen. Canrobert declines the baton of a field- 
marshal ; is appointed ambassador to Stockholm. Duplicity of Russia in the 
negotiations at Vienna, Jan. 8 ; Pinissia excluded from participation In them. 
Sardinia joins the alliance against Russia, 10. Improved condition of the army 
in the Crimea, 27; gen. Simpson sent there, Feb. 7. Repulse of the Russians 
at Eupatoria. 17. Death of the emperor Nicholas, March 2, set. 59 ; his son, 
Alexander, adheres to his father's policy. Renewed bombardment of Sebastopol, 
April 9. The wire of the submarine telegraph laid down in the Black Sea to 
Balaklava, 13. The conference at Vienna broken up, 21. Arrival of the Sar 
dinian army under gen. Delia Mannora in the Crimea, May 8. Gen. Pellisier 
takes the command of the French army, 16. The allied armaments reduce 
Kertch,. enter the sea of Azof, and destroy the Russian shipping and magazines 
in its harbours, 24. Taganrog taken, June 3. The besiegers drive out the Rus- 
sians and establish themselves in the Mamelon and. the Quarries ; are repulsed 
in their assault on the Malakhof and Redan, 18. Death of lord Raglan, 28, set. 
67. General Simpson takes the command. Anapa abandoned by the Russians ; 
the allies take Petrovski, July 16 ; battle of the Tchernaya ; defeat of the 
Russians, Aug, 16. Omar Pasha invested with the G. C. of the Bath, IL Culi- 
nary reform of M. Soyer in the camp before Sebastopol, 27. Storming of the 
Malakhof by the French and Sardinians ; gallant but unsuccessful attack of the 
British on the Redan, Sep. 8; fall of Sebastopol, 10. Fanagoria surrenders to 
the allies, 24. Defeat of the Russians by the garrison of Kars, 29. Kinburn 
taken, Oct. 16. Fortifications of Oczakof destroyed, 18. Demolition of the docks, 
arsenals, and forts of Sebastopol commenced. Immense stores divided among 
the allied armies, Nov. 4. Sir James Simpson resigns, and Sir Wm. Codrington 
is appointed to the command of the British army, il. Death of adm. Bruat 
on his return voyage to France. Surrender of Kars by the Turks to the Russian 
Asiatic army, 28. Count Valentine Esterhazy, deputed by the Austrian court to 
St. Petersburg, opens negotiations Avith count Nesselrode, Dec. 28. The basis 
of a new constitution for Spain laid before the Cortes, Jan. 13. Death of Don 
Carlos at Triest, March 10, set. 67, Intolerable tyranny of the government of 
Naples, The cholera rages in Florence, The king of Hanover, by order of the 
Federal Diet, annuls the liberal institutions of his dominions, Ma^20. The U. S. 
resist the pavment of the Stade dues in the Elbe, July 11. Death of the duke 
of Somerset, 'set. 81, of the duke of Manchester, set. 56, of the earl of Leitrim, 
set. 87, of viscount Ponsouby, «t. 35, of earl Stanhope, set. 74, of the earl of Sefton, 
ait. 59, of viscount Strangford, set. 75, of lord Kenyon, sBt. 78, of lord De Mauley, 
set. 68, of lord Truro, set. 73, of lord Wharncliffe, ajt, 55, of lord Robertson, of 
the Court of Session, set. 60, of baron Anselm Rothschild, of Frankfort, set. 78, of 
count Tekeli, of the baron de Bode, of Sir Geo. Larpent, at. 67, of Sir Henry de 
la Beche, tet. 59, of Sir Henry Bishop, set. 68, of Sir Francis Head, set. 74, of Sir 
R. H. Inglis, set. 70, of Sir Geo. Rose, of Sir W. Edw. Parry, set, 65, of the Right 
Hon. Sir H. Ellis, K.C.B., of Sir Robt. Adair, a2t. 93, of gen. H. W. Adams, of 



1855 TO 1856 A.D. 



785 



A.D. 



1856 



Events and Eminent Men. 



gevL Huskisson, fet. 82, of archdeacon Hare, of Joseph Hume, set. 78, of G. B. 
Greenough, fet. 77, of adra. Curry, ?et. 83, of Dr. Gaisford, ast. 75, of gen. Dubre- 
ton, SBt. 88, of gen. Pepe, of gen. Torrens, set. 46, of Feargus O'Connor, of gen. 
Sir Geo. T]ios.Napier,?et. 72, of gen. Monteveechio, of lieut.-col. Graham, pet. 46, of 
Samuel Rogers, set. 93, of Col. Sibtliorp, set. 73, of Marv Kussell Mitford, set. 69, 
of prof. Karl Fried. Gauss, set. 78, of Von Meyer, of Mde Lavalette, of Robert 
Lindlev, the violincellist, pet. 83. of J. S. Buckingham, set. 69, of Phil, Pusey, aet. 
57, of \V. B. Cooke, tlie engraver, fet. 77, of Dr. Gilly, set, 66, of Francis Majendie, 
set. 72, and of the Rev. Robert Montgomeiy, set. 48. The British Association 
meets at Glasgov\', Sept. 12. Exhibition at Calcutta, Jan. 25. Mr. Layard, lord 
rector of Aberdeen, April 5. Dr. Barth arrives at Marseilles from his travels 
in Africa, Sept. 8. Statue of Sir R. Peel in Cheapside, July 21 ; at Birmingham, 
Aug 27. The cattle-market in Smithfield closed, June U ; opened in Copen- 
hagen-fields, 13. Aid. Salomons, the first Jew -who serves the office of lord 
mayor. Astronomical discoveries: "Circe," by M. Chacornac, at Paris, April 6; 
" Leucothea," April 19, and " Fides." Oct. 5, by M. Luther, at Basle ; and 
" Atalanta," by M. Goldschmidt, at Paris, Oct. 5. 
New Years Gift from tiie French emperor to queen Victoria, The title of baron 
Wensleydale given to Sir Jas. Parke for his life, Jan. 10. Parliament opened, 
31 ; the Lords, by 138 to 105, agi-ee to lord Lyudhurst's motion against life 
peerages, Feb, 7. Dispute between Great Britain and the U. S. on the construc- 
tion of the Bulwer-Clayton Treaty, and alleged violations of the Neutrality Laws. 
Council of war held in Paris, Jan. 11 ; the terras proposed by count Esterhazy 
are unconditionally accepted by count Nesselrode, Paris fixed upon for the seat 
of congress, 16 ; the earl of Clarendon arrives there on the part of Great Britain, 
Feb, 16; count Brunow attends for Russia; the conferences opened and an ar- 
mistice agreed upon, 25, The Russian works at Sebast-opol completely destroyed. 
Preliminaries of peace signed, March 30. Birth of prince ISapoleon, son of tl: 
French emperor, 16. Angry correspondence of the Austrian court with the 
pope on heretical books. The sultan places Ciiristians in Turkey on an equality 
with Mahometans, Jan. 26. Death of marquis Townshend, set. 77, of the earl 
of Caithness, set. 65, of lady Emmeline Stuart Wortley, set, 50, of Henry Goul- 
bum, set. 72, of, col. Wm. Maine, set. 37, of count Valerian Krassinski, of prince 
Paskiewitch, set. 74, of the earl of Ailesbury, set. S3, of John Baillie Eraser, jet. 
72, and of Sir Henry Pottinger, set. 67. Covent Garden theatre burnt. Mar. 5, 
The astronomer Chacornac discovers '"Leda," Jan. 12, and another, the 39th 
asteroid, Feb, 8. The archbishop of Vienna forbids the town council to erect a 
monument to Mozart. The definitive Treaty of Peace, between Russia on the 
one part, and England, France. Turkey, and Sardinia, on the other, Avith Austria 
and Prussia as concurrent parties, signed at Paris, April. Grand Naval Review 
at Spithead, April 23. 



O S 



^ 



ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 



PAGE 

17 B.C. 

18 „ 
24 „ 
28 „ 
..3 „ 
39 „ 
63 „ 



79 




90 




110 




114 


w 


119 




122 


» 


143 




147 


" 


150 AD. 


152 




154 


» 


157 




159 


, 


165 




181 




189 




194 




201 


» 


2f)6 




208 




214 




216 




215 


and 


227 


A.D 


233 




235 


,j 


257 




299 




312 


j^ 


316 




328 




332 




364 





381 



930, far Ashnrakbal rmd Aslmrakhbal. 

870, for Shamas Adur rmd Sluimas Adar. 

721, for IIe2kiah read Hezekiah. 

634, for Nebuchodonosor read Nabuchodonosor. 

359, for Solon dies read Solon leaves Athens. 

496, for Helenicus read Hellanicus. 

381, for commander, the Lacedeemonian, read the Lacedaemonian commander. 

336, for Papirus read Papirius. 

327, for besige read besiege. 

315, /w AninceiTis read x^nnicerris. 

569, for A.U.C. 48 read 485. 

172, insert 8 for the year of Perseus. 

155, insert 2 for the year of the 156th Olympiad. 

142, for Celtiberii read Celtiberi. 

116, insert 2 for the year of Ptolemy Soter II, 
22, for Octaviiis read Octavia.. 

1, see Mr. Clinton's suggestion, F. H. III., Additions and Corrections, for 
omitting Periegetes after Dionysius. 
32. in Consuls, read Camilhis for Camilius. 
in head line, read A.D. for B.C. 
in transferred line, /or XVIII. read XIX., and at A.D, 50, after Vonones II., 

erase Arsaces XIX. 
67, for Sotapatra read Jotapata. 
84, for Galcacns read Galgacus, 

117, for quickly read quietly. 
257, for SeXtus read Sixtus. 
297, foi' Salmacius read Salraasius. 
340, in Consuls, /or Telerius read Valerius. 
362, for Galen s read Galen. 
in transferred line, /or Sapor II. read Sapor III. 
401, in Consuls, /w Franitta read Fravitta. 
430, in Consulship of Theodosius, /or XII. read XIII. 
429, for Antisiodorus read Autisiodoms. 
217, A.D. 448, /or Richiarius read Rechiarius. 

. 506 ; p. 228, A.D. 515, 516, for Gundabuld read Gundibald. 
Head line, /or 551 to 530 read 530 to 551. 
552. for Angila r^ad Agila. 
682, after Hosein add Yezid's lieutenant, 
884, insert 6 for the year of Boso. 
957, for Edred read Edwy. 
975, for brother read son. 
1044, for Benedict IV. read Benedict IX. 
1056, fo)' Stratiocns read Stratioticus. 
1189, for Arre rend Aero. 
1191, for Falcundus read Falcandus. 
1243, for Eazio rejid Enzio. 



T 



ADDITION'S AKD COEEECTIONS, 



PAGE 

397 A.D. 

404 „ 

413 „ 

418 „ 

433 „ 

447 „ 

448 „ 

449 " 
465 „ 
476 ,, 



300 
505 
506 
508 
511 
517 
524 
529 

532 
537 
541 
547 
549 



610 
630 
642 
648 
656 



«93 
701 
730 



1290, for Manorila rexid Manorial. 

1302, for Courtnay read Courtray. 

1326, for A.D. 132 read 1326. 

1341, transfer the death of Benedict XII. to 1342. 

1370, for Bach read Buch. 

1405, year of Ladislas of Naples, for 11 read 21. 

1399, for Ravenspar read Ravenspur. 

1402, for Gion read Gian. 

1403, for Shrewsdury read Shrewsbury. ^ . 
1438, for Visen read Viseu. 

1458, for Lancasliire read Lancaster. 

„ for Pocock read Pecock. 
1484, for his brother Abu Abdallah rmd nephevr. 
1504, for Borgio read Borgia. 
1514, far Dunne read Hunne. 

1519, year of Henry I. of Brunswick, /or 4 read 42. 
1317, for Tatzel read Tetzel. 

1523, year of Henry VIII., /or 1 read 15, and in 1526 insert 18. J 
1533, for Magaret read Margaret. 
1543, for protector read prorector. 

1552, for Frances read Francis. 

1553, for Thomas Grey read Henry Grey. 
1555, for John Kno read John Knox. 
1566, for A.D. 566 read 1566. 

1571, for Novonha read Noronha. 

1584, Regnal year of Elizabp'h,/or Nov. 7 read Nov. 17. 

1591, in this and some subsequent years the Englisli admiral is called (after 

Hume) lord Thomas Howard; his name was Charles. 
1624, for lord Howard read earl of Nottingham. 
1675, for Giles read Gilbert. 
1686, for Selby read Sedley. 
1690, Cork taken, for Sept. 21 read Sept. 2& 
1719, year of Achmed III., /or 1 read 17. 
1735, for see 1709 read 1719. 
1745, for Sir John Hope read Cope. 
1757, /or Dowlat r«acZ Dowlah. 
1773, transfer the birth of Mrs. Opie to 1769. 
1785, for Hannah Gurney read Elizabeth. 
1795, /or Sept. 31 read Sept. 23. 
1805, /or Pearce read Pierce. 
1819, /or present read late queen of Portugal. 



J. BILLING, PRINTER, WOKING, StJRKEY. 



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